| | 哀公问: |
哀公问于孔子曰：“大礼何如？君子之言礼，何其尊也？”孔子曰：“丘也小人，不足以知礼。”君曰：“否！吾子言之也。”孔子曰：“丘闻之：民之所由生，礼为大。非礼无以节事天地之神也，非礼无以辨君臣上下长幼之位也，非礼无以别男女父子兄弟之亲、昏姻疏数之交也；君子以此之为尊敬然。然后以其所能教百姓，不废其会节。有成事，然后治其雕镂文章黼黻以嗣。其顺之，然后言其丧算，备其鼎俎，设其豕腊，修其宗庙，岁时以敬祭祀，以序宗族。即安其居，节丑其衣服，卑其宫室，车不雕几，器不刻镂，食不贰味，以与民同利。昔之君子之行礼者如此。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
Duke Ai asked Confucius, saying, 'What do you say about the great rites? How is it that superior men, in speaking about them, ascribe so much honour to them?' Confucius said, 'I, Qiu, am a small man, and unequal to a knowledge of the rites.' 'By no means,' said the ruler. 'Tell me what you think, my Master.' Then Confucius replied, 'According to what I have heard, of all things by which the people live the rites are the greatest. Without them they would have no means of regulating the services paid to the spirits of heaven and earth; without them they would have no means of distinguishing the positions proper to father and son, to high and low, to old and young; without them they would have no means of maintaining the separate character of the intimate relations between male and female, father and son, elder brother and younger, and conducting the intercourse between the contracting families in a marriage, and the frequency or infrequency (of the reciprocities between friends). These are the grounds on which superior men have honoured and reverenced (the rites) as they did. Thereafter, (having this view of the rites), they taught them to the people, on the ground of their ability (to practise them), not disregarding their general principles or the limitations (that circumstances impose in particular cases). When their object had been accomplished (so far), they proceeded to give rules for the engraving (of the ceremonial vessels), and the embroidering in various colours (of the robes), in order to secure the transmission (of the rites). Having obtained the concurrence (of the people in these things), they proceeded to tell them the different periods of mourning; to provide the full amount of tripods and stands; to lay down the (offerings of) pork and dried meats; to maintain in good order their ancestral temples; and then at the different seasons of the year reverently to present their sacrifices; and to arrange thereat, in order, the different branches and members of their kindred. Meanwhile (they themselves) were content to live economically, to have nothing fine about their dress; to have their houses low and poor; to eschew much carving about their carriages; to use their vessels without carving or graving; and to have the plainest diet, in order to share all their advantages in common with the people. In this manner did the superior men of antiquity practise the rites.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“今之君子胡莫行之也？”孔子曰：“今之君子，好实无厌，淫德不倦，荒怠傲慢，固民是尽，午其众以伐有道；求得当欲，不以其所。昔之用民者由前，今之用民者由后。今之君子莫为礼也。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'How is it that the superior men of the present day do not practise them (in this way).' Confucius said, 'The superior men of the present day are never satisfied in their fondness for wealth, and never wearied in the extravagance of their conduct. They are wild, idle, arrogant, and insolent. They determinedly exhaust the (resources of the) people, put themselves in opposition to the multitude, and seek to overthrow those who are pursuing the right way. They seek to get whatever they desire, without reference to right or reason. The former using of the people was according to the ancient rules; the using of them now-a-days is according to later rules. The superior men of the present day do not practise the rites (as they ought to be practised).' |
| | 哀公问: |
孔子侍坐于哀公，哀公曰：“敢问人道谁为大？”孔子愀然作色而对曰：“君之及此言也，百姓之德也！碧臣敢无辞而对？人道，政为大。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
Confucius was sitting beside duke Ai, when the latter said, 'I venture to ask, according to the nature of men, which is the greatest thing (to be attended to in dealing with them).' Confucius looked startled, changed countenance, and replied, 'That your lordship should put this question is a good thing for the people. How should your servant dare but express his opinion on it?' Accordingly he proceeded, and said, 'According to the nature of men, government is the greatest thing for them.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“敢问何谓为政？”孔子对曰：“政者正也。君为正，则百姓从政矣。君之所为，百姓之所从也。君所不为，百姓何从？” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I venture to ask what is meant by the practice of government.' Confucius replied, 'Government is rectification. When the ruler is correct himself, all the people will follow his government. What the ruler does is what the people follow. How should they follow what he does not do?' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“敢问为政如之何？”孔子对曰：“夫妇别，父子亲，君臣严。三者正，则庶物从之矣。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I venture to ask how this practice of government is to be effected?' Confucius replied, 'Husband and wife have their separate functions; between father and son there should be affection; between ruler and minister there should be a strict adherence to their several parts. If these three relations be correctly discharged, all other things will follow.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“寡人虽无似也，愿闻所以行三言之道，可得闻乎？”孔子对曰：“古之为政，爱人为大；所以治爱人，礼为大；所以治礼，敬为大；敬之至矣，大昏为大。大昏至矣！大昏既至，冕而亲迎，亲之也。亲之也者，亲之也。是故，君子兴敬为亲；舍敬，是遗亲也。弗爱不亲；弗敬不正。爱与敬，其政之本与！” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'Although I cannot, in my unworthiness, count myself as having attained, I should like to hear how these three things which you have mentioned can be rightly secured. May I hear it from you?' Confucius replied, 'With the ancients in their practice of government the love of men was the great point; in their regulation of this love of men, the rules of ceremony was the great point; in their regulation of those rules, reverence was the great point. For of the extreme manifestation of reverence we find the greatest illustration in the great (rite of) marriage. Yes, in the great (rite of) marriage there is the extreme manifestation of respect; and when one took place, the bridegroom in his square-topped cap went in person to meet the bride;--thus showing his affection for her. It was his doing this himself that was the demonstration of his affection. Thus it is that the superior man commences with respect as the basis of love. To neglect respect is to leave affection unprovided for. Without loving there can be no (real) union; and without respect the love will not be correct. Yes, love and respect lie at the foundation of government.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“寡人愿有言。然冕而亲迎，不已重乎？”孔子愀然作色而对曰：“合二姓之好，以继先圣之后，以为天地宗庙社稷之主，君何谓已重乎？” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I wish that I could say I agree with you, but for the bridegroom in his square-topped cap to go in person to meet the bride - is it not making too much (of the ceremony)?' Confucius looked startled, changed countenance, and said, '(Such a marriage) is the union of (the representatives of) two different surnames in friendship and love, in order to continue the posterity of the former sages, and to furnish those who shall preside at the sacrifices to heaven and earth, at those in the ancestral temple, and at those at the altars to the spirits of the land and grain - how can your lordship say that the ceremony is made too great?' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“寡人固！不固，焉得闻此言也。寡人欲问，不得其辞，请少进！”孔子曰：“天地不合，万物不生。大昏，万世之嗣也，君何谓已重焉！” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I am stupid. But if I were not stupid, how should I have heard what you have just said? I wish to question you, but cannot find the proper words (to do so); I beg you to go on a little further.' Confucius said, 'If there were not the united action of heaven and earth, the world of things would not grow. By means of the grand rite of marriage, the generations of men are continued through myriads of ages. How can your lordship say that the ceremony in question is too great?' |
| | |
孔子遂言曰：“内以治宗庙之礼，足以配天地之神明；出以治直言之礼，足以立上下之敬。物耻足以振之，国耻足以兴之。为政先礼。礼，其政之本与！” |
| |
He immediately added, 'In their own peculiar sphere, (this marriage) serves for the regulation of the ceremonies of the ancestral temple, and is sufficient to supply the correlates to the spiritual Intelligences of heaven and earth; in the (wider) sphere abroad, it serves for the regulation of the ceremonies of the court, and is sufficient to establish the respect of those below him to him who is above them all. If there be ground for shame on account of (a deficiency of) resources, this is sufficient to stimulate and secure them; if there be ground for shame on account of the condition of the states, this is sufficient to revive and renew them. Ceremonies are the first thing to be attended to in the practice of government. Yes, (this) ceremony (of marriage) lies at the foundation of government!' |
| | |
孔子遂言曰：“昔三代明王之政，必敬其妻子也，有道。妻也者，亲之主也，敢不敬与？子也者，亲之后也，敢不敬与？君子无不敬也，敬身为大。身也者，亲之枝也，敢不敬与？不能敬其身，是伤其亲；伤其亲，是伤其本；伤其本，枝从而亡。三者，百姓之象也。身以及身，子以及子，妃以及妃，君行此三者，则忾乎天下矣，大王之道也。如此，国家顺矣。” |
