| | 曲礼下: |
凡奉者当心，提者当带。执天子之器则上衡，国君则平衡，大夫则绥之，士则提之。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a thing is carried with both hands, it should be held on a level with the heart; when with one hand, on a level with the girdle. An article belonging to the son of Heaven should be held higher than the heart; one belonging to a ruler of a state, on a level with it; one belonging to a Great officer, lower than it; and one belonging to an (inferior) officer should be carried lower still. |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡执主器，执轻如不克。执主器，操币圭璧，则尚左手，行不举足，车轮曳踵。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When one is holding an article belonging to his lord, though it may be light, he should seem unable to sustain it. In the case of a piece of silk, or a rank-symbol of jade, square or round, he should keep his left hand over it. He should not lift his feet in walking, but trail his heels like the wheels of a carriage. |
| | 曲礼下: |
立则磬折垂佩。主佩倚，则臣佩垂。主佩垂，则臣佩委。执玉，其有藉者则裼；无藉者则袭。 |
| Qu Li II: |
(A minister) should stand (with his back) curved in the manner of a sounding-stone, and his girdle-pendants hanging down. Where his lord has his pendants hanging at his side, his should be hanging down in front; where his lord has them hanging in front, his should descend to the ground. When one is holding any symbol of jade (to present it), if it be on a mat, he leaves it so exposed; if there be no mat, he covers it with (the sleeve of) his outer robe. |
| | 曲礼下: |
国君不名卿老世妇，大夫不名世臣侄娣，士不名家相长妾。君大夫之子，不敢自称曰“余小子”；大夫士之子，不敢自称曰“嗣子某”，不敢与世子同名。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The ruler of a state should not call by their names his highest ministers, nor the two noble ladies of her surname, who accompanied his wife to the harem. A Great officer should not call in that way an officer who had been employed by his father, nor the niece and younger sister of his wife (members of his harem). (Another) officer should not call by name the steward of his family, nor his principal concubine. The son of a Great officer (of the king, himself equal to) a ruler, should not presume to speak of himself as 'I, the little son. The son of a Great officer or (other) officer (of a state) should not presume to speak of himself as 'I, the inheriting son, so-and-so.' They should not so presume to speak of themselves as their heir-sons do. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君使士射，不能，则辞以疾；言曰：“某有负薪之忧。” |
| Qu Li II: |
When his ruler wishes an officer to take a place at an archery (meeting), and he is unable to do so, he should decline on the ground of being, ill, and say, 'I, so-and-so, am suffering from carrying firewood.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
侍于君子，不顾望而对，非礼也。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When one, in attendance on a superior man, replies to a question without looking round to see (if any other be going to answer), this is contrary to rule. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君子行礼，不求变俗。祭祀之礼，居丧之服，哭泣之位，皆如其国之故，谨修其法而审行之。去国三世，爵禄有列于朝，出入有诏于国，若兄弟宗族犹存，则反告于宗后；去国三世，爵禄无列于朝，出入无诏于国，唯兴之日，从新国之法。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A superior man, in his practice of ceremonies (in another state), should not seek to change his (old) customs. His ceremonies in sacrifice, his dress during the period of mourning, and his positions in the wailing and weeping, will all be according to the fashions of-his former (state). He will carefully study its rules, and carry them exactly into practice. (But) if he (or his descendants) have been away from the state for three generations, and if his dignity and emoluments be (still) reckoned to him (or his representative) at the court, and his outgoings and incomings are announced to the state, and if his brothers or cousins and other members of his house be still there, he should (continue to) send back word about himself to the representative of his ancestor. (Even) after the three generations, if his dignity and emoluments be not reckoned to him in the court, and his outgoings and incomings are (no longer) announced in the state, it is only on the day of his elevation (to official rank) that he should follow the ways of his new state. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君子已孤不更名。已孤暴贵，不为父作谥。居丧，未葬，读丧礼；既葬，读祭礼；丧复常，读乐章。居丧不言乐，祭事不言凶，公庭不言妇女。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A superior man, when left an orphan, will not change his name. Nor will he in such a case, if he suddenly become noble, frame an honorary title for his father. When occupied with the duties of mourning and before the interment of (a parent), (a son) should study the ceremonies of mourning, and after the interment, those of sacrifice. When the mourning is over, let him resume his usual ways, and study the pieces of music. When occupied with the duties of mourning, one should not speak of music. When sacrificing, one should not speak of what is inauspicious. In the ruler's court, parties should not speak of wives and daughters. |
