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西域以孝武時始通，本三十六國，其後稍分至五十餘，皆在匈奴之西，烏孫之南。南北有大山，中央有河，東西六千餘里，南北千餘里。東則接漢，阨以玉門、陽關，西則限以蔥嶺。其南山，東出金城，與漢南山屬焉。其河有兩原：一出蔥嶺山，一出于闐。于闐在南山下，其河北流，與蔥嶺河合，東注蒲昌海。蒲昌海，一名鹽澤者也，去玉門、陽關三百餘里，廣袤三百里。其水亭居，冬夏不增減，皆以為潛行地下，南出於積石，為中國河云。 |
| | The Western Regions first established contact during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. Originally there were thirty-six states, but later they gradually split into more than fifty. All these states lay to the west of the Xiongnu and south of the Wusun. There are great mountains in the north and south, with a river running through the center. The region is more than 6,000 li from east to west and over 1,000 li from north to south. To the east it connects with the Han territories, blocked by Yumen and Yangguan passes; to the west it is bounded by the 葱岭 (Songling). Its southern mountain range extends eastward from Jincheng, connecting with the southern mountains of Han territory. The river has two sources: one originates from Songling Mountain, and the other from Yutian. Yutian lies beneath the southern mountain range; its river flows northward, joining the Songling River and flowing eastward into Puchang Hai. Puchang Hai, also known as Yanzhe, is more than 300 li away from Yumen and Yangguan Passes, with a width and length of about 300 li. The water remains still, neither increasing nor decreasing in winter or summer; it is generally believed to flow underground and reemerge southward at Jishi, becoming the Yellow River of China.
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| | 西域傳上: |
自玉門、陽關出西域有兩道。從鄯善傍南山北，波河西行至莎車，為南道；南道西踰蔥嶺則出大月氏、安息。自車師前王廷隨北山，波河西行至疏勒，為北道；北道西踰蔥嶺則出大宛、康居、奄蔡焉耆。 |
| | From Yumen and Yangguan, there are two routes leading out to the Western Regions. Following the southern mountain range north of Shanshan along its western side and heading westward toward Suoche is known as the Southern Route; The Southern Route, when crossing westward over Songling Mountain, leads to Duyuezhi and Anxi. From the former capital of Qucheshi, following the northern mountain range along the western side of the river and heading westward to Shule is known as the Northern Route; The Northern Route, when crossing westward beyond Songling Mountain, leads out to Dawan, Kangju, Yancai, and Yanshi.
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| | 西域傳上: |
西域諸國大率土著，有城郭田畜，與匈奴、烏孫異俗，故皆役屬匈奴。匈奴西邊日逐王置僮僕都尉，使領西域，常居焉耆、危須、尉黎間，賦稅諸國，取富給焉。 |
| | Most of the states in the Western Regions were sedentary peoples, with walled cities, farmland, and livestock; their customs differed from those of the Xiongnu and Wusun, so they were all subject to the rule of the Xiongnu. The westernmost Rizhu Wang, a chieftain of the Xiongnu, established a Tongsu Duwei (Tongpu Duyi), who was appointed to oversee the Western Regions and usually resided among Yanqi, Weixu, and Weili. He collected taxes from various states in order to provide wealth for the Xiongnu.
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自周衰，戎狄錯居涇渭之北。及秦始皇攘卻戎狄，築長城，界中國，然西不過臨洮。 |
| | Since the decline of the Zhou dynasty, Rong and Di peoples have intermingled and settled north of the Jing and Wei rivers. When Emperor Qin Shi Huang expelled the Rong and Di peoples, built the Great Wall to demarcate the Central Kingdoms, its western boundary did not extend beyond Lintao.
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漢興至于孝武，事征四夷，廣威德，而張騫始開西域之跡。其後驃騎將軍擊破匈奴右地，降渾邪、休屠王，遂空其地，始築令居以西，初置酒泉郡，後稍發徙民充實之，分置武威、張掖、敦煌，列四郡，據兩關焉。自貳師將軍伐大宛之後，西域震懼，多遣使來貢獻，漢使西域者益得職。於是自敦煌西至鹽澤，往往起亭，而輪臺、渠犁皆有田卒數百人，置使者校尉領護，以給使外國者。 |
| | When the Han dynasty rose to power and reached Emperor Wu, it launched military campaigns against the Four Barbarians, expanding its influence and virtue; it was Zhang Qian who first opened up a path for contact with the Western Regions. Later, the General of the Cavalry defeated the Xiongnu in their western territories and brought the Hunye and Qiutu kings to surrender. As a result, these areas were emptied out, and construction began west of Lingju. Initially, the commandery of Jiuquan was established; later, more settlers were gradually relocated there to populate it, leading eventually to the establishment of Wuhui, Zhangye, and Dunhuang, forming four commanderies in total, which controlled two passes. After General Ershi led a campaign against Dawan, the Western Regions were frightened and many sent envoys to offer tribute. As a result, Han envoys traveling to the Western Regions found their missions increasingly effective. At that time, from Dunhuang westward to Yanzhe, relay stations were often established. In Luntai and Quli, hundreds of soldiers were stationed for farming; an envoy and a Jiao Wei (military officer) were appointed to oversee them in order to supply provisions for envoys sent abroad.
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至宣帝時，遣衛司馬使護鄯善以西數國。及破姑師，未盡殄，分以為車師前後王及山北六國。時漢獨護南道，未能盡并北道也，然匈奴不自安矣。其後日逐王畔單于，將眾來降，護鄯善以西使者鄭吉迎之。既至漢，封日逐王為歸德侯，吉為安遠侯。是歲，神爵三年也。乃因使吉并護北道，故號曰都護。都護之起，自吉置矣。僮僕都尉由此罷，匈奴益弱，不得近西域。於是徙屯田，田於北胥鞬，披莎車之地，屯田校尉始屬都護。都護督察烏孫、康居諸外國動靜，有變以聞。可安輯，安輯之；可擊，擊之。都護治烏壘城，去陽關二千七百三十八里，與渠犁田官相近，土地肥饒，於西域為中，故都護治焉。 |
| | During the reign of Emperor Xuan, a Wei Sima (military officer) was dispatched to protect several states west of Shanshan. After the defeat of Gushi, its remnants were not completely annihilated; instead, they were divided into the former and latter kings of Qucheshi as well as six other states in the northern mountain region. At that time, Han controlled only the Southern Route and had not yet fully occupied the Northern Route; nevertheless, the Xiongnu no longer felt secure. Later, Rizhu Wang rebelled against the Chanyu and led his followers to surrender; the envoy in charge of Shanshan and the western regions, Zheng Ji, went out to meet him. After arriving at Han territory, Rizhu Wang was conferred the title of Guide Hou (Marquis of Guide), and Zheng Ji was granted the title of Anyuan Hou (Marquis of Anyuan). That year was the third year of the Shenjue era. The court then appointed Zheng Ji to oversee both the Northern and Southern Routes, hence he was given the title Duhu (Protector). The establishment of the position of Duhu began with Zheng Ji. From then on, the Tongsu Duwei was abolished; the Xiongnu became increasingly weak and could no longer approach the Western Regions. At this time, garrison farming was relocated to Beixuqian and expanded into the territory of Suoche; from then on, the commander of garrison farming came under the jurisdiction of the Duhu. The Duhu was responsible for supervising and monitoring developments among foreign states such as Wusun and Kangju, reporting any changes to the imperial court. If a situation can be pacified, it should be pacified; if it is feasible to attack, then an attack should be launched. The Duhu's headquarters was located in Wulei Cheng, 2,738 li from Yangguan Pass. It was near the farmland of Quli; the land there was fertile and abundant. Compared to other parts of the Western Regions, it was centrally located, so the Duhu chose this place as its administrative center.
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至元帝時，復置戊己校尉，屯田車師前王庭。是時匈奴東蒲類王茲力支將人眾千七百餘人降都護，都護分車師後王之西為烏貪訾離地以處之。 |
| | During the reign of Emperor Yuan, the Wujǐ Jiao Wei was reestablished, with garrison farming conducted at the former capital of Qucheshiqian. At that time, the eastern Pulvuluo Wang Zilizhi of the Xiongnu led more than 1,700 followers to surrender to the Duhu; in response, the Duhu divided an area west of Qucheshihouwang into Wutan Zili Di (Wutan Zili territory) to settle them.
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自宣、元後，單于稱藩臣，西域服從，其土地山川王侯戶數道里遠近翔實矣。 |
| | After the reigns of Emperors Xuan and Yuan, the Chanyu acknowledged Han suzerainty as a vassal subject; the Western Regions submitted to Han rule. The detailed information about their lands, mountains, rivers, number of kings and marquises, population figures, distances between places, and other relevant data became well documented.
