| | 馬援列傳: |
馬援字文淵，扶風茂陵人也。其先趙奢為趙將，號曰馬服君，子孫因為氏。武帝時，以吏二千石自邯鄲徙焉。曾祖父通，以功封重合侯，坐兄何羅反，被誅，故援再世不顯。援三兄況、余、員，並有才能，王莽時皆為二千石。 |
| | Ma Yuan, courtesy name Wenyuan, was a native of Maoling, Fufeng. His ancestors were Zhao She, who served as a general under the State of Zhao and was given the title "Mafu Jun." His descendants took their surname from this title. During the reign of Emperor Wu, officials holding posts equivalent to 2000-dan salaries moved there from Handan. His great-grandfather Tong was enfeoffed as Hou of Chonghe for his meritorious service, but he was executed because his elder brother Hele rebelled. Therefore, Ma Yuan's family remained obscure for two generations. Ma Yuan had three older brothers: Kuang, Yu, and Yuan; they were all talented men, and during the reign of Wang Mang, they all held posts equivalent to 200-shi officials.
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援年十二而孤，少有大志，諸兄奇之。嘗受齊詩，意不能守章句，乃辭況，欲就邊郡田牧。況曰：「汝大才，當晚成。良工不示人以朴，且從所好。」會況卒，援行服期年，不離墓所；敬事寡桦，不冠不入廬。後為郡督郵，送囚至司命府，囚有重罪，援哀而縱之，遂亡命北地。遇赦，因留牧畜，賓客多歸附者，遂役屬數百家。轉游隴漢閒，常謂賓客曰：「丈夫為志，窮當益堅，老當益壯。」因處田牧，至有牛馬羊數千頭，穀數萬斛。既而歎曰：「凡殖貨財產，貴其能施賑也，否則守錢虜耳。」乃盡散以班昆弟故舊，身衣羊裘皮恊。 |
| | Ma Yuan was orphaned at twelve years old; from a young age he had great ambitions, and his elder brothers found him remarkable. He once studied the Qi version of the Book of Songs, but he felt that merely adhering to textual interpretations was not sufficient. He therefore bid farewell to his elder brother Kuang and wished to go to the border commanderies for farming and animal husbandry. Kuang said, "You are a man of great talent; you will achieve success later in life." "A skilled craftsman does not show others the uncarved material. For now, follow your interests." When Kuang died, Ma Yuan observed a year of mourning and did not leave his tomb for the entire period; He respectfully served his widow mother-in-law, never entering her mourning hut without wearing a hat. Later he served as an inspector of the commandery, and when delivering prisoners to Siming Fu, one prisoner had committed a grave crime. Ma Yuan felt pity for him and released him, then fled northward into Beidi. After an amnesty was declared, he remained there to raise livestock; many guests and followers came under his protection, and thus he came to command the service of several hundred families. While traveling between Long and Han, he often told his guests: "A man of virtue must have aspirations. When in adversity, one's resolve should become stronger; when old, one's spirit should be even more vigorous." Therefore, while engaged in farming and animal husbandry, he eventually owned thousands of cattle, horses, and sheep, as well as tens of thousands of hu of grain. Later he sighed and said: "To accumulate wealth is valuable only if one can use it to help others. Otherwise, one is merely a slave to money." He therefore distributed all of his wealth among his brothers and old friends, wearing only a sheepskin coat and leather shoes.
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王莽末，四方兵起，莽從弟衛將軍林廣招雄俊，乃辟援及同縣原涉為掾，薦之於莽。莽以涉為鎮戎大尹，援為新成大尹。及莽敗，援兄員時為增山連率，與援俱去郡，復避地涼州。世祖即位，員先詣洛陽，帝遣員復郡，卒於官。援因留西州，隗囂甚敬重之，以援為綏德將軍，與決籌策。 |
| | At the end of Wang Mang's reign, uprisings broke out in all directions. Lin Guang, cousin to Wang Mang and commander of the Wei Army, sought outstanding men, so he invited Ma Yuan and his fellow native You She from their county as clerks and recommended them to Wang Mang. Wang Mang appointed You She as Dain of Zhenrong and Ma Yuan as Dain of Xincheng. lı When Wang Mang fell, Ma Yuan's elder brother Yuan was then the Lianshuai of Zengshan. Together with Ma Yuan, he left their commandery and once again took refuge in Liangzhou. When Emperor Shizu ascended the throne, Yuan went to Luoyang first. The emperor sent Yuan back to his commandery, where he died in office. Ma Yuan therefore remained in the Western States. Wei Xiao held him in high esteem and appointed Ma Yuan as General Suide, entrusting him with strategic planning.
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是時公孫述稱帝於蜀，囂使援往觀之。援素與述同里閈，相善，以為既至當握手歡如平生，而述盛陳陛衛，以延援入，交拜禮畢，使出就館，更為援制都布單衣、交讓冠，會百官於宗廟中，立舊交之位。述鸞旗旄騎，警蹕就車，磬折而入，禮饗官屬甚盛，欲授援以封侯大將軍位。賓客皆樂留，援曉之曰：「天下雄雌未定，公孫不吐哺走迎國士，與圖成敗，反修飾邊幅，如偶人形。此子何足久稽天下士乎？」因辭歸，謂囂曰：「子陽井底蛙耳，而妄自尊大，不如專意東方。」 |
| | At that time, Gongsun Shu declared himself emperor in Shu, so Wei Xiao sent Ma Yuan to observe the situation there. Ma Yuan had always been a fellow native of Gongsun Shu and was on good terms with him. He thought that upon his arrival, they would greet each other warmly as old friends; however, Gongsun Shu displayed an elaborate court ceremony to receive Ma Yuan at the palace gate. After exchanging bows in accordance with formal etiquette, he had Ma Yuan escorted out to a guest house and presented him with a plain hemp robe and a Jiaorang crown. He then convened all his officials in the ancestral temple and set up seats for old friends. Gongsun Shu led Ma Yuan to his carriage with a procession of banners and horsemen, clearing the way as he went. He entered in a very formal manner, and held an elaborate banquet for Ma Yuan and all his officials, wishing to bestow on Ma Yuan the position of Marquis and Grand General. Ma Yuan's guests were all pleased to stay, but Ma Yuan explained: "The outcome of the struggle for power in the world is still undecided. Gongsun Shu does not even rush out with his mouth full to welcome a national hero and plan together for success or failure; instead he focuses on superficial formalities, like a lifeless doll." "What man of talent could possibly stay long with such a person?" He therefore declined and returned, telling Wei Xiao: "Ziyang is merely a frog at the bottom of a well, yet he dares to be arrogant. It would be better for you to focus your efforts on the east."
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建武四年冬，囂使援奉書洛陽。援至，引見於宣德殿。世祖迎笑謂援曰：「卿遨遊二帝閒，今見卿，使人大慚。」援頓首辭謝，因曰：「當今之世，非獨君擇臣也，臣亦擇君矣。臣與公孫述同縣，少相善。臣前至蜀，述陛戟而後進臣。臣今遠來，陛下何知非刺客姦人，而簡易若是？」帝復笑曰：「卿非刺客，顧說客耳。」援曰：「天下反覆，盜名字者不可勝數。今見陛下，恢廓大度，同符高祖，乃知帝王自有真也。」帝甚壯之。援從南幸黎丘，轉至東海。及還，以為待詔，使太中大夫來歙持節送援西歸隴右。 |
| | In winter of Jianwu fourth year (28 AD), Wei Xiao sent Ma Yuan with a letter to Luoyang. Ma Yuan arrived and was received in the Xuande Palace Hall. Emperor Shizu greeted him with a smile and said, "You have traveled between the courts of two emperors. Now that I see you, it makes me feel ashamed." Ma Yuan kowtowed and humbly declined, then said: "In the present age, it is not only that a ruler chooses his ministers; ministers also choose their rulers. "I am from the same native county as Gongsun Shu, and we were close friends when young." "When I previously went to Shu, Shu had halberds drawn before allowing me to enter." "Now that I have come from afar, how can Your Majesty know I am not an assassin or a villain, yet you receive me so casually?" The emperor laughed again and said: "You are no assassin; you are merely a persuasive envoy." Ma Yuan replied, "The world is in turmoil, and there are countless rebels who have taken false titles. Now that I see Your Majesty's broad-mindedness and great tolerance, which matches Emperor Gaozu, I now understand that true emperors do indeed exist." The emperor was greatly impressed. Ma Yuan followed the imperial procession south to Lique, then turned eastward to Donghai. When returning, he was appointed as Daizhao (a waiting official), and the emperor sent Tai Zhongdafa Lai Xi with a ceremonial staff to escort Ma Yuan westward back to Longyou.
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隗囂與援共臥起，問以東方流言及京師得失。援說囂曰：「前到朝廷，上引見數十，每接讌語，自夕至旦，才明勇略，非人敵也。且開心見誠，無所隱伏，闊達多大節，略與高帝同。經學博覽，政事文辯，前世無比。」囂曰：「卿謂何如高帝？」援曰：「不如也。高帝無可無不可；今上好吏事，動如節度，又不喜飲酒。」囂意不懌，曰：「如卿言，反復勝邪？」然雅信援，故遂遣長子恂入質。援因將家屬隨恂歸洛陽。居數月而無它職任。援以三輔地曠土沃，而所將賓客猥多，乃上書求屯田上林苑中，帝許之。 |
| | Wei Xiao shared his bed and daily life with Ma Yuan, asking him about rumors from the east and the successes and failures in the capital. Ma Yuan advised Wei Xiao, saying: "When I previously visited the imperial court, His Majesty received me dozens of times. Each banquet and conversation lasted from dusk until dawn; his talent, wisdom, and strategic insight are unmatched by any man." "Moreover, he is open-hearted and sincere, concealing nothing; his broad-mindedness and adherence to great principles are comparable to Emperor Gaozu." "He has a vast knowledge of classical learning, is eloquent in political affairs, and is without equal among previous generations." Wei Xiao asked: "What do you think about Emperor Gaozu?" Ma Yuan replied, "He is not as great." Emperor Gaozu was neither overly strict nor unduly lenient; the present emperor is meticulous in administrative affairs, always acting with discipline and precision, and he also does not enjoy drinking alcohol." Wei Xiao was displeased and said: "If as you say, is it better to be indecisive?" Nevertheless, he held Ma Yuan in high regard and thus sent his eldest son Xun as a hostage. Ma Yuan therefore took his family members along with Xun to return to Luoyang. After several months, he was not given any official duties. Ma Yuan considered the Three Fu regions to have vast and fertile land, and since he had many followers under his command, he submitted a petition requesting permission to cultivate farmland within Shanglin Park. The emperor approved it.
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會隗囂用王元計，意更狐疑，援數以書記責譬於囂。囂怨援背己，得書增怒，其後遂發兵拒漢。援乃上疏曰：「臣援自念歸身聖朝，奉事陛下，本無公輔一言之薦，左右為容之助。臣不自陳，陛下何因聞之。夫居前不能令人輊，居後不能令人軒，與人怨不能為人患，臣所恥也。故敢觸冒罪忌，昧死陳誠。臣與隗囂，本實交友。初，囂遣臣東，謂臣曰：『本欲為漢，願足下往觀之。於汝意可，即專心矣。』及臣還反，報以赤心，實欲導之於善，非敢譎以非義。而囂自挾姦心，盜憎主人，怨毒之情遂歸於臣。臣欲不言，則無以上聞。願聽詣行在所，極陳滅囂之術，得空匈腹，申愚策，退就隴畝，死無所恨。」帝乃召援計事，援具言謀畫。因使援將突騎五千，往來游說囂將高峻、任禹之屬，下及羌豪，為陳禍福，以離囂友黨。 |
| | At this time, Wei Xiao followed Wang Yuan's strategy and became more indecisive; Ma Yuan repeatedly sent letters to admonish and advise him. Wei Xiao resented Ma Yuan for turning against him, became even more enraged upon receiving the letters, and later sent troops to resist the Han dynasty. Ma Yuan then submitted a memorial stating: "I, Ma Yuan, have reflected upon my own return to the holy dynasty and service under Your Majesty. Originally, I received no recommendation from any high official or support from those around me. "If I do not speak up myself, how could Your Majesty have heard of it?" "To be in the front and fail to lead others forward, or to be at the back and fail to help raise them up; to hold a grudge against someone but not take action on their behalf—this is what I consider a disgrace." Therefore, I dare to risk punishment and disregard for my life in order to present my sincerity. "I and Wei Xiao were originally true friends." "At first, when Wei Xiao sent me eastward, he told me: 'My original intention was to support the Han dynasty; I wish you would go and observe it.'" "If in your opinion it is feasible, then I will commit myself wholeheartedly.'" "When I returned and reported with sincerity, my true intention was to guide him toward the good; I never dared deceive or act unjustly." "But Wei Xiao harbored treacherous intentions, and like a thief who hates the owner, his resentment and hatred were directed toward me." "If I do not speak out, there will be no way for Your Majesty to learn of it." "I beg that I may be allowed to go where Your Majesty is, and fully present my strategies for defeating Wei Xiao. If I can clear my heart and offer my humble advice, then even if I return to till the fields in Long and die, I will have no regrets." The emperor summoned Ma Yuan for a discussion of affairs, and Ma Yuan fully presented his plans. The emperor then ordered Ma Yuan to lead 5,000 cavalry on a campaign of persuasion, traveling back and forth to address Wei Xiao's generals Gao Jun and Ren Yu among others, as well as the Qiang chieftains. He explained their fortunes and misfortunes in order to divide Wei Xiao from his allies.