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Confucius continued, 'Anciently, under the government of the intelligent kings of the three dynasties, it was required of a man to show respect to his wife and son. When the path (of right government) was pursued, the wife was the hostess of the (deceased) parents - could any husband dare not to show her respect? And the son was the descendant of those parents - could any father dare not to show him respect? The superior man's respect is universal. Wherein it appears the greatest is in his respect for himself. He is in his person a branch from his parents - can any son but have this self-respect? If he is not able to respect his own person, he is wounding his parents. If he wound his parents, he is wounding his own root; and when the root is wounded, the branches will follow it in its dying. These three things are an image of what is true with the whole people (in the body politic). One's own person reaches to the persons of others; one's own son to the sons of others; one's own wife to the wives of others. If a ruler do these things, the spirit of his conduct will reach to all under the sky. If the course of the great king be thus, all the states and families will be docilely obedient.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“敢问何谓敬身？”孔子对曰：“君子过言，则民作辞；过动，则民作则。君子言不过辞，动不过则，百姓不命而敬恭，如是，则能敬其身；能敬其身，则能成其亲矣。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I venture to ask what is meant by "respecting one's self."' Confucius replied, 'When a man who is over others transgresses in his words, the people will fashion their speech accordingly; when he transgresses in his actions, the people will make him their model. If in his words he do not go beyond what should be said, nor in his actions what should be a model, then the people, without being commanded, will reverence and honour him. When this obtains, he can be said to have respected his person. Having succeeded in respecting his person, he will (at the same time) be able to do all that can be done for his parents.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“敢问何谓成亲？”孔子对曰：“君子也者，人之成名也。百姓归之名，谓之君子之子。是使其亲为君子也，是为成其亲之名也已！” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I venture to ask what is meant by doing all that can be done for one's parents?' Confucius replied, 'Jun-zi is the completest name for a man; when the people apply the name to him, they say (in effect) that he is the son of a Jun-zi; and thus he makes his parents (?father) to be a Jun-zi. This is what I intend by saying that he does all that can be done for his parents.' |
| | |
孔子遂言曰：“古之为政，爱人为大。不能爱人，不能有其身；不能有其身，不能安土；不能安土，不能乐天；不能乐天，不能成其身。” |
| |
Confucius forthwith added, 'In the practice of government in antiquity, the love of men was the great point. If (a ruler) be not able to love men he cannot possess his own person; unable to possess his own person, he cannot enjoy in quiet his land; unable to enjoy in quiet his land, he cannot rejoice in Heaven; unable to rejoice in Heaven, he cannot do all that can be done for his person.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“敢问何谓成身？”孔子对曰：“不过乎物。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I venture to ask what is meant by "doing all that could be done for one's person."' Confucius replied, 'It is keeping from all transgression of what is due in all the sphere beyond one's self.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“敢问君子何贵乎天道也？”孔子对曰：“贵其‘不已’。如日月东西相从而不已也，是天道也；不闭其久，是天道也；无为而物成，是天道也；已成而明，是天道也。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I venture to ask what it is that the superior man values in the way of Heaven.' Confucius replied, 'He values its unceasingness. There is, for instance, the succession and sequence of the sun and moon from the east and west - that is the way of Heaven. There is the long continuance of its progress without interruption - that is the way of Heaven. There is its making (all) things complete without doing anything - that is the way of Heaven. There is their brilliancy when they have been completed - that is the way of Heaven.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“寡人蠢愚，冥烦子志之心也。”孔子蹴然辟席而对曰：“仁人不过乎物，孝子不过乎物。是故，仁人之事亲也如事天，事天如事亲，是故孝子成身。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I am very stupid, unintelligent also, and occupied with many things; do you, Sir, help me that I may keep this lesson in my mind.' Confucius looked grave, moved a little from his mat, and replied, 'A man of all-comprehensive virtue does not transgress what is due from him in all the sphere beyond himself, and it is the same with a filial son. Therefore a son of all-comprehensive virtue serves his parents as he serves Heaven, and serves Heaven as he serves his parents.' Hence a filial son does all that can be done for his person.' |
| | 哀公问: |
公曰：“寡人既闻此言也，无如后罪何？”孔子对曰：“君之及此言也，是臣之福也。” |
| Ai Gong Wen: |
The duke said, 'I have heard your (excellent) words;--how is it that I shall hereafter not be able to keep from the guilt (of transgressing)?' Confucius answered, 'That your lordship gives expression to such words is a happiness to me.' |