| | 曲礼下: |
振书、端书于君前，有诛。倒策侧龟于君前，有诛。龟策、几杖、席盖、重素、袗絺綌，不入公门。苞屦、扱衽、厌冠，不入公门。书方、衰、凶器，不以告，不入公门。公事不私议。 |
| Qu Li II: |
For one to have to dust his (collection of) written tablets, or adjust them before the ruler, is a punishable offence; to have the divining stalks turned upside down or the tortoiseshell turned on one side, before him, is also a punishable offence. One should not enter the ruler's gate, (carrying with him) a tortoise-shell or divining stalks, a stool or a staff, mats or (sun-)shades, or having his upper and lower garments both of white or in a single robe of fine or coarse hempen cloth. Nor should he do so in rush sandals, or with the skirts of his lower garment tucked in at his waist, or in the cap worn in the shorter periods of mourning. Nor, unless announcement of it has been made (and permission given), can one take in the square tablets with the written (lists of articles for a funeral), or the frayed sackcloth, or the coffin and its furniture. Public affairs should not be privately discussed. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君子将营宫室：宗庙为先，厩库为次，居室为后。凡家造：祭器为先，牺赋为次，养器为后。无田禄者不设祭器；有田禄者，先为祭服。君子虽贫，不粥祭器；虽寒，不衣祭服；为宫室，不斩于丘木。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a superior man, (high in rank), is about to engage in building, the ancestral temple should have his first attention, the stables and arsenal the next, and the residences the last. In all preparations of things by (the head of) a clan, the vessels of sacrifice should have the first place; the victims supplied from his revenue, the next; and the vessels for use at meals, the last. Those who have no revenue from lands do not provide vessels for sacrifice. Those who have such revenue first prepare their sacrificial dresses. A superior man,. though poor, will not sell his vessels of sacrifice; though suffering from cold, he will not wear his sacrificial robes; in building a house, he will not cut down the trees on his grave-mounds. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大夫、士去国，祭器不逾竟。大夫寓祭器于大夫，士寓祭器于士。大夫、士去国：逾竟，为坛位乡国而哭。素衣，素裳，素冠，彻缘，鞮屦，素幂，乘髦马。不蚤鬋。不祭食，不说人以无罪；妇人不当御。三月而复服。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A Great or other officer, leaving his state, should not take his vessels of sacrifice with him across the boundary. The former will leave his vessels for the time with another Great officer, and the latter his with another officer. A Great or other officer, leaving his state, on crossing the boundary, should prepare a place for an altar, and wail there, looking in the direction of the state. He should wear his upper garment and lower, and his cap, all of white; remove his (ornamental) collar, wear shoes of untanned leather, have a covering of white (dog's-fur) for his cross-board, and leave his horses manes undressed. He should not trim his nails or beard, nor make an offering at his (spare) meals. He should not say to any one that he is not chargeable with guilt, nor have any of his women approach him. After three months he will return to his usual dress. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大夫、士见于国君，君若劳之，则还辟，再拜稽首；君若迎拜，则还辟，不敢答拜。大夫、士相见，虽贵贱不敌，主人敬客，则先拜客；客敬主人，则先拜主人。凡非吊丧、非见国君，无不答拜者。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a Great or other officer has an interview with the ruler of the state (to whom he has been sent), if the ruler be condoling with him on the toils of his journey, he should withdraw on one side to avoid (the honour), and then bow twice with his head to the ground. If the ruler meet him (outside the gate) and bow to him, he should withdraw on one side to avoid (the honour), and not presume to return the bow. When Great or other officers are having interviews with one another, though they may not be equal in rank, if the host reverence (the greater worth of) the guest, he should first bow to him; and if the guest reverence the (greater worth of the) host, he should first bow. In all cases but visits of condolence on occasion of a death, and seeing the ruler of one's state, the parties should be sure to return the bow, each of the other. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大夫见于国君，国君拜其辱。士见于大夫，大夫拜其辱。同国始相见，主人拜其辱。君于士，不答拜也；非其臣，则答拜之。大夫于其臣，虽贱，必答拜之。男女相答拜也。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a Great officer has an interview with the ruler of (another) state, the ruler should bow in acknowledgment of the honour (of the message he brings); when an officer has an interview with a Great officer (of that state), the latter should bow to him in the same way. When two meet for the first time in their own state, (on the return of one from some mission), the other, as host, should bow in acknowledgment (of the service). A ruler does not bow to a (simple) officer; but if it be one of a different state, he should bow to his bow. A Great officer should return the bow of any one of his officers, however mean may be his rank. Males and females do (? not) bow to one another. |
| | 曲礼下: |
国君春田不围泽；大夫不掩群，士不取麑卵。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The ruler of a state, in the spring hunting, will not surround a marshy thicket, nor will Great officers try to surprise a whole herd, nor will (other) officers take young animals or eggs. |
| | 曲礼下: |
岁凶，年谷不登，君膳不祭肺，马不食谷，驰道不除，祭事不县。大夫不食粱，士饮酒不乐。 |
| Qu Li II: |
In bad years, when the grain of the season is not coming to maturity, the ruler at his meals will not make the (usual) offering of the lungs, nor will his horses be fed on grain. His special road will not be kept clean and swept, nor when at sacrifices will his musical instruments be suspended on their stands. Great officers will not eat the large grained millet; and (other) officers will not have music (even) at their drinking. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君无故，玉不去身；大夫无故不彻县，士无故不彻琴瑟。 |
| Qu Li II: |
Without some (sad) cause, a ruler will not let the gems (pendent from his girdle) leave his person, nor a Great officer remove his music-stand, nor an (inferior) officer his lutes. |
| | 曲礼下: |
士有献于国君，他日，君问之曰：“安取彼？”再拜稽首而后对。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When an officer presents anything to the ruler of his state, and another day the ruler asks him, 'Where did you get that?' he will bow twice with his head to the ground, and afterwards reply. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大夫私行出疆，必请。反，必有献。士私行出疆，必请；反，必告。君劳之，则拜；问其行，拜而后对。国君去其国，止之曰：“奈何去社稷也！”大夫，曰：“奈何去宗庙也！”士，曰：“奈何去坟墓也！”国君死社稷，大夫死众，士死制。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a Great officer wishes to go beyond the boundaries (of the state) on private business, he must ask leave, and on his return must present some offering. An (inferior) officer in similar circumstances, must (also) ask leave, and when he comes back, must announce his return. If the ruler condole with them on their toils, they should bow. if he ask about their journey, they should bow, and afterwards reply. When the ruler of a state (is proposing to) leave it, they should (try to) stop him, saying, 'Why are you leaving the altars of the spirits of the land and grain?' (In the similar case of) a Great officer they should say, 'Why are you leaving your ancestral temple?' In that of an (inferior) officer, they should say, 'Why are you leaving the graves (of your ancestors)?' A ruler should die for his altars; a Great officer, with the host (he commands); an inferior officer, for his charge. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君天下，曰天子。朝诸侯，分职授政任功，曰予一人。践阼临祭祀：内事曰孝王某，外事曰嗣王某。临诸侯，畛于鬼神，曰有天王某甫。崩，曰天王崩。复，曰天子复矣。告丧，曰天王登假。措之庙，立之主，曰帝。天子未除丧，曰予小子。生名之，死亦名之。 |
| Qu Li II: |
As ruling over all, under the sky, (the king) is called 'The son of Heaven.' As receiving at court the feudal princes, assigning (to all) their different offices, giving out (the laws and ordinances of) the government, and employing the services of the able, he styles himself, 'I, the one man.' When he ascends by the eastern steps, and presides at a sacrifice, if it be personal to himself and his family, his style is, 'I, so-and-so, the filial king;' if it be external to himself, 'I, so-and-so, the inheriting king.' When he visits the feudal princes, and sends to make announcement (of his presence) to the spirits (of their hills and streams), it is said, 'Here is he, so-and-so, who is king by (the grace of) Heaven.' His death is announced in the words, 'The king by (the grace of) Heaven has fallen.' In calling back (his spirit), they say, 'Return, O son of Heaven.' When announcement is made (to all the states) of the mourning for him, it is said, 'The king by (the grace of) Heaven has gone far on high.' When his place is given to him in the ancestral temple, and his spirit-tablet is set up, he is styled on it, 'the god.' The son of Heaven, while he has not left off his mourning, calls himself, 'I, the little child.' While alive, he is so styled; and if he die (during that time), he continues to be so designated. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子有后，有夫人，有世妇，有嫔，有妻，有妾。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven has his queen, his helpmates, his women of family, and his ladies of honour. (These) constituted his wife and concubines. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子建天官，先六大：曰大宰、大宗、大史、大祝、大士、大卜，典司六典。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven appoints the officers of Heaven's institution, the precedence among them belonging to the six grandees: the Grand-governor; the Grand-minister of the ancestral temple; the Grand-historiographer; the Grand-minister of prayers; the Grand-minister of justice; and the Grand-divine. These are the guardians and superintendents of the six departments of the statutes. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子之五官：曰司徒、司马、司空、司士、司寇，典司五众。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The five (administrative) officers of the son of Heaven are: the minister of instruction; the minister of war; the minister of works; the minister of offices; and the minister of crime. These preside over the multitude in (each of) their five charges. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子之六府：曰司土、司木、司水、司草、司器、司货，典司六职。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The six treasuries of the son of Heaven are under the charge of the superintendent of the land; the superintendent of the woods; the superintendent of the waters; the superintendent of the grass; the superintendent of articles of employment; and the superintendent of wares. These preside over the six departments of their charges. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子之六工：曰土工、金工、石工、木工、兽工、草工，典制六材。五官致贡，曰享。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The six manufactures of the son of Heaven are under the care of (the superintendents of) the workers in earth; the workers in metal; the workers in stone; the workers in wood; the workers in (the skins of) animals; and the workers in twigs. These preside over the six departments of stores. When the five officers give in their contributions, they are said to 'present their offerings.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
五官之长，曰伯：是职方。其摈于天子也，曰天子之吏。天子同姓，谓之伯父；异姓，谓之伯舅。自称于诸侯，曰天子之老，于外曰公；于其国曰君。 |
| Qu Li II: |
Chief among the five officers are the presidents, to whom belong the oversight of quarters (of the kingdom). In any message from them transmitted to the son of Heaven, they are styled 'ministers of the son of Heaven.' If they are of the same surname as he, he styles them 'paternal uncles;' if of a different surname, 'maternal uncles.' To the feudal princes, they designate themselves, 'the ancients of the son of Heaven.' Outside (their own states), they are styled 'duke;' in their states, 'ruler.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
九州之长入天子之国，曰牧。天子同姓，谓之叔父；异姓，谓之叔舅；于外曰侯，于其国曰君。其在东夷、北狄、西戎、南蛮，虽大，曰子。于内自称曰不谷，于外自称曰王老。庶方小侯，入天子之国，曰某人，于外曰子，自称曰孤。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The head prince in each of the nine provinces, on entering the state of the son of Heaven, is styled 'pastor.' If he be of the same surname as himself, the son of Heaven calls him 'my paternal uncle;' if he be of a different surname, 'my maternal uncle.' Outside (his own state) he is called 'marquis'; in it, 'ruler,' The (chiefs) among (the wild tribes of) the Yi on the east, the Di on the north, the Rong on the west, and the Man on the south, however great (their territories), are called 'counts.' In his own territories each one calls himself. 'the unworthy one;' outside them, 'the king's ancient.' Any of the princelets of their various tracts, on entering the state of the son of Heaven, is styled, 'Such and such a person.' Outside it he is called 'count,' and calls himself 'the solitary.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子当依而立，诸侯北面而见天子，曰觐。天子当宁而立，诸公东面、诸侯西面，曰朝。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When the son of Heaven stands with his back to the screen with axe-head figures on it, and the princes present themselves before him with their faces to the north, this is called kin (the autumnal audience). When he stands at the (usual) point (of reception) between the door and the screen, and the dukes have their faces towards the east, and the feudal princes theirs towards the west, this is called Chao (the spring audience). |