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援又為書與囂將楊廣，使曉勸於囂，曰：「春卿無恙。前別冀南，寂無音驛。援閒還長安，因留上林。竊見四海已定，兆民同情，而季孟閉拒背畔，為天下表的。常懼海內切齒，思相屠裂，故遺書戀戀，以致惻隱之計。乃聞季孟歸罪於援，而納王游翁諂邪之說，自謂函谷以西，舉足可定，以今而觀，竟何如邪？援閒至河內，過存伯春，見其奴吉從西方還，說伯春小弟仲舒望見吉，欲問伯春無它否，竟不能言，曉夕號泣，婉轉塵中。又說其家悲愁之狀，不可言也。夫怨讎可刺不可毀，援聞之，不自知泣下也。援素知季孟孝愛，曾、閔不過。夫孝於其親，豈不慈於其子？可有子抱三木，而跳梁妄作，自同分羹之事乎？季孟平生自言所以擁兵眾者，欲以保全父母之國而完墳墓也，又言苟厚士大夫而已。而今所欲全者將破亡之，所欲完者將毀傷之，所欲厚者將反薄之。季孟嘗折愧子陽而不受其爵，今更共陸陸，欲往附之，將難為顏乎？若復責以重質，當安從得子主給是哉！往時子陽獨欲以王相待，而春卿拒之；今者歸老，更欲低頭與小兒曹共槽櫪而食，併肩側身於怨家之朝乎？男兒溺死何傷而拘游哉！今國家待春卿意深，宜使牛孺卿與諸耆老大人共說季孟，若計畫不從，真可引領去矣。前披輿地圖，見天下郡國百有六所，柰何欲以區區二邦以當諸夏百有四乎？春卿事季孟，外有君臣之義，內有朋友之道。言君臣邪，固當諫爭；語朋友邪，應有切磋。豈有知其無成，而但萎腇咋舌，叉手從族乎？及今成計，殊尚善也；過是，欲少味矣。且來君叔天下信士，朝廷重之，其意依依，常獨為西州言。援商朝廷，尤欲立信於此，必不負約。援不得久留，願急賜報。」廣竟不荅。 |
| | Ma Yuan also wrote a letter to Yang Guang, a general of Wei Xiao, asking him to advise Wei Xiao: "Chunqing is well. "Since our last parting in the southern part of Ji, I have heard nothing from you." "I recently returned to Chang'an and stayed at Shanglin." I secretly observe that the four seas have already been pacified, and all the people share a common sentiment. Yet Ji Meng has shut himself off in defiance, setting an example of rebellion for the whole world to follow. I have always feared that people throughout the land would be filled with resentment, eager to tear each other apart. Therefore, I sent this letter with deep concern, hoping to offer a strategy of compassion and restraint. Yet I have now heard that Ji Meng has placed the blame on me and accepted Wang Youweng's flattery and treachery, believing that with a mere step he could control all west of Hangu Pass. Judging by current events, how does this actually stand? While passing through Hedong on his way, Ma Yuan visited Bochun and saw the slave Ji returning from the west. Ji told Bochun that his younger brother Zhongsu had seen Ji and wanted to ask whether Bochun was unharmed, but could not speak a word, weeping day and night in anguish, writhing in dust. Ji also described the sorrowful condition of his family, which was beyond words to express. "Even an enemy can be killed but not defamed." Upon hearing this, Ma Yuan wept without realizing it. Ma Yuan had always known Ji Meng to be filial and affectionate; even Zengzi and Minzi could not surpass him. "If one is filial toward his parents, would he not also be kind to his children?" "How could a son who holds three kinds of shackles behave recklessly and act foolishly, placing himself in the same category as those who split soup with their father?" "Ji Meng has always claimed that the reason he gathered an army was to protect his parents' homeland and preserve their tombs, and also said it was merely for the sake of treating scholars and officials with generosity." "But now, what he wished to protect is about to be destroyed; what he wished to preserve will be damaged; and those whom he intended to treat kindly will instead be treated with neglect." "Ji Meng once refused the title from Ziyang out of shame, but now he is willing to go along with him and wishes to submit. Will it not be difficult for him to face others?" "If you were to demand a heavy ransom again, where would one find such a master who could provide it!" "In the past, Ziyang wished alone to treat you as a king, but Chunqing refused." "Now that he is returning in old age, does he really wish to bow his head and eat from the same trough as these petty men, standing shoulder to shoulder with enemies at court?" "What harm is there if a man drowns? Why should he be bound and confined!" "Now, the state holds deep regard for Chunqing. You should have Niu Ruqing and other respected elders go together to advise Ji Meng. If your plans are not followed, then it is truly time to leave." "Previously, when I examined the map of the world, I saw that there are 106 commanderies and states under heaven. How can you wish to oppose these with merely two small states?" "Chunqing's relationship with Ji Meng is outwardly one of ruler and subject, but inwardly it follows the principles of friendship." "If we speak in terms of ruler and subject, then surely he should offer advice and remonstrate; "if we speak in terms of friendship, there should be earnest discussion and mutual improvement." "How could one know that the endeavor will not succeed yet remain silent, merely nodding in fear with clenched hands and a twitching tongue, following the crowd?" "Now is the time to make plans; it is still very much possible." "Beyond this, there will be little chance left." Moreover, Lai Junshi is a man of trust throughout the world; the court values him highly. His feelings are sincere and he has always spoken specially on behalf of the Western States. Ma Yuan estimated that the imperial court especially wished to establish trust in this matter, and would certainly not break its promise. "I cannot stay for long; I beg Your Majesty to respond quickly." Yang Guang ultimately did not reply.
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八年，帝自西征囂，至漆，諸將多以王師之重，不宜遠入險阻，計冘豫未決。會召援，夜至，帝大喜，引入，具以群議質之。援因說隗囂將帥有土崩之埶，兵進有必破之狀。又於帝前聚米為山谷，指畫形埶，開示眾軍所從道徑往來，分析曲折，昭然可曉。帝曰：「虜在吾目中矣。」明旦，遂進軍至第一，囂眾大潰。 |
| | In the eighth year, the emperor personally led a western expedition against Xiao You, advancing as far as Qi. Many of his generals considered that with the imperial army's great importance, it was not advisable to go deep into dangerous and difficult terrain; thus, their plans were indecisive and delayed. When the emperor summoned Ma Yuan, he arrived at night, and the emperor was greatly pleased. He brought him in and consulted him fully on all the opinions of the generals. Ma Yuan then explained that the commanders under Wei Xiao You were in a state of imminent collapse, and if the army advanced, it would surely achieve victory. He also gathered rice grains before the emperor to form mountains and valleys, pointing out the terrain's features. He demonstrated the routes for the troops' advance and retreat, analyzing the twists and turns in detail so that everything became clearly understandable. The emperor said, "Now I see the enemy as if they were right before my eyes." The next morning, the imperial army advanced to Didi, and Xiao You's forces suffered a major defeat.
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九年，拜援為太中大夫，副來歙監諸將平涼州。自王莽末，西羌寇邊，遂入居塞內，金城屬縣多為虜有。來歙奏言隴西侵殘，非馬援莫能定。十一年夏，璽書拜援隴西太守。援迺發步騎三千人，擊破先零羌於臨洮，斬首數百級，獲馬牛羊萬餘頭。守塞諸羌八千餘人詣援降。諸種有數萬，屯聚寇鈔，拒浩亹隘。援與揚武將軍馬成擊之。羌因將其妻子輜重移阻於允吾谷，援乃潛行閒道，掩赴其營。羌大驚壞，復遠徙唐翼谷中，援復追討之。羌引精兵聚北山上，援陳軍向山，而分遣數百騎繞襲其後，乘夜放火，擊鼓叫譟，虜遂大潰，凡斬首千餘級。援以兵少，不得窮追，收其穀糧畜產而還。援中矢貫脛，帝以璽書勞之，賜牛羊數千頭，援盡班諸賓客。 |
| | In the ninth year, Ma Yuan was appointed Taizhongdafa (Grand Doctor of the Center), and served as deputy to Lai Xi in overseeing the generals in pacifying Liangzhou. Since the end of Wang Mang's reign, western Qiang tribes had raided the borders and gradually settled within the frontier. Many counties under Jincheng Commandery were thus occupied by bandits or hostile forces. Lai Xi submitted a memorial stating that Longxi had been ravaged and ruined, and no one but Ma Yuan could pacify the region. In summer of the eleventh year, an imperial decree was issued appointing Ma Yuan as governor of Longxi Commandery. Ma Yuan then mobilized 3,000 infantry and cavalry troops, defeated the Xianling Qiang at Lintao, beheaded hundreds of their warriors, and captured over ten thousand horses, cattle, and sheep. More than 8,000 Qiang people guarding the frontier came to Ma Yuan's camp to surrender. Numerous tribes totaling tens of thousands gathered in large groups, raiding and plundering, and resisting at the Haomen Pass. Ma Yuan joined forces with Yangwu General Ma Cheng to attack them. The Qiang then moved their wives, children, and supplies into the Yungu Valley for protection. Ma Yuan secretly took a back route to launch a surprise attack on their camp. The Qiang were greatly alarmed and thrown into disarray, retreating further into the Tangyi Valley. Ma Yuan once again pursued and attacked them. The Qiang led their elite troops to gather on the northern mountain. Ma Yuan deployed his army facing the mountain, while sending several hundred cavalrymen around to attack from behind. Under cover of night, they set fire and beat drums, creating a loud commotion, causing the enemy forces to collapse completely; in total, over 1,000 heads were beheaded. Because his troops were few, Ma Yuan could not pursue the enemy to total annihilation; he instead gathered their grain supplies and livestock before returning. Ma Yuan was struck by an arrow that pierced his leg, and the emperor sent a sealed decree to commend him, bestowing thousands of cattle and sheep. Ma Yuan distributed all these gifts among his guests.
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是時，朝臣以金城破羌之西，塗遠多寇，議欲棄之。援上言，破羌以西城多完牢，易可依固；其田土肥壤，灌溉流通。如令羌在湟中，則為害不休，不可棄也。帝然之，於是詔武威太守，令悉還金城客民。歸者三千餘口，使各反舊邑。援奏為置長吏，繕城郭，起塢候，開導水田，勸以耕牧，郡中樂業。又遣羌豪楊封譬說塞外羌，皆來和親。又武都氐人背公孫述來降者，援皆上復其侯王君長，賜印綬，帝悉從之。乃罷馬成軍。 |
| | At that time, court officials considered the area west of Poqiang in Jincheng to be remote and plagued by bandits; they proposed abandoning it. Ma Yuan submitted a memorial, stating that the cities west of Poqiang were mostly intact and strong, making them easy to rely on for defense; the land was fertile with good irrigation systems. If the Qiang remain in Huangzhong, they will continue to cause harm without end; we cannot abandon this region. The emperor agreed with his opinion and thus issued an edict to the governor of Wuwei, ordering him to return all displaced civilians from Jincheng. Over 3,000 people returned, and were allowed to go back to their original hometowns. Ma Yuan recommended the appointment of officials, repaired city walls and fortifications, established watchtowers for defense, opened up irrigation fields, encouraged farming and animal husbandry, and thus brought peace and prosperity to the region. He also sent a Qiang chieftain named Yang Feng to pacify and persuade the Qiang beyond the frontier, who all came forward for peaceful relations. Also, the Di people from Wudu who defected from Gongsun Shu and surrendered to Ma Yuan were all recommended by him for restoration of their titles as marquises, kings, or chieftains, with seals and sashes bestowed upon them; the emperor approved all these recommendations. Thus, Ma Cheng's military forces were disbanded.
