Chinese Text Project Dictionary

Legalism -> Shang Jun Shu -> Cultivation of the Right Standard -> 1

國之所以治者三：	Orderly government is brought about in a state by three things.
一曰法，	The first is law,
二曰信，	the second good faith,
三曰權。	and the third right standards.
法者，君臣之所共操也；	Law is exercised in common by the prince and his ministers.
信者，君臣之所共立也；	Good faith is established in common by the prince and his ministers.
權者，君之所獨制也。	The right standard is fixed by the prince alone.
人主失守，	If a ruler of men fails to observe it,
則危；	there is danger;
君臣釋法任私，	if prince and ministers neglect the law and act according to their own self-interest,
必亂。	disorder is the inevitable result.
故立法明分，	Therefore if law is established, rights and duties are made clear,
而不以私害法，	and self-interest does not harm the law,
則治；	then there is orderly government.
權制獨斷於君，	If the fixing of the right standard is decided by the prince alone,
則威；	there is prestige.
民信其賞則事功成，	If the people have faith in his rewards, then their activities will achieve results,
信其刑則姦無端。	and if they have faith in his penalties, then wickedness will have no starting point.
惟明主愛權重信，而不以私害法。	Only an intelligent ruler loves right standards and values good faith, and will not, for the sake of self-interest, harm the law.
故上多惠言而剋其賞，	For if he speaks many liberal words but cuts down his rewards,
則下不用；	then his subjects will not be of service;
數加嚴令而不致其刑，	and if he issues one severe order after another, but does not apply the penalties,
則民傲罪。	people will despise the death-penalty.
凡賞者，文也；	In general, rewards are a civil measure
利者，武也。	and penalties a military.
文武者，法之約也。	Civil and military measures are the summary of the law.
故明主慎法。	Therefore an intelligent ruler places reliance on the law;
明主不蔽之謂明，	(an intelligent ruler), if things are not kept hidden from him, is called intelligent,
不欺之謂察。	and if he is not deceived, is called perspicacious.
故賞厚而利，	Therefore he benefits by giving liberal rewards,
刑重而必，	and by making penalties severe, he ensures that he is feared.
不失疏遠，	He does not neglect those that are distant,
不私親近。	nor does he run counter to those that are near.
故臣不蔽主，下不欺上。	Thus ministers will not hide things from their ruler, nor will inferiors deceive their superiors.

Character	Composition	Variants	Reading	Meaning	Hanyu	Kangxi	Cihai
國	囗+8	圀國囗囶𢧌䆐囯国	guó ㄍㄨㄛˊ	nation, country, nation-state	v1,p0720#09	p.219#16	p.303r4c02
之	丿+3	㞢	zhī ㄓ	Towards; go to. / Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Third person pronoun: him, her, it. / Auxiliary word: of. / Auxiliary word: used between subject and predicate, cancels independence of a clause. / Auxiliary word: used in a sentence for aesthetic purpose only, no meaning.	v1,p0043#01	p.82#04	p.47r2c02
所	戶+4	𢨷	suǒ ㄙㄨㄛˇ	Place. / Location. / A suitable place or location. / Measure word, used for counting buldings. / Used before a verb, creates a noun-like phrase. / If. Mainly used in oaths and curses. / Used together with 為 to indicate the passive tense. / Indicates an approximate number. / Number, number of times. / Meaning.	v3,p2259#01	p.415#16	p.556r1c01
以	人+3	㠯	yǐ ㄧˇ	Use. / Believe. / Command. / Lead. / Connect, implicate. / Have. / Cause, reason. / Preposition: because. / Preposition: from, in. / Preposition: at [some time]. / Preposition: using. / Preposition: in accordance with. / Preposition: relying upon. / Preposition: in the capacity of. / Preposition: with, together with. / Connective: indicates the following action is the objective of the preceding one. / Connective: used between adverbial clause and verb to express modification. / Connective: and. / Connective: but. / Connective: and so, thus. / Particle: used together with some words expressing direction and time. / Modal particle. / Same as 「已(1)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Stop, discontinue. / Same as 「已(7.2)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Adverb: already. / Same as 「已(7.3)」 yǐ ㄧˇ: Adverb: extremely.	v1,p0105#07	p.94#01	p.87r6c01
治	水+5	乿	zhì ㄓˋ	Rule, administer. / Well ruled, peaceful and orderly. / Punish, execute. / Cure, treat (an illness). / Prepare. / Construct. / Research, study.	v3,p1599#06	p.614#07	p.776r5c02
者	老+4		zhě ㄓㄜˇ	Pronoun used after verbs, adjectives, etc. in place of a person or thing. / Pronoun used after numbers in place of a thing. / Pronoun used after time or negation to express "when" or "if". / Expressive particle used in a declarative sentence after the subject. / Expressive particle used in a sentence after the subject to express cause or explanation.	v4,p2780#05	p.961#01	p.1080r1c01
			zhuó ㄓㄨㄛˊ	In, located in.
