| | 武帝紀: |
孝武皇帝，景帝中子也，母曰王美人。年四歲立為膠東王。七歲為皇太子，母為皇后。十六歲，後三年正月，景帝崩。甲子，太子即皇帝位，尊皇太后竇氏曰太皇太后，皇后曰皇太后。三月，封皇太后同母弟田蚡、勝皆為列侯。 |
| | Emperor Xiaowu was the second son of Emperor Jingdi; his mother was Lady Wang Meiren. At four years old, he was made King of Jiaodong. At seven years old, he became Crown Prince; his mother became empress. When he was sixteen, in the first month of the third year after that, Emperor Jingdi died. On the Jiazi day, the crown prince ascended to the throne as emperor, and honored Empress Dowager Dou Shi as Grand Empress Dowager and the empress as Empress Dowager. In March, he enfeoffed his uncle by marriage Tian Fen and Sheng, both brothers of the empress dowager who shared the same mother, as marquises.
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| | 武帝紀: |
建元元年冬十月，詔丞相、御史、列侯、中二千石、二千石、諸侯相舉賢良方正直言極諫之士。丞相綰奏：「所舉賢良，或治申、商、韓非、蘇秦、張儀之言，亂國政，請皆罷。」奏可。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter, Jianyuan first year, an edict was issued ordering the prime minister, the chief censor, marquises, officials of rank 2,000 stones and 1,500 stones in the central government, and chancellors of feudal states to recommend virtuous and upright men who would speak out frankly and offer bold remonstrances. Chancellor Wan submitted a memorial: "Some of the virtuous men recommended study the doctrines of Shen, Shang Yang, Han Feizi, Su Qin, and Zhang Yi; their ideas confuse state affairs. I request that they all be dismissed." The memorial was approved.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春二月，赦天下，賜民爵一級。年八十復二算，九十復甲卒。行三銖錢。 |
| | In the second month of spring, a general pardon was granted throughout the empire and all commoners were bestowed with one rank of noble title. Those who reached eighty years old would be exempted from two poll taxes, and those who reached ninety would be exempted from military service. The sanzhu coin was put into circulation.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月己巳，詔曰：「古之立教，鄉里以齒，朝廷以爵，扶世導民，莫善於德。然則於鄉里先耆艾，奉高年，古之道也。今天下孝子順孫願自竭盡以承其親，外迫公事，內乏資財，是以孝心闕焉。朕甚哀之。民年九十以上，已有受鬻法，為復子若孫，令得身帥妻妾遂其供養之事。」 |
| | In the fourth month of summer, on the Jisi day, an edict was issued: "Ancient moral instruction emphasized age in local communities and rank in court; to support society and guide the people, nothing is better than virtue. Indeed, in local communities, one should honor the elderly first and respect those of advanced age; this was the ancient way. Now, filial sons and obedient grandsons wish to exhaust themselves in serving their parents; yet they are pressured by official duties from the outside and lack financial resources within, so their filial devotion is incomplete. I feel deeply sorry for this situation. For commoners who are ninety years old or older, there is already a law allowing them to receive food supplies; now I order that their sons or grandsons be exempted as well, so they may personally lead their wives and concubines in fulfilling the duties of support."
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| | 武帝紀: |
五月，詔曰：「河海潤千里，其令祠官修山川之祠，為歲事，曲加禮。」 |
| | In May, an edict was issued: "Rivers and seas nourish thousands of miles. I order the officials in charge of sacrifices to repair temples dedicated to mountains and rivers for annual rituals, and to offer additional rites with special care."
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| | 武帝紀: |
赦吳楚七國帑輸在官者。 |
| | A pardon was issued for the assets of Wu, Chu, and seven other feudal states that were seized by the government.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋七月，詔曰：「衛士轉置送迎二萬人，其省萬人。罷苑馬，以賜貧民。」 |
| | In the seventh month of autumn, an edict was issued: "There are currently 20,000 guards responsible for rotating duties and welcoming and sending off officials; reduce this number by 10,000. Disband the imperial horse farms and distribute them to poor commoners."
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| | 武帝紀: |
議立明堂。遣使者安車蒲輪，束帛加璧，徵魯申公。 |
| | Discussions were held on establishing a Mingtang (a ceremonial hall for ancestral rites). Envoys were sent in specially prepared carriages with padded wheels, carrying silk and jade as gifts, to invite Master Shen Gong of Lu.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年冬十月，御史大夫趙綰坐請毋奏事太皇太后，及郎中令王臧皆下獄，自殺。丞相嬰、太尉蚡免。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter in the second year, Grand Censor Zhao Wan was punished for requesting not to report matters to Grand Empress Dowager; along with Minister of Palace Attendants Wang Zang, they were both imprisoned and committed suicide. Chancellor Ying and Grand General Fen were dismissed from office.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春二月丙戌朔，日有蝕之。夏四月戊申，有如日夜出。 |
| | In the second month of spring on the Bingxu day, which was also the first day of the lunar month, there was a solar eclipse. On the Wushen day in the fourth month of summer, it appeared as if the sun rose at night.
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| | 武帝紀: |
初置茂陵邑。 |
| | The district of Maoling was first established.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年春，河水溢于平原，大飢，人相食。 |
| | In spring of the third year, the Yellow River overflowed in Pingyuan, causing a great famine and people resorted to cannibalism.
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| | 武帝紀: |
賜徙茂陵者戶錢二十萬，田二頃。初作便門橋。 |
| | Those who moved to Maoling were granted 200,000 coins per household and two qing of farmland. The Bianmen Bridge was first constructed.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋七月，有星孛于西北。 |
| | In the seventh month of autumn, a comet appeared in the northwest sky.
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| | 武帝紀: |
濟川王明坐殺太傅、中傅廢遷防陵。 |
| | Jichuan Wang Ming was demoted and exiled to Fangling for killing his Grand Tutor and Middle Tutor.
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| | 武帝紀: |
閩越圍東甌，東甌告急。遣中大夫嚴助持節發會稽兵，浮海救之。未至，閩越走，兵還。 |
| | The Minyue forces besieged Dongou, which sent an urgent message of distress. Zhong Dafu Yan Zhu was dispatched with a token to mobilize troops from Kuaiji and sail across the sea to rescue them. Before they arrived, Minyue retreated, so the army returned.
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| | 武帝紀: |
九月丙子晦，日有蝕之。 |
| | On the Bingzi day of the ninth month, which was also its last day, there was a solar eclipse.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年夏，有風赤如血。六月，旱。秋九月，有星孛于東北。 |
| | In summer of the fourth year, there was a red wind as if dyed with blood. In June, there was drought. In the ninth month of autumn, a comet appeared to the northeast.
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五年春，罷三銖錢，行半兩錢。 |
| | In spring of the fifth year, the sanzhu coins were abolished and the banliang coins were put into circulation instead.
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| | 武帝紀: |
置五經博士。 |
| | The Five Classics Doctorates were established.
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夏四月，平原君薨。 |
| | In April of summer, Gongye Jun died.
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五月，大蝗。 |
| | In May, there was a severe locust plague.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋八月，廣川王越、清河王乘皆薨。 |
| | In the eighth month of autumn, Guangchuan Wang Yue and Qinghe Wang Cheng both died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六年春二月乙未，遼東高廟災。夏四月壬子，高園便殿火。上素服五日。 |
| | In the second month of spring in the sixth year on the Yiwu day, a fire destroyed the temple at Liaodong Gao Miao. In April of summer on the Rensi day, a fire broke out in the Bian Dian hall of Gaoyuan. The emperor wore plain clothes for five days.
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| | 武帝紀: |
五月丁亥，太皇太后崩。 |
| | On the Dinghai day of May, Grand Empress Dowager passed away.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋八月，有星孛于東方，長竟天。 |
| | In the eighth month of autumn, a comet was seen in the east, stretching across the entire sky.
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| | 武帝紀: |
閩越王郢攻南越。遣大行王恢將兵出豫章，大司農韓安國出會稽，擊之。未至，越人殺郢降，兵還。 |
| | Minyue Wang Ying launched an attack on Nanyue. The emperor dispatched Da Xing Wang Hui to lead troops out of Yuzhang, and Grand Granary Minister Han Anguo from Kuaiji, to attack them. Before they arrived, the Yue people killed Ying and surrendered; thus, the troops returned.
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| | 武帝紀: |
元光元年冬十一月，初令郡國舉孝廉各一人。 |
| | In the eleventh month of winter in Yuanguang first year, it was first decreed that each commandery and kingdom should recommend one filial and upright man.
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| | 武帝紀: |
衛尉李廣為驍騎將軍屯雲中，中尉程不識為車騎將軍屯鴈門，六月罷。 |
| | In June, Weiwei Li Guang was appointed as Xiaoqi General and stationed in Yunzhong; Zhongwei Cheng Bishidi was appointed as Cheqi General and stationed at Yanmen. Both were relieved of their posts in June.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月，赦天下，賜民長子爵一級。復七國宗室前絕屬者。 |
| | In April of summer, a general pardon was issued throughout the empire, and all commoners' eldest sons were bestowed with one rank of nobility. The descendants of the seven feudal states whose family ties had previously been severed were restored to their status.
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| | 武帝紀: |
五月，詔賢良曰：「朕聞昔在唐虞，畫象而民不犯，日月所燭，莫不率俾。周之成康，刑錯不用，德及鳥獸，教通四海。海外肅凫，北發渠搜，氐羌徠服。星辰不孛，日月不蝕，山陵不崩，川谷不塞；麟鳳在郊藪，河洛出圖書。嗚虖，何施而臻此與！今朕獲奉宗廟，夙興以求，夜寐以思，若涉淵水，未知所濟。猗與偉與！何行而可以章先帝之洪業休德，上參堯舜，下配三王！朕之不敏，不能遠德，此子大夫之所睹聞也。賢良明於古今王事之體，受策察問，咸以書對，著之於篇，朕親覽焉。」於是董仲舒、公孫弘等出焉。 |
| | In May, the emperor issued an edict to the virtuous and upright scholars: "I have heard that in ancient times during Tang and Yu, people did not commit crimes when they saw painted images; under the light of sun and moon, none failed to follow proper conduct. During the reigns of King Cheng and King Kang of Zhou, punishments were not needed; virtue extended even to birds and beasts, and education reached all four seas. The distant southern tribes observed proper conduct, the northern tribes of Qu such as Beifa submitted, and the Di and Qiang peoples came to pay homage. Comets did not appear, solar or lunar eclipses did not occur; mountains and hills did not collapse, rivers and valleys were unblocked. Qilin and Fenghuang appeared in the wilds beyond the capital, while divine books emerged from the He and Luo rivers. Alas! What virtue or action could have brought about such a state of affairs?!" Now I, having been entrusted with the ancestral temple, rise early to seek and lie awake at night in thought, as if crossing a deep river, uncertain of how to reach the other side. How lofty and magnificent! What actions can I take to honor the great achievements and virtuous legacy of my predecessors, matching Yao and Shun above and rivaling the Three Kings below! My lack of wisdom prevents me from achieving great virtue; this is something you, my ministers, have witnessed. You virtuous and upright men understand the principles of governance in ancient and modern times. After receiving your strategies, you will be examined and questioned; all responses must be written down and compiled into a document for me to personally review." At this time, Dong Zhongshu, Gongsun Hong, and others emerged.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋七月癸未，日有蝕之。 |
| | In the seventh month of autumn on the Guwei day, there was a solar eclipse.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年冬十月，行幸雍，祠五畤。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter of the second year, he made an imperial visit to Yong and offered sacrifices at the five altars.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春，詔問公卿曰：「朕飾子女以配單于，金幣文繡賂之甚厚，單于待命加嫚，侵盜亡已。邊境被害，朕甚閔之。今欲舉兵攻之，何如？」大行王恢建議宜擊。夏六月，御史大夫韓安國為護軍將軍，衛尉李廣為驍騎將軍，太僕公孫賀為輕車將軍，大行王恢為將屯將軍，大中大夫李息為材官將軍，將三十萬眾屯馬邑谷中，誘致單于，欲襲擊之。單于入塞，覺之，走出。六月，軍罷。將軍王恢坐首謀不進，下獄死。 |
| | læ In spring, the emperor asked the ministers and high officials: "I have adorned my daughters to marry the Chanyu, offering him lavish gifts of gold, coinage, and embroidered silk. Yet the Chanyu treats our commands with increasing disrespect and continues his raids without ceasing. The frontier is suffering from these attacks, and I feel deeply sorrowful about it. Now I wish to raise an army to attack him; what do you think?" Da Xing Wang Hui advised that they should launch an attack. In June of summer, Grand Censor Han Anguo was appointed as Huujun General; Weiwei Li Guang became Xiaoqi General; Taifu Gongsun He was named Qingche General; Da Xing Wang Hui served as Jiangtun General; and Dazhong Dafu Li Xi was made Caiguan General. They led an army of 300,000 troops to be stationed in the Ma Yi valley, luring the Chanyu into a trap with the intention of ambushing him. The Chanyu entered the frontier but became aware of the ambush and fled out. In June, the military campaign was called off. General Wang Hui was punished for having initially planned to advance but failed to do so; he was imprisoned and died there.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋九月，令民大酺五日。 |
| | In the ninth month of autumn, the emperor decreed a five-day public drinking festival for the people.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年春，河水徙，從頓丘東南流入勃海。 |
| | In spring of the third year, a river changed its course, flowing from southeast of Dunqiu into Bohai Sea.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏五月，封高祖功臣五人後為列侯。 |
| | In May of summer, five descendants of meritorious ministers under Emperor Gaozu were enfeoffed as marquises.