| | 曲礼下: |
诸侯未及期相见曰遇，相见于却地曰会。诸侯使大夫问于诸侯曰聘，约信曰誓，莅牲曰盟。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When feudal princes see one another at a place and time not agreed on beforehand, the interview is called 'a meeting.' When they do so in some open place agreed on beforehand, it is called 'an assembly.' When one prince sends a great officer to ask about another, it is called 'a message of friendly inquiry.' When there is a binding to mutual faith, it is called 'a solemn declaration.' When they use a victim, it is called 'a covenant.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
诸侯见天子曰臣某、侯某；其与民言，自称曰寡人；其在凶服，曰适子孤。临祭祀，内事曰孝子某侯某，外事曰曾孙某侯某。死曰薨，复曰某甫复矣。既葬见天子曰类见。言谥曰类。诸侯使人使于诸侯，使者自称曰寡君之老。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a feudal prince is about to be introduced to the son of Heaven, he is announced as 'your subject so-and-so, prince of such-and-such a state.' He speaks of himself to the people as 'the man of little virtue.' If he be in mourning (for his father), he is styled 'the rightful eldest son, an orphan;' if he be taking part at a sacrifice in his ancestral temple, 'the filial son, the prince of such-and-such a state, the prince so-and-so.' If it be another sacrifice elsewhere, the style is, 'so-and-so, prince of such-and-such a state, the distant descendant.' His death is described by the character hong (disappeared). In calling back (his spirit), they say, 'Return, sir so-and-so.' When he has been interred and (his son) is presented to the son of Heaven, the interview, (though special), is said to be 'of the same kind as the usual interviews.' The honorary title given to him is (also) said to be 'after the usual fashion.' When one prince sends a message to another, the messenger speaks of himself as 'the ancient of my poor ruler.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子穆穆，诸侯皇皇，大夫济济，士跄跄，庶人僬僬。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The demeanour of the son of Heaven should be characterised by majesty; of the princes, by gravity; of the Great officers, by a regulated composure; of (inferior) officers, by an easy alertness; and of the common people, by simplicity and humility. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子之妃曰后，诸侯曰夫人，大夫曰孺人，士曰妇人，庶人曰妻。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The partner of the son of Heaven is called 'the queen;' of a feudal prince, 'the helpmate;' of a Great officer, 'the attendant;' of an (inferior) officer, 'the serving woman;' and of a common man ' 'the mate.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
公侯有夫人，有世妇，有妻，有妾。夫人自称于天子，曰老妇；自称于诸侯，曰寡小君；自称于其君，曰小童。自世妇以下，自称曰婢子。子于父母则自名也。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A duke and (one of) the feudal princes had their helpmate, and their honourable women, (which) were their mates and concubines. The helpmate called herself, before the son of Heaven, 'the aged servant;' and before the prince (of another state), 'the small and unworthy ruler.' To her own ruler she called herself 'the small maid.' From the honourable women downwards (each member of the harem) called herself 'your handmaid.' To their parents, sons and daughters called themselves by their names. |
| | 曲礼下: |
列国之大夫，入天子之国曰某士；自称曰陪臣某。于外曰子，于其国曰寡君之老。使者自称曰某。 |
| Qu Li II: |
A Great officer any of the states, entering the state of the son Heaven, was called 'the officer of such-and-such state)' and styled himself 'your subsidiary minister.' Outside (his own state), he was called 'sir;' and in that state, 'the ancient of our poor ruler.' A messenger (to any state) called himself 'so-and-so.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子不言出，诸侯不生名。君子不亲恶。诸侯失地，名；灭同姓，名。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven should not be spoken of as 'going out (of his state).' A feudal prince should not be called by his name, while alive. (When either of these things is done), it is because the superior man will not show regard for wickedness. A prince who loses his territory is named, and also one who extinguishes (another state ruled by) lords of the same surname as himself. |
| | 曲礼下: |
为人臣之礼：不显谏。三谏而不听，则逃之。子之事亲也：三谏而不听，则号泣而随之。 |
| Qu Li II: |
