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Histories -> Gongyang Zhuan -> 僖公 -> 僖公十四年 -> 1

十有四年春，诸侯城缘陵。孰城之？城杞也。曷为城杞？灭也。孰灭之？盖徐、莒胁之。曷为不言徐、莒胁之？为桓公讳也。曷为为桓公讳？上无天子，下无方伯，天下诸侯有相灭亡者，桓公不能救，则桓公耻之也。然则孰城之？桓公城之。曷为不言桓公城之？不与诸侯专封也。曷为不与？实与而文不与。文曷为不与？诸侯之义不得专封也。诸侯之义不得专封，则其曰实与之何？上无天子，下无方伯，天下诸侯有相灭亡者，力能救之，则救之可也。

Character	Composition	Variants	Reading	Meaning	Hanyu	Kangxi	Cihai
十有四年			shí yǒu sì nián ㄕˊ ㄧㄡˇ ㄙˋ ㄋㄧㄢˊ	14th year of the reign of Duke Xi of Lu (鲁僖公), 646 BC.
春	日+5	萅𦸬旾𣈤	chūn chǔn ㄔㄨㄣㄔㄨㄣˇ	spring; wanton	v2,p1496#10	p.493#06	p.636r3c02
诸侯	言+9 人+7	𢒕诸𥎦	zhū hóu ㄓㄨㄏㄡˊ	古代帝王分封的各国国君，规定要服从王命，定期朝贡述职。 Ruler of a vassal state during the Zhou dynasty.	v6,p3982#03 v1,p0167#01	p.1172#04 p.103#07	p.104r3c06
城	土+6		chéng ㄔㄥˊ	castle; city, town; municipality	v1,p0438#07	p.229#32	p.320r1c02
缘	糸+9	縁缘	yuán ㄩㄢˊ	Hem, edging (of clothing). / Surround, enclose. / Climb, ascend. / Follow, go along. / Accord to, accommodate. / Luck, fate. / Preposition: because, due to.	v5,p3433#07	p.930#19	p.1053r2c03
陵	阜+8	陵夌𨻪䧙	líng ㄌㄧㄥˊ	hill, mound; mausoleum	v6,p4134#06	p.1354#06	p.1426r3c01
孰	子+8	塾	shú ㄕㄨˊ	who? which? what? which one?	v2,p1016#14	p.280#05	p.403r1c03
之	丿+3	㞢	zhī ㄓ	Towards; go to. / Demonstrative pronoun: this, these. / Third person pronoun: him, her, it. / Auxiliary word: of. / Auxiliary word: used between subject and predicate, cancels independence of a clause. / Auxiliary word: used in a sentence for aesthetic purpose only, no meaning.	v1,p0043#01	p.82#04	p.47r2c02
杞	木+3		qǐ ㄑㄧˇ	Wolfberry tree. / Willow. / Name of a state in ancient China.	v2,p1162#03	p.512#11
也	乙+2	𠃟匜	yě ㄧㄝˇ	Modal particle used at the end of a sentence, expressing assertion and affirmation. / Modal particle used at the end of a question for emphasis. / Modal particle used at the end of a cause-effect sentence to express explanation. / Modal particle used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause.	v1,p0050#05	p.84#04	p.55r1c01
曷	曰+5		hé ㄏㄜˊ	why? what? where?	v2,p1502#10	p.502#10	p.650r3c01
为	火+5	爲为	wéi ㄨㄟˊ	Create, make. / Build, construct. / Do. / Plant, grow. / Govern. / Research, study. / Serve as. / Change into, become. / As, in the role of. / Count as, be considered as. / Called, named. / Expresses judgement: is. / Make, cause (to). / Have. / Take part in. / Write, author. / Connective: if. / Particle used in the middle of a sentence to move forward the object. / Modal particle used at the end of a sentence to express a rhetorical question.	v3,p2198#11	p.669#10	p.844r4c03
			wèi ㄨㄟˋ	Help, assist. / Preposition: for, on behalf of. / Preposition: by (passive). / Preposition: because of, due to. / Preposition: with, together with. / Connective: because. / Say. / False, fake.