三	一+2	叁弎	sān sàn ㄙㄢㄙㄢˋ	three	v1,p0004#03	p.76#05	p.11r2c01
一	一+0	弌壹	yī ㄧ	one; a, an; alone	v1,p0001#01	p.75#01	p.1r1c01
曰	曰+0		yuē ㄩㄝ	Say, speak. / Call, name. / Particle.	v2,p1482#02	p.502#01	p.648r3c03
法	水+5	佱灋𣳴	fǎ ㄈㄚˇ	Law, penal code. / Principle, system. / Standard. / Method, way of doing. / Follow, imitate. / Adhere to the rules. / The Legalist school.	v3,p1579#04	p.616#11	p.778r4c01
二	二+0	贰弍貳	èr ㄦˋ	two; twice	v1,p0002#01	p.86#01	p.58r6c01
信	人+7	伩㐰䚱	xìn ㄒㄧㄣˋ	True, words fitting the truth. / As expected. / Really, actually. / Trust, trustworthy. / Reliable, orderly. / Believe, have confidence in. / Clarify, determine. / Clear, clear-cut. / Certificate, (object of) proof. / Sealed letter, written proof. / Envoy, messenger. / Freely, as one wishes. / Stay for two nights in succession.	v1,p0165#01	p.105#25	p.109r2c01
			shēn ㄕㄣ	Straight, linear. / Uphold, promote.
權	木+18	権权	quán ㄑㄩㄢˊ	power, right, authority	v2,p1319#06	p.563#19	p.727r4c03
君	口+4	𠱩𠱭	jūn ㄐㄩㄣ	The son of heaven. / The ruler of a state. / Dafu (title). / To be ruler. / To rule, to govern.	v1,p0595#06	p.177#07	p.256r6c08
臣	臣+0	𢘑	chén ㄔㄣˊ	minister, statesman, official	v4,p2801#01	p.999#13	p.1106r2c02
共	八+4	𦱹	gòng ㄍㄨㄥˋ	(2) 共同，一起。 Together.	v1,p0243#02	p.127#05	p.160r5c02
操	手+13		cāo ㄘㄠ	Hold, holding. / Control, drive. / Carry, bring with. / Serve as, do. / Integrity, moral character. / Cao, name of a piece of zither music. / Play (on the zither).	v3,p1969#03	p.458#15	p.594r3c01
也	乙+2	𠃟匜	yě ㄧㄝˇ	Modal particle used at the end of a sentence, expressing assertion and affirmation. / Modal particle used at the end of a question for emphasis. / Modal particle used at the end of a cause-effect sentence to express explanation. / Modal particle used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause.	v1,p0050#05	p.84#04	p.55r1c01
立	立+0	立	lì ㄌㄧˋ	Stand. / Erect, raise. / Establish, found. / Fix, set. / Determine, decide. / Become independent. / Exist. / Take office. / Become ruler, enthrone. / Stop, prevent from moving. / Immediately.	v4,p2706#01	p.870#17	p.1002r5c01
獨	犬+13	独	dú ㄉㄨˊ	alone, single, solitary, only	v2,p1372#03	p.719#25	p.879r5c02
制	刀+6	𠜔𠝦𠝁𠛐製	zhì ㄓˋ	system; establish; overpower	v1,p0335#01	p.139#02	p.181r6c04
人	人+0	𠔽亻	rén ㄖㄣˊ	Man, person. / Others, other people. / The people, ordinary men. / Talent, material. / [A man's] character. / Affairs of men, world of man. / Benevolence.	v1,p0101#10	p.91#01	p.80r2c01
主	丶+4	丶宔	zhǔ ㄓㄨˇ	master, chief owner; host; lord	v1,p0044#03	p.80#20	p.45r2c01
失	大+2		shī ㄕ	lose; make mistake, neglect	v1,p0525#01	p.249#09	p.368r3c01
守	宀+3	𡬮𡬴	shǒu shòu ㄕㄡˇ ㄕㄡˋ	defend, protect, guard, conserve	v2,p0912#03	p.282#05	p.405r4c01