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出陽關，自近者始，曰婼羌。婼羌國王號去胡來王。去陽關千八百里，去長安六千三百里，辟在西南，不當孔道。戶四百五十，口千七百五十，勝兵者五百人。西與且末接。隨畜逐水草，不田作，仰鄯善、且末穀。山有鐵，自作兵，兵有弓、矛、服刀、劍、甲。西北至鄯善，乃當道云。 |
| | Leaving through Yangguan Pass, starting with the nearest state, is Ruoque Qiang. The king of the Ruoque Qiang State was titled Quhulai Wang. It is 1,800 li from Yangguan and 6,300 li from Chang'an. Located in the southwest, it does not lie along a major thoroughfare. There were 450 households, 1,750 people, and 500 able-bodied soldiers for military service. To the west it borders Jiemo. They followed their herds in search of water and pasture, did not engage in farming, and relied on grain from Shanshan and Jiemo. There is iron in the mountains; they made their own weapons, which included bows, spears, waist swords, swords, and armor. To the northwest lies Shanshan, which is on a major route.
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鄯善國，本名樓蘭，王治扜泥城，去陽關千六百里，去長安六千一百里。戶千五百七十，口萬四千一百，勝兵二千九百十二人。輔國侯、卻胡侯、鄯善都尉、擊車師都尉、左右且渠、擊車師君各一人，譯長二人。西北去都護治所千七百八十五里，至山國千三百六十五里，西北至車師千八百九十里。地沙鹵，少田，寄田仰穀旁國。國出玉，多葭葦、檉柳、胡桐、白草。民隨畜牧逐水草，有驢馬，多橐它。能作兵，與婼羌同。 |
| | Shanshan State, originally named Loulan, had its king's capital at Yuncheng. It was 1,600 li from Yangguan Pass and 6,100 li from Chang'an. There were 1,570 households, 14,100 people, and 2,912 able-bodied soldiers for military service. There were one Fu Guo Hou (Marquis of Auxiliary State), one Quhu Hou (Marquis who repelled the Hu people), one Shanshan Duyi, one Jiche Shi Duyi (Commander against Qucheshi), each of the Left and Right Qi qu officials, one Jiche Shi Jun (Lord against Qucheshi) for each side, and two Yichang (interpreters). It was 1,785 li northwest from the Duhu headquarters to Shanshan; 1,365 li to Shanguo State; and 1,890 li northwest to Qucheshi. The land was sandy and saline, with little arable farmland; they relied on neighboring states for grain cultivation. The state produced jade, and had abundant reeds, Tamarix ramosissima, Euphratica trees, and white grass. The people moved with their herds in search of pasture and water; they had donkeys and horses, and many camels. They were capable of making weapons, just like the Ruoque Qiang people.
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初，武帝感張騫之言，甘心欲通大宛諸國，使者相望於道，一歲中多至十餘輩。樓蘭、姑師當道，苦之，攻劫漢使王恢等，又數為匈奴耳目，令其兵遮漢使。漢使多言其國有城邑，兵弱易擊。於是武帝遣從票侯趙破奴將屬國騎及郡兵數萬擊姑師。王恢數為樓蘭所苦，上令恢佐破奴將兵。破奴與輕騎七百人先至，虜樓蘭王，遂破姑師，因暴兵威以動烏孫、大宛之屬。還，封破奴為浞野侯，恢為浩侯。於是漢列亭障至玉門矣。 |
| | Initially, Emperor Wu was moved by Zhang Qian's accounts and eagerly desired to establish contact with Dawan and other states. Envoys traveled along the roads continuously, with as many as more than ten missions sent in a single year. Loulan and Gushi, lying along the route, were troubled by these envoys. They attacked and robbed Han envoy Wang Hui and others; they also frequently acted as informants for the Xiongnu, sending their troops to block Han envoys. Many Han envoys reported that these states had walled cities and towns but were militarily weak and easy to attack. Thus, Emperor Wu dispatched Congpiao Hou Zhao Pounu to lead tens of thousands of cavalry from the vassal states and local troops in an attack on Gushi. Wang Hui had been repeatedly troubled by Loulan, so the emperor ordered Wang to assist Zhao Pounu in commanding troops. Zhao Pounu, with 700 light cavalrymen, arrived first and captured the king of Loulan. Thus Gushi was defeated; troops then displayed their might to intimidate Uyghur, Dawan, and other allied states. After returning, Zhao Pounu was conferred the title of Zhuoye Hou (Marquis of Zhuoye), and Wang Hui as Haohou (Marquis of Hao). At this time, Han established relay stations and defensive outposts all the way to Yumen.
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樓蘭既降服貢獻，匈奴聞，發兵擊之。於是樓蘭遣一子質匈奴，一子質漢。後貳師軍擊大宛，匈奴欲遮之，貳師兵盛不敢當，即遣騎因樓蘭候漢使後過者，欲絕勿通。時漢軍正任文將兵屯玉門關，為貳師後距，捕得生口，知狀以聞。上詔文便道引兵捕樓蘭王。將詣闕，簿責王，對曰：「小國在大國間，不兩屬無以自安。願徙國入居漢地。」上直其言，遣歸國，亦因使候司匈奴。匈奴自是不甚親信樓蘭。 |
| | After Loulan had surrendered and began offering tribute, the Xiongnu learned of this and sent troops to attack them. As a result, Loulan sent one son as a hostage to the Xiongnu and another as a hostage to Han. Later, when the Ershi army attacked Dawan, the Xiongnu wanted to intercept them. However, since the Ershi forces were strong and they dared not confront them directly, the Xiongnu instead sent cavalry through Loulan to await subsequent Han envoys, intending to cut off their passage and prevent communication. At that time, Han forces were stationed at Yumen Pass under the command of Zheng Wen as a rear guard for the Ershi campaign; they captured a live prisoner who revealed this situation and reported it to the court. The emperor issued an edict ordering Zheng Wen to lead his troops along the way to capture the king of Loulan. As he was about to arrive at court, Zheng Wen summoned and interrogated the king, who replied: "A small state caught between great powers cannot remain independent; it must submit to one or the other in order to preserve its own safety. I wish to relocate my people and settle within Han territory." The emperor found his words sincere, allowed him to return to his country, but also ordered him to serve as a scout for the Xiongnu on Han's behalf. From then on, the Xiongnu did not place great trust in Loulan.
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征和元年，樓蘭王死，國人來請質子在漢者，欲立之。質子常坐漢法，下蠶室宮刑，故不遣。報曰：「侍子，天子愛之，不能遣。其更立其次當立者。」樓蘭更立王，漢復責其質子，亦遣一子質匈奴。後王又死，匈奴先聞之，遣質子歸，得立為王。漢遣使詔新王，令入朝，天子將加厚賞。樓蘭王後妻，故繼母也，謂王曰：「先王遣兩子質漢皆不還，奈何欲往朝乎？」王用其計，謝使曰：「新立，國未定，願待後年入見天子。」然樓蘭國最在東垂，近漢，當白龍堆，乏水草，常主發導，負水儋糧，送迎漢使，又數為吏卒所寇，懲艾不便與漢通。後復為匈奴反間，數遮殺漢使。其弟尉屠耆降漢，具言狀。 |
| | In the first year of Zhenghe, the king of Loulan died; the people sent a request to Han for their son held as hostage in Han territory, hoping to install him as ruler. The hostage had often been punished under Han law and was castrated and placed in the Can Shi (a prison for castration), so he was not sent back. The reply stated: "Our hostage is loved by the Son of Heaven and cannot be sent away. You should instead install the next in line for succession." Loulan then installed a new king, and Han again demanded another hostage. In response, Loulan also sent one of its sons as a hostage to the Xion-gnu. Later, when the new king died, the Xiongnu heard about it first and sent their Han-held hostage back to Loulan, where he was installed as the new ruler. Han dispatched envoys with an imperial decree for the new king, ordering him to come to court, where the Son of Heaven would bestow generous rewards. The new king's stepmother, who was also his former stepmother, said to him: "Your predecessor sent two sons as hostages to Han and they were never returned. Why would you want to go to court?" The king followed her advice and replied to the envoys: "I have just ascended the throne, and my state is not yet stable. I wish to wait until next year before paying homage to the Son of Heaven." However, the Loulan State was located at the eastern frontier, close to Han territory. Near Bailongdui, it suffered from a lack of water and grass; its people were often responsible for guiding travelers, carrying water and provisions, and welcoming or seeing off Han envoys. Moreover, they had frequently been harassed by Han officials and soldiers, so they became resentful and found it inconvenient to maintain relations with Han. Later, they were again used as agents of the Xiongnu for counterintelligence operations and repeatedly ambushed and killed Han envoys. His younger brother Yituqi surrendered to Han and fully reported the situation.