According to the rules of propriety for a minister, he should not remonstrate with his ruler openly. If he have thrice remonstrated and is still not listened to, he should leave (his service). In the service of his parents by a son, if he have thrice remonstrated and is still not listened to, he should follow (his remonstrance) with loud crying and tears. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君有疾，饮药，臣先尝之。亲有疾，饮药，子先尝之。医不三世，不服其药。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When a ruler is ill, and has to drink medicine, the minister first tastes it. When a parent is ill, and has to drink medicine, the son first tastes it. The physic of a doctor in whose family medicine has not been practised for three generations at least, should not be taken. |
| | 曲礼下: |
儗人必于其伦。 |
| Qu Li II: |
In comparing (different) men, we can only do so when their (circumstances and conditions) are of the same class. |
| | 曲礼下: |
问天子之年，对曰：“闻之：始服衣若干尺矣。”问国君之年：长，曰能从宗庙社稷之事矣；幼，曰未能从宗庙社稷之事也。问大夫之子：长，曰能御矣；幼，曰未能御也。问士之子：长，曰能典谒矣；幼，曰未能典谒也。问庶人之子：长，曰能负薪矣；幼，曰未能负薪也。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When one asks about the years of the son of Heaven, the reply should be: 'I have heard that he has begun to wear a robe so many feet long.' When one asks about the years of the ruler of a state, if he be grown up, the reply should be: 'He is able to attend to the services in the ancestral temple, and at the altars of the spirits of the land and grain'; and if he be still young, 'He is not yet able to attend to the services in the ancestral temple, and at the altars of the spirits of the land and grain.' To a question about the son of a Great officer, the reply, if he be grown up, should be: 'He is able to drive;' and, if he be still young, 'He is not yet able to drive.' To a question about the son of an (ordinary) officer, the reply, if he be grown up, should be: 'He can manage the conveying of a salutation or a message;' and, if he be still young, 'He cannot yet manage such a thing.' To a question about the son of a common man, the reply, if he be grown up, should be: 'He is able to carry (a bundle of) firewood;' and, if he be still young, 'He is not yet able to carry (such a bundle).' |
| | 曲礼下: |
问国君之富，数地以对，山泽之所出。问大夫之富，曰有宰食力，祭器衣服不假。问士之富，以车数对。问庶人之富，数畜以对。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When one asks about the wealth of the ruler of a state, the reply should be given by telling the extent of his territory, and the productions of its hills and lakes. To a similar question about a Great officer, it should be said, 'He has the lands allotted to him, and is supported by the labour (of his people). He needs not to borrow the vessels or dresses for his sacrificial occasions.' To the same question about an (ordinary) officer, the reply should be by giving the number of his carriages; and to one about a common man, by telling the number of the animals that he keeps. |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子祭天地，祭四方，祭山川，祭五祀，岁遍。诸侯方祀，祭山川，祭五祀，岁遍。大夫祭五祀，岁遍。士祭其先。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven sacrifices (or presents oblations) to Heaven and Earth; to the (spirits presiding over the) four quarters; to (the spirits of) the hills and rivers; and offers the five sacrifices of the house, all in the course of the year. The feudal princes present oblations, each to (the spirit pre-siding over) his own quarter; to (the spirits of) its hills and rivers; and offer the five sacrifices of the house,-all in the course of the year. Great officers present the oblations of the five sacrifices of the house, all in the course of the year. (Other) officers present oblations to their ancestors. |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡祭，有其废之莫敢举也，有其举之莫敢废也。非其所祭而祭之，名曰淫祀。淫祀无福。天子以牺牛，诸侯以肥牛，大夫以索牛，士以羊豕。支子不祭，祭必告于宗子。 |
| Qu Li II: |
There should be no presuming to resume any sacrifice which has been abolished (by proper authority), nor to abolish any which has been so established. A sacrifice which it is not proper to offer, and which yet is offered, is called a licentious sacrifice. A licentious sacrifice brings no blessing. The son of Heaven uses an ox of one colour, pure and unmixed; a feudal prince, a fatted ox; a Great officer, an ox selected for the occasion; an (ordinary) officer, a sheep or a pig. The son of an inferior member of the harem cannot offer the sacrifice (to his grandfather or father); if (for some reason) he have to do so, he must report it to the honoured son, (the head of the family). |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡祭宗庙之礼：牛曰一元大武，豕曰刚鬣，豚曰腯肥，羊曰柔毛，鸡曰翰音，犬曰羹献，雉曰疏趾，兔曰明视，脯曰尹祭，槁鱼曰商祭，鲜鱼曰脡祭，水曰清涤，酒曰清酌，黍曰芗合，粱曰芗萁，稷曰明粢，稻曰嘉蔬，韭曰丰本，盐曰咸鹾，玉曰嘉玉，币曰量币。 |
| Qu Li II: |