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| | 武帝紀: |
河水決濮陽，氾郡十六。發卒十萬救決河。起龍淵宮。 |
| | The Yellow River broke its banks at Puyang and flooded sixteen commanderies. Ten thousand soldiers were mobilized to repair the breached river. The Longyuan Palace was constructed.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年冬，魏其侯竇嬰有罪，棄巿。 |
| | In winter of the fourth year, Hou Weiqi Dou Ying committed a crime and was executed in public.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春三月乙卯，丞相蚡薨。 |
| | On the Yimao day of March in spring, Chancellor Fen passed away.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月，隕霜殺草。五月，地震。赦天下。 |
| | In April of summer, frost fell and killed the grass. In May, there was an earthquake. A general pardon was issued throughout the realm.
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| | 武帝紀: |
五年春正月，河間王德薨。 |
| | In the first month of spring in the fifth year, Hejian Wang De passed away.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，發巴蜀治南夷道，又發卒萬人治雁門阻險。 |
| | In summer, laborers from Ba and Shu were mobilized to construct roads in the southern Yi region; additionally, 10,000 soldiers were dispatched to clear dangerous terrain at Yanmen Pass.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋七月，大風拔木。 |
| | In the seventh month of autumn, strong winds uprooted trees.
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| | 武帝紀: |
乙巳，皇后陳氏廢。捕為巫蠱者，皆梟首。 |
| | On the Yisi day, Empress Chen was deposed. Those who practiced witchcraft and sorcery were all beheaded and their heads displayed publicly.
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八月，螟。 |
| | In August, there was a locust plague.
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| | 武帝紀: |
徵吏民有明當時之務習先聖之術者，縣次續食，令與計偕。 |
| | Officials and commoners who were knowledgeable in current affairs and well-versed in the teachings of ancient sages were summoned; they would be provided with food at the county level, and ordered to accompany the annual census mission.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六年冬，初算商車。 |
| | In winter of the sixth year, a tax on commercial carts was first imposed.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春，穿漕渠通渭。 |
| | In spring, canals were dug to connect with Wei River for grain transport.
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| | 武帝紀: |
匈奴入上谷，殺略吏民。遣車騎將軍衛青出上谷，騎將軍公孫敖出代，輕車將軍公孫賀出雲中，驍騎將軍李廣出雁門。青至龍城，獲首虜七百級。廣、敖失師而還。詔曰：「夷狄無義，所從來久。間者匈奴數寇邊境，故遣將撫師。古者治兵振旅，因遭虜之方入，將吏新會，上下未輯，代郡將軍敖、雁門將軍廣所任不肖，校尉又背義妄行，棄軍而北，少吏犯禁。用兵之法：不勤不教，將率之過也；教令宣明，不能盡力，士卒之罪也。將軍已下廷尉，使理正之，而又加法於士卒，二者並行，非仁聖之心。朕閔眾庶陷害，欲刷恥改行，復奉正議，厥路亡繇。其赦雁門、代郡軍士不循法者。」 |
| | The Xiongnu invaded Shanggu and killed or captured officials and civilians. The emperor dispatched General Wei Qing, the Chaji General, to depart from Shanggu; General Gongsun Ao, the Qijun General, to leave from Dai; General Gongsen He, the Qingche General, to set out from Yunzhong; and General Li Guang, the Xiaoji General, to proceed from Yanmen. Wei Qing reached Longcheng and captured 700 enemy heads. Li Guang and Gongsun Ao lost their troops and returned. An edict was issued, stating: "The Yi and Di peoples have long been devoid of righteousness." "Recently, the Xiongnu have repeatedly raided our borders; therefore, generals were dispatched to lead troops for pacification. "In ancient times, when armies were disciplined and troops mobilized, they would encounter the enemy at their time of entry. The generals and officers had just assembled, and there was still no unity between superiors and subordinates. General Gongsun Ao of Dai Commandery and General Li Guang of Yanmen Commandery proved unworthy of their appointments; some captains acted treacherously and recklessly, abandoning the army to retreat northward, while junior officials violated regulations." The principle of military conduct is this: if soldiers are not diligent and not trained properly, it is the fault of their commanders; if orders have been clearly issued but the troops still fail to exert themselves fully, then it is the soldiers' own fault. "The generals have already been brought before the Tingwei Office to be investigated and dealt with according to law, yet additional punishment is also being imposed on the soldiers. Punishing both commanders and troops simultaneously does not reflect a benevolent and sage heart." "I take pity on the common people who have suffered harm, wishing to wipe away disgrace and reform their conduct so they may once again uphold righteousness. Yet there is no way for them to do so." "Therefore, I decree the pardon of soldiers from Yanmen and Dai Commanderies who have violated laws and regulations."
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，大旱，蝗。 |
| | In summer, there was a severe drought and locust plague.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六月，行幸雍。 |
| | In the sixth month, the emperor made an imperial visit to Yong.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，匈奴盜邊。遣將軍韓安國屯漁陽。 |
| | In autumn, the Xiongnu raided the border regions. General Han Anguo was dispatched to station troops at Yuyang.
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| | 武帝紀: |
元朔元年冬十一月，詔曰：「公卿大夫，所使總方略，壹統類，廣教化，美風俗也。夫本仁祖義，褒德祿賢，勸善刑暴，五帝三王所繇昌也。朕夙興夜寐，嘉與宇內之士臻於斯路。故旅耆老，復孝敬，選豪俊，講文學，稽參政事，祈進民心，深詔執事，興廉舉孝，庶幾成風，紹休聖緒。夫十室之邑，必有忠信；三人並行，厥有我師。今或至闔郡而不薦一人，是化不下究，而積行之君子雍於上聞也。二千石官長紀綱人倫，將何以佐朕燭幽隱，勸元元，厲蒸庶，崇鄉黨之訓哉？且進賢受上賞，蔽賢蒙顯戮，古之道也。其與中二千石、禮官、博士議不舉者罪。」有司奏議曰：「古者，諸侯貢士，壹適謂之好德，再適謂之賢賢，三適謂之有功，乃加九錫；不貢士，壹則黜爵，再則黜地，三而黜爵地畢矣。夫附下罔上者死，附上罔下者刑，與聞國政而無益於民者斥，在上位而不能進賢者退，此所以勸善黜惡也。今詔書昭先帝聖緒，令二千石舉孝廉，所以化元元，移風易俗也。不舉孝，不奉詔，當以不敬論。不察廉，不勝任也，當免。」奏可。 |
| | In the eleventh month of winter in the first year of Yuanshuo, an edict was issued: "Ministers and high officials are entrusted with formulating strategies, unifying principles, promoting education and moral influence, and cultivating a refined social customs. "Rooting in benevolence and upholding righteousness, honoring virtue and rewarding the worthy, encouraging goodness while punishing violence—this is how the Five Emperors and Three Kings achieved prosperity. "I have long risen early and retired late, hoping to inspire all worthy men within my realm to follow this path." "Therefore, we honor the elderly and promote filial piety; select outstanding individuals and encourage literary scholarship; examine and participate in political affairs; strive to win public support. We issue earnest decrees to officials, promoting integrity and recommending filial sons, hoping that these practices will become a prevailing trend, continuing the virtuous legacy of our sage ancestors." "Even in a small village of ten households, there must be loyal and trustworthy people; "in any group of three walking together, one among them will surely be my teacher." Now there are cases where an entire commandery closes its doors and does not recommend a single person; this indicates that moral influence has failed to reach the lower levels, and virtuous men of accumulated merit remain unheard by those in power. "Officials of the second thousand-dan rank are entrusted with upholding moral standards and human relationships; how then can they assist me in illuminating hidden virtues, encouraging the common people, inspiring the populace, and promoting the teachings of local communities?" "Moreover, recommending virtuous individuals brings great rewards, while concealing talent invites clear punishment—this is the way of ancient times." "Therefore, you shall deliberate with officials of the second thousand-dan and higher rank, as well as with ritual officers and doctoral scholars, on the punishment for those who fail to recommend worthy individuals." The officials submitted a proposal stating: "In ancient times, feudal lords who recommended talented individuals were considered virtuous if they did so once; those who did it twice were called 'xian xian' (revering virtue); and those who did so thrice were deemed meritorious, thus receiving the ninefold bestowals of honor; "those who failed to recommend talent would have their titles revoked once, their territories reduced twice, and both title and territory entirely stripped away after a third failure. "Those who favor subordinates at the expense of superiors shall be executed; those who favor superiors while deceiving subordinates shall receive corporal punishment. Those who participate in state affairs yet bring no benefit to the people must be dismissed, and those in high office who fail to recommend virtuous individuals should be demoted—this is how we encourage virtue and punish wickedness." "Now, the imperial decree clearly continues the virtuous legacy of previous emperors by ordering officials of the second thousand-dan to recommend filial and upright individuals—this is done in order to guide the common people and transform social customs." "Failing to recommend filial sons or failing to obey the imperial decree should be treated as an act of disrespect." "Failing to identify upright individuals indicates incompetence, and such officials should be dismissed." The proposal was approved.
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| | 武帝紀: |
十二月，江都王非薨。 |
| | In December, Prince Fei of Jiangdu passed away.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春三月甲子，立皇后衛氏。詔曰：「朕聞天地不變，不成施化；陰陽不變，物不暢茂。《》曰『通其變，使民不倦』。《》云『九變復貫，知言之選』。朕嘉唐虞而樂殷周，據舊以鑒新。其赦天下，與民更始。諸逋貸及辭訟在孝景後三年以前，皆勿聽治。」 |
| | On the Jiazi day of the third month in spring, Empress Wei was installed as empress. An edict stated: "I have heard that if Heaven and Earth remain unchanged, they cannot bring about transformation; if Yin and Yang do not shift, things will not flourish. "The Book of Changes says: 'Facilitate change so that the people remain tireless.'" "The Book of Songs states: 'Nine transformations return to harmony; this is the choice of wise words.'" "I admire Tang and Yu while taking pleasure in Yin and Zhou, relying on past precedents as a mirror for new policies." "Therefore, I decree a general pardon throughout the realm, allowing all people to begin anew." "All outstanding debts and unresolved lawsuits dating back to before the third year of Emperor Jingdi's reign shall no longer be pursued or adjudicated."