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元鳳四年，大將軍霍光白遣平樂監傅介子往刺其王。介子輕將勇敢士，齎金幣，揚言以賜外國為名。既至樓蘭，詐其王欲賜之，王喜，與介子飲，醉，將其王屏語，壯士二人從後刺殺之，貴人左右皆散走。介子告諭以「王負漢罪，天子遣我誅王，當更立王弟尉屠耆在漢者。漢兵方至，毋敢動，自令滅國矣！」介子遂斬王嘗歸首，馳傳詣闕，縣首北闕下。封介子為義陽侯。乃立尉屠耆為王，更名其國為鄯善，為刻印章，賜宮女為夫人，備車騎輜重，丞相率百官送至橫門外，祖而遣之。王自請天子曰：「身在漢久，今歸，單弱，而前王有子在，恐為所殺。國中有伊循城，其地肥美，願漢遣二將屯田積穀，令臣得依其威重。」於是漢遣司馬一人、吏士四十人，田伊循以填撫之。其後更置都尉。伊循官置始此矣。 |
| | In the fourth year of Yuangfeng, Grand General Huo Guang recommended Pingle Jian Fu Jiezi to be sent to assassinate their king. Jiezi lightly led a group of brave soldiers, carrying gold and coinage, and publicly declared that they were going under the pretense of bestowing gifts to foreign states. After arriving in Loulan, Jiezi deceived the king by saying he wished to bestow gifts upon him. The king was pleased and drank with Jiezi; when he became drunk, Jiezi took the opportunity to speak privately with the king while two brave soldiers killed him from behind. The nobles and attendants all fled in panic. Jiezi announced, "The king has committed crimes against Han; the Son of Heaven has sent me to execute him. We shall now install his younger brother Yituqi, who is currently in Han territory, as the new ruler." "Han troops are on their way; do not dare to move or your entire state will be destroyed!" Jiezi then cut off the head of the executed king, rushed it to court by express courier, and displayed it at the northern gate. Fu Jiezi was conferred the title Yiyang Hou (Marquis of Yiyang). The court then installed Yituqi as the new king and changed the name of his state from Loulan to Shanshan. They engraved a seal for him, bestowed a palace lady as his wife, provided carriages, horses, and supplies, and Grand Chancellor led all officials in seeing him off at Hengmen Gate with ancestral rites before sending him on his way. The new king personally requested the Son of Heaven, saying: "I have been in Han for a long time. Now that I return, my position is weak and isolated; moreover, the former king had sons still living here. I fear they may kill me." "There is a city named Yixun within my country, with fertile and beautiful land. I respectfully request that the Han court send two generals to conduct garrison farming there and store grain, so that I may rely on their strength for protection." Thus, Han dispatched one Sima (military official), forty officers and soldiers to conduct farming at Yixun in order to support and pacify the region. Later, a Duyi was also established there. This marked the beginning of official administrative offices in Yixun.
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鄯善當漢道衝，西通且末七百二十里。自且末以往皆種五穀，土地草木，畜產作兵，略與漢同，有異乃記云。 |
| | Shanshan lay at a strategic point along the Han route, with western access to Jiemo 720 li away. From Jiemo onward, the states cultivated five kinds of grains; their land, vegetation, livestock, and weapons were roughly similar to those in Han. Any differences are recorded separately.
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且末國，王治且末城，去長安六千八百二十里。戶二百三十，口千六百一十，勝兵三百二十人。輔國侯、左右將、譯長各一人。西北至都護治所二千二百五十八里，北接尉犁，南至小宛可三日行。有蒲陶諸果。西通精絕二千里。 |
| | Jiemo State had its king's capital at Jiemo Cheng, located 6,820 li from Chang'an. There were 230 households, 1,610 people, and 320 able-bodied soldiers available for military service. It had one Fu Guo Hou (Minister of the State), one Left General, one Right General, and one Yizhang (Interpreter). To the northwest was 2,258 li to the seat of the Protector General; to the north it bordered Yuli, and to the south it was about a three-day journey to Xiaowan. It produced grapes and various kinds of fruits. To the west, it was 2,000 li to Jingjue.
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小宛國，王治扜零城，去長安七千二百一十里。戶百五十，口千五十，勝兵二百人。輔國侯、左右都尉各一人。西北至都護治所二千五百五十八里，東與婼羌接，辟南不當道。 |
| | Xiaowan State had its king's capital in Keling Cheng, located 7,210 li from Chang'an. There were 150 households, 1,050 people, and 200 able-bodied soldiers available for service. It had one Fu Guo Hou, as well as one Left Duyi and one Right Duyi. To the northwest was 2,558 li to the Protector General's seat; to the east it bordered Ruqiang. It lay far south and did not lie along a major route.
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精絕國，王治精絕城，去長安八千八百二十里。戶四百八十，口三千三百六十，勝兵五百人。精絕都尉、左右將、譯長各一人。北至都護治所二千七百二十三里，南至戎盧國四日行，地阨骥，西通扜彌四百六十里。 |
| | Jingjue State had its king's capital at Jingjue Cheng, located 8,820 li from Chang'an. There were 480 households, 3,360 people, and 500 able-bodied soldiers for military service. It had one Jingjue Duyi (Commander of Jingjue), one Left General, and one Right General, as well as one Yizhang. To the north was 2,723 li to the Protector General's seat; to the south it took four days' journey to reach Ronglu State. The land was narrow and difficult to traverse. To the west it connected with Kumi 460 li away.
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戎盧國，王治卑品城，去長安八千三百里。戶二百四十，口千六百一十，勝兵三百人。東北至都護治所二千八百五十八里，東與小宛、南與婼羌、西與渠勒接，辟南不當道。 |
| | Ronglu State had its king's capital at Biping Cheng, located 8300 li from Chang'an. There were 240 households, 1610 people, and 150 able-bodied soldiers available for duty. To the northeast was 2858 li to the protector general's seat. To the east it bordered Xiaowan, to the south Ruqiang, and to the west Qule. It lay far to the south and did not lie on a major route.
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扜彌國，王治扜彌城，去長安九千二百八十里。戶三千三百四十，口二萬四十，勝兵三千五百四十人。輔國侯、左右將、左右都尉、左右騎君各一人，譯長二人。東北至都護治所三千五百五十三里，南與渠勒、東北與龜茲、西北與姑墨接，西通于闐三百九十里。今名寧彌。 |
| | Kumi State had its king's capital at Kumi Cheng, located 9,280 li from Chang'an. There were 3,340 households, 20,040 people, and 3,540 able-bodied soldiers available for active service. It had one Fu Guo Hou; one Left General and one Right General; one Left Duyi, one Right Duyi; one Left Qijun and one Right Qijun; as well as two Yizhangs. To the northeast was 3,553 li to the Protector General's headquarters. To the south it bordered Qule; to the northeast Kuche; and to the northwest Kumul. To the west, it connected with Yutian 390 li away. Its current name is Ningmi.
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渠勒國，王治鞬都城，去長安九千九百五十里。戶三百一十，口二千一百七十，勝兵三百人。東北至都護治所三千八百五十二里，東與戎盧、西與婼羌、北與扜彌接。 |
| | Qule State had its king's capital at Jandu Cheng, located 9,950 li from Chang'an. There were 310 households, 2,170 people, and 300 able-bodied soldiers available for duties. To the northeast was 3852 li to the Protector General's office. To the east it bordered Ronglu, to the west Ruqiang, and to the north Kumi.
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于闐國，王治西城，去長安九千六百七十里。戶三千三百，口萬九千三百，勝兵二千四百人。輔國侯、左右將、左右騎君、東西城長、譯長各一人。東北至都護治所三千九百四十七里，南與婼羌接，北與姑墨接。于闐之西，水皆西流，注西海；其東，水東流，注鹽澤，河原出焉。多玉石。西通皮山三百八十里。 |
| | Yutian State had its king's capital at Xi Cheng, located 9670 li from Chang'an. There were 3300 households, 19300 people, and 2400 able-bodied soldiers fit for military service. It had one Fu Guo Hou , one Left General and one Right General, one Left Qijun (Cavalry Commander) and one Right Qijun, one East City Magistrate and one West City Magistrate, as well as one Yizhǎng. To the northeast was 3947 li to the Protector General's administrative seat; it bordered Ruqiang to the south and Kumul to the north. To the west of Yutian, all rivers flow westward into the western sea; to its east, water flows eastward and drains into Yanze Lake, from which the He River originates. It produces much jade stone. To the west it connects with Pishan 380 li away.