則	刀+7	𠟻𠟭𠞋𠟔则	zé ㄗㄜˊ	Method, rule. / Mimic, emulate. / Level, grade. / Adverb used to emphasize an assertion. / Adverb used to express scope: only. / Connective expressing continuation: then, and then. / Connective emphasizing comparison. / Connective expressing contrast. / Connective expressing allowance: yet, even so. / Connective expressing unexpected turn of events. / Connective expressing suppostion: if.	v1,p0340#06	p.139#31	p.183r5c05
危	卩+4	𡵁	wēi wéi ㄨㄟㄨㄟˊ	dangerous, precarious; high	v1,p0312#03	p.159#12	p.226r2c01
釋	釆+13	释	shì yì ㄕˋ ㄧˋ	interprete, elucidate; release	v6,p3900#06	p.1290#17	p.1357r1c02
任	人+4	仼	rèn rén ㄖㄣˋ ㄖㄣˊ	trust to, rely on, appoint; to bear, duty, office; allow	v1,p0122#06	p.94#24	p.88r6c05
私	禾+2	厶	sī ㄙ	private, personal; secret	v4,p2589#06	p.849#05	p.987r3c01
必	心+1		bì ㄅㄧˋ	surely, most certainly; must	v4,p2267#02	p.375#02	p.522r5c01
亂	乙+12	𠧎𠧏𠮗乱	luàn ㄌㄨㄢˋ	Chaos, disorder. / Confusion, confused state of mind. / Turmoil, unrest, revolt. / Rebellion, uprising. / Disturb, corrupt. / Lecherous, wicked. / Confuse, mix up. / Rule, administer. / Traverse, cross. / Reach, pass. / Last section of a piece of music. / Last words of a piece of writing. / Complete, finish.	v1,p0057#10	p.84#33	p.57r5c01
故	攴+5		gù ㄍㄨˋ	Cause. / State of affairs. / Event, incident. / Plot. / Old. / Past, original. / Death. / On purpose. / Originally. / Hence, thus.	v2,p1453#05	p.469#25	p.601r5c01
明	日+4	朙	míng ㄇㄧㄥˊ	Bright, brilliant. / Daytime. / Clear, obvious. / Clarify, make clear. / Understand. / Straightforwardly, clearly. / Clear, clean. / Wise. / Make wise. / Spirit, god. / Respect. / Eyesight. / Good eyesight. / See clearly. / The following (day, month, year, etc.).	v2,p1491#08	p.491#12	p.631r3c01
分	刀+2	份	fēn ㄈㄣ	Separate, split. / Distribute, divide among. / Distinguish, tell apart. / Difference. / Clear, evident. / Share. / Half. / Gist, general point. / Equinox (in the Chinese unisolar calendar). / Measure word: unit of length equivalent to a tenth of one cun. / Measure word: unit of area equivalent to a tenth of one mu. / Measure word: unit of weight equivalent to a tenth of one qian.	v1,p0321#03	p.136#04	p.174r1c04
			fèn ㄈㄣˋ	Rank, position occupied. / Work, office. / Guess, speculate. / Happy, content.
而	而+0		ér ㄦˊ	Whiskers. / Like, similar to. / Pronoun: you. / Pronoun: this, like this. / Connective: and, with. / Connective: and, then. / Connective: if, supposing. / Connective: yet, however. / Connective: therefore, hence. / Connective: expresses method or state. / Particle: of. / Expressive particle.	v4,p2810#01	p.961#18	p.1080r2c03
			néng ㄋㄥˊ	Same as 「能(3)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Able to, competent. / Same as 「能(2.1)」 néng ㄋㄥˊ: Ability, talent.