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，匈奴入遼西，殺太守；入漁陽、雁門，敗都尉，殺略三千餘人。遣將軍衛青出雁門，將軍李息出代，獲首虜數千級。 |
| | In autumn, the Xiongnu invaded Liaoxi and killed its governor; they also entered Yuyang and Yanmen, defeated a commandery commander, and killed or captured more than 3,000 people. General Wei Qing was dispatched from Yanmen, and General Li Xi from Dai; they captured several thousand enemy heads.
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| | 武帝紀: |
東夷薉君南閭等口二十八萬人降，為蒼海郡。 |
| | The eastern Yi ruler Huiju Nanlv and others, totaling 280,000 mouths, surrendered; the region was established as Canghai Commandery.
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| | 武帝紀: |
魯王餘、長沙王發皆薨。 |
| | Prince Yu of Lu and Prince Fa of Changsha both passed away.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年冬，賜淮南王、菑川王几杖，毋朝。 |
| | In winter of the second year, the emperor bestowed canes and stools upon King Huainan and King Zichuan as a sign of respect, exempting them from court attendance.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春正月，詔曰：「梁王、城陽王親慈同生，願以邑分弟，其許之。諸侯王請與子弟邑者，朕將親覽，使有列位焉。」於是藩國始分，而子弟畢侯矣。 |
| | In the first month of spring, an edict was issued: "Prince Liang and Prince Chengyang are born from the same parents; they wish to divide their fief among their brothers. This request is hereby granted." "Regarding requests by feudal kings for their sons and younger relatives to receive fiefs, I shall personally review them so that they may be granted appropriate ranks." Thus began the division of vassal states, and all sons and younger relatives were eventually enfeoffed as marquises.
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| | 武帝紀: |
匈奴入上谷、漁陽，殺略吏民千餘人。遣將軍衛青、李息出雲中，至高闕，遂西至符離，獲首虜數千級。數河南地，置朔方、五原郡。 |
| | The Xiongnu invaded Shangyu and Yuyang, killing or capturing more than 1,000 officials and civilians. Generals Wei Qing and Li Xi were dispatched from Yunzhong, reaching Gaoque, then proceeding west to Fuli, where they captured several thousand enemy heads. The southern bank of the Yellow River was surveyed and incorporated into territory; Shuofang Commandery and Wuyuan Commandery were established.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三月乙亥晦，日有蝕之。 |
| | On the Yi Hai day, the last day of the third month, there was a solar eclipse.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，募民徙朔方十萬口。又徙郡國豪傑及訾三百萬以上于茂陵。 |
| | In summer, 100,000 households were recruited to relocate to Shuofang. Also, outstanding individuals from commanderies and states, as well as those with assets exceeding 3 million coins, were relocated to Maoling.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，燕王定國有罪，自殺。 |
| | In autumn, Prince Dingguo of Yan was found guilty of a crime and committed suicide.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年春，罷蒼海郡。三月，詔曰：「夫刑罰所以防姦也，內長文所以見愛也；以百姓之未洽于教化，朕嘉與士大夫日新厥業，祗而不解。其赦天下。」 |
| | In spring of the third year, Canghai Commandery was abolished. In March, an edict stated: "Punishment and penalties are imposed to prevent wrongdoing; internal promotion of literature is a sign of care; since the common people have not yet fully embraced moral instruction, I take pleasure in associating with scholars and officials who daily renew their endeavors, diligently pursuing improvement without respite. "Therefore, a general pardon is now proclaimed throughout the realm."
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，匈奴入代，殺太守；入雁門，殺略千餘人。 |
| | In summer, the Xiongnu invaded Dai and killed its governor; they also entered Yanmen, killing or capturing over 1,000 people.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六月庚午，皇太后崩。 |
| | On the Gengwu day of the sixth month, the empress dowager passed away.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，罷西南夷，城朔方城。令民大酺五日。 |
| | In autumn, construction on the southwestern Yi region was halted; instead, Shuofang City was built. The emperor ordered a five-day public celebration for the people.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年冬，行幸甘泉。 |
| | In winter of the fourth year, the emperor made an imperial tour to Ganquan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，匈奴入代、定襄、上郡，殺略數千人。 |
| | In summer, the Xiongnu entered Dai, Dingxiang, and Shangjun commanderies, killing or capturing several thousand people.
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| | 武帝紀: |
五年春，大旱。大將軍衛青將六將軍兵十餘萬人出朔方、高闕，獲首虜萬五千級。 |
| | In spring of the fifth year, there was a severe drought. General Wei Qing, as Grand General, led the forces of six generals and more than 100,00 military men from Shuofang and Gaoque, capturing 15,000 enemy heads.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏六月，詔曰：「蓋聞導民以禮，風之以樂，今禮壞樂崩，朕甚閔焉。故詳延天下方聞之士，咸薦諸朝。其令禮官勸學，講議洽聞，舉遺興禮，以為天下先。太常其議予博士弟子，崇鄉黨之化，以厲賢材焉。」丞相弘請為博士置弟子員，學者益廣。 |
| | In the sixth month of summer, an edict was issued: "I have heard that guiding the people through propriety and inspiring them with music is essential. Now that rites are in disrepair and music has collapsed, I deeply lament this situation. Therefore, I have carefully invited learned men from all over the realm to recommend themselves to court. Now order the ritual officials to encourage learning, hold discussions on widely known knowledge, revive lost traditions and promote rites, setting an example for all under heaven. The Taichang Office should deliberate on granting doctoral students to cultivate the moral influence of local communities, thus inspiring virtuous talents." Chancellor Hong requested that a quota for disciples be established for each doctoral position, thereby broadening the scope of scholars.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，匈奴入代，殺都尉。 |
| | In autumn, the Xiongnu attacked Dai and killed its commandery commander.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六年春二月，大將軍衛青將六將軍兵十餘萬騎出定襄，斬首三千餘級。還，休士馬于定襄、雲中、鴈門。赦天下。 |
| | In the second month of spring in the sixth year, Grand General Wei Qing led forces of six generals with more than 100, military cavalry out from Dingxiang and beheaded over 3,00 enemies. Upon returning, the troops rested their soldiers and horses in Dingxiang, Yunzhong, and Yanmen. A general pardon was issued throughout the realm.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月，衛青復將六將軍絕幕，大克獲。前將軍趙信軍敗，降匈奴。右將軍蘇建亡軍，獨身脫還，贖為庶人。 |
| | In April of summer, General Wei Qing once again led six generals across the desert and achieved a major victory with significant captures. General Zhao Xin's forces were defeated and he surrendered to the Xiongnu. General Su Jian of Youjiang lost his entire army, escaping alone back to the capital; he was later ransomed and demoted to commoner status.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六月，詔曰：「朕聞五帝不相復禮，三代不同法，所繇殊路而建德一也。蓋孔子對定公以徠遠，哀公以論臣，景公以節用，非期不同，所急異務也。今中國一統而北邊未安，朕甚悼之。日者大將軍巡朔方，征匈奴，斬首虜萬八千級，諸禁錮及有過者，咸蒙厚賞，得免減罪。今大將軍仍復克獲，斬首虜萬九千級，受爵賞而欲移賣者，無所流貤。其議為令。」有司奏請置武功賞官，以寵戰士。 |
| | In June, an edict was issued: "I have heard that the Five Emperors did not repeat each other's rites and the Three Dynasties followed different laws; yet their paths differed while their cultivation of virtue remained one. Confucius, when answering Duke Dinggong, emphasized attracting distant people; when addressing Duke Aigong, he discussed the conduct of officials; and to Duke Jinggong, he advised on frugality. These were not differences in intent but variations based on immediate priorities." "Now that the central lands are unified yet the northern borders remain unsettled, I deeply mourn this situation. Recently, the Grand General toured Shuofang and campaigned against the Xiongnu, beheading 18,000 enemies. Those who were previously imprisoned or had committed offenses all received generous rewards and were granted reductions or pardons of their crimes. Now, the Grand General has once again achieved a great victory, beheading 19,000 enemies. Yet those who have received ranks and rewards but wish to sell or transfer them have no one to whom they can pass these privileges. "Therefore, deliberate on establishing a regulation for this matter." The officials submitted a request to establish an office of martial merit rewards in order to honor warriors.
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| | 武帝紀: |
元狩元年冬十月，行幸雍，祠五畤。獲白麟，作白麟之歌。 |
| | In the first month of winter, the first year of Yuanshou, the emperor made a tour to Yong and performed sacrifices at the Five Altars. A white qilin was captured; a song titled "The White Qilin" was composed in celebration.
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| | 武帝紀: |
十一月，淮南王安、衡山王賜謀反，誅。黨與死者數萬人。 |
| | In the eleventh month, Prince An of Huainan and Prince Ci of Hengshan plotted rebellion; they were executed. Tens of thousands of their accomplices and those who died in connection with the case.
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| | 武帝紀: |
十二月，大雨雪，民凍死。 |
| | In December, heavy snow fell, and many people froze to death.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月，赦天下。 |
| | In April of summer, a general pardon was granted throughout the empire.
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| | 武帝紀: |
丁卯，立皇太子。賜中二千石爵右庶長，民為父後者一級。詔曰：「朕聞咎繇對禹，曰在知人，知人則哲，惟帝難之。蓋君者心也，民猶支體，支體傷則心憯怛。日者淮南、衡山修文學，流貨賂，兩國接壤，怵於邪說，而造篡弒，此朕之不德。《》云：『』已赦天下，滌除與之更始。朕嘉孝弟力田，哀夫老眊孤寡鰥獨或匱於衣食，甚憐愍焉。其遣謁者巡行天下，存問致賜。曰『皇帝使謁者賜縣三老、孝者帛，人五匹；鄉三老、弟者、力田帛，人三匹；年九十以上及鰥寡孤獨帛，人二匹，絮三斤；八十以上米，人三石。有冤失職，使者以聞。縣鄉即賜，毋贅聚』。」 |
| | On the Dingmao day, the crown prince was formally installed. Officials of the rank Zhongerqianshi were granted the title You Shuzhang, and commoners who had taken on their father's lineage received a one-level promotion. An edict was issued: "I have heard that Jiaoyao, when responding to Yu, said, 'The key lies in knowing people. Knowing people leads to wisdom; yet even emperors find this difficult.' "A ruler is like the heart, and the people are like limbs. When a limb is injured, the heart feels deep sorrow. "Recently, Princes An of Huainan and Ci of Hengshan studied literature and rhetoric, circulated bribes; the two states bordering each other were swayed by heretical doctrines and plotted regicide. This is a failure in my virtue." "The Book of Songs says: 'My heart is filled with sorrow, thinking of the cruelty inflicted upon the state.'" The empire has already been pardoned; let all past wrongs be cleansed and a new beginning commence. I commend filial piety, fraternal respect, and diligence in farming; I feel deep compassion for the elderly, the weak, orphans, widows, and those without family who may lack food and clothing. Therefore, dispatch Yezhe officials to tour the empire, inquire after their conditions, and bestow gifts upon them. "Say 'The emperor has sent Yezhe officials to grant bolts of silk to the three elders, filial sons, and exemplary individuals in each county: five bolts per person; "three bolts for the three elders at the township level, those known for fraternal respect, and diligent farmers—three bolts each person; "two bolts of silk for those aged ninety or above, as well as widows, the elderly without family, and orphans—two bolts per person, along with three jin of cotton wadding; "and for those aged eighty or above, rice: three shi per person." If there are grievances or injustices in the assignment of duties, the envoys shall report them. "The counties and townships should distribute these gifts immediately; do not delay or accumulate them.'"
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| | 武帝紀: |
五月乙巳晦，日有蝕之。 |
| | On the Yiwei day of the fifth month, a solar eclipse occurred.