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皮山國，王治皮山城，去長安萬五十里。戶五百，口三千五百，勝兵五百人。左右將、左右都尉、騎君、譯長各一人。東北至都護治所四千二百九十二里，西南至烏秅國千三百四十里，南與天篤接，北至姑墨千四百五十里，西南當罽賓、烏弋山離道，西北通莎車三百八十里。 |
| | Pishan State had its king's capital at Pishan Cheng, located 10,500 li from Chang'an. There were 500 households, 3500 people, and 500 soldiers fit for active service. It had one Left General and one Right General ； one Left Duyi and one Right Du Yi ； one Qijun ， and one Yizhang. To the northeast was 4292 li to the Protector General's headquarters. To the southwest it was 1340 li to Wusha State; to the south, it bordered Tiandu; and to the north, 1450 li to Kumul. It lay directly on the route from Jiaoping and Wuyueshanli to the southwest, and connected with Suocha 380 li northwest.
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烏秅國，王治烏秅城，去長安九千九百五十里。戶四百九十，口二千七百三十三，勝兵七百四十人。東北至都護治所四千八百九十二里，北與子合、蒲犁，西與難兜接。山居，田石間。有白草。累石為室。民接手飲。出小步馬，有驢無牛。其西則有縣度，去陽關五千八百八十八里，去都護治所五千二百里。縣度者，石山也，谿谷不通，以繩索相引而度云。 |
| | Wusha State had its king's capital at Wusha Cheng, located 9950 li from Chang'an. There were 490 households, 2733 people, and 740 soldiers capable of military service. To the northeast was 4892 li to the Protectorate General's headquarters; it bordered Zhehe and Pulvli to the north, and Nandou to the west. The people lived in mountainous areas, cultivating fields among stones. It had white grass. They built houses by piling up stones. The people passed water to drink hand over hand. It produced small-footed horses, had donkeys but no oxen. To the west was Xiandu, located 5888 li from Yangguan and 5200 li from the Protector General's headquarters. Xiandu is a rocky mountain range; its gullies and valleys are impassable, so people cross by tying ropes and pulling each other across.
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西夜國，王號子合王，治呼犍谷，去長安萬二百五十里。戶三百五十，口四千，勝兵千人。東北到都護治所五千四十六里，東與皮山、西南與烏秅、北與莎車、西與蒲犁接。蒲犁反依耐、無雷國皆西夜類也。西夜與胡異，其種類羌氐行國，隨畜逐水草往來。而子合土地出玉石。 |
| | Xiyeye State had a king titled Zhe Wang, whose capital was at Hujian Gu, located 10250 li from Chang'an. There were 350 households, 4000 people, and 1000 soldiers capable of active service. To the northeast was 5046 li to the Protector General's administration; it bordered Pishan to the east, Wusha to the southwest, Suocha to the north, and Pulvli to the west. Pulvli Fan Yinai and Wulei State were all similar to Xiyè. Xiyè was different from the Hu peoples; its people belonged to the Qiang and Di nomadic tribes, moving about with their herds in search of water and pasture. However, Zhehe's land produced jade stone.
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蒲犁國，王治蒲犁谷，去長安九千五百五十里。戶六百五十，口五千，勝兵二千人。東北至都護治所五千三百九十六里，東至莎車五百四十里，北至疏勒五百五十里，南與西夜子合接，西至無雷五百四十里。侯、都尉各一人。寄田莎車。種俗與子合同。 |
| | Pulvli State had its king's capital in Pulvli Gu, located 9550 li from Chang'an. There were 650 households, 5000 people, and 2,000 soldiers available for active military service. To the northeast was 5396 li to the Protector General's administrative seat. To the east, it was 540 li from Suocha; to the north, 550 li from Shule; to the south, bordering Xiyè and Zhehe; and to the west, 540 li to Wulei. It had one Hou (Lord) and one Duyi . Its garrison farming was conducted in Suocha. Their customs and practices were the same as those of Zhehe.
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依耐國，王治去長安萬一百五十里。戶一百二十五，口六百七十，勝兵三百五十人。東北至都護治所二千七百三十里，至莎車五百四十里，至無雷五百四十里，北至疏勒六百五十里，南與子合接，俗相與同。少穀，寄田疏勒、莎車。 |
| | Yinai State had its king's seat located 10,150 li from Chang'an. There were 125 households, 670 people, and 350 soldiers capable of active military service. To the northeast was 2730 li to the Protector General's capital; it was 540 li east to Suocha, 540 li west to Wulei, and 650 li north to Shule. To the south, it bordered Zhehe, with customs similar to those of its neighbors. It had little grain; garrison farming was carried out in Shule and Suocha.
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無雷國，王治盧城，去長安九千九百五十里。戶千，口七千，勝兵三千人。東北至都護治所二千四百六十五里，南至蒲犁五百四十里，南與烏秅、北與捐毒、西與大月氏接。衣服類烏孫，俗與子合同。 |
| | Wulei State had its king's capital at Lu Cheng, located 995 li from Chang'an. There were 1000 households, 7000 people, and 30 soldiers capable of active duty. To the northeast was 2465 li to the Protector General's headquarter. To the south it was 540 miles from Pulvli, bordering Wusha in the south, Juandu in the north, and Dàyuèzhī in the west. Their clothing was similar to that of the Wusun; their customs were the same as those of Zehhe.
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難兜國，王治去長安萬一百五十里。戶五千，口三萬一千，勝兵八千人。東北至都護治所二千八百五十里，西至無雷三百四十里，西南至罽賓三百三十里，南與婼羌、北與休循、西與大月氏接。種五穀、蒲陶諸果。有銀銅鐵，作兵與諸國同，屬罽賓。 |
| | Nandou State had its king's seat located 10,150 li from Chang'an. （ Note: The original text says "去長安萬一百五十"， which literally means "located 10,150 [li] away from Chang'an".） There were 5,000 households, 31,000 people, and 8,000 able-bodied soldiers. To the northeast was 2,850 li to the Protector General's capital; to the west it was 340 li from Wulei and 330 li southwest of Jiaoping. To the south it bordered Ruqiang, to the north Xiuxun, and to the west Dàyuèzhī. It cultivated five kinds of grains as well as grapes and other fruits. It had silver, copper, and iron; its weapons were the same as those in other states, and it belonged to Jiaoping.
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罽賓國，王治循鮮城，去長安萬二千二百里。不屬都護。戶口勝兵多，大國也。東北至都護治所六千八百四十里，東至烏秅國二千二百五十里，東北至難兜國九日行，西北與大月氏、西南與烏弋山離接。 |
| | Jiaoping State had its king's capital at Xunxian Cheng, located 12,200 li from Chang'an. It did not fall under the jurisdiction of the Protector General. With many households, population, and soldiers, it was a major state. To the northeast was 6840 li to the Protector General's residence; to the east, it took two days and a half thousand li to reach Wusha State. To the northeast, it required nine days' journey to Nandou State; while to the northwest it bordered Dàyuèzhī, and to the southwest Wuyueshanli.
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昔匈奴破大月氏，大月氏西君大夏，而塞王南君罽賓。塞種分散，往往為數國。自疏勒以西北，休循、捐毒之屬，皆故塞種也。 |
| | In the past, when the Xiongnu defeated Dàyuèzhī , the Great Yuezhi moved westward to rule Daya. Then, the Sai Wang (Satrap) moved south to rule Jiaoping. The Sai people were scattered and often formed several small states. From Shule northwestward, the Xiuxun and Juandu peoples were all descendants of the ancient Sai people.
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罽賓地平，溫和，有目宿，雜草奇木，檀、櫰、梓、竹、漆。種五穀、蒲陶諸果，糞治園田。地下溼，生稻，冬食生菜。其民巧，雕文刻鏤，治宮室，織罽，剌文繡，好治食。有金銀銅錫，以為器。市列。以金銀為錢，文為騎馬，幕為人面。出封牛、水牛、象、大狗、沐猴、孔爵、珠璣、珊瑚、虎魄、璧流離。它畜與諸國同。 |
| | Jiaoping had level land and a temperate climate, with Muxu , various kinds of grasses and strange trees, as well as sandalwood, cypress, catalpa, bamboo, and lacquer. It cultivated five types of grains, grapes, and various fruits, using manure to cultivate its garden fields. The land was damp and fertile enough for rice cultivation; vegetables could be eaten raw even in winter. Its people were skillful, carving intricate patterns and engraving designs; they built palaces and houses, wove felt, embroidered with colored threads, and enjoyed preparing food. They had gold, silver, copper, and tin, which were used to make utensils. Markets were well-organized. They used gold and silver as currency, with patterns of horseback riders on the coins; some bore human faces. It produced fengniu (a type of cattle), water buffalo, elephants, large dogs, macaques, hornbills, pearls and beads, coral, amber, and beryl. Other domestic animals were the same as in other states.