不	一+3	不𠀚𠙐	bù ㄅㄨˋ	Not have. / To not be. / Negational adverb, used before verbs, adjectives, etc. to indicate negation. / Negational adverb expressing prohibition: do not. / Negational adverb expressing rhetorical question: is not...?	v1,p0011#06	p.76#15	p.30r1c01
			fǒu ㄈㄡˇ	Same as 「否(1.2)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used together with an affirmative word, expressing its negative or opposite. / Same as 「否(1.3)」 fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used at the end of a question to form a yes-no question.
			fū ㄈㄨ	Sepal of a flower.
			pī ㄆㄧ	Same as 「丕(1)」 pī ㄆㄧ: Large.
			bǐ ㄅㄧˇ	Show disdain for.
害	宀+7		hài ㄏㄞˋ	Injure, kill. / Damage, obstruct. / Disaster. / Harm, harmful effect. / Fear. / Difficult path, dangerous area. / Jealous.	v2,p0929#05	p.286#12	p.419r5c01
			hé ㄏㄜˊ	What. / Why not.
			è ㄜˋ	Stop, prevent.
斷	斤+14	𣂢𠜷𠝅㫁断	duàn ㄉㄨㄢˋ	sever, cut off; interrupt	v3,p2028#13	p.480#35	p.618r6c06
於	方+4	烏𣱏𤕘于亏扵	yú ㄩˊ	Be (copula). / Be, exist. / Preposition: in. / Preposition: from or to. / Preposition: compared to. / Preposition: to, for, towards. / Preposition: by (indicating passive tense). / Preposition: with, using. / Preposition: due to, because of. / Preposition: by, according to. / Connective: just as. / Auxiliary word, no meaning.	v3,p2175#02	p.481#11	p.622r2c03
威	女+6	𤰴𤱫	wēi ㄨㄟ	pomp, power; powerful; dominate	v2,p1404#01	p.261#24	p.384r6c01
民	氏+1	𠘽	mín ㄇㄧㄣˊ	people, subjects, citizens	v3,p2131#01	p.598#01	p.750r3c01
其	八+6	丌亓	qí ㄑㄧˊ	Third-person possessive pronoun: his, her, its, their. / Demonstrative pronoun: that, those. / Adverb expressing estimation or guess. / Adverb expressing imperative. / Adverb expressing rhetorical question. / Adverb expressing future tense. / Connective expressing hypothesis: if, supposing. / Connective expressing choice: or. / Connective expressing concession: even if. / Particle used after an adjective. / Particle: of. / Particle used for emphasis after single-character adjectives or onomatopoeia. / Particle used in the middle of a sentence to alter the tempo.	v1,p0245#01	p.127#18	p.162r5c01
			jì ㄐㄧˋ	Particle used after bi and he.
			jī ㄐㄧ	Modal particle expressing interrogative tone. / A year.