灭	水+10	烕𣹹𢦹灭	miè ㄇㄧㄝˋ	extinguish; wipe out, exterminate	v3,p1696#09	p.642#01	p.821r1c01
盖	草+10	𤇁盖葢	gài gě hé ㄍㄞˋ ㄍㄜˇ ㄏㄜˊ	cover, hide, protect	v5,p3260#13	p.1051#12	p.1161r3c02
徐	彳+7		xú ㄒㄩˊ	slowly, quietly, calmly; composed, dignified	v2,p0825#14	p.367#11	p.512r4c02
莒	草+7		jǔ ㄐㄩˇ	hemp-like plant; taro; herb	v5,p3204#03	p.1034#03	p.1140r4c02
胁	肉+6	脇勰胁	xié xiàn xī ㄒㄧㄝˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄒㄧ	ribs; armpits; flank; threaten	v3,p2073#09	p.982#02	p.1096r4c01
不	一+3	不𠀚𠙐	bù ㄅㄨˋ	Not have. / To not be. / Negational adverb, used before verbs, adjectives, etc. to indicate negation. / Negational adverb expressing prohibition: do not. / Negational adverb expressing rhetorical question: is not...?	v1,p0011#06	p.76#15	p.30r1c01
			fǒu ㄈㄡˇ	Same as “否(1.2)” fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used together with an affirmative word, expressing its negative or opposite. / Same as “否(1.3)” fǒu ㄈㄡˇ: Adverb used at the end of a question to form a yes-no question.
			fū ㄈㄨ	Sepal of a flower.
			pī ㄆㄧ	Same as “丕(1)” pī ㄆㄧ: Large.
			bǐ ㄅㄧˇ	Show disdain for.
言	言+0	訁𢍗𢍬	yán ㄧㄢˊ	Speak, say. / Discuss, debate. / Tell. / Doctrine, theory, words. / One word. / Sentence. / Particle, no meaning.	v6,p3936#01	p.1146#01	p.1236r5c03
桓公	木+6 八+2	㒶	huán gōng ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄥ	Same as “齐桓公” qí huán gōng ㄑㄧˊ ㄏㄨㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄥ: 姓名：姜小白，在位前685-前643。 Duke Huan of Qi (ruled 685 BC-643 BC)	v2,p1195#06 v1,p0242#01	p.526#05 p.126#28	p.696r3c01 p.151r3c01
讳	言+9	讳	huì ㄏㄨㄟˋ	conceal; shun; regard as taboo	v6,p4003#03	p.1171#09	p.1250r3c03
上	一+2	丄𠄞	shàng ㄕㄤˋ	top; superior, highest; go up, send up	v1,p0005#04	p.76#07	p.24r2c01
无	火+8	𣟒𣚨𠘩无无	wú ㄨˊ	Not have. / Philosophical category referring to absence, non-existence, or vacuity. / Adverb expressing negation: not. / Adverb expressing questioning: or not. / Connective: regardless of. / Connective: even if. / Particle used at the beginning of a sentence, no meaning. / Do not. / Barren, uncultivated.	v3,p2211#15	p.673#26	p.848r2c04
天子	大+1 子+0	𠀡𠀘𦴞兲靝𠕹㜽𢀈𢀉𡐫𣕓只	tiān zǐ ㄊㄧㄢㄗˇ	对最高统治者的尊称。 Son of Heaven, title of the supreme ruler.	v1,p0522#01 v2,p1006#06	p.248#04 p.277#01	p.358r4c01 p.395r1c01
下	一+2	丅厥𠄟	xià ㄒㄧㄚˋ	under, underneath, below; down; inferior; bring down	v1,p0007#01	p.76#10	p.28r1c01
方	方+0	𤙗	fāng ㄈㄤ	Two boats in line. / Two boats travelling together. / Together, in a row. / Same, equivalent. / Comparison, metaphor. / Square. / Upright, honest. / Land, earth. / Vicinity, area around. / Place, area. / One side, one area. / Wooden board used for writing in ancient times. / (Medical) prescription. / Direction. / Convention. / Standard, rule. / The proper way. / Method, way. / Specialized techniques. / Occupy. / Disobey. / Preposition: just then. / Adverb: while. / Adverb: about to. / Adverb: just. / Criticism.	v3,p2172#01	p.481#03	p.619r4c01
			páng ㄆㄤˊ	Wide, universal.