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| | 武帝紀: |
匈奴入上谷，殺數百人。 |
| | The Xiongnu invaded Shanggu and killed hundreds of people.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年冬十月，行幸雍，祠五畤。 |
| | In the first month of winter in the second year, the emperor toured Yong and performed sacrifices at the five altars.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春三月戊寅，丞相弘薨。 |
| | On the Wuyin day of the third month in spring, Chancellor Hong died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
遣驃騎將軍霍去病出隴西，至皋蘭，斬首八千餘級。 |
| | General Huo Qubing, commander of Biaoqi, led an expedition from Longxi to Gaolan and beheaded more than 8,000 enemy soldiers.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，馬生余吾水中。南越獻馴象、能言鳥。 |
| | In summer, a horse was born in the Yuwu River. The Nanyue kingdom presented tamed elephants and birds capable of speech.
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| | 武帝紀: |
將軍去病、公孫敖出北地二千餘里，過居延，斬首虜三萬餘級。 |
| | General Huo Qubing and General Gongsun Ao led their forces more than 2,000 li beyond Beidi, crossing Juyan, and beheaded over 30,000 Xiongnu enemies.
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| | 武帝紀: |
匈奴入鴈門，殺略數百人。遣衛尉張騫、郎中令李廣皆出右北平。廣殺匈奴三千餘人，盡亡其軍四千人，獨身脫還，及公孫敖、張騫皆後期，當斬，贖為庶人。 |
| | The Xiongnu invaded Yanmen and killed or captured hundreds of people. General Zhang Qian, the Weiwei, and General Li Guang, the Langzhongling, were both dispatched from Youbeiping. Li Guang killed over 3,000 Xiongu soldiers but lost his entire force of 4,000 men and returned alone. Zhang Qian and Gongsun Ao also arrived late; they were sentenced to death but ransomed themselves and were demoted to commoners.
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| | 武帝紀: |
江都王建有罪，自殺。膠東王寄薨。 |
| | Prince Jian of Jiangdu committed a crime and took his own life. Prince Ji of Jiaodong died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，匈奴昆邪王殺休屠王，并將其眾合四萬餘人來降，置五屬國以處之。以其地為武威、酒泉郡。 |
| | In autumn, the Xiongnu King Kunye killed King Xiutu and led his forces of more than 40,000 people to surrender. The emperor established five subordinate states to accommodate them. The territory was organized into the commanderies of Wuwei and Jiuquan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年春，有星孛于東方。夏五月，赦天下。立膠東康王少子慶為六安王。封故相國蕭何曾孫慶為列侯。 |
| | In spring of the third year, a comet appeared in the eastern sky. In May of summer, a general amnesty was granted throughout the empire. The youngest son of King Kang of Jiaodong, Qing, was enfeoffed as King of Lu'an. The great-great-grandson of the former Chancellor Xiao He, Qing, was granted the title of Liehou (Marquis).
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，匈奴入右北平、定襄，殺略千餘人。 |
| | In autumn, the Xiongu invaded Youbeiping and Dingxiang, killing or capturing more than 1,000 people.
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| | 武帝紀: |
遣謁者勸有水災郡種宿麥。舉吏民能假貸貧民者以名聞。 |
| | ล Envoys were sent to encourage the commanderies affected by floods to plant overwintering wheat. Officials and commoners who could lend to the poor should report their names for recognition.
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| | 武帝紀: |
減隴西、北地、上郡戍卒半。 |
| | The number of garrison troops in Longxi, Beidi, and Shangjun was reduced by half.
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| | 武帝紀: |
發謫吏穿昆明池。 |
| | Exiled officials were mobilized to excavate the Kunming Pool.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年冬，有司言關東貧民徙隴西、北地、西河、上郡、會稽凡七十二萬五千口，縣官衣食振業，用度不足，請收銀錫造白金及皮幣以足用。初算緡錢。 |
| | In the fourth year of winter, officials reported that 725,000 poor people from east of the Guan region had been relocated to Longxi, Beidi, Xhe, Shangjun, and Kuaiji. The government's expenses for clothing, food, and resettlement were insufficient; they requested permission to collect silver and tin to mint white gold coins and leather currency in order to cover the costs. The system of calculating money by the wan (10,000) was first implemented.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春，有星孛于東北。 |
| | In spring, a comet appeared in the northeast sky.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，有長星出于西北。 |
| | In summer, a long-tailed star emerged from the northwest.
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| | 武帝紀: |
大將軍衛青將四將軍出定襄，將軍去病出代，各將五萬騎。步兵踵軍後數十萬人。青至幕北圍單于，斬首萬九千級，至闐顏山乃還。去病與左賢王戰，斬獲首虜七萬餘級，封狼居胥山乃還。兩軍士戰死者數萬人。前將軍廣、後將軍食其皆後期。廣自殺，食其贖死。 |
| | Grand General Wei Qing led four generals out of Dingxiang, while General Huo Qubing departed from Dai; each commanded 50,000 cavalry troops. Tens of thousands of infantry followed the army in the rear. Wei Qing advanced to the north of the Mu region, encircling the Chanyu (Xiongnu leader), and beheaded 19,000 enemy troops. He returned only after reaching Tayan Mountain. Huo Qubing fought against the Zhuxian Wang (Left Wise King) and captured or killed more than 70,000 enemies; he then ascended Mount Langju Xu before returning. Tens of thousands of soldiers from both armies were killed in battle. General Zhao Guang, the Qianjiang, and General Shi Qi, the Houjiang, both arrived late. Zhao Guang committed suicide; Shi Qi was pardoned after paying a ransom to avoid execution.
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| | 武帝紀: |
五年春三月甲午，丞相李蔡有罪，自殺。 |
| | On the Jiawu day of March in spring of the fifth year, Chancellor Li Cai committed suicide after being found guilty of a crime.
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| | 武帝紀: |
天下馬少，平牡馬匹二十萬。 |
| | Horses were scarce throughout the empire; 200,000 male horses were collected and standardized for distribution.
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| | 武帝紀: |
罷半兩錢，行五銖錢。 |
| | The half-liang coins were abolished, and wuzhu coins were introduced into circulation.
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| | 武帝紀: |
徙天下姦猾吏民於邊。 |
| | Wicked officials and commoners from across the empire were relocated to the frontier regions.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六年冬十月，賜丞相以下至吏二千石金，千石以下至乘從者帛，蠻夷錦各有差。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter in the sixth year, gold was bestowed upon officials from the Chancellor down to those holding the rank of Erqianshi; silk was given to officials ranked Qianshi and below as well as attendants and riders; among the non-Han peoples, brocade was distributed according to different ranks.
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| | 武帝紀: |
雨水亡冰。 |
| | There were no ice formations during the Rain Water period.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月乙巳，廟立皇子閎為齊王，旦為燕王，胥為廣陵王。初作誥。 |
| | On the Yisi day of April in summer, the temple enfeoffed Crown Prince Hong as King of Qi, Dan as King of Yan, and Xu as King of Guangling. The practice of issuing gao (imperial edicts) was first established.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六月，詔曰：「日者有司以幣輕多姦，農傷而末眾，又禁以并之塗，故改幣以約之。稽諸往古，制宜於今。廢期有月，而山澤之民未諭。夫仁行而從善，義立則俗易，意奉憲者所以導之未明與？將百姓所安殊路，而撟虔吏因乘勢以侵蒸庶邪？何紛然其擾也！今遣博士大等六人分循行天下，存問鰥寡廢疾，無以自振業者貸與之。諭三老孝弟以為民師，舉獨行之君子，徵詣行在所。朕嘉賢者，樂知其人。廣宣厥道，士有特招，使者之任也。詳問隱處亡位，及冤失職，姦猾為害，野荒治苛者，舉奏。郡國有所以為便者，上丞相、御史以聞。」 |
| | In June, an edict stated: "Recently, officials claimed that the lightness of currency led to much fraud; agriculture was harmed while commerce flourished. To curb this, we imposed restrictions on coinage and thus reformed the currency system to regulate it. Examining past precedents, regulations should be suitable for present circumstances. The period of currency reform has lasted several months, yet the people living in mountainous and lacustrine regions have not been properly informed. When benevolence is practiced, people follow goodness; when righteousness is established, customs change—could it be that those entrusted with the law have not yet clearly guided them? Is it possible that the people's comfort lies in different paths, and corrupt officials have taken advantage of their positions to oppress the common folk? How chaotic and disruptive this has become! Now, I am sending six scholars, including Da, to tour the empire and inquire after widows, orphans, the disabled, and those unable to support themselves; they shall be granted loans. Inform the three elders and filial sons to serve as role models for the people, recommend virtuous individuals with exemplary conduct, and summon them to my current location. I admire the worthy; I am delighted to know such people. Promoting their virtues widely, and especially inviting outstanding scholars—this is the duty of envoys. Carefully inquire about those in secluded places without official positions, as well as grievances over unjust dismissals or oppressive governance by corrupt officials and harsh policies that have caused land to lie fallow; report these matters. If there are any local measures deemed beneficial in the commanderies and kingdoms, submit them through the Chancellor and the Grand Censor for imperial review."
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋九月，大司馬驃騎將軍去病薨。 |
| | In September of autumn, General Huo Qubing, the Dushima and Biaoqi Jiangjun, died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
元鼎元年夏五月，赦天下，大酺五日。 |
| | In May of summer in the first year of Yuanding, a general pardon was issued throughout the empire, followed by five days of public feasting.
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| | 武帝紀: |
得鼎汾水上。 |
| | A tripod was discovered on the Fen River.
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| | 武帝紀: |
濟東王彭離有罪，廢徙上庸。 |
| | Prince Pengli of Jidong committed a crime, was deposed, and exiled to Shangyong.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年冬十一月，御史大夫張湯有罪，自殺。十二月，丞相青翟下獄死。 |
| | In the eleventh month of winter in the second year of Yuanding, Zhang Tang, the Grand Censor, committed suicide after being found guilty. In December, Chancellor Qingdian was imprisoned and died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春，起柏梁臺。 |
| | In spring, the Baoliang Pavilion was constructed.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三月，大雨雪。夏，大水，關東餓死者以千數。 |
| | In March, heavy snow fell. In summer, there was a great flood; in the regions east of Guan, thousands died from starvation.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋九月，詔曰：「仁不異遠，義不辭難。今京師雖未為豐年，山林池澤之饒與民共之。今水潦移於江南，迫隆冬至，朕懼其飢寒不活。江南之地，火耕水耨，方下巴蜀之粟致之江陵，遣博士中等分循行，諭告所抵，無令重困。吏民有振救飢民免其厄者，具舉以聞。」 |
| | In September of autumn, an edict stated: "Benevolence knows no distance; righteousness does not shy away from hardship. Though the capital has yet to enjoy a bountiful harvest, the abundance of forests, hills, ponds, and marshes shall be shared with the people. Now that floods have shifted to southern Jiang, as winter approaches, I fear the people may perish from hunger and cold. The southern Jiang region, where slash-and-burn and wet-field farming are practiced, should now transport rice from Bashu to Jiangling. I have dispatched scholars such as Zhong to tour the area, conveying instructions upon arrival; ensure that no one is further burdened. Officials and commoners who rescue starving people from hardship should report their actions in detail."
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年冬，徙函谷關於新安。以故關為弘農縣。 |
| | In winter of the third year, the Hangu Pass was relocated to Xin'an. The former pass site became Hongnong Xian.
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| | 武帝紀: |
十一月，令民告緡者以其半與之。 |
| | In November, an order was issued that informants reporting on currency fraud would be awarded half of the seized assets.
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| | 武帝紀: |
正月戊子，陽陵園火。夏四月，雨雹，關東郡國十餘飢，人相食。 |
| | On the Wusi day of the first month, a fire broke out at the Yangling Mausoleum. In April of summer, hail fell; more than ten commanderies and states east of Guan suffered from famine, with people resorting to cannibalism.