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十三年，武都參狼羌與塞外諸種為寇，殺長吏。援將四千餘人擊之，至氐道縣，羌在山上，援軍據便地，奪其水草，不與戰，羌遂窮困，豪帥數十萬戶亡出塞，諸種萬餘人悉降，於是隴右清靜。 |
| | In the thirteenth year, the Sanlang Qiang of Wudu and various tribes beyond the frontier launched raids, killing local officials. Ma Yuan led more than 4,000 troops to attack them and arrived at Didaoxian. The Qiang were on the mountains, so Ma Yuan's army occupied a favorable position, seized their water sources and pastures, but did not engage in battle. As a result, the Qiang became desperate and exhausted; dozens of chieftains with hundreds of thousands of households fled beyond the frontier. Over 10,000 members from various tribes surrendered, and thus Longyou was restored to peace and tranquility.
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援務開寬信，恩以待下，任吏以職，但總大體而已。賓客故人，日滿其門。諸曹時白外事，援輒曰：「此丞、掾之任，何足相煩。頗哀老子，使得遨游。若大姓侵小民，黠羌欲旅距，此乃太守事耳。」傍縣嘗有報仇者，吏民驚言羌反，百姓奔入城郭。狄道長詣門，請閉城發兵。援時與賓客飲，大笑曰：「燒虜何敢復犯我。曉狄道長歸守寺舍，良怖急者，可床下伏。」後稍定，郡中服之。視事六年，徵入為虎賁中郎將。 |
| | Ma Yuan focused on maintaining an open and trustworthy attitude, treating his subordinates with kindness, assigning officials to their duties according to their responsibilities, and merely overseeing the overall situation. Scholars and old friends filled his door every day. When officials from various departments occasionally reported external affairs, Ma Yuan would often say, "This is the responsibility of the magistrates and clerks; there is no need to trouble you." "I am quite pitiful for my old self, allowing me to wander freely." "If a powerful family oppresses the common people or if cunning Qiang tribes attempt to resist collectively, that is my responsibility as governor." A neighboring county once had a case of revenge-taking, and officials and civilians panicked, claiming the Qiang were rebelling. The common people fled into the city walls in alarm. The magisterial official of Didao came to Ma Yuan's gate, requesting that the city be closed and troops mobilized. At the time, Ma Yuan was drinking with his guests and laughed heartily, saying, "How dare these bandits attack us again." "Tell the magisterial official of Didiao to return and guard his office. If he is truly frightened, let him hide under a bed." Later, when things gradually calmed down, the people in the commandery came to respect Ma Yuan for it. After serving for six years, he was summoned back and appointed as Huhen Zhonglangjiang (General of the Tiger 贲 Corps).
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初，援在隴西上書，言宜如舊鑄五銖錢。事下三府，三府奏以為未可許，事遂寑。及援還，從公府求得前奏，難十餘條，乃隨牒解釋，更具表言。帝從之，天下賴其便。援自還京師，數被進見。為人明須髮，眉目如畫。閑於進對，尤善述前世行事。每言及三輔長者，下至閭里少年，皆可觀聽。自皇太子、諸王侍聞者，莫不屬耳忘倦。又善兵策，帝常言「伏波論兵，與我意合」，每有所謀，未嘗不用。 |
| | Initially, while in Longxi, Ma Yuan submitted a memorial to the throne stating that it was advisable to resume casting the wuzhu coins as before. The matter was referred to the Three Offices, which jointly submitted a memorial stating it should not be approved; thus, the proposal remained unresolved and shelved. When Ma Yuan returned, he obtained his previous memorial from the official archives, reviewed more than ten objections raised by the Three Offices, and then submitted a new detailed explanation along with another formal petition. The emperor followed his recommendation, and people throughout the land benefited from this decision. After returning to the capital, Ma Yuan was frequently summoned for audiences with the emperor. He had clear and bright eyebrows and beard, his features as finely drawn as a painting. He was eloquent in presenting himself before the emperor and especially skilled at recounting past events from previous dynasties. Whenever he spoke of elder statesmen in the Three Fu regions, down to young men in the common neighborhoods, his words were always worth listening to. The crown prince and various princes who listened to him attentively never tired of it, hanging on every word with rapt attention. He was also skilled in military strategy; the emperor often said, "General Fubo's discussions on warfare align perfectly with my own thoughts," and whenever there were plans to be made, he never failed to follow Ma Yuan's advice.
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初，卷人維汜，訞言稱神，有弟子數百人，坐伏誅。後其弟子李廣等宣言汜神化不死，以誑惑百姓。十七年，遂共聚會徒黨，攻沒晥城，殺晥侯劉閔，自稱「南岳大師」。遣謁者張宗將兵數千人討之，復為廣所敗。於是使援發諸郡兵，合萬餘人，擊破廣等，斬之。 |
| | Initially, a man named Wei Si from Juan spread false prophecies and claimed to be divine, with hundreds of disciples. He was executed for his crimes. Later, his disciple Li Guang and others proclaimed that Wei Si had transformed into a divine being and was immortal, deceiving the common people. In the seventeenth year, they gathered their followers and launched an attack on Wancheng, capturing it and killing Duke Liu Min of Wan. They proclaimed themselves as "Nanyue Dashī" (Great Master of Nanyue). The emperor sent Yezha Zhang Zong with several thousand troops to suppress them, but they were again defeated by Li Guang. The emperor then ordered Ma Yuan to mobilize forces from various commanderies, uniting over 10,000 soldiers. They defeated Li Guang and his followers, beheading them.
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又交阯女子徵側及女弟徵貳反，攻沒其郡，九真、日南、合浦蠻夷皆應之，寇略嶺外六十餘城，側自立為王。於是璽書拜援伏波將軍，以扶樂侯劉隆為副，督樓船將軍段志等南擊交阯。軍至合浦而志病卒，詔援并將其兵。遂緣海而進，隨山刊道千餘里。十八年春，軍至浪泊上，與賊戰，破之，斬首數千級，降者萬餘人。援追徵側等至禁谿，數敗之，賊遂散走。明年正月，斬徵側、徵貳，傳首洛陽。封援為新息侯，食邑三千戶。援乃擊牛釃酒，勞饗軍士。從容謂官屬曰：「吾從弟少游常哀吾慷慨多大志，曰：『士生一世，但取衣食裁足，乘下澤車，御款段馬，為郡掾史，守墳墓，鄉里稱善人，斯可矣。致求盈餘，但自苦耳。』當吾在浪泊、西里閒，虜未滅之時，下潦上霧，毒氣重蒸，仰視飛鳶跕跕墯水中，臥念少游平生時語，何可得也！今賴士大夫之力，被蒙大恩，猥先諸君紆佩金紫，且喜且慚。」吏士皆伏稱萬歲。 |
| | Meanwhile, a woman named Zhengze from Jiaozhi and her younger sister Zhenger rebelled, capturing their commandery. The Miao and Yi tribes of Jiuzhen, Rinan, and Hepu all joined them in revolt, raiding more than sixty cities beyond the Lingnan region. Zhengze declared herself queen. The emperor then issued an imperial decree appointing Ma Yuan as Fubo General, with Fu Le Hou Liu Long as his deputy, to oversee General Duan Zhi of the Louchuan Army and others in their southern campaign against Jiaozhi. When the army reached Hepu, General Duan Zhi fell ill and died; an imperial decree ordered Ma Yuan to take command of his troops as well. The army then advanced along the coast, cutting a path through the mountains for over a thousand li. In spring of the eighteenth year, Ma Yuan's army arrived at Langbo and engaged in battle with the rebels. They defeated them, beheading thousands of their soldiers, and over ten thousand surrendered. Ma Yuan pursued Zhengze and her forces to Jinxi, defeating them repeatedly, causing the rebels to scatter and flee. The following January, Ma Yuan beheaded Zhengze and Zhenger, sending their heads to Luoyang for display. Ma Yuan was enfeoffed as Xinxi Marquis, with a fief of 3,000 households. Ma Yuan then slaughtered oxen and brewed wine to entertain and reward his soldiers. With composure, he told his officials: "My younger cousin Shaoyou often lamented my boldness and lofty ambitions. He once said, 'A man's life in this world should only seek enough for food and clothing. Riding a modest carriage, driving a humble horse, serving as an official in the commandery or county, guarding one's ancestral tomb, and being praised by his neighbors as a good person—this is sufficient.'" "To pursue more than enough brings only hardship upon oneself." "When I was in Langbo and Xili, when the enemy had not yet been defeated, the low-lying areas were flooded and thick fog hung above. Poisonous vapors rose heavily; looking up, I saw kites fluttering and falling into the water. Lying there, I recalled my cousin Shaoyou's words from his quiet life—how unattainable they now seemed!" "Now, thanks to the efforts of my fellow officials, I have received great favor from His Majesty. To be so undeservingly honored before all of you with gold and purple insignia brings me both joy and shame." The officers and soldiers all prostrated themselves, shouting "Ten thousand years!" in homage.
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援將樓船大小二千餘艘，戰士二萬餘人，進擊九真賊徵側餘黨都羊等，自無功至居風，斬獲五千餘人，嶠南悉平。援奏言西于縣戶有三萬二千，遠界去庭千餘里，請分為封溪、望海二縣，許之。援所過輒為郡縣治城郭，穿渠灌溉，以利其民。條奏越律與漢律駮者十餘事，與越人申明舊制以約束之，自後駱越奉行馬將軍故事。 |
| | Ma Yuan led a fleet of more than 2,000 large and small ships, with over 20,000 warriors, to attack the remnants of Zhengze's forces in Jiuzhen—such as Duyang. From Wugong to Jufeng, they beheaded or captured more than 5,000 rebels, bringing complete peace to Qiao Nan (the southern part of the mountain range). Ma Yuan submitted a report stating that Xiyu Xian had 32,000 households, with its distant frontier over one thousand li from the commandery seat. He requested to divide it into Fengxi and Wanghai counties; this was approved. Whenever Ma Yuan passed through a region, he would immediately oversee the construction of city walls and fortifications for the commanderies and counties, dig canals for irrigation, and thereby benefit the local people. He submitted a detailed report listing more than ten instances where the local laws of the Yue people conflicted with Han law. He clarified these differences to the Yue people, reiterating the old regulations as a means of restraint. From then on, the Luoyue people followed the precedents set by General Ma Yuan.
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二十年秋，振旅還京師，軍吏經瘴疫死者十四五。賜援兵車一乘，朝見位次九卿。 |
| | In autumn of the twentieth year, after a victorious campaign, Ma Yuan led his troops back to the capital; among the military officers and men, about one in ten had died from malarial diseases. The emperor granted Ma Yuan a ceremonial chariot for his troops, and when he appeared at court audiences, his rank was placed among the Nine Ministers.
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援好騎，善別名馬，於交阯得駱越銅鼓，乃鑄為馬式，還上之。因表曰：「夫行天莫如龍，行地莫如馬。馬者甲兵之本，國之大用。安寧則以別尊卑之序，有變則以濟遠近之難。昔有騏驥，一日千里，伯樂見之，昭然不惑。近世有西河子輿，亦明相法。子輿傳西河儀長孺，長孺傳茂陵丁君都，君都傳成紀楊子阿，臣援嘗師事子阿，受相馬骨法。考之於事，輒有驗效。臣愚以為傳聞不如親見，視景不如察形。今欲形之於生馬，則骨法難備具，又不可傳之於後。孝武皇帝時，善相馬者東門京鑄作銅馬法獻之，有詔立馬於魯班門外，則更名魯班門曰金馬門。臣謹依儀氏昙，中帛氏口齒，謝氏脣舰，丁氏身中，備此數家骨相以為法。」馬高三尺五寸，圍四尺五寸。有詔置於宣德殿下，以為名馬式焉。 |
| | Ma Yuan loved horseback riding and was skilled at identifying famous horses. In Jiaozhi, he acquired a bronze drum from the Luoyue people and had it cast into a model of a fine horse, which he then presented to the emperor upon his return. He also submitted a memorial stating: "Nothing travels through the heavens better than the dragon; nothing traverses the earth better than the horse." "Horses are the foundation of armor and weapons, a vital asset to the state. In times of peace they distinguish ranks and hierarchy; in times of crisis they help overcome difficulties near and far." "In the past, there were Qiji horses that could travel a thousand li in one day. When Bole saw them, he recognized their excellence clearly and without doubt." "In recent times there was Xihe Ziyu, who also understood the art of identifying fine horses." "Ziyu passed his knowledge to Xihe Yichangru, who in turn passed it on to Maoling Ding Jundou. Jundou then taught Chengji Yangzi A, and I, Ma Yuan, once served as a student of Yangzi A and learned the method of identifying horses by their bone structure." "When tested in practice, these methods always proved effective." In my humble opinion, hearsay is not as reliable as direct observation; watching a shadow is not as accurate as examining the actual form. "Now, if we wish to describe these features on living horses, it is difficult to fully capture all the bone structures, and such knowledge cannot be easily passed down." During the reign of Emperor Wu, a skilled horse appraiser named Dongmen Jing cast a bronze model of an ideal horse and presented it to the throne. An imperial decree was issued to erect this bronze horse outside Lübān Gate, which was then renamed Jinma Men (Golden Horse Gate). "I have carefully followed Yishi Tan, Zhongbo Shi's mouth and teeth, Xie Shi's lips and jaw, Ding Shi's body structure, and combined the bone features from these several schools to form this method." The horse is three chi five cun in height and four chi five cun around its girth. An imperial decree was issued to place it beneath Xuande Hall, where it would serve as a model for fine horses.