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自武帝始通罽賓，自以絕遠，漢兵不能至，其王烏頭勞數剽殺漢使。烏頭勞死，子代立，遣使奉獻。漢使關都尉文忠送其使。王復欲害忠，忠覺之，乃與容屈王子陰末赴共合謀，攻罽賓，殺其王，立陰末赴為罽賓王，授印綬。後軍候趙德使罽賓。與陰末赴相失，陰末赴鎖琅當德，殺副已下七十餘人，遣使者上書謝。孝元帝以絕域不錄，放其使者於縣度，絕而不通。 |
| | Since Emperor Wu's time, contact had been established with Jiaoping; the king Wutoulao considered it extremely remote and believed Han troops could not reach there, so he repeatedly robbed and killed Han envoys. After Wutoulao died, his son succeeded him and sent an envoy to present tribute. The Han court dispatched Guan Duyi Wen Zhong to escort their envoys. The king of Jiaoping again plotted to harm Wen Zhong. Wen Zhong discovered the plot and, together with Yinmufu, a prince of Rongqu, conspired secretly. They attacked Jiaoping, killed its king, and installed Yinmufu as the new King of Jiaoping, bestowing him with an official seal and sash. Later, Junhou Zhao De was sent on a mission to Jiaoping. He fell out with Yinmufu, who then locked Langdang De in chains and killed more than seventy of Zhao De's subordinates before sending envoys to submit a letter of apology. Emperor Xiaoyuan considered it too remote and did not accept the submission, so he released Jiaoping's envoys at Xiandu County and severed all contact.
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成帝時，復遣使獻謝罪，漢欲遣使者報送其使，杜欽說大將軍王鳳曰：「前罽賓王陰末赴本漢所立，後卒畔逆。夫德莫大於有國子民，罪莫大於執殺使者，所以不報恩，不懼誅者，自知絕遠，兵不至也。有求則卑辭，無欲則嬌嫚，終不可懷服。凡中國所以為通厚蠻夷，轺快其求者，為壤比而為寇也。今縣度之阨，非罽賓所能越也。其鄉慕，不足以安西域；雖不附，不能危城郭。前親逆節，惡暴西域，故絕而不通；今悔過來，而無親屬貴人，奉獻者皆行賈賤人，欲通貨市買，以獻為名，故煩使者送至縣度，恐失實見欺。凡遣使送客者，欲為防護寇害也。起皮山南，更不屬漢之國四五，斥候士百餘人，五分夜擊刀斗自守，尚時為所侵盜。驢畜負糧，須諸國稟食，得以自贍。國或貧小不能食，或桀黠不肯給，擁彊漢之節，餒山谷之間，乞饨無所得，離一二旬則人畜棄捐曠野而不反。又歷大頭痛、小頭痛之山，赤土、身熱之阪，令人身熱無色，頭痛嘔吐，驢畜盡然。又有三池、盤石阪，道骥者尺六七寸，長者徑三十里。臨崢嶸不測之深，行者騎步相持，繩索相引，二千餘里乃到縣度。畜隊，未半阬谷盡靡碎；人墮，勢不得相收視。險阻危害，不可勝言。聖王分九州，制五服，務盛內，不求外。今遣使者承至尊之命，送蠻夷之賈，勞吏士之眾，涉危難之路，罷弊所恃以事無用，非久長計也。使者業已受節，可至皮山而還。」於是鳳白從欽言。罽賓實利賞賜賈市，其使數年而壹至云。 |
| | During the reign of Emperor Cheng, Jiaoping once again sent envoys to offer apologies and express remorse. The Han court intended to send an envoy in return to escort their delegation, but Du Qin advised Grand General Wang Feng, saying: "Previously, King Yinmufu of Jiaoping was originally installed by the Han, yet he eventually rebelled." "There is no greater virtue than governing a state and its people, nor any greater crime than capturing and killing envoys. The reason they do not repay kindness and are unafraid of punishment is that they know we cannot reach them with our troops." "When they have needs, they use humble words; when they lack desires, they become arrogant and disrespectful. In the end, they cannot be won over." Generally speaking, the reason China maintains friendly relations with barbarian tribes and quickly grants their requests is to prevent them from becoming border raiders. Now, the pass at Xiandu cannot be crossed by Jiaoping itself. Their pretended admiration is not enough to ensure stability in the Western Regions; Even if they do not submit, they cannot endanger the garrison cities. Previously, their treachery and brutality in the Western Regions were so severe that contact was cut off; Now they have come to regret their actions and return, but there are no relatives or nobles among them. Those who offer tribute are all traveling merchants of low status, seeking only to trade goods under the pretense of presenting offerings. Therefore, it is troublesome for envoys to escort them as far as Xiandu, fearing deception if they lose control over the situation. Generally speaking, sending envoys to accompany guests is intended to protect them from bandit attacks. From the southern side of Pishan, they must pass through four or five states not under Han control. More than a hundred scouts and soldiers are required to travel with them; dividing into five groups, they take turns guarding at night by beating swords and shields for protection, yet they are still occasionally attacked and robbed. Luggage animals carrying provisions must rely on supplies from various states along the way to sustain themselves. Some states are poor or small and cannot provide food, while others are arrogant and cunning and refuse to supply provisions. Thus, envoys holding the strong Han credentials find themselves starving in mountain valleys, begging for food without success. After being stranded for one or two weeks, both people and animals are abandoned in the wilderness and never return. Moreover, they must cross the Great Headache and Small Headache Mountains, as well as the Red Earth and Feverous Slopes, where people suffer from fever, lose their color, experience headaches and vomiting; pack animals are similarly affected. There are also the Three Pools and Pan Shi Slope, where the path is only six or seven inches wide for those who ride; some stretches extend over thirty li in length. Travelers must descend into the deep, treacherous gorges of Zengling. On the way, riders and pedestrians hold on to each other with ropes for support, inching forward over a distance of more than two thousand li before reaching Xiandu. The caravans of pack animals often collapse into the ravines and crumble to pieces before even halfway through the journey; If a person falls, there is no way for others to rescue or look after them. The dangers and hardships are too numerous to describe. Sage kings divided the nine provinces, established five zones of allegiance, focused on strengthening the interior, and did not seek expansion beyond it. Now, sending envoys under the command of the Son of Heaven to escort barbarian merchants is a burden on officials and soldiers. They must travel along perilous roads, exhausting their strength for an endeavor that serves no real purpose; this is not a long-term strategy. "The envoy has already received his credentials and may proceed as far as Pishan before returning." Wang Feng then reported to the emperor, following Du Qin's advice. Jiaoping actually valued Han rewards and trade; its envoys came once every few years.
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烏弋山離國，王去長安萬二千二百里。不屬都護。戶口勝兵，大國也。東北至都護治所六十日行，東與罽賓、北與撲挑、西與犁靬、條支接。 |
| | The state of Wuyi Shanli, whose king was 12,220 li away from Chang'an. It did not fall under the jurisdiction of the Protector General. With a large population and strong military, it was a major state. To the northeast, it took sixty days to reach the seat of the Protector General; to the east it bordered Jiaoping, to the north Poutiao, and to the west Lijian and Tiaozhi.
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行可百餘日，乃至條支。國臨西海，暑溼，田稻。有大鳥，卵如甕。人眾甚多，往往有小君長，安息役屬之，以為外國。善眩。安息長老傳聞條支有弱水、西王母。亦未嘗見也。自條支乘水西行，可百餘日，近日所入云。 |
| | Traveling for about a hundred days would reach Tiaozhi. The state bordered the Western Sea, where it was hot and humid, suitable for growing rice. There were large birds with eggs as big as jars. Its population was very numerous, and there were often small chieftains; the Parthians subjugated them and regarded them as foreign vassals. They were skilled in illusion magic. Elders of the Parthian state had heard rumors that Tiaozhi was home to the Weak Water and Queen Mother of Heaven (Xiwangmu). But they had never actually seen them. From Tiaozhi, traveling west by water for about a hundred days could reach the land of the sun's entry, it was said.