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| | 武帝紀: |
常山王舜薨。子绗嗣立，有罪，廢徙房陵。 |
| | Prince Changshan Shun died. His son Hang succeeded him, but was deposed and exiled to Fangling after committing a crime.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年冬十月，行幸雍，祠五畤。賜民爵一級，女子百戶牛酒。行自夏陽，東幸汾陰。十一月甲子，立后土祠于汾陰脽上。禮畢，行幸滎陽。還至洛陽，詔曰：「祭地冀州，瞻望河洛，巡省豫州，觀于周室，邈而無祀。詢問耆老，乃得孽子嘉。其封嘉為周子南君，以奉周祀。」 |
| | In the tenth month of winter in the fourth year, he made an imperial visit to Yong and offered sacrifices at the Five Altars. He granted a rank increase to all commoners and gave oxen and wine to one woman in every hundred households. The journey began from Xiayang, proceeding eastward to Fenyin. On the Jiazi day of the eleventh month, an altar for Hou Tu was established on the Shui terrace in Fenyin. łoż After completing the ceremony, he made a visit to Yingyang. Upon returning to Luoyang, an edict was issued: "Offering sacrifices for the land in Ji Zhou, gazing toward the Yellow River and Luo River, touring Yu Zhou, visiting the former capital of Zhou, which is now distant and without rites. After consulting with elders, we found a descendant named Jia. Therefore, I shall bestow the title of Zhou Zinan Jun on Jia to perpetuate the ancestral rites for the House of Zhou."
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| | 武帝紀: |
春二月，中山王勝薨。 |
| | In February of spring, Prince Zhongshan Sheng died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，封方士欒大為樂通侯，位上將軍。 |
| | In summer, the alchemist Luan Da was enfeoffed as Le Tong Hou and granted a position above that of General.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六月，得寶鼎后土祠旁。秋，馬生渥洼水中。作寶鼎、天馬之歌。 |
| | In June, a precious tripod was found near the Hou Tu Temple. In autumn, a horse was born in the Wokwa water area. Songs of the Precious Tripod and Heavenly Horse were composed.
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| | 武帝紀: |
立常山憲王子商為泗水王。 |
| | Prince Shang, son of Prince Xian of Changshan, was established as King of Sishui.
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| | 武帝紀: |
五年冬十月，行幸雍，祠五畤。遂踰隴，登空同，西臨祖厲河而還。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter of the fifth year, he made an imperial tour to Yong and offered sacrifices at Wuchang Altars. He then crossed Long Mountain, ascended Kondong, approached the Zulai River to the west, and returned.
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| | 武帝紀: |
十一月辛巳朔旦，冬至。立泰畤于甘泉。天子親郊見，朝日夕月。詔曰：「朕以眇身託于王侯之上，德未能綏民，民或飢寒，故巡祭后土以祈豐年。冀州脽壤乃顯文鼎，獲 |
| | On the Xinji day of the eleventh month (the first day of the lunar month), it was the winter solstice. The Tai Zhi altar was established in Ganquan. The Son of Heaven personally performed the suburban rites, paying homage to the rising sun and setting moon. An edict stated: "I, with my humble self, have been placed above the dukes and marquises. My virtue has not yet brought peace to the people; some still suffer from hunger and cold, so I have toured and sacrificed to Hou Tu in hopes of a bountiful year. The fertile land of Ji Zhou has now revealed an inscribed tripod, which was obtained.
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| | 武帝紀: |
祭於廟。渥洼水出馬，朕其御焉。戰戰兢兢，懼不克任，思昭天地，內惟自新。《》云：『四牡翼翼，以征不服。』親省邊垂，用事所極。望見泰一，修天文浈。辛卯夜，若景光十有二明。《》曰：『』朕甚念年歲未咸登，飭躬齋戒，丁酉，拜況于郊。」 |
| | It was sacrificed in the temple. Horses were born from Wokwa Water, and I shall ride them myself. I am trembling with anxiety, fearing that I may not be worthy of the responsibility; I wish to demonstrate my devotion to heaven and earth, and inwardly strive for self-renewal. The "Shijing" says: 'Four steeds advance in order, to pacify the rebellious.' I have personally inspected the frontier, reaching the utmost extent of my duties. Gazing upon Taiyi, I have refined the astronomical instruments. On the night of Xinmao, twelve luminous lights appeared as if in a vision. The "Yijing" says: 'Three days before Jia, three days after Jia.' I deeply lament the fact that harvests have not yet improved. I have disciplined myself and observed a fast; on Dingyou, I offered sacrifices in the suburbs."
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月，南越王相呂嘉反，殺漢使者及其王、王太后。赦天下。 |
| | In April of summer, Lu Jia, the prime minister of the Nanyue King, rebelled and killed Han envoys as well as the king and his royal grandmother. A general pardon was granted throughout the empire.
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| | 武帝紀: |
丁丑晦，日有蝕之。 |
| | On the Dingchou day of the last lunar day, there was a solar eclipse.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，杀、蝦蟆鬥。 |
| | In autumn, crickets and toads fought.
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| | 武帝紀: |
遣伏波將軍路博德出桂陽，下湟水；樓船將軍楊僕出豫章，下湞水；歸義越侯嚴為戈船將軍，出零陵，下離水；甲為下瀨將軍，下蒼梧。皆將罪人，江淮以南樓船十萬人。越馳義侯遺別將巴蜀罪人，發夜郎兵，下牂柯江，咸會番禺。 |
| | General Fubo Lu Bode was dispatched from Guiyang, advancing down the Huangshui River; Louchuan General Yang Pu departed from Yuzhang and proceeded downstream along the Gan River; Guiyi Yue Hou Yan was appointed as Gechuan General, departing from Lingling to descend the Li River; Jia was appointed Xiaislai General and descended toward Cangwu. All of them led convicts, with a total force of one hundred thousand riverine warships from the Yangtze and Huai River regions to the south. Chiyi Hou Yue was ordered to lead a separate force of convicts from Ba and Shu, mobilizing the Yelang troops to descend along the Zangke River, converging on Panyu.
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| | 武帝紀: |
九月，列侯坐獻黃金酎祭宗廟不如法奪爵者百六人，丞相趙周下獄死。樂通侯欒大坐誣罔要斬。 |
| | In September, 106 marquises and dukes were stripped of their titles for offering gold for the sacrificial wine to the ancestral temples in a manner that did not conform to regulations; Chancellor Zhao Zhou was imprisoned and died. Le Tong Hou Luan Da was executed by decapitation for false accusations.
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| | 武帝紀: |
西羌眾十萬人反，與匈奴通使，攻故安，圍枹罕。匈奴入五原，殺太守。 |
| | Ten thousand western Qiang rebels, having established contact with the Xiongnu, attacked Gu'an and laid siege to Fuhuan. The Xiongnu invaded Wuyuan and killed its governor.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六年冬十月，發隴西、天水、安定騎士及中尉，河南、河內卒十萬人，遣將軍李息、郎中令一自為征西羌，平之。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter, in the sixth year, ten thousand cavalrymen from Longxi, Tianshui, and Anning, along with the Commander-in-Chief, conscripts from Henan and Heinei, were mobilized. General Li Xi and Langzhongling himself led a campaign against the western Qiang rebels and pacified them.
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| | 武帝紀: |
行東，將幸緱氏，至左邑桐鄉，聞南越破，以為聞喜縣。春，至汲新中鄉，得呂嘉首，以為獲嘉縣。馳義侯遺兵未及下，上便令征西南夷，平之。遂定越地，以為南海、蒼梧、鬱林、合浦、交阯、九真、日南、珠崖、儋耳郡。定西南夷，以為武都、牂柯、越嶲、沈黎、文山郡。 |
| | Traveling eastward, he intended to visit Guoshi but upon arriving at Zuoyi Tongxiang and hearing of the fall of Nanyue, renamed it Wenxi Xian. In spring, upon arriving at Xinzhong Xiang in Ji, he obtained the head of Lu Jia and renamed it Huojia Xian. The forces under Chiyi Hou Yue had not yet descended when the emperor immediately ordered them to campaign against the southwestern Yi tribes, which they pacified. Thus the Yue region was pacified and established as Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Rinnan, Zhuya, and Daner commanderies. The southwestern Yi tribes were pacified and organized into Wudu, Zangke, Yuexi, Shenli, and Wenshan commanderies.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，東越王餘善反，攻殺漢將吏。遣橫海將軍韓說、中尉王溫舒出會稽，樓船將軍楊僕出豫章，擊之。又遣浮沮將軍公孫賀出九原，匈河將軍趙破奴出令居，皆二千餘里，不見虜而還。乃分武威、酒泉地置張掖、敦煌郡，徙民以實之。 |
| | In autumn, Dongyue King Yushan rebelled, attacking and killing Han generals and officials. General Henghai Han Yue and Commander-in-Chief Wang Wenshu departed from Kuaiji, while Louchuan General Yang Pu left Yuzhang to attack them. Additionally, Fuju General Gongsun He departed from Jiuyuan and Honghe General Zhao Po'nu left Lingju; both campaigns covered more than two thousand li but encountered no enemy forces and returned. The territory of Wuwei and Jiuquan was then divided to establish Zhangye and Dunhuang commanderies, with civilians relocated there to populate them.
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| | 武帝紀: |
元封元年冬十月，詔曰：「南越、東甌咸伏其辜，西蠻北夷頗未輯睦，朕將巡邊垂，擇兵振旅，躬秉武節，置十二部將軍，親帥師焉。」行自雲陽，北歷上郡、西河、五原，出長城，北登單于臺，至朔方，臨北河。勒兵十八萬騎，旌旗徑千餘里，威震匈奴。遣使者告單于曰：「南越王頭已縣於漢北闕矣。單于能戰，天子自將待邊；不能，亟來臣服。何但亡匿幕北寒苦之地為！」匈奴讋焉。還，祠黃帝於橋山，乃歸甘泉。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter during the first year of Yuanfeng, an edict was issued: "The Nanyue and Dongou have all submitted to their punishment; however, the western Yi and northern Di tribes remain somewhat unruly. I shall personally inspect the frontier, select troops for review, take up arms in person, appoint twelve generals, and lead the army myself." The journey began from Yunyang, proceeding north through Shangjun, Xhe, and Wuyuan, exiting the Great Wall. He ascended the Chanyu Terrace to reach Shaofang, arriving at the northern bank of the Yellow River. He mustered an army of 180,000 cavalrymen; banners stretched for more than a thousand li, instilling fear in the Xiongnu. Envoys were sent to inform Chanyu: "The head of the Nanyue king has already been displayed at the northern gate of Han. If Chanyu wishes to fight, the Son of Heaven himself will lead troops to await you on the frontier; if not, come quickly and submit." "Why hide in the cold and harsh lands north of the desert for nothing!" The Xiongnu were intimidated. On his return, he offered sacrifices to the Yellow Emperor at Qiaoshan and then returned to Ganquan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
東越殺王餘善降。詔曰：「東越險阻反覆，為後世患，遷其民於江淮間。」遂虛其地。 |
| | The Dongyue people killed their king Yushan and surrendered. An edict was issued: "The Dongyue, situated in a perilous and treacherous land, have been fickle and rebellious; they will be relocated to the regions between the Yangtze and Huai rivers for future generations." Thus their territory was left empty.