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初，援軍還，將至，故人多迎勞之，平陵人孟冀，名有計謀，於坐賀援。援謂之曰：「吾望子有善言，反同眾人邪？昔伏波將軍路博德開置七郡，裁封數百戶；今我微勞，猥饗大縣，功薄賞厚，何以能長久乎？先生奚用相濟？」冀曰：「愚不及。」援曰：「方今匈奴、烏桓尚擾北邊，欲自請擊之。男兒要當死於邊野，以馬革裹屍還葬耳，何能臥床上在兒女子手中邪？」冀曰：「諒為烈士，當如此矣。」 |
| | Initially, when Ma Yuan's army returned and was about to arrive, many of his old friends came out to greet and welcome him. Meng Ji from Pingling, known for his strategic mind, congratulated Ma Yuan at the gathering. Ma Yuan said to him, "I had hoped you would offer some wise words, yet instead you are no different from the common crowd?" "In the past, General Fubo Lu Bode established seven commanderies and was only granted a fief of several hundred households; " "now I have achieved little merit, yet I inconsiderately enjoy the great privilege of a large county. My contributions are slight while my rewards are heavy—how can this endure for long?" "What then must Master do to assist me?" Meng Ji replied, "I am too foolish to understand." Ma Yuan said, "At present, the Xiongnu and Wuhuan still trouble our northern borders. I wish to volunteer for a campaign against them." "A man should die on the battlefield, wrapped in his horse's hide and returned for burial. How could I lie on my bed to be tended by women?" Meng Ji said, "Indeed, a true hero should act in this manner."
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還月餘，會匈奴、烏桓寇扶風，援以三輔侵擾，園陵危逼，因請行，許之。自九月至京師，十二月復出屯襄國。詔百官祖道。援謂黃門郎梁松、竇固曰：「凡人為貴，當使可賤，如卿等欲不可復賤，居高堅自持，勉思鄙言。」松後果以貴滿致災，固亦幾不免。 |
| | After returning for more than a month, he coincidentally encountered the Xiongnu and Wuhuans raiding Fufeng. Ma Yuan, concerned that the Three Fu regions were being disturbed and the imperial mausoleums endangered, requested to lead an expedition, which was granted. From the ninth month he arrived at the capital, and in the twelfth month he set out again to station troops at Xiangguo. An imperial decree ordered all government officials to see him off on his journey. Ma Yuan said to Huangmen Lang Liang Song and Dou Gu, "When a man is honored with high status, he should act as if he were humble. If you wish to remain above reproach and not be brought low, then while in positions of power, hold fast to integrity and diligence. Strive to keep my words in mind." Liang Song later indeed suffered misfortune due to his arrogance from wealth and status, and Dou Gu was nearly unable to avoid the same fate.
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明年秋，援乃將三千騎出高柳，行鴈門、代郡、上谷障塞。烏桓候者見漢軍至，虜遂散去，援無所得而還。 |
| | The following autumn, Ma Yuan led 3,000 cavalry out from Gaoliu and inspected the fortifications along Yanmen, Dai Jun, and Shanggu. When the Wuhuan scouts saw that Han troops had arrived, the bandits dispersed, and Ma Yuan returned without having captured anyone.
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援嘗有疾，梁松來候之，獨拜床下，援不荅。松去後，諸子問曰：「梁伯孫帝婿，貴重朝廷，公卿已下莫不憚之，大人柰何獨不為禮？」援曰：「我乃松父友也。雖貴，何得失其序乎？」松由是恨之。 |
| | Ma Yuan once fell ill, and Liang Song came to visit him, bowing alone before his bed, but Ma Yuan did not respond. After Liang Song left, Ma Yuan's sons asked him, "Liang Bousun is the emperor's son-in-law and holds great power in court. Even high-ranking officials fear him. Why did you alone fail to show him proper courtesy?" Ma Yuan said, "I was a friend of Liang Song's father." "Though he is now powerful, how can I allow him to lose the proper order of respect?" Liang Song therefore bore a grudge against him.
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二十四年，武威將軍劉尚擊武陵五溪蠻夷，深入，軍沒，援因復請行。時年六十二，帝愍其老，未許之。援自請曰；「臣尚能被甲上馬。」帝令試之。援據鞍顧眄，以示可用。帝笑曰：「矍鑠哉是翁也！」遂遣援率中郎將馬武、耿舒、劉匡、孫永等，將十二郡募士及弛刑四萬餘人征五溪。援夜與送者訣，謂友人謁者杜愔曰：「吾受厚恩，年迫餘日索，常恐不得死國事。今獲所願，甘心瞑目，但畏長者家兒或在左右，或與從事，殊難得調；介介獨惡是耳。」明年春，軍至臨鄉，遇賊攻縣，援迎擊，破之，斬獲二千餘人，皆散走入竹林中。 |
| | In the twenty-fourth year, General Wuwei Liu Shang attacked the Wuxi Miao people of Wuling and advanced too deeply, resulting in his entire army being wiped out. Ma Yuan therefore once again requested to lead a campaign. At that time he was 62 years old; the emperor felt pity for his age and did not approve his request. Ma Yuan made a self-pleading statement, saying: "I am still able to don armor and mount my horse." The emperor ordered him to demonstrate. Ma Yuan mounted his horse, looked around with confidence, and showed that he was still capable of service. The emperor laughed and said, "How vigorous this old man is!" He then dispatched Ma Yuan to lead Zhonglangjiang Ma Wu, Geng Shu, Liu Kuang, Sun Yong and others, commanding more than 40,000 volunteers from twelve commanderies as well as convicts released for military service, to campaign against the Wuxi region. At night, Ma Yuan bid farewell to those who came to see him off. He told his friend Yezhe Du Yin, "I have received great favors from the court, and with my years drawing near their end, I often fear that I may not be able to die for the state." "Now, my wish has been fulfilled; I can now rest in peace. But I fear that the sons of noble families who may be serving at court or accompanying me on this campaign will prove difficult to manage;" "this is my only concern." The following spring, the army arrived at Linxiang and encountered bandits attacking the county. Ma Yuan led a counterattack, defeating them, killing or capturing more than 2,000 people; the survivors scattered into bamboo forests.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
初，軍次下雋，有兩道可入，從壺頭則路近而水嶮，從充則塗夷而運遠，帝初以為疑。及軍至，耿舒欲從充道，援以為棄日費糧，不如進壺頭，搤其喉咽，充賊自破。以事上之，帝從援策。三月，進營壺頭。賊乘高守隘，水疾，船不得上。會暑甚。士卒多疫死，援亦中病，遂困，乃穿岸為室，以避炎氣。賊每升險鼓譟，援輒曳足以觀之，左右哀其壯意，莫不為之流涕。耿舒與兄好畤侯弇書曰：「前舒上書當先擊充，糧雖難運而兵馬得用，軍人數萬爭欲先奮。今壺頭竟不得進，大眾怫鬱行死，誠可痛惜。前到臨鄉，賊無故自致，若夜擊之，即可殄滅。伏波類西域賈胡，到一處輒止，以是失利。今果疾疫，皆如舒言。」弇得書，奏之。帝乃使虎賁中郎將梁松乘驛責問援，因代監軍。會援病卒，松宿懷不平，遂因事陷之。帝大怒，追收援新息侯印綬。 |
| | Initially, when the army was stationed at Xiajun, there were two possible routes to take. One led through Houtu, which was shorter but had dangerous waters; the other passed through Chong, which was easier terrain but required a longer supply route. The emperor initially hesitated between these options. When the army arrived, Geng Shu wanted to take the Chong route. Ma Yuan considered this choice a waste of time and provisions, arguing that it was better to advance through Houtu and seize control of their strategic passageway; once they did so, the bandits in Chong would collapse on their own. He submitted this matter for imperial approval, and the emperor followed Ma Yuan's strategy. In March, the army advanced to set up camp at Houtu. The bandits occupied high ground and controlled the narrow pass; the river was swift, making it impossible for boats to proceed upstream. Coincidentally, the weather became extremely hot at that time. Many of the soldiers died from disease, and Ma Yuan himself fell ill as a result. He became trapped in this situation and had no choice but to dig into the riverbank to create a shelter, using it to avoid the intense heat. Whenever the bandits climbed high ground and shouted in defiance, Ma Yuan would drag himself up to observe them. Those around him were moved by his indomitable spirit, and many wept for him. Geng Shu wrote a letter to his elder brother, Haozhi Hou Geng Yan, saying: "Earlier I submitted a memorial suggesting we strike Chong first. Although transporting supplies would be difficult, our troops and horses could still be effectively used, and tens of thousands of soldiers eagerly wished to take the lead." "Now we have failed to advance at Houtu, and our large force is becoming frustrated and dying in place. This is truly a cause for sorrow and regret." "When we first arrived at Linxiang, the bandits came to us without reason. If we had attacked them by night, they could have been completely destroyed." "General Fubo is like a merchant from the Western Regions—he stops wherever he goes, and this has led to our loss." "Now, as expected, disease has broken out. Everything has turned out just as I predicted," said Geng Shu. Geng Yan received the letter and submitted it to the throne. The emperor then dispatched Hubei Zhonglangjiang Liang Song by imperial courier to question Ma Yuan and appointed him as the new military supervisor in his place. Coincidentally, Ma Yuan died of illness at this time. Liang Song had long harbored resentment and took the opportunity to falsely accuse him. The emperor was furious and ordered that Ma Yuan's seal of the Xinxi Hou title be retrieved and revoked.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
初，兄子嚴、敦並喜譏議，而通輕俠客。援前在交阯，還書誡之曰：「吾欲汝曹聞人過失，如聞父母之名，耳可得聞，口不可得言也。好論議人長短，妄是非正法，此吾所大惡也，寧死不願聞子孫有此行也。汝曹知吾惡之甚矣，所以復言者，施衿結褵，申父母之戒，欲使汝曹不忘之耳。龍伯高敦厚周慎，口無擇言，謙約節儉，廉公有威，吾愛之重之，願汝曹效之。杜季良豪俠好義，憂人之憂，樂人之樂，清濁無所失，父喪致客，數郡畢至，吾愛之重之，不願汝曹效也。效伯高不得，猶為謹敕之士，所謂刻鵠不成尚類鶩者也。效季良不得，陷為天下輕薄子，所謂畫虎不成反類狗者也。訖今季良尚未可知，郡將下車輒切齒，州郡以為言，吾常為寒心，是以不願子孫效也。」季良名保，京兆人，時為越騎司馬。保仇人上書，訟保「為行浮薄，亂群惑眾，伏波將軍萬里還書以誡兄子，而梁松、竇固以之交結，將扇其輕偽，敗亂諸夏」。書奏，帝召責松、固，以訟書及援誡書示之，松、固叩頭流血，而得不罪。詔免保官。伯高名述，亦京兆人，為山都長，由此擢拜零陵太守。 |
| | Initially, his nephew Ma Yan and Ma Dun both enjoyed making sarcastic remarks and were fond of associating with reckless ruffians. Before, when Ma Yuan was stationed in Jiaozhi, he wrote a letter to admonish them: "I wish for you all to hear of others' faults as one hears the names of one's parents—your ears may receive it, but your mouths must not utter it. "Enjoying to discuss the merits and faults of others, recklessly judging what is right or wrong according to law—this is something I despise greatly. Rather than live, I would rather not hear that my descendants ever behave in such a way." "You all know how strongly I dislike this behavior. The reason I repeat it is to give you the final instructions, like a mother fastening her daughter's robe before marriage—reiterating my parents' warnings—to ensure that you never forget." Long Bogao is sincere, cautious, and careful in his words; he speaks with restraint, lives modestly, practices frugality, maintains integrity, and commands respect. I love and admire him deeply, and wish for you all to emulate him. Du Jiliang is a bold and chivalrous man who values righteousness, shares others' worries and joys, and maintains balance in all things. When his father died, he invited guests, and people from several commanderies came to mourn with him. I love and respect him deeply; however, I do not wish for you to follow his example. "If you fail to emulate Bogao, you will still become a cautious and upright man—this is what I mean by 'failing to carve a goose but still resembling a duck.'" "But if you fail to emulate Jiliang, you will fall into the ranks of the reckless and superficial men in society—this is what I call 'failing to paint a tiger but ending up resembling a dog.'" "To this day, it is still uncertain what will become of Jiliang. Whenever a new official arrives in the commandery, he immediately expresses deep resentment toward him; local authorities have spoken against him, and I often feel chilled by these developments. This is why I do not wish my descendants to follow his path." Jiliang's courtesy name was Bao, and he was a native of Jingzhao. At that time, he served as Shima of Yueqi Commandery. A rival of Bao submitted a memorial accusing him, claiming that "Bao's conduct is frivolous and deceitful; he confuses the people and leads them astray. General Fubo Ma Yuan sent a letter from thousands of li away to warn his nephew, yet Liang Song and Dou Gu associate with him, intending to spread this reckless falsehood and corrupt the Han." When the memorial was submitted, the emperor summoned and reprimanded Liang Song and Dou Gu. He showed them both the accusation and Ma Yuan's warning letter. After Liang Song and Dou Gu kowtowed until blood flowed from their heads, they were spared punishment. An imperial decree was issued dismissing Bao from his post. Bogao's courtesy name was Shu, and he too was a native of Jingzhao; at that time, he served as Sandou Chang. Because of this incident, he was promoted to Taishou of Lingling Commandery.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