伯	人+5		bó bǎi bà ㄅㄛˊ ㄅㄞˇ ㄅㄚˋ	older brother; father's elder brother; senior male 'sire'; feudal rank 'count'	v1,p0136#02	p.96#16	p.93r5c03
天下	大+1 一+2	𠀡𠀘𦴞兲靝𠕹丅厥𠄟	tiān xià ㄊㄧㄢㄒㄧㄚˋ	世界。 "All under heaven", the world.	v1,p0522#01 v1,p0007#01	p.248#04 p.76#10	p.358r4c01 p.28r1c01
有	月+2		yǒu ㄧㄡˇ	Have, possess. / Store, collect. / Occupy. / Hold on to, retain. / Have in abundance. / Good harvest. / Obtain. / Only. / Be, exist. / Occur, happen. / Make. / Particle used before a noun with no meaning. / Particle used before a monosyllabic adjective with no meaning. / Particle used before a verb with no meaning. / Still, yet. / Some people. / Region.	v3,p2041#05	p.504#20	p.656r5c01
			yòu ㄧㄡˋ	Help, assist. / Same as “又(3)” yòu ㄧㄡˋ: Moreover.
相	目+4		xiāng ㄒㄧㄤ	Mutual. / In succession. / Together.	v4,p2470#13	p.800#18	p.945r1c01
			xiàng ㄒㄧㄤˋ	Watch. / Appearance. / Fortune-telling by appearance. / Help, assist. / Guide for the blind. / Prime minister, most senior minister. / Ceremonial officer.
亡	亠+1	亾兦	wáng wú ㄨㄤˊ ㄨˊ	death, destroyed; lose, perish	v1,p0279#05	p.88#03	p.75r6c04
者	老+4		zhě ㄓㄜˇ	Pronoun used after verbs, adjectives, etc. in place of a person or thing. / Pronoun used after numbers in place of a thing. / Pronoun used after time or negation to express "when" or "if". / Expressive particle used in a declarative sentence after the subject. / Expressive particle used in a sentence after the subject to express cause or explanation.	v4,p2780#05	p.961#01	p.1080r1c01
			zhuó ㄓㄨㄛˊ	In, located in.
能	肉+6		néng ㄋㄥˊ	(3) 能够，胜任。 Able to, competent.	v3,p2074#01	p.981#16	p.1095r5c02
救	攴+7	𣪋	jiù ㄐㄧㄡˋ	save, rescue, relieve; help, aid	v2,p1460#01	p.471#09	p.604r2c02
则	刀+7	𠟻𠟭𠞋𠟔则	zé ㄗㄜˊ	Method, rule. / Mimic, emulate. / Level, grade. / Adverb used to emphasize an assertion. / Adverb used to express scope: only. / Connective expressing continuation: then, and then. / Connective emphasizing comparison. / Connective expressing contrast. / Connective expressing allowance: yet, even so. / Connective expressing unexpected turn of events. / Connective expressing suppostion: if.	v1,p0340#06	p.139#31	p.183r5c05
耻	心+6	耻	chǐ ㄔˇ	shame, humiliation; ashamed	v4,p2290#01	p.385#06	p.529r6c02
然	火+8	燃𤓉	rán ㄖㄢˊ	(2) 指示代词：如此，这样，那样。 Demonstrative pronoun: like this, like that.	v3,p2213#05	p.675#12	p.852r5c01
则	刀+7	𠟻𠟭𠞋𠟔则	zé ㄗㄜˊ	(5.1) 连词：表示承接关系，相当于“就”、“便”、“那麽”。 Connective expressing continuation: then, and then.	v1,p0340#06	p.139#31	p.183r5c05
与	臼+8	与𢌱𦦲𠔔	yǔ ㄩˇ	Give. / Follow, go along with. / Comrade, ally. / Association, contact. / Oppose. / Engage [an enemy]. / Approve, consent to. / Help. / Wait. / Preposition indicating passive tense. / Preposition: to, with. / Preposition: with. / Preposition: as. / Preposition: in, on. / Connective: and, with. / Connective: with its ... / Connective: or.	v1,p0251#04	p.1004#13	p.1113r2c03
			yù ㄩˋ	Participate, take part in.
			yǔ ㄩˇ	Interfere in.
			yú ㄩˊ	Auxiliary word: used at the end of a sentence to express questioning , exclamation, or a rhetorical question. / Auxiliary word: used in the middle of a sentence to express a pause.