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| | 武帝紀: |
春正月，行幸緱氏。詔曰：「朕用事華山，至於中嶽，獲駮麃，見夏后啟母石。翌日親登嵩高，御史乘屬，在廟旁吏卒咸聞呼萬歲者三。登禮罔不答。其令祠官加增太室祠，禁無伐其草木。以山下戶三百為之奉邑，名曰崇高，獨給祠，復亡所與。」行，遂東巡海上。 |
| | In the first month of spring, he made an imperial visit to Guoshi. An edict stated: "I performed rites at Huashan, reaching the Central Peak, where I captured a bo bo and saw the stone of Xia Hou Qi's mother. The next day, he personally ascended Songgao; the Grand Censor and his attendants were present. The officials and soldiers near the temple all heard three cries of "Ten Thousand Years." All rites performed on high places received divine responses. Order the officials in charge of sacrifices to increase offerings at Taishi Temple and prohibit cutting down its trees and plants. Three hundred households from the foot of the mountain shall serve as a sacrificial fief, named Chonggao. It will exclusively support the temple rites and be exempted from taxes and levies." He continued his journey, proceeding on an eastern tour along the coast.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月癸卯，上還，登封泰山，降坐明堂。詔曰：「朕以眇身承至尊，兢兢焉惟德菲薄，不明于禮樂，故用事八神。遭天地況施，著見景象，饩然如有聞。震于怪物，欲止不敢，遂登封泰山，至於梁父，然後升襢肅然。自新，嘉與士大夫更始，其以十月為元封元年。行所巡至，博、奉高、蛇丘，歷城、梁父，民田租逋賦貸，已除。加年七十以上孤寡帛，人二匹。四縣無出今年算。賜天下民爵一級，女子百戶牛酒。」 |
| | In April of summer on the Gaimao day, the emperor returned, ascended Mount Tai for the feng ceremony, and then descended to sit in Mingtang Hall. An edict stated: "I, with my humble self, hold the highest throne. I am anxious and conscious of my shallow virtue and lack of understanding in rites and music; therefore, I have performed sacrifices to the Eight Gods. I encountered the blessings of heaven and earth, clearly witnessing omens as if hearing divine voices. Struck by strange phenomena, I wished to stop but dared not; thus I ascended Mount Tai for the Feng ceremony, reaching Liangfu, and only then did I proceed with solemn reverence. I have renewed myself; I praise this opportunity to begin anew with the officials and scholars. Let the tenth month be the first year of Yuanfeng. In all regions he toured, including Bo, Fenggao, Sheqiu, Licheng, and Liangfu, overdue land taxes and debts were forgiven. Silk was given to widows, orphans, and those over seventy years old, two bolts per person. The four counties were exempt from this year's head tax. Grant a rank of nobility to every household in the empire, and give a cow and wine to one woman per hundred households."
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| | 武帝紀: |
行自泰山，復東巡海上，至碣石。自遼西歷北邊九原，歸于甘泉。 |
| | He departed from Mount Tai, resumed his eastern tour along the coast, and arrived at Jieshi. From Liaoxi he passed through the northern frontier to Jiuyuan, then returned to Ganquan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，有星孛于東井，又孛于三台。 |
| | In autumn, a comet appeared in Dongjing, and another in Santai.
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| | 武帝紀: |
齊王閎薨。 |
| | Prince Qi Heng died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年冬十月，行幸雍，祠五畤。春，幸緱氏，遂至東萊。夏四月，還祠泰山。至瓠子，臨決河，命從臣將軍以下皆負薪塞河隄，作瓠子之歌。赦所過徒，賜孤獨高年米，人四石。還，作甘泉通天臺、長安飛廉館。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter, the second year, he went to Yong and offered sacrifices at Wuzhi. In spring, he visited Gou Shi and proceeded to Donglai. In April of summer, he returned to offer sacrifices at Mount Tai. He arrived at Huzi and personally inspected the breached river, ordering all his attendants from generals downward to carry firewood to reinforce the river embankment, composing the "Huzi Song" there. Those who had been exiled and passed through his route were pardoned; each orphaned or elderly person was given four hu of rice. He returned, and built the Tiantai at Ganquan and Feilian Pavilion in Chang'an.
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| | 武帝紀: |
朝鮮王攻殺遼東都尉，乃募天下死罪擊朝鮮。 |
| | The King of Chosŏn attacked and killed the Commandant of Liaodong, so he recruited convicts from across the empire to campaign against Chosŏn.
|
| | 武帝紀: |
六月，詔曰：「甘泉宮內中產芝，九莖連葉。上帝博臨，不異下房，賜朕弘休。其赦天下，賜雲陽都百戶牛酒。」作芝房之歌。 |
| | In June, an edict stated: "A fungus has grown in the inner court of Ganquan Palace, with nine stems connected by a single leaf. The Supreme Deity bestows His broad presence without distinction between high and low dwellings, granting me great blessings. Therefore, I pardon all under heaven, and grant a cow and wine to every hundred households in Yunyang." He composed the "Zhi Fang Song."
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，作明堂于泰山下。 |
| | In autumn, he built a Mingtang Hall at the foot of Mount Tai.
|
| | 武帝紀: |
遣樓船將軍楊僕、左將軍荀彘將應募罪人擊朝鮮。又遣將軍郭昌、中郎將衛廣發巴蜀兵平西南夷未服者，以為益州郡。 |
| | He dispatched General Louchuan Yang Pu and General Zuo Xunzhi, leading convicts who had volunteered for service, to campaign against Chosŏn (Korea). He also dispatched General Guo Chang and Zhonglangjiang Wei Guang to mobilize troops from Ba and Shu to pacify the unsubmitted southwestern Yi tribes, establishing them as Yizhou Commandery.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年春，作角抵戲，三百里內皆來觀。 |
| | In spring of the third year, he staged a juedi performance, and people within three hundred li all came to watch.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，朝鮮斬其王右渠降，以其地為樂浪、臨屯、玄菟、真番郡。 |
| | In summer, Chosŏn beheaded its king Youqu and surrendered; the territory was divided into Lelang, Linkun, Xuantu, and Zhenfan commanderies.
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| | 武帝紀: |
樓船將軍楊僕坐失亡多免為庶民，左將軍荀彘坐爭功棄市。 |
| | General Louchuan Yang Pu was demoted to commoner status for the large number of soldiers lost; General Zuo Xunzzi was executed in public after quarreling over credit.
|
| | 武帝紀: |
秋七月，膠西王端薨。 |
| | In the seventh month of autumn, Prince Duan of Jiaoxi died.
|
| | 武帝紀: |
武都氐人反，分徙酒泉郡。 |
| | The Di people of Wudu rebelled; they were relocated and divided among Juqu Commandery.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年冬十月，行幸雍，祠五畤。通回中道，遂北出蕭關，歷獨鹿、鳴澤，自代而還，幸河東。春三月，祠后土。詔曰：「朕躬祭后土地祇，見光集于靈壇，一夜三燭。幸中都宮，殿上見光。其赦汾陰、夏陽、中都死罪以下，賜三縣及楊氏皆無出今年租賦。」 |
| | In the tenth month of winter in the fourth year, he went to Yong for sacrifices at the Five Altars (Wuzhi). He opened a route through Huizhong, then proceeded northward beyond Xiaoguan Pass, passing through Dulu and Mingze, returning via Dai, and visited Hedong. In March of spring, he offered sacrifices to Hou Tu (the Earth Deity). An edict stated: "I personally conducted the sacrifice to Hou Tu and Di Zhi. Light gathered at the sacred altar, shining three times in one night. While visiting Zhongdu Palace, he saw a light appear on the palace hall. Therefore, I pardon those in Fenyin, Xiayang, and Zhongdu who have committed crimes up to the level of capital punishment, and exempt these three counties as well as Yang Shi from this year's land taxes."
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，大旱，民多暍死。 |
| | In summer, there was a great drought, and many people died from heatstroke.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，以匈奴弱，可遂臣服，乃遣使說之。單于使來，死京師。匈奴寇邊，遣拔胡將軍郭昌屯朔方。 |
| | In autumn, considering the Xiongnu weak enough to be subdued, he sent envoys to persuade them. The Chanyu's envoy came but died in the capital. The Xiongnu raided the frontier, so he dispatched General Bahu Guo Chang to garrison Shuping.
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| | 武帝紀: |
五年冬，行南巡狩，至于盛唐，望祀虞舜于九嶷。登灊天柱山，自尋陽浮江，親射蛟江中，獲之。舳艫千里，薄樅陽而出，作盛唐樅陽之歌。遂北至琅邪，並海，所過禮祠其名山大川。春三月，還至泰山，增封。甲子，祠高祖于明堂，以配上帝，因朝諸侯王列侯，受郡國計。夏四月，詔曰：「朕巡荊揚，輯江淮物，會大海氣，以合泰山。上天見象，增修封禪。其赦天下。所幸縣毋出今年租賦，賜鰥寡孤獨帛，貧窮者粟。」還幸甘泉，郊泰畤。 |
| | In winter of the fifth year, the emperor embarked on a southern inspection tour, reaching Shengtang and offering distant sacrifices to Yu Shun at Jiuyi. He ascended Qian Tianzhushan, traveled by boat from Xunyang along the river, personally shot a crocodile in the middle of the river and captured it. With thousands of boats stretching for miles, he passed close to Zongyang before exiting, composing the "Shengtang-Zongyang Song." He then proceeded north to Langya and along the coast, offering sacrifices at famous mountains and great rivers wherever he passed. In March of spring, upon returning to Mount Tai, he increased the feng (sacrificial) offerings. On the Jiazi day, he honored Emperor Gaozu in Mingtang Hall and paired him with the Supreme Deity; he then received homage from kings of feudal states and marquises, as well as reports on local governance. In April of summer, an edict stated: "I toured Jing and Yang provinces, gathered the resources of the Yangtze and Huai rivers, united with the breath of the great sea, to harmonize with Mount Tai. Heaven displayed omens; thus, I enhanced and conducted the Fengshan ceremonies. Therefore, I pardon all under Heaven. The counties where I have visited shall be exempt from this year's taxes and land levies; grant silk to widowers, widows, orphans and the elderly, and grain to those in poverty." He returned to visit Ganquan and performed a sacrificial rite at Taizhi.
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| | 武帝紀: |
大司馬大將軍青薨。 |
| | Grand Marshal Grand General Qing died.
|
| | 武帝紀: |
初置刺史部十三州。名臣文武欲盡，詔曰：「蓋有非常之功，必待非常之人，故馬或奔踶而致千里，士或有負俗之累而立功名。夫泛駕之馬，跅弛之士，亦在御之而已。其令州郡察吏民有茂材異等可為將相及使絕國者。」 |
| | The thirteen provincial inspectorates (Zhou) were first established. As many distinguished officials, both civil and military, were now gone, an edict was issued: "Indeed, to achieve extraordinary achievements, one must rely on exceptional individuals. Just as a horse may kick or run wildly yet still travel a thousand li, so too can scholars bear burdens of unpopularity in society but still establish great merit and fame. A horse that refuses to be bridled, a scholar who is unconventional or rebellious—these are matters of how one manages and controls them. Therefore, let the provincial and commandery officials examine among their officers and people for those with exceptional talent or extraordinary qualities who are fit to become generals, ministers, or envoys to distant states."
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| | 武帝紀: |
六年冬，行幸回中。春，作首山宮。 |
| | In winter of the sixth year, he traveled to Huizhong. In spring, he built Shoushan Palace.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三月，行幸河東，祠后土。詔曰：「朕禮首山，昆田出珍物，化或為黃金。祭后土，神光三燭。其赦汾陰殊死以下，賜天下貧民布帛，人一匹。」 |
| | In March, he visited Hedong and offered sacrifices to Hou Tu. An edict stated: "I performed rites at Shoushan Mountain, where Kun Tian produced treasures, some of which transformed into gold. The shrine to Hou Tu was illuminated by a divine light three times. Therefore, I pardon in Fenyin all those whose crimes fall below the level of death by decapitation, and grant one bolt of cloth to every poor person in the empire."
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| | 武帝紀: |
益州、昆明反，赦京師亡命令從軍，遣拔胡將軍郭昌將以擊之。 |
| | Yizhou and Kunming rebelled. He pardoned those who had fled from the capital without orders to join the army, and dispatched General Bahu Guochang to lead them against the rebels.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，京師民觀角抵于上林平樂館。 |
| | In summer, citizens of the capital watched a juedi performance at Shanglin Pingle Pavilion.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，大旱，蝗。 |
| | In autumn, there was a severe drought and locust plague.
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| | 武帝紀: |
太初元年冬十月，行幸泰山。 |
| | In the tenth month of winter of the first year of Taichu, he went to Mount Tai.