初，援在交阯，常餌薏苡實，用能輕身省慾，以勝瘴氣。南方薏苡實大，援欲以為種，軍還，載之一車。時人以為南土珍怪，權貴皆望之。援時方有寵，故莫以聞。及卒後，有上書譖之者，以為前所載還，皆明珠文犀。馬武與於陵侯侯昱等皆以章言其狀，帝益怒。援妻孥惶懼，不敢以喪還舊塋，裁買城西數畝地槁葬而已。賓客故人莫敢弔會。嚴與援妻子草索相連，詣闕請罪。帝乃出松書以示之，方知所坐，上書訴冤，前後六上，辭甚哀切，然後得葬。 |
| | Initially, when Ma Yuan served in Jiaozhi, he often consumed the seeds of yiyi (a type of plant), which were believed to lighten the body and reduce desires, helping one resist malarial vapors. The yiyi seeds in southern regions are large, so Ma Yuan wanted to bring some back as seedlings. When his army returned, he loaded a cart full of them. At the time, people regarded these southern yiyi seeds as rare and precious treasures, and powerful officials all coveted them. Ma Yuan was then in high favor with the court, so no one dared to report this matter. After his death, someone submitted a false accusation against him, claiming that what he had previously transported back were all precious pearls and rhinoceros horns. Ma Wu and Hou Yu, Marquis of Yuling, along with others submitted memorials detailing the situation, which only further enraged the emperor. Ma Yuan's wife and children were terrified; they dared not return his body to be buried at the ancestral tomb, but instead bought only a few mu of land west of the city for a simple burial. Friends and guests who had once been close dared not attend his funeral or offer condolences. Ma Yan, along with Ma Yuan's wife and children, tied themselves together with coarse ropes and went to the palace gate to plead for clemency. The emperor then produced Liang Song's letter and showed it to them, at which they finally understood the cause of their punishment. They submitted petitions appealing for justice, doing so six times in total, each time with deeply sorrowful words; only after this did they gain permission to properly bury Ma Yuan.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
又前雲陽令同郡朱勃詣闕上書曰： |
| | Another person, Zhu Bo, former Yunyang Ling and a native of the same commandery as Ma Yuan, also went to court and submitted a memorial saying:
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| | 馬援列傳: |
臣聞王德聖政，不忘人之功，採其一美，不求備於眾。故高祖赦蒯通而以王禮葬田橫，大臣曠然，咸不自疑。夫大將在外，讒言在內，微過輒記，大功不計，誠為國之所慎也。故章邯畏口而奔楚，燕將據聊而不下。豈其甘心末規哉，悼巧言之傷類也。 |
| | "I have heard that in the virtuous rule of a wise emperor, one does not forget the contributions of his subjects. He recognizes even a single virtue and does not demand perfection from all." Therefore, Emperor Gaozu pardoned Kuaitong and honored Tian Heng with the rites of a king; his ministers were thus reassured and free from suspicion. "When great generals are on campaign, yet slander is spread within the court—minor faults are remembered while major achievements are ignored. This must be a matter of grave concern for the state." "For this reason, Zhang Han fled to Chu out of fear of false accusations, and the Yan general held onto Liaocheng but refused to surrender. "It was not that they were content with such a poor strategy, but rather out of sorrow for the harm caused by deceitful words."
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| | 馬援列傳: |
竊見故伏波將軍新息侯馬援，拔自西州，欽慕聖義，閒關險難，觸冒萬死，孤立群貴之閒，傍無一言之佐，馳深淵，入虎口，豈顧計哉！寧自知當要七郡之使，徼封侯之福邪？八年，車駕西討隗囂，國計狐疑，眾營未集，援建宜進之策，卒破西州。及吳漢下隴，冀路斷隔，唯獨狄道為國堅守，士民飢困，寄命漏刻。援奉詔西使，鎮慰邊眾，乃招集豪傑，曉誘羌戎，謀如涌泉，埶如轉規，遂救倒縣之急，存幾亡之城，兵全師進，因糧敵人，隴、冀略平，而獨守空郡，兵動有功，師進輒克。銖鋤先零，緣入山谷，猛怒力戰，飛矢貫脛。又出征交阯，土多瘴氣，援與妻子生訣，無悔吝之心，遂斬滅徵側，克平一州。閒復南討，立陷臨鄉，師已有業，未竟而死，吏士雖疫，援不獨存。夫戰或以久而立功，或以速而致敗，深入未必為得，不進未必為非。人情豈樂久屯絕地，不生歸哉！惟援得事朝廷二十二年，北出塞漠，南度江海，觸冒害氣，僵死軍事，名滅爵絕，國土不傳。海內不知其過，眾庶未聞其毀，卒遇三夫之言，橫被誣罔之讒，家屬杜門，葬不歸墓，怨隙並興，宗親怖慄。死者不能自列，生者莫為之訟，臣竊傷之。 |
| | "I secretly observe the late General Fubo, Marquis of Xinxi, Ma Yuan. He was raised from the western regions and deeply admired virtue and righteousness. Despite countless hardships and dangers, he risked his life a thousand times over to stand alone among powerful nobles without any support or allies. He rushed into deep abysses and entered the jaws of tigers—was this out of calculation?" "Did he himself know that he would be entrusted with commanding seven commanderies or receive the blessings of a marquis title?" In the eighth year, when the imperial procession marched west to campaign against Wei Qiao, there was hesitation in military planning and the various camps had not yet assembled. Ma Yuan proposed a strategy for immediate advancement, which ultimately led to the defeat of the western regions. When Wu Han captured Long, the roads to Ji were cut off, and only Didaodao remained steadfastly loyal to the state. The soldiers and civilians there suffered from hunger and hardship, their survival hanging by a thread. Ma Yuan, following an imperial decree to travel westward, went to pacify and comfort the people on the frontier. He gathered local leaders, persuaded the Qiang and Rong tribes with words of reason, his strategies flowing like a spring and his tactics as smooth as turning a compass. Thus he relieved the desperate situation in the region, saved a city on the brink of destruction, preserved an army that was nearly lost, and sustained his troops by seizing supplies from the enemy. The regions of Long and Ji were thus largely pacified; alone he held an empty commandery, and wherever he moved with his forces, they achieved success, and every campaign advanced to victory. He struck at the Xianling tribes first, leading his forces into mountain valleys with determination and fierce combat, suffering an arrow wound through his shins. He also led a campaign to Jiaozhi, where the land was filled with malarial vapors. Ma Yuan bid farewell to his wife and children as if they were already dead, without regret or hesitation, and ultimately defeated Trưng Trắc, bringing peace to an entire province. Later, when he again led a southern campaign and his forces were suddenly trapped at Linxiang, the army had already achieved much, yet their mission was unfinished when Ma Yuan died. Though soldiers and officials fell ill, Ma Yuan did not survive alone. In warfare, sometimes victory is achieved through prolonged campaigns, and sometimes defeat results from hasty actions. Going deep into enemy territory does not necessarily mean success, nor does refraining from advancing necessarily indicate a mistake. How could people willingly remain for long in an isolated and desolate land without longing to return home! Ma Yuan served the imperial court for twenty-two years, marching north beyond the deserts and south across rivers and seas. He braved harmful vapors and perished in military service; his name was erased from records, his title extinguished, and his ancestral lands were not passed on. Within the empire, no one knew of his faults; the common people had not heard any accusations against him. Yet suddenly he encountered the words of three men and was falsely slandered without cause. His family locked their doors in shame, unable to return for burial rites at his ancestral tomb. Resentment and discord arose, and even relatives trembled with fear. The dead cannot defend themselves, and the living find no one to speak in their defense; I secretly grieve for this.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
夫明主醲於用賞，約於用刑。高祖嘗與陳平金四萬斤以閒楚軍，不問出入所為，豈復疑以錢穀閒哉？夫操孔父之忠而不能自免於讒，此鄒陽之所悲也。《》云：「取彼讒人，投畀豺虎，谥虎不食，投畀有北。有北不受，投畀有昊。」此言欲令上天而平其惡。惟陛下留思豎儒之言，無使功臣懷恨黃泉。臣聞春秋之義，罪以功除；聖王之祀，臣有五義。若援，所謂以死勤事者也。願下公卿平援功罪，宜絕宜續，以厭海內之望。 |
| | An enlightened ruler is generous with rewards but cautious in the use of punishment. Emperor Gaozu once gave Chen Ping four thousand catties of gold to sow discord within the Chu army, without inquiring into how it was spent. How could he then be suspected for using money and grain for such purposes? To possess the loyalty of Kongfu yet still fall victim to slander—this is what Zou Yang lamented. The Book of Songs says: "Seize that slanderer, cast him to the jackals and tigers. If even they will not eat him, then cast him beyond the northern lands." "If the northern lands will not accept him, cast him into the hands of Shangdi (the Supreme Deity)." This means that one wishes to entrust heaven itself to punish such wickedness. May Your Majesty reflect on the words of this humble scholar and not allow meritorious subjects to harbor resentment in the netherworld. I have heard that according to the principles of Spring and Autumn Annals, crimes may be expiated by merit; the worship of a sage king is honored through five virtues of his subjects. Ma Yuan was precisely the kind of subject who died serving with diligence and devotion. I pray that Your Majesty will order the Grand Council to assess Ma Yuan's merits and faults, deciding whether his titles should be abolished or restored, so as to satisfy the expectations of all under heaven.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
臣年已六十，常伏田里，竊感欒布哭彭越之義，冒陳悲憤，戰慄闕庭。 |
| | I am now over sixty years old, and have long lived in obscurity among the fields. I secretly feel moved by Luantu Bu's act of mourning Peng Yue with loyalty, so I dare to present my sorrow and indignation, trembling before Your Majesty's court.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
書奏，報，歸田里。書奏，報，歸田里。 |
| | When the memorial was presented, an imperial response was given, allowing him to return to his fields in retirement. The memorial was submitted; a reply was received, and he returned to live among the common people in the countryside.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
勃字叔陽，年十二能誦詩、書。常候援兄況。勃衣方領，能矩步，辭言嫺雅，援裁知書，見之自失。況知其意，乃自酌酒慰援曰：「朱勃小器速成，智盡此耳，卒當從汝稟學，勿畏也。」朱勃未二十，右扶風請試守渭城宰，及援為將軍，封侯，而勃位不過縣令。援後雖貴，常待以舊恩而卑侮之，勃愈身自親，及援遇讒，唯勃能終焉。肅宗即位，追賜勃子穀二千斛。 |