賞	貝+8	赏	shǎng ㄕㄤˇ	reward, grant, bestow; appreciate	v6,p3647#07	p.1209#19	p.1276r4c01
事	亅+7	亊叓𠭏	shì ㄕˋ	Office, duty. / Job, career. / Things, affairs. / Accident, incident. / Engage (in), pursue. / Serve.	v1,p0023#03	p.85#24	p.58r3c02
功	力+3		gōng ㄍㄨㄥ	achievement, merit, good result	v1,p0365#08	p.146#11	p.192r3c03
成	戈+2	𢦩	chéng ㄔㄥˊ	completed, finished, fixed	v2,p1399#01	p.411#11
刑	刀+4		xíng ㄒㄧㄥˊ	Punish. / Kill, put to death. / Harm, disaster. / Law, rules of punishment. / Rule by law. / A die used in casting. / A model, an example. / To emulate, imitate. / Achieve, establish. / Same as 「鉶」 xíng ㄒㄧㄥˊ: Porcelain soup bowl. / Same as 「形(1.1)」 xíng ㄒㄧㄥˊ: Body, thing with form. / Same as 「形(5)」 xíng ㄒㄧㄥˊ: Exhibit, show.	v1,p0324#15	p.137#11	p.178r4c02
姦	女+6	𢙶奸	jiān ㄐㄧㄢ	adultery, debauchery; debauch	v2,p1048#10	p.260#10	p.384r1c07
無	火+8	𣟒𣚨𠘩无橆	wú ㄨˊ	Not have. / Philosophical category referring to absence, non-existence, or vacuity. / Adverb expressing negation: not. / Adverb expressing questioning: or not. / Connective: regardless of. / Connective: even if. / Particle used at the beginning of a sentence, no meaning. / Do not. / Barren, uncultivated.	v3,p2211#15	p.673#26	p.848r2c04
端	立+9	耑	duān ㄉㄨㄢ	end, extreme; head; beginning	v4,p2714#01	p.872#32	p.1005r3c05
惟	心+8	𢛧	wéi ㄨㄟˊ	but, however, nevertheless; only	v4,p2316#03	p.391#17	p.534r6c02
愛	心+9	𤔤𢟪𢛭爱	ài ㄞˋ	love, be fond of, like	v4,p2323#01	p.395#13	p.538r1c01
重	里+2	𡍴	zhòng ㄓㄨㄥˋ	Heavy. / Important, significant. / Valuable, noble. / Solemn, dignified. / Respect, attach importance to. / Difficult. / Addition, also. / Supplies for an army. / Extreme.	v6,p3680#02	p.1291#03	p.1357r6c01
			chóng ㄔㄨㄥˊ	Repeat, duplicate. / Layer, level. / Start afresh, do again.
上	一+2	丄𠄞	shàng ㄕㄤˋ	top; superior, highest; go up, send up	v1,p0005#04	p.76#07	p.24r2c01
多	夕+3	夛𡖇𡖈	duō ㄉㄨㄛ	much, many; more than, over	v2,p0862#02	p.246#11	p.339r4c01
惠	心+8	恵𦻇𢡘𢞯 ① 僡	huì ㄏㄨㄟˋ	favor, benefit, confer kindness	v4,p2309#10	p.391#19	p.535r1c01
言	言+0	訁𢍗𢍬	yán ㄧㄢˊ	Speak, say. / Discuss, debate. / Tell. / Doctrine, theory, words. / One word. / Sentence. / Particle, no meaning.	v6,p3936#01	p.1146#01	p.1236r5c03
剋	刀+7	尅克	kè ㄎㄜˋ	subdue, overcome; cut down	v1,p0339#03	p.140#13	p.184r2c01
下	一+2	丅厥𠄟	xià ㄒㄧㄚˋ	under, underneath, below; down; inferior; bring down	v1,p0007#01	p.76#10	p.28r1c01
用	用+0	𤰆𠛁	yòng ㄩㄥˋ	use, employ, apply, operate; use	v1,p0097#05	p.755#24	p.908r6c02
數	攴+11	数	shù shǔ cù shuò ㄕㄨˋ ㄕㄨˇ ㄘㄨˋ ㄕㄨㄛˋ	number; several; count; fate	v2,p1474#01	p.475#04	p.607r4c01
加	力+3		jiā ㄐㄧㄚ	add to, increase, augment	v1,p0366#01	p.146#13	p.193r1c01
嚴	口+17	厳𡅾严	yán ㄧㄢˊ	strict, rigorous, rigid; stern	v1,p0702#02	p.214#07	p.293r3c05
令	人+3	令	lìng ㄌㄧㄥˋ	Order, decree / Drinking game. / Give an order, issue a command. / Cause, make. / Seasons. / Official title: top administrative official in a district. / Official title: central or local official in charge of a particular function. / Good, good looking. / Respectful term for another's family. / A short form of writing. / Words said out of politeness or diplomacy.	v1,p0111#10	p.93#12	p.87r2c01
			líng ㄌㄧㄥˊ	If. / Wagtail.
