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中国哲学书电子化计划
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儒家 -> 礼记 -> 祭义 -> 19

宰我曰：“吾闻鬼神之名，而不知其所谓。”Zai Wo said, 'I have heard the names Gui and Shen, but I do not know what they mean.'
子曰：“气也者，神之盛也；魄也者，鬼之盛也；合鬼与神，教之至也。众生必死，死必归土：此之谓鬼。骨肉毙于下，阴为野土；其气发扬于上，为昭明，焄蒿，凄怆，此百物之精也，神之著也。因物之精，制为之极，明命鬼神，以为黔首则。百众以畏，万民以服。” The Master said, 'The (intelligent) spirit is of the shen nature, and shows that in fullest measure; the animal soul is of the gui nature, and shows that in fullest measure. It is the union of gui and shen that forms the highest exhibition of doctrine. All the living must die, and dying, return to the ground; this is what is called kwei. The bones and flesh, moulder below, and, hidden away, become the earth of the fields. But the spirit issues forth, and is displayed on high in a condition of glorious brightness. The vapours and odours which produce a feeling of sadness, (and arise from the decay of their substance), are the subtle essences of all things, and (also) a manifestation of the shan nature. On the ground of these subtle essences of things, with an extreme decision and inventiveness, (the sages) framed distinctly (the names of) kwei and shan, to constitute a pattern for the black-haired race; and all the multitudes were filled with awe, and the myriads of the people constrained to submission.'

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