| | Bo, courtesy name Shuyang, at twelve years old could recite the Classic of Poetry and the Book of Documents. He often visited Ma Yuan's elder brother, Kuang. Bo wore a square-collared robe and walked with measured steps; his words were refined and elegant. Ma Yuan, who had only just begun to study the classics, was so impressed upon seeing him that he lost all composure. Kuang understood his thoughts and poured a cup of wine to comfort Ma Yuan, saying: "Zhu Bo is a man of small talent who has achieved success quickly; this is the extent of his wisdom. In time, he will come to you for instruction—do not fear it." Zhu Bo, before he was twenty years old, had been requested by You Fufeng to serve as provisional administrator of Weicheng. When Ma Yuan became a general and was ennobled as marquis, Zhu Bo's position did not exceed that of county magistrate. After Ma Yuan attained high rank, he often treated Zhu Bo with the old kindness but also with condescension and contempt. Yet Zhu Bo became even more personally devoted to him; when Ma Yuan fell victim to slander, only Zhu Bo remained loyal until the end. When Emperor Suzong ascended the throne, he posthumously bestowed two thousand hu of grain as a reward to Zhu Bo's son.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
初，援兄子婿王磐子石，王莽從兄平阿侯仁之子也。莽敗，磐擁富貲居故國，為人尚氣節而愛士好施，有名江淮閒。後游京師，與衛尉陰興、大司空朱浮、齊王章共相友善。援謂姊子曹訓曰：「王氏，廢姓也。子石當屏居自守，而反游京師長者，用氣自行，多所陵折，其敗必也。」後歲餘，磐果與司隸校尉蘇鄴、丁鴻事相連，坐死洛陽獄。而磐子肅復出入北宮及王侯邸第。援謂司馬呂种曰：「建武之元，名為天下重開。自今以往，海內日當安耳。但憂國家諸子並壯，而舊防未立，若多通賓客，則大獄起矣。卿曹戒慎之！」及郭后薨，有上書者，以為肅等受誅之家，客因事生亂，慮致貫高、任章之變。帝怒，乃下郡縣收捕諸王賓客，更相牽引，死者以千數。呂种亦豫其禍，臨命嘆曰：「馬將軍誠神人也！」 |
| | Initially, Ma Yuan's nephew-in-law Wang Panzi Shi was the son of Wang Mang's cousin and Pinga Hou Ren. After Wang Mang fell, Pan held great wealth in his native land and was known for valuing righteousness, loving scholars, and being generous. He gained a reputation in the regions of Jianghuai. Later, when he traveled to the capital, he became close friends with Yin Xing, Minister of the Guards; Zhu Fu, Grand Commandant; and Prince of Qi Zhang. Ma Yuan said to his sister's son Cao Xun: "The Wang clan is a fallen surname. Zishi should remain secluded and guard his conduct, yet he has instead traveled to the capital among the virtuous elders, acting on pride and arrogance, offending many and humiliating them. His downfall is inevitable." A little over a year later, Pan was indeed implicated in an affair with Su Ye and Ding Hong, the Inspector of the Imperial Secretariat, and was executed in Luoyang prison. Pan's son Su once again moved freely between the Northern Palace and the mansions of marquises and dukes. Ma Yuan said to Sima Lü Zhong: "The first year of Jianwu is named as the beginning of a new era for all under heaven. From now on, peace will gradually spread throughout the land. But I am worried that many of the emperor's sons are now grown, yet no established regulations have been set. If they entertain too many guests, great legal troubles will arise." "Be cautious and vigilant, you officials!" When Empress Guo died, someone submitted a memorial stating that Su and others were from families of those executed for crimes; their guests might incite disturbances, potentially leading to incidents like the plots by Guan Gao or Ren Zhang. The emperor was furious and ordered local magistrates to arrest all the guests of the princes, leading to a chain of accusations. Thousands were executed as a result. Lü Zhong was also caught in the disaster, and on his deathbed he sighed: "General Ma was truly a divine man!"
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| | 馬援列傳: |
永平初，援女立為皇后。顯宗圖畫建武中名臣、列將於雲臺，以椒房故，獨不及援。東平王蒼觀圖，言於帝曰：「何故不畫伏波將軍像？」帝笑而不言。至十七年，援夫人卒，乃更脩封樹，起祠堂。 |
| | In the early years of Yongping, Ma Yuan's daughter was made empress. Emperor Xianzong had portraits of the famous ministers and generals from the middle years of Jianwu painted on the Yuntai. Because of his concubine's family ties, he alone omitted Ma Yuan. Dongping Wang Cang viewed the portraits and asked the emperor: "Why is there no portrait of General Fubo?" The emperor smiled but said nothing. It was not until the seventeenth year that when Ma Yuan's wife died, they finally restored his tomb and built a shrine in her honor.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
建初三年，肅宗使五官中郎將持節追策，謚援曰忠成侯。 |
| | In the third year of Jianchu, Emperor Suzong sent a Five-Offices Zhonglangjiang holding an imperial scepter to posthumously bestow honors on Ma Yuan, granting him the title "Marquis Zhongcheng."
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| | 馬援列傳: |
四子：廖，防，光，客卿。 |
| | He had four sons: Liao, Fang, Guang, and Keqing.
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客卿幼而歧嶷，年六歲，能應接諸公，專對賓客。嘗有死罪亡命者來過，客卿逃匿不令人知。外若訥而內沈敏。援甚奇之，以為將相器，故以客卿字焉。援卒後，客卿亦夭沒。 |
| | Keqing was precocious from an early age; at six years old, he could entertain officials and handle conversations with guests on his own. Once, a fugitive guilty of capital punishment came to visit; Keqing concealed him without letting anyone know. Outwardly reserved but inwardly deep and perceptive. Ma Yuan found him extraordinary, believing he had the potential to become a general or minister, which is why he gave him the courtesy name Keqing. After Ma Yuan's death, Keqing also died young.
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論曰：馬援騰聲三輔，遨游二帝，及定節立謀，以干時主，將懷負鼎之願，蓋為千載之遇焉。然其戒人之禍，智矣，而不能自免於讒隙。豈功名之際，理固然乎？夫利不在身，以之謀事則智；慮不私己，以之斷義必厲。誠能回觀物之智而為反身之察，若施之於人則能恕，自鑒其情亦明矣。 |
| | Commentary: Ma Yuan gained a reputation in the Three Fu regions and traveled between two emperors. When he finally resolved to establish his virtue and strategy, offering himself to serve the emperor of his time, with aspirations as great as carrying an imperial tripod—this was indeed a rare opportunity for a thousand years. Yet in warning others of the dangers of slander, he showed wisdom; but he could not himself escape the trap of calumny. Is it that at times of great achievement and reputation, such fates are inevitable? When benefits do not concern oneself personally, using them to plan affairs is wisdom; When one's concerns are not for personal gain, using such impartiality to decide matters of righteousness will surely be resolute. If one truly possesses the wisdom to observe things objectively and turns it inward for self-examination, then when applied to others, one will be able to show tolerance; by reflecting on one's own emotions, clarity is also achieved.
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廖字敬平，少以父任為郎。明德皇后既立，拜廖為羽林左監、虎賁中郎將。顯宗崩，受遺詔典掌門禁，遂代趙憙為衛尉，肅宗甚尊重之。 |
| | Liao, courtesy name Jingping, was young when he became an officer through his father's recommendation. After Empress Mingde was enthroned, Liao was appointed as Left Supervisor of the Yulin Guards and Zhonglangjiang of the Huben Corps. After Emperor Xianzong died, Liao received a final imperial decree to oversee the palace gates and thus succeeded Zhao Xi as Minister of the Guards. Emperor Suzong held him in great esteem.
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時皇太后躬履節儉，事從簡約，廖慮美業難終，上疏長樂宮以勸成德政，曰：「臣案前世詔令，以百姓不足，起於世尚奢靡，故元帝罷服官，成帝御浣衣，哀帝去樂府。然而侈費不息，至於衰亂者，百姓從行不從言也。夫改政移風，必有其本。傳曰：『吳王好劍客，百姓多創瘢；楚王好細腰，宮中多餓死。』長安語曰：『城中好高髻，四方高一尺；城中好廣眉，四方且半額；城中好大袖，四方全匹帛。』斯言如戲，有切事實。前下制度未幾。後稍不行。雖或吏不奉法，良由慢起京師。今陛下躬服厚繒，斥去華飾，素簡所安，發自聖性。此誠上合天心，下順民望，浩大之福，莫尚於此。陛下既已得之自然，猶宜加以勉勗，法太宗之隆德，戒成、哀之不終。《》曰：『』誠令斯事一竟，則四海誦德，聲薰天地，神明可通，金石可勒，而況於行仁心乎，況於行令乎！願置章坐側，以當瞽人夜誦之音。」太后深納之。朝廷大議，輒以詢訪。 |
| | At that time, the Empress Dowager practiced personal frugality and simplicity in all matters. Liao feared that such virtuous governance might not last, so he submitted a memorial to Changle Palace to encourage continued moral administration, saying: "I have examined previous imperial decrees, which state that the people's lack of sufficiency arises from the prevailing trend toward luxury and extravagance. Thus Emperor Yuan abolished the clothing officials, Emperor Cheng wore plain clothes, and Emperor Ai dismissed the Music Bureau. "Yet if wastefulness continues unchecked, leading to decline and disorder, it is because the people follow actions rather than words." Changing governance and shifting customs must begin with their root. The Classic says: "When King Wu of Wu favored swordsmen, the common people bore many scars; "When King Chu favored slender waists, many in his palace starved to death." The saying from Chang'an goes: "If the city favors high hairstyles, then all over the land they rise a foot higher; "If the city likes wide eyebrows, then in every direction half-foreheads will follow; "If the city prefers large sleeves, then throughout the land entire bolts of silk are used." These words may sound like jest, but they reflect a profound truth. Previously issued regulations have not yet been in place for long. Later, they were gradually neglected and no longer followed. Although some officials may fail to uphold the law, it is ultimately due to a lax attitude that begins in the capital itself. Now Your Majesty personally wears plain and sturdy fabrics, rejects luxurious adornments, and finds peace in simplicity—this originates from your own virtuous nature. This is indeed the highest harmony with Heaven's will and the greatest satisfaction of the people's expectations; no greater blessing could surpass this. Although Your Majesty has already achieved such virtue naturally, it is still advisable to remain diligent and self-disciplined. Follow the great virtue of Emperor Taizong, and take heed from the failures of Emperors Cheng and Ai who did not sustain their virtuous rule. The Book of Changes says: "If one does not maintain his virtue, he may bring upon himself disgrace." If this virtue is truly carried through to completion, then the four seas will chant Your Majesty's virtues; its influence will permeate heaven and earth. Even spirits and deities may be moved, and one's name can be carved into gold and stone—how much more so for carrying out acts of benevolence or issuing commands! "I pray that these words may be placed before Your Majesty as a constant reminder, to serve as the voice of blind musicians reciting at night." The empress dowager deeply accepted his advice. Whenever there were major discussions in court, she would consult him.
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廖性質誠畏慎，不愛權埶聲名，盡心納忠，不屑毀譽。有司連據舊典，奏封廖等，累讓不得已，建初四年，遂受封為順陽侯，以特進就第。每有賞賜，輒辭讓不敢當，京師以是稱之。 |
| | Liao was by nature sincere and cautious, unattached to power, prestige, or reputation; he devoted himself entirely to offering loyal advice, indifferent to criticism or praise. The officials repeatedly cited precedents from the past to recommend Liao for enfeoffment. After many refusals and much persuasion, in the fourth year of Jianchu he finally accepted the title of Houn Marquis of Shunyang and was granted a noble rank with special privileges, allowing him to reside at his residence without court attendance. Whenever he received rewards or gifts, he would always decline and express that he was unworthy; the capital thus praised him for this.