According to the rules for all sacrifices in the ancestral temple, the ox is called 'the creature with the large foot;' the pig, 'the hard bristles;' a sucking-pig, 'the fatling;' a sheep, 'the soft hair;' a cock, 'the loud voice;' a dog, 'the soup offering;' a pheasant, 'the wide toes;' a hare, 'the clear seer;' the stalks of dried flesh, 'the exactly cut oblations;' dried fish, 'the well-considered oblation;' fresh fish, 'the straight oblation.' Water is called 'the pure cleanser;' spirits, 'the clear cup;' millet, 'the fragrant mass;' the large-grained millet, 'the fragrant (grain);' the sacrificial millet, 'the bright grain;' paddy, 'the admirable vegetable;' scallions, 'the rich roots;' salt, 'the saline, briny substance;' jade, 'the admirable jade;' and silks, 'the exact silks.' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子死曰崩，诸侯曰薨，大夫曰卒，士曰不禄，庶人曰死。在床曰尸，在棺曰柩。羽鸟曰降，四足曰渍。死寇曰兵。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The death of the son of Heaven is expressed by beng (has fallen); of a feudal prince, by hong (has crashed); of a Great officer, by Zu (has ended); of an (ordinary) officer, by Bu Lu (is now unsalaried); and of a common man, by si (has deceased). (The corpse) on the couch is called shi (the laid-out), when it is put into the coffin, that is called jiu (being in the long home). (The death of) a winged fowl is expressed by jiang (has fallen down); that of a quadruped, by zi (is disorganised). Death from an enemy in fight is called bing (is slain by the sword). |
| | 曲礼下: |
祭王父曰皇祖考，王母曰皇祖妣。父曰皇考，母曰皇妣。夫曰皇辟。生曰父、曰母、曰妻，死曰考、曰妣、曰嫔。寿考曰卒，短折曰不禄。 |
| Qu Li II: |
In sacrificing to them, a grandfather is called 'the sovereign grandfather;' a grandmother,' the sovereign grandmother;' a father, 'the sovereign father;' a mother, 'the sovereign mother; a husband, 'the sovereign pattern.' While (they are) alive, the names of father (fu), mother (mu), and wife (qi) are used; when they are dead, those of 'the completed one (kao),' 'the corresponding one (bi),' and 'the honoured one (pin).' Death in old age is called 'a finished course (zu);' an early death, 'being unsalaried (bu lu).' |
| | 曲礼下: |
天子视不上于袷，不下于带；国君，绥视；大夫，衡视；士视五步。凡视：上于面则敖，下于带则忧，倾则奸。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The son of Heaven does not look at a person above his collar or below his girdle; the ruler of a state looks at him a little lower (than the collar); a Great officer, on a line with his heart; and an ordinary officer, not from beyond a distance of five paces. In all cases looks directed above to the face denote pride, and below the girdle grief; directed askance, they denote villainy. |
| | 曲礼下: |
君命，大夫与士肄。在官言官，在府言府，在库言库，在朝言朝。 |
| Qu Li II: |
When the ruler orders (any special business) from a Great officer or (other) officer, he should assiduously discharge it; in their offices speaking (only) of the official business; in the treasury, of treasury business; in the arsenals, of arsenal business; and in the court, of court business. |
| | 曲礼下: |
朝言不及犬马。辍朝而顾，不有异事，必有异虑。故辍朝而顾，君子谓之固。在朝言礼，问礼对以礼。 |
| Qu Li II: |
At court there should be no speaking about dogs and horses. When the audience is over, and one looks about him, if he be not attracted by some strange thing, he must have strange thoughts in his mind. When one keeps looking about him after the business of the court is over, a superior man will pronounce him uncultivated. At court the conversation should be according to the rules of propriety; every question should be so proposed, and every answer so returned. |
| | 曲礼下: |
大飨不问卜，不饶富。 |
| Qu Li II: |
For great entertainments there should be no consulting the tortoise-shell, and no great display of wealth. |
| | 曲礼下: |
凡挚，天子鬯，诸侯圭，卿羔，大夫雁，士雉，庶人之挚匹；童子委挚而退。野外军中无挚，以缨，拾，矢，可也。妇人之挚，椇榛、脯修、枣栗。 |
| Qu Li II: |
By way of presents of introduction, the son of Heaven uses spirits of black millet; feudal princes, their symbols of jade; a high minister, a lamb; a Great officer, a goose; an (ordinary) officer, a pheasant; a common man, a duck. Lads should bring their article, and withdraw. In the open country, in the army, they do not use such presents; a tassel from a horse's breast, an archer's armlet, or an arrow may serve the purpose. For such presents women use the fruits of the hovenia dulcis, or of the hazel tree, strings of dried meat, jujube dates, and chestnuts. |
| | 曲礼下: |
纳女于天子，曰备百姓；于国君，曰备酒浆；于大夫，曰备扫洒。 |
| Qu Li II: |
In presenting a daughter for (the harem of) the son of Heaven it is said, 'This is to complete the providers of sons for you;' for that of the ruler of a state, 'This is to complete the providers of your spirits and sauces;' for that of a Great officer, 'This is to complete the number of those who sprinkle and sweep for you.' |