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烏弋地暑熱莽平，其草木、畜產、五穀、果菜、食飲、宮室、市列、錢貨、兵器、金珠之屬皆與罽賓同，而有桃拔、師子、犀牛。俗重妄殺。其錢獨文為人頭。幕為騎馬。以金銀飾杖。絕遠，漢使希至。自玉門、陽關出南道，歷鄯善而南行，至烏弋山離，南道極矣。 |
| | Wuyi was a hot and flat land. Its vegetation, livestock, five grains, fruits and vegetables, food and drink, palaces and houses, markets and shops, currency and goods, weapons and armor, gold and jewels were all the same as those in Jiaoping; it also had taoba (a type of plant or animal), lions, and rhinoceroses. The local custom placed great emphasis on avoiding unjust killing. Their currency was unique in that it bore the image of a human head. The reverse side depicted a horseback rider. 龙头 With canes decorated in gold and silver. It was extremely remote, and Han envoys rarely arrived there. From Yumen and Yangguan Pass, the southern route passed through Shanshan and continued southward to Wuyi Shanli; this marked the southernmost extent of the southern road.
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| | 西域傳上: |
安息國，王治番兜城，去長安萬一千六百里。不屬都護。北與康居、東與烏弋山離、西與條支接。土地風氣，物類所有，民俗與烏弋、罽賓同。亦以銀為錢，文獨為王面，幕為夫人面。王死輒更鑄錢。有大馬爵。其屬小大數百城，地方數千里，最大國也。臨媯水，商賈車船行旁國。書革，旁行為書記。 |
| | The state of Anxi, whose king governed Fandou City, was 11,600 li from Chang'an. It did not fall under the authority of the Protector General. To its north was Kangju, to its east Wuyi Shanli, and to its west Tiaozhi. Its land, climate, natural resources, and local customs were the same as those of Wuyi and Jiaoping. They also used silver coins; the obverse bore only the image of the king's face, while the reverse depicted the queen's face. Whenever a king died, new coins were cast with his portrait. They had large horse pheasants (a type of bird). It controlled hundreds of cities, both small and large, covering thousands of li in area; it was the greatest state. Bordering the Gui River, merchants traveled to neighboring states by land or water. They used leather for writing, and their script was written horizontally in rows.
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| | 西域傳上: |
武帝始遣使至安息，王令將將二萬騎迎於東界。東界去王都數千里，行比至，過數十城，人民相屬。因發使隨漢使者來觀漢地，以大鳥卵及犁靬眩人獻於漢，天子大說。安息東則大月氏。 |
| | Emperor Wu first sent envoys to Anxi; the king ordered a general with 20,000 cavalrymen to meet them at the eastern border. The distance from the eastern frontier to the capital was thousands of li; by the time they arrived, their journey passed through dozens of cities with people living in close succession. They also sent envoys to follow the Han mission and observe the Han land, presenting large bird eggs and Lijian illusionists as gifts to the Son of Heaven; the emperor was greatly pleased. To the east of Anxi lay Daxia (the Great Yuezhi).
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| | 西域傳上: |
大月氏國，治監氏城，去長安萬一千六百里。不屬都護。戶十萬，口四十萬，勝兵十萬人。東至都護治所四千七百四十里，西至安息四十九日行，南與罽賓接。土地風氣，物類所有，民俗錢貨，與安息同。出一封橐駝。 |
| | The state of Daxia, whose capital was Jianchi City, was 11600 li from Chang'an. It did not fall under the administration of the Protector General. It had 100,000 households, a population of 400,000, and an army of 100,000 soldiers. To the east, it was 4740 li from the seat of the Protector General. To the west, it took 49 days to reach Anxi by travel; and to the south, it bordered Jiaoping. Its land, climate, resources, local customs, currency, and goods were all similar to those of Anxi. It produced one-humped camels.
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| | 西域傳上: |
大月氏本行國也，隨畜移徙，與匈奴同俗。控弦十餘萬，故彊輕匈奴。本居敦煌、祁連間，至冒頓單于攻破月氏，而老上單于殺月氏，以其頭為飲器，月氏乃遠去，過大宛，西擊大夏而臣之，都媯水北為王庭。其餘小眾不能去者，保南山羌，號小月氏。 |
| | Originally a nomadic state, Daxia moved with its herds and shared customs with the Xiongnu. With more than 100,000 archers, it was strong enough to look down on the Xiongnu lightly. Originally, they lived between Dunhuang and Qilian. When Modu Chanyu attacked and defeated the Yuezhi, his successor Laoshang Chanyu killed them, using their skulls as drinking vessels. The Yuezhi then fled far away, passed through Dayuan, moved westward to attack Daxia (Bactria) and subjugated it, establishing their capital at the northern bank of the Gui River as their royal court. Those small groups who could not leave remained in the southern mountains among the Qiang people, and were called Xiao Yuezhi (Little Yuezhi).
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| | 西域傳上: |
大夏本無大君長，城邑往往置小長，民弱畏戰，故月氏徙來，皆臣畜之，共稟漢使者。有五翕侯：一曰休密翕侯，治和墨城，去都護二千八百四十一里，去陽關七千八百二里；二曰雙靡翕侯，治雙靡城，去都護三千七百四十一里，去陽關七千七百八十二里；三曰貴霜翕侯，治護澡城，去都護五千九百四十里，去陽關七千九百八十二里；四曰肸頓翕侯，治薄茅城，去都護五千九百六十二里，去陽關八千二百二里；五曰高附臓侯，治高附城，去都護六千四十一里，去陽關九千二百八十三里。凡五翕侯，皆屬大月氏。 |
| | Originally, Daxia had no great chieftain; each city and town merely appointed minor officials. Its people were weak and afraid of war, so when the Yuezhi migrated there, they all submitted to them as subjects and livestock, jointly receiving Han envoys' visits. There were five Xihu Hou (chieftains): the first was Youmi Xihu Hou, governing Hemo City, 2841 li from the Protector General and 7802 li from Yangguan Pass; The second was Shuangmi Xihu Hou, ruling Shuangmi City, 3741 li from the Protectorate and 7782 li from Yangguan; The third was Guishuang Xihu Hou, governing Hubao City, 5940 li from the Protectorate and 8132 li from Yangguan. The fourth was Xidun Xihu Hou, ruling Bomo City, 5962 li from the Protectorate and li from Yangguan; The fifth was Gaofu Zanghou, governing Gaofu City, 6041 li from the Protector and 9283 li from Yangguan Pass. All five Xihu Hou were subject to Daxia (i.e., ruled by the Yuezhi).
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| | 西域傳上: |
康居國，王冬治樂越匿地。到卑闐城。去長安萬二千三百里。不屬都護。至越匿地馬行七日，至王夏所居蕃內九千一百四里。戶十二萬，口六十萬，勝兵十二萬人。東至都護治所五千五百五十里。與大月氏同俗。東羈事匈奴。 |
| | The state of Kangju, whose king resided in Leyuennidi during winter. He arrived at Bitan City. It was 12,300 li from Chang'an. It did not fall under the Protector General's jurisdiction. From Leyuennidi, it took seven days by horse to reach the summer residence of the king; from there, it was 9140 li to Fan Nei (a region within Kangju). It had twelve thousand households, six hundred thousand people, and an army of one hundred twenty thousand soldiers. To the east, it was five thousand five hundred fifty li from the seat of the Protectorate General. It shared customs with Daxia (Great Yuezhi). To the east, it submitted to and served the Xiongnu.
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| | 西域傳上: |
宣帝時，匈奴乖亂，五單于並爭，漢擁立呼韓邪單于，而郅支單于怨望，殺漢使者，西阻康居。其後都護甘延壽、副校尉陳湯發戊已校尉西域諸國兵至康居，誅滅郅支單于，語在甘延壽、陳湯傳。是歲，元帝建昭三年也。 |
| | During Emperor Xuan's reign, the Xiongnu were in turmoil with five Chanyus vying for power. The Han supported Huhanxie Chanyu, but Zhichi Chanyu was resentful and killed a Han envoy before retreating westward to block Kangju. Later, the Protector Gan Yanshou and his deputy Xiao Wei Chen Tang mobilized troops from the Wuyi Jiao Wei and various Western Regions states to reach Kangju and exterminated Zhichi Chanyu; this event is recorded in the biographies of Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang. That year was Jianzhuo 3rd Year (43 AD) of Emperor Yuan's reign.