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子豫，為步兵校尉。太后崩後，馬氏失埶，廖性寬緩，不能教勒子孫，豫遂投書怨誹。又防、光奢侈，好樹黨與。八年，有司奏免豫，遣廖、防、光就封。豫隨廖歸國，考擊物故。後詔還廖京師。永元四年，卒。和帝以廖先帝之舅，厚加賵賻，使者弔祭，王主會喪，謚曰安侯。 |
| | His son Yu became a commander of the infantry guards. After the empress dowager's death, the Ma clan lost its influence. Liao was naturally lenient and unable to discipline his descendants properly; as a result, Yu began writing letters filled with resentment and slander. Moreover, Fang and Guang were extravagant and fond of forming factions. In the eighth year, officials submitted a report to have Yu dismissed from office and ordered Liao, Fang, and Guang to return to their fiefdoms. Yu followed Liao back to his fief, where he died after being punished with corporal punishment. Later, an imperial edict summoned Liao back to the capital. In the fourth year of Yongyuan, he died. Emperor He, considering Liao the maternal uncle of a former emperor, bestowed generous funeral gifts and sent envoys to mourn and offer sacrifices. The royal princesses attended his funeral, and he was posthumously honored with the title "Marquis An."
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子遵嗣，徙封程鄉侯。遵卒，無子，國除。元初三年，鄧太后詔封廖孫度為潁陽侯。 |
| | His son Zun succeeded him and was later transferred to be enfeoffed as Marquis Chengxiang. After Zun's death, he had no male heir, so the fiefdom was abolished. In the third year of Yuanchu, Empress Dowager Deng issued an edict to enfeoff Liao's grandson Du as Marquis Yingyang.
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防字江平，永平十二年，與弟光俱為黃門侍郎。肅宗即位，拜防中郎將，稍遷城門校尉。 |
| | Fang, courtesy name Jiangping, in the twelfth year of Yongping, served together with his younger brother Guang as Huangmen Shilang. After Emperor Suzong ascended the throne, Fang was appointed Zhonglangjiang and gradually promoted to commander of the Chengmen Guards.
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建初二年，金城、隴西保塞羌皆反，拜防行車騎將軍事，以長水校尉耿恭副，將北軍五校兵及諸郡積射士三萬人擊之。軍到冀，而羌豪布橋等圍南部都尉於臨洮。防欲救之，臨洮道險，車騎不得方駕，防乃別使兩司馬將數百騎，分為前後軍，去臨洮十餘里為大營，多樹幡幟，揚言大兵旦當進。羌候見之，馳還言漢兵盛不可當。明旦遂鼓譟而前，羌虜驚走，因追擊破之，斬首虜四千餘人，遂解臨洮圍。防開以恩信，燒當種皆降，唯布橋等二萬餘人在臨洮西南望曲谷。十二月，羌又敗耿恭司馬及隴西長史於和羅谷，死者數百人。明年春，防遣司馬夏駿將五千人從大道向其前，潛遣司馬馬彭將五千人從閒道衝其心腹，又令將兵長史李調等將四千人繞其西，三道俱擊，復破之，斬獲千餘人，得牛羊十餘萬頭。羌退走，夏駿追之，反為所敗。防乃引兵與戰於索西，又破之。布橋迫急，將種人萬餘降。詔徵防還，拜車騎將軍，城門校尉如故。 |
| | In the second year of Jianchu, the Qiang tribes guarding the frontier in Jincheng and Longxi rebelled. Fang was appointed to serve as acting general of the Chariot-and-Horse General (Juyu Jiangjun), with Geng Gong, commander of Changshui Guards, serving as his deputy, leading 30,000 troops from the Five Northern Camps and accumulated archers from various commanderies against them. When the army arrived at Ji, the Qiang chieftain Buqiao besieged the southern prefecture commander in Lintao. Fang wanted to rescue them, but the road to Lintao was perilous and unsuitable for large-scale troop movement. Fang therefore dispatched two military officers each with several hundred cavalrymen, dividing them into vanguard and rearguard forces, setting up a major camp more than ten li away from Lintao, raising numerous banners and flags, and publicly declaring that the main army would advance at dawn. The Qiang scouts saw this and hurried back to report that the Han forces were too strong to confront. The next morning, they advanced with drums and shouting. The Qiang forces were startled and fled, so the Han army pursued and defeated them, beheading or capturing more than 4,000 of them, thus lifting the siege on Lintao. Fang won their surrender through kindness and trust; all of the Shaodang tribes submitted, except for Buqiao and more than 20,000 others who retreated to Wangqu Valley in the southwest of Lintao. In December, the Qiang again defeated Geng Gong's military officer and the chief clerk of Longxi Commandery at Heluo Valley, killing hundreds. The following spring, Fang dispatched his military officer Xia Jun with 5,000 men to advance along the main road ahead. He secretly sent another military officer Ma Peng with 5,000 soldiers through a hidden path to strike at their core forces, and also ordered the chief military clerk Li Diao and others with 4,000 troops to circle around their western flank. The three forces attacked simultaneously, defeating them again, killing or capturing more than 1,000 enemies, and seizing over 100,000 cattle and sheep. The Qiang forces retreated, but Xia Jun pursued them and was instead defeated in return. Fang then led his troops to engage the enemy at Suoxi, where he defeated them again. Under intense pressure, Buqiao led more than 10,000 members of his tribe to surrender. An imperial edict summoned Fang back and appointed him as General of Chariots-and-Horses, while retaining his previous post as commander of the Chengmen Guards as before.
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防貴寵最盛，與九卿絕席。光自越騎校尉遷執金吾。四年，封防潁陽侯，光為許侯，兄弟二人各六千戶。防以顯宗寑疾，入參醫藥，又平定西羌，增邑千三百五十戶。屢上表讓位，俱以特進就第。皇太后崩，明年，拜防光祿勳，光為衛尉。防數言政事，多見採用。是冬始施行十二月迎氣樂，防所上也。子鉅，為常從小侯。六年正月，以鉅當冠，特拜為黃門侍郎。肅宗親御章臺下殿，陳鼎俎，自臨冠之。明年，防復以病乞骸骨，詔賜故中山王田廬，以特進就第。 |
| | Fang was most favored and honored, holding a separate seat from the Nine Ministers in court. Guang himself was promoted from commander of Yueqi Guards to Zhijinwu. In the fourth year, Fang was enfeoffed as Marquis Yingyang and Guang as Marquis Xu; both brothers were granted fiefs of 6,000 households each. Fang was allowed to enter and assist in the medical care of Emperor Xianzong during his illness, and for having pacified the western Qiang tribes, he received an additional 1,350 households added to his fief. He repeatedly submitted memorials requesting to resign from office and was each time granted the special title of Tujin, allowing him to retire to his residence. After the empress dowager died, in the following year Fang was appointed as Guangluxun and Guang became Weiyi. Fang frequently offered advice on political affairs, much of which was adopted. That winter, the ritual music for welcoming the seasonal qi in the twelve months was first implemented; it had been proposed by Fang. His son Ju became a minor marquis of the imperial entourage. In the first month of the sixth year, since Ju was due to undergo the capping ceremony, he was specially appointed as Huangmen Shilang (Attendant-in-Ordinary). Emperor Suzong personally presided at the lower hall of Zhangtai Palace, arranging the tripod and sacrificial vessels, and attended Ju's capping ceremony in person. The following year, Fang again requested to retire on grounds of illness; the emperor issued an edict granting him the former Marquis of Zhongshan's farmland and residence, allowing him to remain at home with the title Tujin.
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防兄弟貴盛，奴婢各千人已上，資產巨億，皆買京師膏腴美田，又大起第觀，連閣臨道，彌亙街路，多聚聲樂，曲度比諸郊廟。賓客奔湊，四方畢至，京兆杜篤之徒數百人，常為食客，居門下。刺史、守、令多出其家。歲時賑給鄉閭，故人莫不周洽。防又多牧馬畜，賦斂羌胡。帝不喜之，數加譴敕，所以禁遏甚備，由是權埶稍損，賓客亦衰。八年，因兄子豫怨謗事，有司奏防、光兄弟奢侈踰僭，濁亂聖化，悉免就國。臨上路，詔曰：「舅氏一門，俱就國封，四時陵廟無助祭先后者，朕甚傷之。其令許侯思愆田廬，有司勿復請，以慰朕渭陽之情。」 |
| | The brothers Fang were extremely wealthy and powerful, each owning more than a thousand servants. Their assets amounted to hundreds of millions, as they purchased the most fertile and beautiful farmland in the capital; they also built grand mansions and pavilions with connected halls overlooking the roads, stretching across entire streets. They gathered many musicians and entertainers, whose performances rivaled those at the altars for sacrifices to heaven and earth. Their guests flocked in from all directions, with hundreds of people like Du Du from Jingzhao constantly serving as their retainers and residing under their roofs. Many provincial governors, commandery magistrates, and county officials were appointed from among their family connections. They provided relief to their hometowns during festivals and seasons of need, so that no one who had once been in a relationship with them failed to receive generous care. Fang also raised large herds of horses and livestock, levying taxes on the Qiang and Hu peoples. The emperor disapproved of this, frequently issuing reprimands and decrees to curb their activities. As a result, the brothers' power gradually declined, as did their circle of guests and followers. In the eighth year, due to the incident involving his nephew Yu's resentful slander, officials reported that Fang and Guang had been extravagant and overstepped their status, corrupting the moral order. They were all dismissed from office and sent back to their fiefdoms. As they were about to depart, an imperial edict was issued: "The maternal uncle's family has all been sent back to their fiefs; there will be no one from the clan to assist in ancestral temple sacrifices at the four seasons. This greatly pains me." "Let Marquis Xu reflect on his faults and remain in his residence; the officials need not request further action, so as to comfort my affection for my maternal relatives."
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光為人小心周密，喪母過哀，帝以是特親愛之，乃復位特進。子康，黃門侍郎。永元二年，光為太僕，康為侍中。及竇憲誅，光坐與厚善，復免就封。後憲奴誣光與憲逆，自殺，家屬歸本郡。本郡復殺康，而防及廖子遵皆坐徙封丹陽。防為翟鄉侯，租歲限三百萬，不得臣吏民。防後以江南下溼，上書乞歸本郡，和帝聽之。十三年，卒。 |
| | Guang was a cautious and meticulous person. He mourned his mother with excessive grief, and the emperor, because of this, especially loved and favored him, restoring his position as Tujin. His son Kang became a Huangmen Shilang (attendant-in-ordinary). In the second year of Yongyuan, Guang served as Taifu and Kang as Shizhong. When Dou Xian was executed, Guang was implicated for having been closely associated with him and was again dismissed from office to return to his fief. Later, a slave of Dou Xian falsely accused Guang of conspiring with Dou Xian in rebellion; the slave committed suicide. Guang's family was then returned to their native commandery. The local commandery executed Kang again, and Fang as well as Liao's son Zun were both implicated and exiled to Danyang for their enfeoffments. Fang was made Marquis Zhixiang, with an annual tax limit of 3 million coins and was not allowed to command officials or commoners. Later, because the southern region was damp and unhealthy, Fang petitioned for permission to return to his native commandery; Emperor He granted his request. In the thirteenth year, he died.
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子鉅嗣，後為長水校尉。永初七年，鄧太后詔諸馬子孫還京師，隨四時見會如故事，復紹封光子朗為合鄉侯。 |
| | His son Ju succeeded him and later became commander of Changshui Guards. In the seventh year of Yuanchu, Empress dowager Deng issued an edict summoning all descendants of the Ma family back to the capital, where they would attend seasonal court gatherings as in past practice. She also restored the fief and enfeoffed Guang's son Lang as Marquis Hexiang.
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嚴字威卿。父余，王莽時為楊州牧。嚴少孤，而好擊劍，習騎射。後乃白援，從平原楊太伯講學，專心墳典，能通春秋左氏，因覽百家群言，遂交結英賢，京師大人咸器異之。仕郡督郵，援常與計議，委以家事。弟敦，字孺卿，亦知名。援卒後，嚴乃與敦俱歸安陵、居鉅下，三輔稱其義行，號曰「鉅下二卿」。 |
| | Yan, courtesy name Weiqing. His father Yu served as governor of Yangzhou during the reign of Wang Mang. Yan was orphaned at a young age but loved fencing, and became skilled in horseback riding and archery. Later, he informed Yuan and followed Yang Taibo of Pingyuan to study. He devoted himself to classical texts, mastering the "Zuo Zhuan" commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals," and thus studied widely among the writings of various schools of thought. As a result, he formed connections with outstanding scholars and virtuous men; all the prominent figures in the capital regarded him as exceptional. He served as postal inspector of a commandery, and Yuan often consulted with him on matters, entrusting him with family affairs. His younger brother Dun, courtesy name Ruqing, was also well known. After Yuan's death, Yan returned to Anling with Dun and settled in Ju Xia. The Three Fu regions praised their virtuous conduct, calling them the "Two Qings of Ju Xia."