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| | 武帝紀: |
十一月甲子朔旦，冬至，祀上帝于明堂。 |
| | On the first day of the eleventh month, Jiazi, which coincided with the winter solstice, he offered sacrifices to Heaven at Mingtang Hall.
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| | 武帝紀: |
乙酉，柏梁臺災。 |
| | On the Yiyou day, a fire broke out at Bailing Tai.
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| | 武帝紀: |
十二月，禪高里，祠后土。東臨勃海，望祠蓬萊。春還，受計于甘泉。 |
| | In December, he performed the shan ceremony at Gaoli and offered sacrifices to Hou Tu (Earth Deity). He traveled east to Bohai Sea and made distant sacrifices at Penglai. In spring he returned, receiving reports on local administration in Ganquan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二月，起建章宮。 |
| | In February, the construction of Jianzhang Palace began.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏五月，正曆，以正月為歲首。色上黃，數用五，定官名，協音律。 |
| | In May of summer, the calendar was corrected, establishing the first month as the beginning of the year. The color yellow was favored; numbers were based on five; official titles were standardized, and musical scales were harmonized.
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| | 武帝紀: |
遣因杅將軍公孫敖築塞外受降城。 |
| | He dispatched General Yinyu Gong Sunao to build a city for receiving Xiongnu surrenders beyond the frontier.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋八月，行幸安定。遣貳師將軍李廣利發天下謫民西征大宛。 |
| | In August of autumn, he traveled to Aiding. He dispatched General Ershi Li Guangli and mobilized exiled convicts from across the empire for a western campaign against Dayuan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
蝗從東方飛至敦煌。 |
| | Locusts flew from the east all the way to Dunhuang.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年春正月戊申，丞相慶薨。 |
| | In the first month of spring in the second year on the Wushen day, Chancellor Qing died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三月，行幸河東，祠后土。令天下大酺五日，膢五日，祠門戶，比臘。 |
| | In March, he traveled to Hedong and offered sacrifices at Hou Tu. He decreed a nationwide celebration of five days of feasting and five days of spring cleaning, offering sacrifices to household gods as in the winter solstice.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月，詔曰：「朕用事介山，祭后土，皆有光應。其赦汾陰、安邑殊死以下。」 |
| | In April of summer, an imperial edict stated: "When I performed sacrifices at Jiashan and to Hou Tu, there were all signs of divine light in response. Therefore, I pardon those from Fenyin and Anyi whose crimes are below the level of decapitation."
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| | 武帝紀: |
五月，籍吏民馬，補車騎馬。 |
| | In May, he registered horses owned by officials and commoners to replenish cavalry mounts.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，蝗。遣浚稽將軍趙破奴二萬騎出朔方擊匈奴，不還。 |
| | In autumn, locusts swarmed. He dispatched General Junji Zhao Po'nu with 20,000 cavalry to launch an attack from Shuping against the Xiongnu, but they did not return.
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| | 武帝紀: |
冬十二月，御史大夫兒寬卒。 |
| | In December of winter, Yushi Daifu Er Kuan died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年春正月，行東巡海上。夏四月，還，修封泰山，禪石閭。 |
| | In the first month of spring of the third year, the emperor traveled east on an inspection tour along the coast. lou In April of summer he returned and conducted a feng ceremony at Mount Tai, performing the shan rite at Shilu Stone.
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| | 武帝紀: |
遣光祿勳徐自為築五原塞外列城，西北至盧朐，游擊將軍韓說將兵屯之。強弩都尉路博德築居延。 |
| | He dispatched Guangluxun Xu Zwei to build a series of frontier cities beyond the Wuyuan pass, extending northwest as far as Luqu; General Youji Han Yue was ordered to lead troops and garrison them. Dongu Duyi Lu Bode built Juyan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，匈奴入定襄、雲中，殺略數千人，行壞光祿諸亭障；又入張掖、酒泉，殺都尉。 |
| | In autumn, the Xiongnu invaded Dingxiang and Yunzhong, killing or capturing thousands of people and destroying various watchtowers and fortifications under Guangluxun. They also entered Zhangye and Juqu, killing the Commandant (Duyi).
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年春，貳師將軍廣利斬大宛王首，獲汗血馬來。作西極天馬之歌。 |
| | In spring of the fourth year, General Ershi Guangli beheaded the king of Dayuan and brought back horses with blood-sweating. He composed the "Xijie Tianma Song."
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，起明光宮。 |
| | In autumn, he began construction of Mingguang Palace.
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| | 武帝紀: |
冬，行幸回中。 |
| | In winter, the emperor made a tour to Huizhong.
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| | 武帝紀: |
徙弘農都尉治武關，稅出入者以給關吏卒食。 |
| | The Commandant of Hongnong was transferred to govern Wuguan; taxes were levied on those entering and exiting the pass to provide food for the officials and soldiers stationed there.
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| | 武帝紀: |
天漢元年春正月，行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。三月，行幸河東，祠后土。 |
| | In the first month of spring, Tianhan Yuan Nian, the emperor went on a tour to Ganshan and performed the suburban sacrifice at Taichi. In March, he toured Hedong and offered sacrifices to Houtu.
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| | 武帝紀: |
匈奴歸漢使者，使使來獻。 |
| | The Xiongnu returned Han envoys; they sent their own envoys to make a tribute offering.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏五月，赦天下。 |
| | In May of summer, the emperor granted amnesty throughout the empire.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，閉城門大搜。發謫戍屯五原。 |
| | In autumn, city gates were closed and a large-scale search was conducted. Condemned convicts were conscripted to garrison Wuyuan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年春，行幸東海。還幸回中。 |
| | In spring of the second year, the emperor toured Donghai. He returned and visited Huizhong again.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏五月，貳師將軍三萬騎出酒泉，與右賢王戰于天山，斬首虜萬餘級。又遣因杅將軍出西河，騎都尉李陵將步兵五千人出居延北，與單于戰，斬首虜萬餘級。陵兵敗，降匈奴。 |
| | In May of summer, General Ershi led 30,000 cavalry out from Juqu and fought against the Right Worthy King at Tianshan Mountain, killing over ten thousand enemy soldiers. He also dispatched Yinyu General to lead an expedition from Xhe, while Dongu Duyi Li Ling led 5,000 infantry out north of Juyan and fought against the Chanyu, killing over ten thousand enemies. Li Ling's forces were defeated, and he surrendered to the Xiongnu.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，止禁巫祠道中者。大搜。 |
| | In autumn, a ban was lifted on shamanistic shrines located along roads. A large-scale search was conducted.
|
| | 武帝紀: |
渠黎六國使使來獻。 |
| | Envoys from the six states of Quli came to make tribute offerings.
|
| | 武帝紀: |
泰山、琅邪群盜徐绗等阻山攻城，道路不通。遣直指使者暴勝之等衣繡衣杖斧分部逐捕。刺史郡守以下皆伏誅。 |
| | In Mount Tai and Langya, a group of bandits led by Xu Hang blocked the mountains and attacked cities, causing roads to become impassable. He dispatched Zhi zhi shishi Bao Shengzhi et al., dressed in embroidered robes and carrying axes, to be stationed at different locations for the pursuit and capture of bandits. All magistrates, regional governors, and officials below them were executed.
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| | 武帝紀: |
冬十一月，詔關都尉曰：「今豪傑多遠交，依東方群盜。其謹察出入者。」 |
| | In the eleventh month of winter, an edict was issued to the Commandant at Guan: "Nowadays many powerful and influential people have distant connections and rely on bandit groups in the east. You must carefully monitor those entering and exiting."
|
| | 武帝紀: |
三年春二月，御史大夫王卿有罪，自殺。 |
| | In the second month of spring of the third year Yushi Daifu Wang Qing was found guilty and committed suicide.
|
| | 武帝紀: |
初榷酒酤。 |
| | The government first imposed a monopoly on wine production and sales.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三月，行幸泰山，修封，祀明堂，因受計。還幸北地，祠常山，瘞玄玉。夏四月，赦天下。行所過毋出田租。 |
| | In March, the emperor toured Mount Tai, conducted the feng ceremony, performed sacrifices at Mingtang Hall, and accepted reports on administrative affairs. He returned to visit Beidi, offered sacrifices at Changshan, and buried the black jade there. In April of summer, a general amnesty was granted throughout the empire. No land taxes were to be collected from areas passed through by the emperor's tour.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，匈奴入鴈門，太守坐畏飨棄市。 |
| | In autumn, the Xiongnu entered Yanmen, and the Tai Shou (governor) was executed in public for his fear and failure to resist.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年春正月，朝諸侯王于甘泉宮。發天下七科謫及勇敢士，遣貳師將軍李廣利將六萬騎、步兵七萬人出朔方，因杅將軍公孫敖萬騎、步兵三萬人出鴈門，游擊將軍韓說步兵三萬人出五原，強弩都尉路博德步兵萬餘人與貳師會。廣利與單于戰余吾水上連日，敖與左賢王戰不利，皆引還。 |
| | In the first month of spring the emperor received feudal kings at Ganshan Palace. He conscripted convicts from the seven categories of punishment and brave soldiers throughout the empire, dispatching General Ershi Li Guangli to lead 60,000 cavalry and 70,000 infantry troops out from Suofang; Yinyu General Gong Sunao led 10,000 cavalrymen and 30,000 foot soldiers out of Yanmen; Youji General Han Yue led 30,00 infantrymen out of Wuyuan; Dongu Duyi Lu Bodi led over 10,00 foot soldiers to join Ershi. Li Guangli fought a continuous battle with the Chanyu on the Yuwu River for several days, while Gong Sunao's forces suffered defeat in their engagement against the Left Worthy King; both generals withdrew.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月，立皇子髆為昌邑王。 |
| | In April of summer, Crown Prince Bo was enfeoffed as Wang of Changyi.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋九月，令死罪人贖錢五十萬減死一等。 |
| | In September of autumn, an edict decreed that convicts sentenced to death could reduce their punishment by one degree if they paid a redemption fine of 500,000 coins.
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| | 武帝紀: |
太始元年春正月，因杅將軍敖有罪，要斬。 |
| | In the first month of spring in Taisi Yuan Nian Yinyu General Ao was found guilty and beheaded at the waist.
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| | 武帝紀: |
徙郡國吏民豪桀于茂陵、雲陵。 |
| | Powerful officials, local gentry, and influential civilians from various commanderies and states were relocated to Maoling and Yunling.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏六月，赦天下。 |
| | In June of summer, a general pardon was granted throughout the empire.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年春正月，行幸回中。 |
| | In the first month of spring Taisi Er Nian, the emperor toured Huizhong.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三月，詔曰：「有司議曰，往者朕郊見上帝，西登隴首，獲白麟以饋宗廟，渥洼水出天馬，泰山見黃金，宜改故名。今更黃金為麟趾褭蹄以協瑞焉。」因以班賜諸侯王。 |
| | In March, an imperial edict stated: "The officials have proposed that in the past I performed a suburban sacrifice to Heaven, ascended Longshou Mountain in the west, and presented a white unicorn as an offering to the ancestral temple. The Woha Spring produced heavenly horses, and Mount Tai revealed gold; therefore, it is appropriate to change their former names. Now I will rename the gold as 'Linzhi Niaoti' in order to harmonize with these auspicious signs." He then distributed this newly named gold as rewards to feudal kings.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，旱。九月，募死罪人贖錢五十萬減死一等。 |
| | In autumn, there was a drought. In September, convicts sentenced to death were allowed to reduce their punishment by one level if they paid 500,00 coins as a redemption fee.
