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三曰── |
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使人大迷惑者，必物之相似也。玉人之所患，患石之似玉者；相剑者之所患，患剑之似吴干者；贤主之所患，患人之博闻辩言而似通者。亡国之主似智，亡国之臣似忠。相似之物，此愚者之所大惑，而圣人之所加虑也。故墨子见歧道而哭之。 |
| | What greatly confuses people must be the similarity of things. The jade workers' concern is about stones that resemble jade; The sword appraisers' concern is about swords that resemble Wu Gan swords; The concern of a virtuous ruler is about people who have extensive knowledge and eloquent speech but merely seem to be enlightened. Rulers who lose their states appear wise, and ministers who bring about the downfall of a state appear loyal. Things that are similar cause great confusion for the foolish, and are an added concern for the sage. Therefore, Mozi wept upon seeing a forked road.
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周宅酆镐近戎人，与诸侯约，为高葆祷于王路，置鼓其上，远近相闻。即戎寇至，传鼓相告，诸侯之兵皆至救天子。戎寇当至，幽王击鼓，诸侯之兵皆至，褒姒大说，喜之。幽王欲褒姒之笑也，因数击鼓，诸侯之兵数至而无寇。至于后戎寇真至，幽王击鼓，诸侯兵不至。幽王之身，乃死于丽山之下，为天下笑。此夫以无寇失真寇者也。贤者有小恶以致大恶。褒姒之败，乃令幽王好小说以致大灭。故形骸相离，三公九卿出走，此褒姒之所用死，而平王所以东徙也，秦襄、晋文之所以劳王劳而赐地也。 |
| | The Zhou dynasty established its capital at Feng and Hao, close to the Rong people. The king made an agreement with the feudal lords: they would build tall watchtowers along the royal road for prayers, place drums on top of them, so that distant places could hear each other. If Rong raiders arrived, the drum signals would be passed along to warn one another, and the armies of the feudal lords would all come to rescue the Son of Heaven. When the Rong raiders were about to arrive, King You struck the drum, and the armies of the feudal lord all arrived. Baosi was greatly pleased and delighted. King You wanted to see Baosi smile, so he often struck the drum; as a result, the feudal lords' armies frequently arrived despite there being no enemy raiders. When later the Rong raiders actually arrived, King You struck the drum but the feudal lords' armies did not come. King You's body was then killed beneath Lishan Mountain, and he became a laughingstock to all under heaven. This is the case of losing the real enemy because there were no enemies before. A virtuous person may commit a minor wrongdoing that leads to a great evil. Baosi's downfall led King You to favor trivial amusements, which eventually resulted in the total destruction of his state. Therefore, when the body and soul were separated, the Three Dukes and Nine Ministers fled. This was how Baosi caused her own death, and why King Ping moved eastward to relocate his capital; it is also why Duke Xiang of Qin and Duke Wen of Jin labored for the king and were granted land as a reward.
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梁北有黎丘部，有奇鬼焉，喜效人之子侄昆弟之状。邑丈人有之市而醉归者，黎丘之鬼效其子之状，扶而道苦之。丈人归，酒醒而诮其子，曰：“吾为汝父也，岂谓不慈哉？我醉，汝道苦我，何故？”其子泣而触地曰：“孽矣！无此事也。昔也往责于东邑人可问也。”其父信之，曰：“嘻！是必夫奇鬼也，我固尝闻之矣。”明日端复饮于市，欲遇而刺杀之。明旦之市而醉，其真子恐其父之不能反也，遂逝迎之。丈人望其真子，拔剑而刺之。丈人智惑于似其子者，而杀于真子。夫惑于似士者而失于真士，此黎丘丈人之智也。疑似之迹，不可不察。察之必于其人也。舜为御，尧为左，禹为右，入于泽而问牧童，入于水而问渔师，奚故也？其知之审也。夫人子之相似者，其母常识之，知之审也。 |
| | To the north of Liang there was a place called Liqiu, where strange ghosts resided; these ghosts liked to imitate the appearances of people's sons, nephews, and brothers. A senior man from the town went to the market and became drunk before returning home, when a ghost from Liqiu imitated his son's appearance, supporting him along the way but treating him cruelly. The senior man returned home and, after sobering up, scolded his son, saying: "I am your father; how could I be considered unkind?" "I was drunk, yet you treated me cruelly on the road—why is that?" His son wept and fell to the ground, saying: "This is a misfortune! There was no such incident." "Previously, I went to collect a debt from someone in the eastern part of the town; you can ask them about it." The father believed him and said: "Indeed! This must be that strange ghost; I have indeed heard of it before." The next day, he went to the market again intending to meet and kill it. The following morning, when he went to the market and got drunk, his real son was afraid that his father would not be able to return home, so he hurried out to meet him. The senior man saw what he thought was the ghost imitating his son and drew his sword to stab him. The senior man's mind was deceived by something resembling his son, and as a result, he killed the real one. To be misled by someone who merely resembles a gentleman and thus lose sight of the true gentleman—this was the wisdom (or rather, folly) of the old man from Liqiu. Traces that are doubtful or similar cannot be left unexamined. Such examination must necessarily involve the person concerned. Shun was the driver, Yao rode on his left, and Yu on his right. When they entered a marshland, they asked a herdsboy; when they entered water, they asked a fisherman—why was this so? Because they were thoroughly aware of the need to seek expert knowledge. A mother always recognizes her own child among those who look similar, because she knows them thoroughly.
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