			lián ㄌㄧㄢˊ	Same as 「令居」 lián jū ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄩ: [Name of a place]
致	至+3	緻	zhì zhuì ㄓˋ ㄓㄨㄟˋ	send, deliver, present; cause	v4,p2815#06	p.1001#19	p.602r5c01
傲	人+11		ào ㄠˋ	proud, haughty, overbearing	v1,p0199#06	p.114#19	p.122r1c03
罪	网+8	辠𡈚	zuì ㄗㄨㄟˋ	crime, sin, vice; evil; hardship	v4,p2920#07	p.948#13	p.1065r2c06
凡	几+1	凢凣	fán ㄈㄢˊ	Summary. / Ordinary. / All, every. / In total. / Adverb: approximately. / Name of a state.	v1,p0276#03	p.134#02	p.170r4c02
文	文+0	㒚穩	wén ㄨㄣˊ	Mixture of colours. / Decorative design. / Portray in words or pictures. / Adornment, embellishment. / External appearance. / Characters, words. / Books, works. / Confucian doctrine. / Civilian, non-military. / Drum (musical instrument). / Measure word for money.	v3,p2169#01	p.477#01	p.608r4c02
			wèn ㄨㄣˋ	Adorn, embellish. / Conceal, gloss over.
利	刀+5	利𥝢𥝤	lì ㄌㄧˋ	Sharp. / Fast, speedy. / Favourable, lucky. / Convenient, useful. / Profits, benefits. / Beneficial to, good for. / Profit, interest. / Diarrhea.	v1,p0329#02	p.138#19	p.180r2c02
武	止+4		wǔ ㄨˇ	Military, combative. / Powerful, formidable. / Moral principles to be honoured during warfare. / Military achievement. / Soldier. / Footprint, trail. / Successor. / Name of a piece of music comemmorating King Wu of Zhou. / A metal percussion instrument. / Unit of length equal to three chi, or half a pace. / Tie of a cap. / Dance.	v2,p1439#05	p.575#09	p.736r4c01
約	糸+3	约	yuē yāo yào dì ㄩㄝㄧㄠㄧㄠˋ ㄉㄧˋ	treaty, agreement, covenant	v5,p3364#15	p.915#21	p.1029r4c03
慎	心+10	愼	shèn ㄕㄣˋ	act with care, be cautious	v4,p2336#02	p.398#26
蔽	艸+12	芘	bì fù ㄅㄧˋ ㄈㄨˋ	cover, hide, conceal; shelter	v5,p3277#19	p.1056#15	p.1166r6c01
謂	言+9	谓	wèi ㄨㄟˋ	To (when speaking to someone). / Say, speak. / Call, name. / Meaning, what is meant. / Discuss, comment on (a person). / How? / Same as 「為(21.3)」 wèi ㄨㄟˋ: Preposition: because of, due to.	v6,p3997#06	p.1173#12	p.1251r6c01
			wéi ㄨㄟˊ	Same as 「為(10)」 wéi ㄨㄟˊ: Count as, be considered as.
欺	欠+8		qī ㄑㄧ	cheat, double-cross, deceive	v3,p2142#03	p.568#14	p.730r3c02
察	宀+11	詧	chá ㄔㄚˊ	examine, investigate; notice	v2,p0948#08	p.290#16	p.426r6c05
厚	厂+7	垕𡦩	hòu ㄏㄡˋ	thick; substantial; greatly	v1,p0072#06	p.161#26	p.229r2c02
疏	疋+7	疎	shū shù ㄕㄨㄕㄨˋ	neglect; careless, lax	v4,p2750#02	p.767#23	p.919r1c05
遠	辵+10	逺𨖸𢕱远	yuǎn ㄩㄢˇ	Far off, remote (in distance). / Consider to be far off. / Long time. / Large or numerous differences. / Profound. / Forward looking and ambitious. / Remote, far-off place. / Far off countries.	v6,p3869#07	p.1263#12	p.1329r5c01
			yuàn ㄩㄢˋ	Leave, exit. / Keep away from, avoid. / Violate (a rule).
親	見+9	𢈥寴𡩁亲	qīn ㄑㄧㄣ	Parents. / Relatives. / Love, favour. / Close, intimate. / Contact, touch. / Personally. / Do oneself.	v6,p3671#12	p.1136#12	p.1230r5c04
近	辵+4	𣥍	jìn jì ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄐㄧˋ	near, close; approach; intimate	v6,p3819#12	p.1254#07	p.1312r1c07

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