| | 白马论: |
“白马非马”，可乎？ |
| White Horse Discourse:...: |
[A]: Can it be that a white horse is not a horse? |
| | 白马论: |
曰：马者，所以命形也；白者，所以命色也。命色者非命形也。故曰：“白马非马”。 |
| White Horse Discourse:...: |
[B]: "Horse" is how the shape is named; "white" is how the color is named. That which names color does not name shape. Thus I say: "a white horse is not a horse". |
| | 白马论: |
曰：马固有色，故有白马。使马无色，有马如已耳，安取白马？故白者非马也。白马者，马与白也；马与白马也，故曰：白马非马也。 |
| White Horse Discourse:...: |
[B]: A horse necessarily has color; thus there are white horses. If one makes horses have no color, then there are merely horses - how can one pick out a white horse? Thus that which is white is not a horse. A white horse is horse and white, horse and white horse. Thus I say: "a white horse is not a horse". |
| | 白马论: |
曰：白者不定所白，忘之而可也。白马者，言白定所白也。定所白者，非白也。马者，无去取于色，故黄、黑皆所以应。白马者，有去取于色，黄、黑马皆所以色去，故唯白马独可以应耳。无去者非有去也；故曰：“白马非马”。 |
| White Horse Discourse:...: |
[B]: White does not fix what is white, this can be put aside. "White horse" speaks of white fixing what is white. That which fixes what is white is not white. "Horse" does not pick or exclude color, thus a brown or black horse can be brought. "White horse" does pick or exclude color; brown and black horses are excluded by color, thus only a white horse can be brought. That which does not exclude is not that which does exclude. Thus I say: "a white horse is not a horse". |