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明德皇后既立，嚴乃閉門自守，猶復慮致譏嫌，遂更徙北地，斷絕賓客。永平十五年，皇后敕使移居洛陽。顯宗召見，嚴進對閑雅，意甚異之，有詔留仁壽闥，與校書郎杜撫、班固等雜定建武注記。常與宗室近親臨邑侯劉復等論議政事，甚見寵幸。後拜將軍長史，將北軍五校士、羽林禁兵三千人，屯西河美稷，衛護南單于，聽置司馬、從事。牧守謁敬，同之將軍。敕嚴過武庫，祭蚩尤，帝親御阿閣，觀其士眾，時人榮之。 |
| | After Empress Mingde was enthroned, Yan closed his doors and secluded himself at home. Still fearing criticism or suspicion, he moved to Beidi and cut off all contact with guests. In the fifteenth year of Yongping, an imperial order from the empress summoned him to relocate to Luoyang. Emperor Xianzong summoned him for an audience. Yan's responses were refined and eloquent, impressing the emperor greatly. An imperial edict then ordered him to remain in Renshou Gate, where he collaborated with editors such as Du Fu and Ban Gu to compile and finalize records of the Jianwu era. He often discussed political affairs with close relatives of the imperial family, such as Marquis Linyi Liu Fu, and was highly favored by the emperor. Later, he was appointed as general's chief clerk and led 3,000 troops of the Five Northern Camps' soldiers and Yulin imperial guards to garrison at Meiji in Xhe, guarding the Southern Chanyu. He was authorized to appoint a military officer (Simǎ) and attendants (Congshi). Commandery magistrates and prefects paid him respect as they would a general. An imperial decree allowed Yan to pass through the Wu Ku (military storehouse), where he conducted a sacrifice to Chiyou. The emperor personally visited Age Pavilion to observe his troops, and at that time people honored him highly for this distinction.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
肅宗即位，徵拜侍御史中丞，除子鱄為郎，令勸學省中。其冬，有日食之災，嚴上封事曰：「臣聞日者眾陽之長，食者陰侵之徵。書曰：『無曠庶官，天工人其代之。』言王者代天官人也。故考績黜陟，以明褒貶。無功不黜，則陰盛陵陽。臣伏見方今刺史太守專州典郡，不務奉事盡心為國，而司察偏阿，取與自己，同則舉為尤異，異則中以刑法，不即垂頭塞耳，採求財賂。今益州刺史朱酺、楊州刺史倪說、涼州刺史尹業等，每行考事，輒有物故，又選舉不實，曾無貶坐，是使臣下得作威福也。故事，州郡所舉上奏，司直察能否以懲虛實。今宜加防檢，式遵前制。舊丞相、御史親治職事，唯丙吉以年老優游，不案吏罪，於是宰府習為常俗，更共罔養，以崇虛名，或未曉其職，便復遷徙，誠非建官賦祿之意。宜敕正百司，各責以事，州郡所舉，必得其人。若不如言，裁以法令。傳曰：『上德以寬服民，其次莫如猛。故火烈則人望而畏之，水懦則人狎而翫之。為政者寬以濟猛，猛以濟寬。』如此，綏御有體，災眚消矣。」書奏，帝納其言而免酺等官。 |
| | After Emperor Suzong ascended to the throne, Yan was summoned and appointed as Zhongcheng of Shiyushi (Inspector General). His son Zhuan was also appointed as a Lang official, tasked with encouraging study within the imperial academy. That winter, a solar eclipse occurred as an omen of disaster. Yan submitted a sealed memorial stating: "I have heard that the sun is the ruler among all yang forces; its obscuration signifies the encroachment of yin." "The Book of Documents says: 'Do not neglect official duties, for Heaven's work is carried out by those who serve in office.'" This means that the Son of Heaven acts on behalf of Heaven to appoint officials. Therefore, performance evaluations and promotions or demotions are conducted to clarify commendations and censures. If those without merit are not dismissed, yin will grow strong and overpower yang. I have observed that at present, provincial governors and commandery magistrates monopolize authority over their states and districts. They do not diligently serve the state with wholehearted devotion; instead, officials in charge of oversight are partial and biased, granting or withholding favors according to personal interests. Those who agree with them are promoted as exceptional talents, while those who differ are targeted by legal punishments. Others simply lower their heads and close their ears, seeking bribes for profit. Now, such as Yuzhou governor Zhu Pu, Yangzhou governor Ni Yue, and Liangzhou governor Yin Ye, whenever they conduct performance evaluations, there are always cases of sudden deaths. Moreover, their appointments are often unfounded, yet no one is ever punished or held accountable; this allows officials to wield arbitrary power and bestow favors at will. In the past, when state and commandery officials submitted nominations, the Office of Sizhi was responsible for verifying their merits or demerits to punish falsehoods and reward truth. Now it is advisable to strengthen oversight and strictly follow previous regulations. In the past, chancellors and censors personally managed their official duties. Only Bing Ji, due to his old age, relaxed in governance and did not investigate officials' crimes. As a result, it became customary for high offices to neglect responsibilities together, colluding to foster false reputations; some were transferred before even understanding their roles, which is truly contrary to the original intent of appointing officials and granting salaries. The emperor should issue an edict ordering all departments to be properly managed, holding each official accountable for their duties; those recommended by the states and commanderies must indeed be qualified individuals. If they do not comply with these instructions, let them be dealt with according to law. The Classic says: "The highest virtue governs the people through leniency; next best is severity." Therefore, a fierce fire makes people look upon it with awe and fear, while weak water leads people to treat it carelessly. "Those who govern should use leniency to temper severity, and severity to temper leniency." In this way, governance will be orderly and effective, and calamities will naturally disappear." After the memorial was submitted, the emperor accepted his advice and dismissed Zhu Pu and others from their posts.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
建初元年，遷五官中郎將，除三子為郎。嚴數薦達賢能，申解冤結，多見納用。復以五官中郎將行長樂衛尉事。二年，拜陳留太守。嚴當之職，乃言於帝曰：「昔顯親侯竇固誤先帝出兵西域，置伊吾盧屯，煩費無益。又竇勳受誅，其家不宜親近京師。」是時勳女為皇后，竇氏方寵，時有側聽嚴言者，以告竇憲兄弟，由是失權貴心。嚴下車，明賞罰，發姦慝，郡界清靜。時京師訛言賊從東方來，百姓奔走，轉相驚動，諸郡遑急，各以狀聞。嚴察其虛妄，獨不為備。詔書敕問，使驛係道，嚴固執無賊，後卒如言。典郡四年，坐與宗正劉軼、少府丁鴻等更相屬託，徵拜太中大夫；十餘日，遷將作大匠。七年，復坐事免。後既為竇氏所忌，遂不復在位。及帝崩，竇太后臨朝，嚴乃退居自守，訓教子孫。永元十年，卒於家，時年八十二。 |
| | In the first year of Jianchu, he was promoted to Zhonglangjiang of Wuguan, and three of his sons were appointed as Lang officials. Yan frequently recommended virtuous and capable individuals, and advocated for the resolution of unjust cases; much of his advice was accepted and implemented. He was again appointed as Zhonglangjiang of Wuguaun to serve concurrently in charge of the duties of Changle Weiyi (Minister of the Imperial Guards). In the second year, he was appointed governor of Chenliu. Before assuming his post, Yan addressed the emperor and said: "In the past, Marquis Xianqin Dou Gu misled the late emperor by sending troops to the Western Regions, establishing a garrison at Yulu, which caused trouble and expense without any benefit. Moreover, Dou Xun was executed; his family should not be allowed to reside near the capital." At that time, Dou Xun's daughter was the empress, and the Dou family was enjoying great favor. Some people overheard Yan's remarks and reported them to Dou Xian and his brothers; thus, he lost the favor of powerful officials. After assuming office, Yan established clear rewards and punishments, exposed corrupt officials, and brought peace and order to the region. At that time, rumors spread in the capital that bandits were coming from the east, causing panic among the people and widespread alarm. The various commanderies became anxious and hurriedly reported the situation to the court. Yan investigated the rumors and found them baseless, so he alone did not take any precautions. An imperial edict was sent to question him, and envoys were dispatched along the roads; however, Yan firmly maintained that there were no bandits. In the end, events proved his words correct. After governing the commandery for four years, he was summoned and appointed as Taizhong Dafu (a high-ranking official) due to his mutual recommendations with Liu Yi of Zongzheng and Ding Hong of Shaofu. After more than ten days, he was promoted to Jiangzuo Dajiang (Master Builder). In the seventh year, he was again dismissed from office due to certain matters. Later, having been resented by the Dou clan, he no longer held any official position. After the emperor's death, when Empress Dowager Dou took power, Yan retired from public life and devoted himself to instructing his descendants. In the tenth year of Yongyuan, he died at home at the age of eighty-two.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
弟敦，官至虎賁中郎將。嚴七子，唯續、融知名。續字季則，七歲能通論語，十三明尚書，十六治詩，博觀群籍，善九章筭術。順帝時，為護羌校尉，遷度遼將軍，所在有威恩稱。融自有傳。 |
| | His younger brother Dun attained the post of Huben Zhonglangjiang (General Commanding the Tiger 贲 Corps). Yan had seven sons, but only Xu and Rong became well known. Yan Xu, courtesy name Jize, could recite the Analects of Confucius at age seven, mastered the Book of Documents by thirteen, and studied the Book of Songs by sixteen. He had a broad knowledge of various texts and was skilled in the Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures (a classical mathematical treatise). During the reign of Emperor Shun, he served as Huqiang Jiao Wei (Commander for Pacifying the Qiang) and was later promoted to Duliau Jiangjun. Wherever he served, he earned a reputation for both authority and benevolence. Rong has his own biography.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
棱字伯威，援之族孫也。少孤，依從兄毅共居業，恩猶同產，毅卒無子，棱心喪三年。 |
| | Leng, courtesy name Bowen, was a cousin's grandson of Ma Yuan. He lost his father at an early age and lived with his uncle Yi, sharing the same household and property. Their bond was as close as that of brothers. When Yi died without a son, Leng observed a three-year mourning period for him as if he were family.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
建初中，仕郡功曹，舉孝廉。及馬氏廢，肅宗以棱行義，徵拜謁者。章和元年，遷廣陵太守。時穀貴民飢，奏罷鹽官，以利百姓，賑貧羸，薄賦稅，興復陂湖，溉田二萬餘頃，吏民刻石頌之。永元二年，轉漢陽太守，有威嚴稱。大將軍竇憲西屯武威，棱多奉軍費，侵賦百姓，憲誅，坐抵罪。後數年，江湖多劇賊，以棱為丹陽太守。棱發兵掩擊，皆禽滅之。轉會稽太守，治亦有聲。轉河內太守。永初中，坐事抵罪，卒于家。 |
| | During the Jianchu era, he served in the commandery as Gongcao (an official responsible for recommending talents) and was recommended as a filial and upright scholar-official. When the Ma clan fell from power, Emperor 肃宗 (Su Zong) appointed Leng as Yezhe (an imperial attendant), recognizing his sense of righteousness. In the first year of Zhanghe, he was transferred to serve as governor of Guangling. At that time, grain was expensive and the people were starving. Leng submitted a memorial requesting the abolition of the salt office to benefit the common people, provided relief for the poor and weak, reduced taxes, and restored dikes and lakes, irrigating over 200,000 mu of farmland; local officials and residents carved stone steles to praise him. In the second year of Yongyuan, Leng was transferred to serve as governor of Hanyang, where he earned a reputation for his authority and strictness. When the Grand General Dou Xian stationed troops in Wuwei to the west, Leng frequently provided military expenses by levying additional taxes on the people. After Dou Xian was executed, Leng was implicated and punished for his role. Several years later, when there were many violent bandits in the rivers and lakes region, he was appointed as governor of Danyang. Leng mobilized troops to launch a surprise attack and captured or eliminated them all. He was later transferred to serve as governor of Kuaiji, where his administration also earned praise. He was then transferred to serve as the governor of Hedong. During the Yongyu era, he was punished for certain offenses and died at home.
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| | 馬援列傳: |
贊曰：伏波好功，爰自冀、隴。南靜駱越，西屠燒種。徂年已流，壯情方勇。明德既升，家祚以興。廖乏三趣，防遂驕陵。 |
| | Commentary: Fu Bo loved achievements; his influence extended from Ji to Long. The south was pacified among the Luoyue, and in the west he crushed the Shao tribes. Though his years had passed, his youthful vigor remained strong. With virtue and merit established, the family's fortune flourished. Liao lacked three virtues; Fang became arrogant and overbearing.
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