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三曰── |
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使人大迷惑者，必物之相似也。玉人之所患，患石之似玉者；相劍者之所患，患劍之似吳干者；賢主之所患，患人之博聞辯言而似通者。亡國之主似智，亡國之臣似忠。相似之物，此愚者之所大惑，而聖人之所加慮也。故墨子見歧道而哭之。 |
| | What greatly confuses people must be the similarity of things. The jade workers' concern is about stones that resemble jade; The sword appraisers' concern is about swords that resemble Wu Gan swords; The concern of a virtuous ruler is about people who have extensive knowledge and eloquent speech but merely seem to be enlightened. Rulers who lose their states appear wise, and ministers who bring about the downfall of a state appear loyal. Things that are similar cause great confusion for the foolish, and are an added concern for the sage. Therefore, Mozi wept upon seeing a forked road.
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周宅酆鎬近戎人，與諸侯約，為高葆禱於王路，置鼓其上，遠近相聞。即戎寇至，傳鼓相告，諸侯之兵皆至救天子。戎寇當至，幽王擊鼓，諸侯之兵皆至，褒姒大說，喜之。幽王欲褒姒之笑也，因數擊鼓，諸侯之兵數至而無寇。至於後戎寇真至，幽王擊鼓，諸侯兵不至。幽王之身，乃死於麗山之下，為天下笑。此夫以無寇失真寇者也。賢者有小惡以致大惡。褒姒之敗，乃令幽王好小說以致大滅。故形骸相離，三公九卿出走，此褒姒之所用死，而平王所以東徙也，秦襄、晉文之所以勞王勞而賜地也。 |
| | The Zhou dynasty established its capital at Feng and Hao, close to the Rong people. The king made an agreement with the feudal lords: they would build tall watchtowers along the royal road for prayers, place drums on top of them, so that distant places could hear each other. If Rong raiders arrived, the drum signals would be passed along to warn one another, and the armies of the feudal lords would all come to rescue the Son of Heaven. When the Rong raiders were about to arrive, King You struck the drum, and the armies of the feudal lord all arrived. Baosi was greatly pleased and delighted. King You wanted to see Baosi smile, so he often struck the drum; as a result, the feudal lords' armies frequently arrived despite there being no enemy raiders. When later the Rong raiders actually arrived, King You struck the drum but the feudal lords' armies did not come. King You's body was then killed beneath Lishan Mountain, and he became a laughingstock to all under heaven. This is the case of losing the real enemy because there were no enemies before. A virtuous person may commit a minor wrongdoing that leads to a great evil. Baosi's downfall led King You to favor trivial amusements, which eventually resulted in the total destruction of his state. Therefore, when the body and soul were separated, the Three Dukes and Nine Ministers fled. This was how Baosi caused her own death, and why King Ping moved eastward to relocate his capital; it is also why Duke Xiang of Qin and Duke Wen of Jin labored for the king and were granted land as a reward.
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梁北有黎丘部，有奇鬼焉，喜效人之子姪昆弟之狀。邑丈人有之市而醉歸者，黎丘之鬼效其子之狀，扶而道苦之。丈人歸，酒醒而誚其子，曰：「吾為汝父也，豈謂不慈哉？我醉，汝道苦我，何故？」其子泣而觸地曰：「孽矣！無此事也。昔也往責於東邑人可問也。」其父信之，曰：「譆！是必夫奇鬼也，我固嘗聞之矣。」明日端復飲於市，欲遇而刺殺之。明旦之市而醉，其真子恐其父之不能反也，遂逝迎之。丈人望其真子，拔劍而刺之。丈人智惑於似其子者，而殺於真子。夫惑於似士者而失於真士，此黎丘丈人之智也。疑似之跡，不可不察。察之必於其人也。舜為御，堯為左，禹為右，入於澤而問牧童，入於水而問漁師，奚故也？其知之審也。夫人子之相似者，其母常識之，知之審也。 |
| | To the north of Liang there was a place called Liqiu, where strange ghosts resided; these ghosts liked to imitate the appearances of people's sons, nephews, and brothers. A senior man from the town went to the market and became drunk before returning home, when a ghost from Liqiu imitated his son's appearance, supporting him along the way but treating him cruelly. The senior man returned home and, after sobering up, scolded his son, saying: "I am your father; how could I be considered unkind?" "I was drunk, yet you treated me cruelly on the road—why is that?" His son wept and fell to the ground, saying: "This is a misfortune! There was no such incident." "Previously, I went to collect a debt from someone in the eastern part of the town; you can ask them about it." The father believed him and said: "Indeed! This must be that strange ghost; I have indeed heard of it before." The next day, he went to the market again intending to meet and kill it. The following morning, when he went to the market and got drunk, his real son was afraid that his father would not be able to return home, so he hurried out to meet him. The senior man saw what he thought was the ghost imitating his son and drew his sword to stab him. The senior man's mind was deceived by something resembling his son, and as a result, he killed the real one. To be misled by someone who merely resembles a gentleman and thus lose sight of the true gentleman—this was the wisdom (or rather, folly) of the old man from Liqiu. Traces that are doubtful or similar cannot be left unexamined. Such examination must necessarily involve the person concerned. Shun was the driver, Yao rode on his left, and Yu on his right. When they entered a marshland, they asked a herdsboy; when they entered water, they asked a fisherman—why was this so? Because they were thoroughly aware of the need to seek expert knowledge. A mother always recognizes her own child among those who look similar, because she knows them thoroughly.
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