专	寸+8	专𠧡𠧢𡴁专	zhuān ㄓㄨㄢ	monopolize, take sole possession	v1,p0507#01	p.295#01	p.434r6c01
封	寸+6	𡉘𡊽	fēng ㄈㄥ	letter, envelope; feudal	v1,p0504#14	p.294#07	p.432r4c04
与	臼+8	与𢌱𦦲𠔔	yú ㄩˊ	(12.1) 语助词：用于句末，表示疑问、感叹或反诘。 Auxiliary word: used at the end of a sentence to express questioning , exclamation, or a rhetorical question.	v1,p0251#04	p.1004#13	p.1113r2c03
实	宀+11	実宲𡾍寔实	shí ㄕˊ	Prosperous, wealthy. / Wealth, possessions. / Goods, supplies. / Full. / Fit into, stuff into. / Fruit, seed. / Result. / Real thing, actual content. / Fact, thing which happened. / True, honest. / Firm, unwavering. / In fact, actually. / Prove, show to be true. / Carry out, implement. / Term in arithmetic for a multiplicand or dividend. / Really, indeed so. / This. / Particle used in a sentence after moving forward the object.	v2,p0952#03	p.291#04	p.427r6c01
而	而+0		ér ㄦˊ	Whiskers. / Like, similar to. / Pronoun: you. / Pronoun: this, like this. / Connective: and, with. / Connective: and, then. / Connective: if, supposing. / Connective: yet, however. / Connective: therefore, hence. / Connective: expresses method or state. / Particle: of. / Expressive particle.	v4,p2810#01	p.961#18	p.1080r2c03
			néng ㄋㄥˊ	Same as “能(3)” néng ㄋㄥˊ: Able to, competent. / Same as “能(2.1)” néng ㄋㄥˊ: Ability, talent.
文	文+0	㒚稳	wén ㄨㄣˊ	Mixture of colours. / Decorative design. / Portray in words or pictures. / Adornment, embellishment. / External appearance. / Characters, words. / Books, works. / Confucian doctrine. / Civilian, non-military. / Drum (musical instrument). / Measure word for money.	v3,p2169#01	p.477#01	p.608r4c02
			wèn ㄨㄣˋ	Adorn, embellish. / Conceal, gloss over.
义	羊+7	义	yì ㄧˋ	right conduct, righteousness	v5,p3133#02	p.952#32	p.1071r3c01
得	彳+8	𢔶䙷𢔨	dé ㄉㄜˊ	Get, obtain. / Plunder. / Covet. / Success. / Fitting, appropriate. / Compatible. / Satisfied, pleased. / Possible, can. / Same as “德(1)” dé ㄉㄜˊ: Morals, morality. / Same as “德(3)” dé ㄉㄜˊ: Reward kindness, thank.	v2,p0828#03	p.367#31	p.513r6c02
其	八+6	丌亓	qí ㄑㄧˊ	Third-person possessive pronoun: his, her, its, their. / Demonstrative pronoun: that, those. / Adverb expressing estimation or guess. / Adverb expressing imperative. / Adverb expressing rhetorical question. / Adverb expressing future tense. / Connective expressing hypothesis: if, supposing. / Connective expressing choice: or. / Connective expressing concession: even if. / Particle used after an adjective. / Particle: of. / Particle used for emphasis after single-character adjectives or onomatopoeia. / Particle used in the middle of a sentence to alter the tempo.	v1,p0245#01	p.127#18	p.162r5c01
			jì ㄐㄧˋ	Particle used after bi and he.
			jī ㄐㄧ	Modal particle expressing interrogative tone. / A year.
曰	曰+0		yuē ㄩㄝ	Say, speak. / Call, name. / Particle.	v2,p1482#02	p.502#01	p.648r3c03
何	人+5		hé ㄏㄜˊ	Ask, enquire. / What. / Who, which one. / How, in what way. / Why, for what reason. / Where, in what place. / How much, to what extent.	v1,p0130#04	p.98#15	p.97r2c04
			hē ㄏㄜ	Criticize, condemn.
			hè ㄏㄜˋ	Carry on one's back. / Bear, carry a burden.
力	力+0	力𠠲	lì ㄌㄧˋ	power, capability, influence	v1,p0364#04	p.146#05	p.191r4c03
可	口+2	歌厥	kě kè ㄎㄜˇ ㄎㄜˋ	may, can, -able; possibly	v1,p0567#07	p.172#12	p.244r1c02

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