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| | 武帝紀: |
御史大夫杜周卒。 |
| | Yushi Daifu Du Zhou died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年春正月，行幸甘泉宮，饗外國客。 |
| | In the first month of spring Tianhan San Nian, the emperor visited Ganshan Palace and hosted foreign envoys there.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二月，令天下大酺五日。行幸東海，獲赤鴈，作朱鴈之歌。幸琅邪，禮日成山。登之罘，浮大海。山稱萬歲。冬，賜行所過戶五千錢，鰥寡孤獨帛人一匹。 |
| | In February, an edict was issued allowing a nationwide public feast lasting five days. The emperor toured Donghai and captured a red goose; he composed the "Zhu Yan Ge" (Red Goose Song). He visited Langya and performed rituals to worship the sun at Chengshan. He ascended Zhaifu Mountain and sailed on the great sea. The mountain was hailed with "Ten Thousand Years" (a phrase of longevity and imperial praise). In winter, households passed through by the emperor on his tour were granted 500 coins each, and widows, orphans, and elderly without family received one bolt of silk per person.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年春三月，行幸泰山。壬午，祀高祖于明堂，以配上帝，因受計。癸未，祀孝景皇帝于明堂。甲申，修封。丙戌，禪石閭。夏四月，幸不其，祠神人于交門宮，若有鄉坐拜者。作交門之歌。夏五月，還幸建章宮，大置酒，赦天下。 |
| | In March of spring Taisi Si Nian the emperor toured Mount Tai. On the Renwu day, he offered sacrifices to Emperor Gaozu at Mingtang Hall and honored him as a counterpart to Heaven; he also accepted reports on administrative affairs there. On the Guiwei day, he offered sacrifices for Emperor Xiaojing at Mingtang Hall. On the Jiashen day, the feng ceremony was conducted. On the Bingxu day, the shan rite was performed at Shilu Stone. In April of summer the emperor visited Buqi and offered sacrifices to divine beings in Jiaomen Palace, as if there were people facing him seated for worship. He composed the "Jiaomen Ge" (Jiaomen Song). In May of summer he returned to Jianzhang Palace, held a grand banquet, and granted amnesty throughout the empire.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋七月，趙有蛇從郭外入邑，與邑中蛇群鬥孝文廟下，邑中蛇死。 |
| | In July of autumn, snakes from outside Guo entered the town of Zhao and fought with a group of snakes in the town at the temple of Emperor Xiaowen; the snakes within the town were killed.
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| | 武帝紀: |
冬十月甲寅晦，日有蝕之。 |
| | On the Jia Yin day, which was also the last day of October in winter, there was a solar eclipse.
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| | 武帝紀: |
十二月，行幸雍，祠五畤，西至安定、北地。 |
| | In December, the emperor toured Yong and offered sacrifices at the five altars; he traveled west as far as Aidin and Beidi.
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| | 武帝紀: |
征和元年春正月，還，行幸建章宮。 |
| | In the first month of spring Zhenghe Yuan Nian, upon his return, the emperor visited Jianzhang Palace.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三月，趙王彭祖薨。 |
| | In March, Wang Zhao Pengzu died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
冬十一月，發三輔騎士大搜上林，閉長安城門索，十一日乃解。巫蠱起。 |
| | In the eleventh month of winter they mobilized cavalrymen from the three Fu districts for a large-scale search in Shanglin, closed the gates of Chang'an and conducted searches; it took eleven days before the operation was lifted. Witchcraft and sorcery incidents arose.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年春正月，丞相賀下獄死。 |
| | In the first month of spring Zhenhe Er Nian, Chancellor He was imprisoned and died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏四月，大風發屋折木。 |
| | In April of summer there was a great wind that blew off roofs and broke trees.
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| | 武帝紀: |
閏月，諸邑公主、陽石公主皆坐巫蠱死。 |
| | In the intercalary month, Princess Zhuyi and Princess Yangshi were both executed for their involvement in witchcraft and sorcery.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏，行幸甘泉。 |
| | In summer, the emperor toured Ganshan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋七月，桉道侯韓說、使者江充等掘蠱太子宮。壬午，太子與皇后謀斬充，以節發兵與丞相劉屈氂大戰長安，死者數萬人。庚寅，太子亡，皇后自殺。初置城門屯兵。更節加黃旄。御史大夫暴勝之、司直田仁坐失縱，勝之自殺，仁要斬。八月辛亥，太子自殺于湖。 |
| | In July of autumn, An Dao Hou Han Yue, envoy Jiang Chong and others excavated the palace of the Crown Prince in search of witchcraft-related items. On the Renwu day, the Crown Prince and Empress conspired to behead Jiang Chong. Using his jade seal token, he mobilized troops and engaged in a fierce battle with Chancellor Liu Quli in Chang'an, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. On the Gengyin day, the Crown Prince fled, and the Empress committed suicide. The government first stationed troops at city gates. They changed the jade seal token and added a yellow flag with a long pole to it. Yushi Daifu Bao Shengzhi and Sizhi Tian Ren were found guilty of dereliction of duty in failing to stop the Crown Prince's rebellion. Bao Shengzhi committed suicide, while Tian Ren was beheaded at the waist. On the Xin Hai day of August, the Crown Prince committed suicide in Hu.
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| | 武帝紀: |
癸亥，地震。 |
| | On the Guihai day, there was an earthquake.
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| | 武帝紀: |
九月，立趙敬肅王子偃為平王。 |
| | In September, Zhao Jingsu's son Yan was enfeoffed as King Ping.
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| | 武帝紀: |
匈奴入上谷、五原，殺略吏民。 |
| | The Xiongnu invaded Shanggu and Wuyuan, killing and capturing officials and civilians.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三年春正月，行幸雍，至安定、北地。匈奴入五原、酒泉，殺兩都尉。三月，遣貳師將軍廣利將七萬人出五原，御史大夫商丘成二萬人出西河，重合侯馬通四萬騎出酒泉。成至浚稽山與虜戰，多斬首。通至天山，虜引去，因降車師。皆引兵還。廣利敗，降匈奴。 |
| | In the first month of spring Zhenghe San Nian, the emperor toured Yong, traveling as far west as Aidin and Beidi. The Xiongnu invaded Wuyuan and Juqu, killing two Commandants (Duyi). In March, General Ershi Guangli was dispatched with 70,00 troops out of Wuyuan, Yushi Daifu Shangqiu Cheng led 20,00 men out of Xhe, and Chonghe Hou Ma Tong led 40,00 cavalrymen out of Juqu. Shangqiu Cheng reached Junji Mountain where he fought against the enemy and killed many of them. Ma Tong reached Tianshan, but the enemy withdrew; as a result, Chushi surrendered. All of them led their troops back. General Guangli was defeated and surrendered to the Xiongnu.
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏五月，赦天下。 |
| | In May of summer, a general amnesty throughout the empire was granted.
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| | 武帝紀: |
六月，丞相屈氂下獄要斬，妻子梟首。 |
| | In June, Chancellor Liu Quli was imprisoned and beheaded at the waist; his wife and children had their heads displayed publicly.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋，蝗。 |
| | In autumn, locusts caused a plague.
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| | 武帝紀: |
九月，反者公孫勇、胡倩發覺，皆伏辜。 |
| | In September, the rebels Gongsun Yong and Hu Qian were discovered; they were all duly punished.
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| | 武帝紀: |
四年春正月，行幸東萊，臨大海。 |
| | In the first month of spring of the fourth year, the emperor traveled to Donglai and visited the great sea.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二月丁酉，隕石于雍，二，聲聞四百里。 |
| | On the Dingyou day of the second month, two meteorites fell in Yong; their sound was heard for four hundred li.
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| | 武帝紀: |
三月，上耕于鉅定。還幸泰山，修封。庚寅，祀于明堂。癸巳，浈石閭。夏六月，還幸甘泉。 |
| | In March, the emperor plowed at Juding. He returned to Mount Tai and performed the ritual of feng (sacrifice). On the Gengyin day, he offered sacrifices in the Mingtang. On the Kuisi day, stones fell at Zhenshi Lu. In June of summer, he returned to Ganshan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋八月辛酉晦，日有蝕之。 |
| | On the Xinou day at the end of August in autumn, there was a solar eclipse.
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| | 武帝紀: |
後元元年春正月，行幸甘泉，郊泰畤，遂幸安定。 |
| | In the first month of spring Houyuan Yuan Nian, the emperor traveled to Ganshan, performed sacrifices at Taichang in the suburbs, and then proceeded to Aidin.
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| | 武帝紀: |
昌邑王髆薨。 |
| | Prince Changyi Wang Bo died.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二月，詔曰：「朕郊見上帝，巡于北邊，見群鶴留止，以不羅罔，靡所獲獻。薦于泰畤，光景並見。其赦天下。」 |
| | In February, an edict was issued: "I have performed sacrifices to the Supreme Deity at the suburbs and toured the northern frontier. I saw a flock of cranes lingering in one place; since we did not set nets for them, there were no catches to offer as tribute. Offering them at Taichang, the light and scenery appeared together. Therefore, a general amnesty shall be granted throughout the empire."
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| | 武帝紀: |
夏六月，御史大夫商丘成有罪自殺。侍中僕射莽何羅與弟重合侯通謀反，侍中駙馬都尉金日磾、奉車都尉霍光、騎都尉上官桀討之。 |
| | In June of summer, Yushi Daifu Shangqiucheng committed suicide after being found guilty of a crime. Shizhong Puye Mang Heluo and his younger brother Chonghe Hou Tong plotted rebellion, but Shizhong Fuma Duyi Jin Ridi, Fengche Duyi Guo Guang, and Qiduyi Shangguan Jie suppressed them.
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| | 武帝紀: |
秋七月，地震，往往湧泉出。 |
| | In the seventh month of autumn, an earthquake occurred; in many places, springs gushed forth from the ground.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二年春正月，朝諸侯王于甘泉宮，賜宗室。 |
| | In the first month of spring Nian Er Nian, the emperor received feudal kings at Ganshan Palace and bestowed gifts upon members of the imperial clan.
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| | 武帝紀: |
二月，行幸盩厔五柞宮。乙丑，立皇子弗陵為皇太子。丁卯，帝崩于五柞宮，入殯于未央宮前殿。三月甲申，葬茂陵。 |
| | In February, he traveled to Zhouzhi Wuzuo Palace. On the Yichou day, Crown Prince Fuering was established as heir apparent. On the Dingmao day, the emperor died at Wuzuo Palace and was placed in a coffin for mourning in the Front Hall of Weiyang Palace. In March on the Jia Shen day, he was buried in Maoling.
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| | 武帝紀: |
贊曰：漢承百王之弊，高祖撥亂反正，文景務在養民，至于稽古禮文之事，猶多闕焉。孝武初立，卓然罷黜百家，表章六經。遂疇咨海內，舉其俊茂，與之立功。興太學，修郊祀，改正朔，定曆數，協音律，作詩樂，建封禪，禮百神，紹周後，號令文章，煥焉可述。後嗣得遵洪業，而有三代之風。如武帝之雄材大略，不改文景之恭儉以濟斯民，雖詩書所稱何有加焉！ |
| | Commentary: The Han dynasty inherited the decline of a hundred previous dynasties. Emperor Gaozu restored order and corrected wrongs, while Emperors Wen and Jing focused on nurturing the people; as for matters concerning ancient rites and ceremonies, there were still many deficiencies. When Emperor Xiaowu first ascended the throne, he decisively dismissed all schools of thought except Confucianism and highlighted the Six Classics. He then sought out talent throughout the realm, selecting outstanding individuals to accomplish great feats with them. He established the Taixue (imperial university), restored suburban sacrifices, reformed the calendar and new year's beginning, fixed the calendar system, harmonized musical scales, composed poetry and music, conducted fengshan rituals, honored a hundred deities with rites, continued the legacy of the Zhou dynasty, and issued decrees and literary works—his achievements were brilliant and worthy of record. Later generations could follow this great legacy, thus embodying the style of the Three Sage Dynasties. Had Emperor Wu possessed such heroic talent and grand strategy, yet maintained the humility and frugality of Emperors Wen and Jing to benefit his people, even what is praised in the Book of Songs and Book of Documents could not surpass him!
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