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至成帝時，康居遣子侍漢，貢獻，然自以絕遠，獨驕嫚，不肯與諸國相望。都護郭舜數上言：「本匈奴盛時，非以兼有烏孫、康居故也；及其稱臣妾，非以失二國也。漢雖皆受其質子，然三國內相輸遺，交通如故，亦相候司，見便則發；合不能相親信，離不能相臣役。以今言之，結配烏孫竟未有益，反為中國生事。然烏孫既結在前，今與匈奴俱稱臣，義不可距。而康居驕黠，訖不肯拜使者。都護吏至其國，坐之烏孫諸使下，王及貴人先飲食已，乃飲啗都護吏，故為無所省以夸旁國。以此度之，何故遣子入侍？其欲賈市為好，辭之詐也。匈奴百蠻大國，今事漢甚備，聞康居不拜，且使單于有自下之意，宜歸其侍子，絕勿復使，以章漢家不通無禮之國。敦煌、酒泉小郡及南道八國，給使者往來人馬驢橐駝食，皆苦之。空罷耗所過，送迎驕黠絕遠之國。非至計也。」漢為其新通，重致遠人，終羈縻而未絕。 |
| | By the time of Emperor Cheng, Kangju sent a son to serve at the Han court and made tributary offerings. However, considering itself extremely remote, it remained arrogant and disrespectful, refusing to acknowledge or interact with other states. The Protector Guo Shun repeatedly reported: "Originally, the Xiongnu's strength was not due to their control over Wusun and Kangju; and when they submitted as vassals, it was not because of losing these two states. Although the Han accepted their hostage sons, the three states still exchanged gifts and maintained contact as before. They also kept watch on each other, launching attacks whenever opportunity arose; when united, they could not trust one another; when separated, they could not subjugate or command each other. By today's standards, allying with Wusun has ultimately brought no benefit and instead caused trouble for China. However, since an alliance with Wusun was already established earlier, and now both are vassals of the Han, it would be inappropriate to reject them on grounds of principle. Yet Kangju remained arrogant and cunning, persistently refusing to bow before Han envoys. When officials of the Protectorate arrived in their country, they were seated below the envoys from Wusun. The king and nobles had already eaten and drunk before offering food and drink to the Han officials, deliberately pretending not to care so as to show off to neighboring states. Judging from this behavior, why then did they send their son to serve at court? Their intention was merely to engage in trade under the pretense of good relations; it is a deceptive pretext. The Xiongnu are a great and powerful nation, yet they serve the Han with utmost diligence. Hearing that Kangju refuses to bow, it will give the Chanyu an impression of being looked down upon. We should therefore return their hostage son, cut off all contact, and never send envoys again, so as to demonstrate clearly that the Han do not communicate with a disrespectful and impolite state. The small commanderies of Dunhuang and Jiuquan, as well as the eight states along the southern route, were burdened with providing food for the people, horses, donkeys, and camels accompanying envoys on their journeys; this was a source of great hardship. This amounted to an empty expenditure that drained the resources of all regions passed through, merely for the sake of sending and receiving envoys from this arrogant, cunning, and distant country. It is not a wise policy." The Han, because it was newly opened to contact, valued the arrival of distant people and ultimately maintained a tenuous relationship without cutting ties.
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| | 西域傳上: |
其康居西北可二千里，有奄蔡國。控弦者十餘萬大。與康居同俗。臨大澤，無崖，蓋北海云。 |
| | To the northwest of Kangju, about two thousand li away, lies the country of Yanzhai. It has more than one hundred thousand archers. It shares the same customs as Kangju. It borders a vast lake with no visible shore, which is presumably the Northern Sea.
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| | 西域傳上: |
康居有小王五：一曰蘇筹王，治蘇筹城，去都護五千七百七十六里，去陽關八千二十五里；二曰附墨王，治附墨城，去都護五千七百六十七里，去陽關八千二十五里；三曰窳匿王，治窳匿城，去都護五千二百六十六里，去陽關七千五百二十五里；四曰罽王，治罽城，去都護六千二百九十六里，去陽關八千五百五十五里；五曰奧鞬王，治奧鞬城，去都護六千九百六里，去陽關八千三百五十五里。凡五王，屬康居。 |
| | Kangju had five minor kings: the first was the Souchou King, governing Souchou Cheng. It was 5,776 li from the Protectorate and 8,025 li from Yangguan; the second was the Fumo King, governing Fumo Cheng. It was 5767 li from the Protectorate and eight thousand twenty-five li from Yangguan; the third was the Yuni King, governing Yuni Cheng. It was five thousand two hundred sixty-six li from the Protectorate and seven thousand five hundred twenty-five li from Yangguan. The fourth was the Ji King, governing Ji Cheng. It was six thousand two hundred ninety-six li from the Protectorate, and eight thousand five hundred fifty-five li from Yangguan; the fifth was the Aoqian King, governing Aoqian Cheng. It was six thousand and nine hundred li from the Protectorate General, and eight thousand three hundred fifty-five li from Yangguanguan. All five kings were subject to Kangju.
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大宛國，王治貴山城，去長安萬二千二百五十里。戶六萬，口三十萬，勝兵六萬人。副王，輔國王各一人。東至都護治所四千三十一里，北至康居卑闐城千五百一十里，西南至大月氏六百九十里。北與康居、南與大月氏接，土地風氣物類民俗與大月氏、安息同。大宛左右以蒲陶為酒，富人藏酒至萬餘石，久者至數十歲不敗。俗耆酒，馬耆目宿。 |
| | The Kingdom of Dayuan had its capital at Guishan Cheng, located 12,225 li from Chang'an. It had six thousand households, three hundred thousand people, and sixty thousand soldiers capable of military service. There was one deputy king and one assistant king for the kingdom. To the east, it was 431 li from the seat of the protectorate; to the north, 1510 li from Kucha Cheng in Kangju; and to the southwest, 690 li from Daxia. To the north it bordered Kangju and to the south, Daxia; its land, climate, natural resources, and customs were similar to those of Daxia and Anxi. The people on both sides of Dayuan made wine from grapes, and wealthy individuals stored as much as ten thousand dou of wine; some aged for several decades without spoiling. The local custom favored drinking alcohol, while the horses were particularly fond of eating mulberry fruits.
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宛別邑七十餘城，多善馬。馬汗血，言其先天馬子也。 |
| | Dayuan had more than seventy walled towns as its outlying settlements, many of which bred fine horses. Their horses were said to sweat blood, hence the name "Tianma" (heavenly horse).
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| | 西域傳上: |
張騫始為武帝言之，上遣使者持千金及金馬，以請宛善馬。宛王以漢絕遠，大兵不能至，愛其寶馬不肯與。漢使妄言，宛遂攻殺漢使，取其財物。於是天子遣貳師將軍李廣利將兵前後十餘萬人伐宛，連四年。宛人斬其王毋寡首，獻馬三千匹，漢軍乃還，語在張騫傳。貳師既斬宛王，更立貴人素遇漢善者名昧蔡為宛王。後歲餘，宛貴人以為昧蔡諂，使我國遇屠，相與兵殺昧蔡，立毋寡弟蟬封為王，遣子入侍，質於漢，漢因使使賂賜鎮撫之。又發數十餘輩，抵宛西諸國求其物，因風諭以代宛之威。宛王蟬封與漢約，歲獻天馬二匹。漢使采蒲陶、目宿種歸。天子以天馬多，又外國使來眾，益種蒲陶、目宿離宮館旁，極望焉。 |
| | Zhang Qian first mentioned this to Emperor Wu, who then sent envoys carrying a thousand gold pieces and a golden horse to request the fine horses of Dayuan. The king of Dayuan considered Han China too distant, believing that its large armies could not reach him, and thus cherished his prized horses and refused to give them up. When the Han envoys spoke recklessly, Dayuan attacked and killed them, seizing their belongings. As a result, the Son of Heaven dispatched General Er Shi Li Guangli to lead an army of more than 100,000 men in a campaign against Dayuan, which lasted for four consecutive years. The people of Dayuan beheaded their king Wu Gua and presented 3,000 horses to the Han forces, after which the Han army withdrew; this event is recorded in Zhang Qian's biography. After General Er Shi had executed the king of Dayuan, he installed a noble named Meicai, who was known for his good relations with the Han, as the new king of Dayuan. After more than a year, the nobles of Dayuan believed that Meicai had been fawning and led their country to disaster. They joined forces to kill Meicai and installed Chancheng, the younger brother of Wu Gua, as king. He then sent his son to serve at court as a hostage in Han territory. In response, the Han dispatched envoys with gifts to pacify them. They also sent dozens of envoys to the western states of Dayuan, seeking their goods and using this opportunity to spread messages about Han authority in place of Dayuan's. King Chancheng of Dayuan made an agreement with the Han, pledging to contribute two heavenly horses each year as tribute. Han envoys collected grape and mulberry seeds to bring back. The Son of Heaven, seeing the increasing number of heavenly horses and foreign envoys arriving in large numbers, had more grapevines and mulberry trees planted around the imperial palaces and pavilions, stretching as far as the eye could see.
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自宛以西至安息國，雖頗異言，然大同，自相曉知也。其人皆深目，多須敘。善賈市，爭分銖。貴女子；女子所言，丈夫乃決正。其地皆絲漆，不知鑄鐵器。及漢使亡卒降，教鑄作它兵器。得漢黃白金，輒以為器，不用為幣。 |
| | From Dayuan westward to Anxi, although there were some differences in language, the people were largely similar and could understand each other. Their people all had deep-set eyes and were mostly bearded. They were skilled in commerce, always competing over the smallest fractions of value. Women were highly valued; however, when it came to making decisions, the men took charge. The land was rich in silk and lacquer, but they did not know how to cast iron tools. When Han envoys or deserting soldiers surrendered there, they taught the locals to cast and make other types of weapons. They obtained yellow and white gold from the Han but immediately used it to make tools or ornaments, not using it as currency.
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自烏孫以西至安息，近匈奴。匈奴嘗困月氏，故匈奴使持單于一信到國，國傳送食，不敢留苦。及至漢使，非出幣物不得食，不市畜不得騎，所以然者，以遠漢，而漢多財物，故必市乃得所欲。及呼韓邪單于朝漢，後咸尊漢矣。 |
| | From Wusun westward to Anxi, these regions were close to the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu had once oppressed the Yuezhi, so when a Xiongnu envoy arrived with one letter from the Chanyu to any country, that country would provide food and transportation along the way without daring to delay or cause hardship. However, when it came to Han envoys, they could not obtain food unless they offered gifts and goods, nor could they ride horses or livestock without purchasing them. The reason for this was that these people considered the Han distant, yet rich in resources; thus, they had to trade in order to get what they wanted. After Huhanxie Chanyu paid homage to the Han court, all of them came to respect and honor the Han.
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桃槐國，王去長安萬一千八十里。戶七百，口五千，勝兵千人。 |
| | The Kingdom of Taohuai had its king located 11,080 li from Chang'an. It had seven hundred households, five thousand people, and one thousand soldiers capable of fighting.
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休循國，王治鳥飛谷，在蔥嶺西，去長安萬二百一十里。戶三百五十八，口千三十，勝兵四百八十人。東至都護治所三千一百二十一里，至捐毒衍敦谷二百六十里，西北至大宛國九百二十里，西至大月氏千六百一十里。民俗衣服類烏孫，因畜隨水草，本故塞種也。 |
| | The Kingdom of Xiuxun had its king governing Niufei Gu, located west of the 葱岭 (Tongling), 10210 li from Chang'an. It had three hundred and fifty-eight households, one thousand thirty people, and four hundred eighty soldiers capable of military service. To the east, it was three thousand one hundred and twenty-one li from the seat of the Protector General; to Jiu Du Yandun Gu, two hundred and sixty li; to the northwest, nine hundred and twenty li from Dayuan Kingdom; and to the west, one thousand six hundred and ten li from Daxia. The local customs and clothing resembled those of Wusun; they raised livestock following the availability of water and grass, originally being descendants of the Sai people.
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捐毒國，王治衍敦谷，去長安九千八百六十里。戶三百八十，口千一百，勝兵五百人。東至都護治所二千八百六十一里。至疏勒。南與蔥領屬，無人民。西上蔥領，則休循也。西北至大宛千三十里，北與烏孫接。衣服類烏孫，隨水草，依蔥領，本塞種也。 |
| | The Kingdom of Juandu had its king governing Yandun Gu, located 9860 li from Chang'an. It had three hundred and eighty households, one thousand and ten people, and five hundred soldiers capable of military service. To the east, it was two thousand eight hundred and sixty-one li from the seat of the Guardian General. It reached Shule. To the south, it bordered the Tongling Mountains and had no population. Going westward up the Tongling range leads to Xiuxun. To the northwest, it was one thousand thirty li from Dayuan; and to the north, it bordered Wusun. Their clothing resembled that of Wusun, following water and grasslands, relying on the Tongling Mountains; they were originally descendants of the Sai people.
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莎車國，王治莎車城，去長安九千九百五十里。戶二千三百三十九，口萬六千三百七十三，勝兵三千四十九人。輔國侯、左右將、左右騎君、備西夜君各一人，都尉二人，譯長四人。東北至都護治所四千七百四十六里，西至疏勒五百六十里，西南至蒲犁七百四十里。有鐵山，出青玉。 |
| | The Kingdom of Shache had its king governing Shache Cheng, located 9950 li from Chang'an. It had two thousand three hundred thirty-nine households, sixteen thousand six hundred seventy-three people, and three thousand four hundred ninety soldiers capable of military service. It had one Assistant King, one Left and Right General, one Left and Right Horseman Lord, one Western Ye Prepared Lord, two Duwei (military officers), and four Yichang (interpreters). To the northeast, it was four thousand seven hundred forty-six li from the seat of the General; to the west, five hundred sixty li from Shule; and to the southwest, seven hundred forty li from Pulie. There was an iron mountain that produced blue jade.
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宣帝時，烏孫公主小子萬年，莎車王愛之。莎車王無子死，死時萬年在漢。莎車國人計欲自託於漢，又欲得烏孫心，即上書請萬年為莎車王。漢許之，遣使者奚充國送萬年。萬年初立，暴惡，國人不說。莎車王弟呼屠徵殺萬年，并殺漢使者，自立為王，約諸國背漢。會衛候馮奉世使送大宛客，即以便宜發諸國兵擊殺之，更立它昆弟子為莎車王。還，拜奉世為光祿大夫。是歲，元康元年也。 |
| | During the reign of Emperor Xuan, Wusun Princess's younger son Wan Nian was loved by the King of Shache. When the King of Shache died without an heir, Wan Nian happened to be in Han territory at that time. The people of Shache plotted to place themselves under the protection of Han, and also wished to win over Wusun's favor. They therefore submitted a petition requesting that Wan Nian be appointed as King of Shache. The Han agreed, and sent an envoy named Xi Chongguo to escort Wan Nian. When Wan Nian first ascended the throne, he behaved cruelly and wickedly, which made the people of the country unhappy. Wan Nian's younger brother Hutuzheng killed him, along with the Han envoy, and declared himself king. He then made an agreement with various states to turn their backs on the Han. At that time, Wei Hou Feng Fengshi was on a mission to escort guests from Dayuan. Taking advantage of the situation, he mobilized troops from various states and attacked them, killing Hutuzheng. He then installed Taku's nephew as the new King of Shache. Upon his return, Fengshi was appointed Guanglu Daifu (a high-ranking official title). That year was Yuankang 1st Year.
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疏勒國，王治疏勒城，去長安九千三百五十里。戶千五百一十，口萬八千六百四十七，勝兵二千人。疏勒侯、擊胡侯、輔國侯、都尉、左右將、左右騎君、左右譯長各一人。東至都護治所二千二百一十里，南至莎車五百六十里。有市列，西當大月氏、大宛、康居道也。 |
| | The Kingdom of Shule had its king governing at Shule Cheng, located nine thousand three hundred and fifty li from Chang'an. It had one thousand five hundred ten households, eighteen thousand eight hundred forty-seven people, and two thousand soldiers capable of military service. It had one Shule Hou (Lord), one Jihu Hou, one Assistant King, two Duwei officers, and each of the following positions: Left and Right Generals, Left and Right Horsemen Lords, and Left and Right Translators. To the east, it was a distance of 2,210 li to the seat of the Protector General, and to the south, 560 li to Shache. It had a market called Shi Lie, which lay westward along the route connecting Daxia, Dayuan, and Kangju.
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尉頭國，王治尉頭谷，去長安八千六百五十里。戶三百，口二千三百，勝兵八百人。左右都尉各一人，左右騎君各一人。東至都護治所千四百一十一里，南與疏勒接，山道不通，西至捐毒千三百一十四里，徑道馬行二日。田畜隨水草，衣服類烏孫。 |
| | The Kingdom of Youtou had its king governing in Youtou Gu, located 8650 li from Chang'an. It had three hundred households, two thousand three hundred people, and eight hundred soldiers capable of military service. There was one Left and Right Duwei officer each, as well as one Left and Right Horseman Lord each. To the east, it was 14,111 li from the seat of the Protector General. To the south, it bordered Shule, but there was no passable mountain road. To the west, it was 13,114 li to Juandu; a direct route could be traversed by horse in two days. They cultivated land and raised livestock according to the availability of water and grass, and their clothing was similar to that of the Wusun people.
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