| | 公孙丑上: |
公孙丑问曰：“夫子加齐之卿相，得行道焉，虽由此霸王不异矣。如此，则动心否乎？” |
| Gong Sun Chou I: |
Gong Sun Chou asked Mencius, saying, 'Master, if you were to be appointed a high noble and the prime minister of Qi, so as to be able to carry your principles into practice, though you should thereupon raise the ruler to the headship of all the other princes, or even to the royal dignity, it would not be to be wondered at. In such a position would your mind be perturbed or not?' |
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孟子曰：“否。我四十不动心。” |
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Mencius replied, 'No. At forty, I attained to an unperturbed mind.' |
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曰：“若是，则夫子过孟贲远矣。” |
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Chou said, 'Since it is so with you, my Master, you are far beyond Meng Ben.' |
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曰：“是不难，告子先我不动心。” |
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'The mere attainment,' said Mencius, 'is not difficult. The scholar Gao had attained to an unperturbed mind at an earlier period of life than I did.' |
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曰：“不动心有道乎？” |
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Chou asked, 'Is there any way to an unperturbed mind?' |
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曰：“有。北宫黝之养勇也，不肤挠，不目逃，思以一豪挫于人，若挞之于市朝。不受于褐宽博，亦不受于万乘之君。视刺万乘之君，若刺褐夫。无严诸侯。恶声至，必反之。孟施舍之所养勇也，曰：‘视不胜犹胜也。量敌而后进，虑胜而后会，是畏三军者也。舍岂能为必胜哉？能无惧而已矣。’孟施舍似曾子，北宫黝似子夏。夫二子之勇，未知其孰贤，然而孟施舍守约也。昔者曾子谓子襄曰：‘子好勇乎？吾尝闻大勇于夫子矣：自反而不缩，虽褐宽博，吾不惴焉；自反而缩，虽千万人，吾往矣。’孟施舍之守气，又不如曾子之守约也。” |
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The answer was, 'Yes. Bei Gong You had this way of nourishing his valour: He did not flinch from any strokes at his body. He did not turn his eyes aside from any thrusts at them. He considered that the slightest push from any one was the same as if he were beaten before the crowds in the market-place, and that what he would not receive from a common man in his loose large garments of hair, neither should he receive from a prince of ten thousand chariots. He viewed stabbing a prince of ten thousand chariots just as stabbing a fellow dressed in cloth of hair. He feared not any of all the princes. A bad word addressed to him be always returned. Meng Shi She had this way of nourishing his valour: He said, "I look upon not conquering and conquering in the same way. To measure the enemy and then advance; to calculate the chances of victory and then engage - this is to stand in awe of the opposing force. How can I make certain of conquering? I can only rise superior to all fear." Meng Shi She resembled the philosopher Zeng. Bei Gong You resembled Zi Xia. I do not know to the valour of which of the two the superiority should be ascribed, but yet Meng Shi She attended to what was of the greater importance. Formerly, the philosopher Zeng said to Zi Xiang, "Do you love valour? I heard an account of great valour from the Master. It speaks thus: 'If, on self-examination, I find that I am not upright, shall I not be in fear even of a poor man in his loose garments of hair-cloth? If, on self-examination, I find that I am upright, I will go forward against thousands and tens of thousands.' Yet, what Meng Shi She maintained, being merely his physical energy, was after all inferior to what the philosopher Zeng maintained, which was indeed of the most importance.' |
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曰：“敢问夫子之不动心，与告子之不动心，可得闻与？” |
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Gong Sun Chou said, 'May I venture to ask an explanation from you, Master, of how you maintain an unperturbed mind, and how the philosopher Gao does the same?' |
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“告子曰：‘不得于言，勿求于心；不得于心，勿求于气。’不得于心，勿求于气，可；不得于言，勿求于心，不可。夫志，气之帅也；气，体之充也。夫志至焉，气次焉。故曰：‘持其志，无暴其气。’” |
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Mencius answered, 'Gao says, "What is not attained in words is not to be sought for in the mind; what produces dissatisfaction in the mind, is not to be helped by passion-effort." This last, when there is unrest in the mind, not to seek for relief from passion-effort, may be conceded. But not to seek in the mind for what is not attained in words cannot be conceded. The will is the leader of the passion-nature. The passion-nature pervades and animates the body. The will is first and chief, and the passion-nature is subordinate to it. Therefore I say, Maintain firm the will, and do no violence to the passion-nature.' |
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“既曰‘志至焉，气次焉’，又曰‘持其志无暴其气’者，何也？” |
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Chou observed, 'Since you say "The will is chief, and the passion-nature is subordinate," how do you also say, "Maintain firm the will, and do no violence to the passion-nature?"' |
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曰：“志壹则动气，气壹则动志也。今夫蹶者趋者，是气也，而反动其心。” |
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Mencius replied, 'When it is the will alone which is active, it moves the passion-nature. When it is the passion-nature alone which is active, it moves the will. For instance now, in the case of a man falling or running, that is from the passion-nature, and yet it moves the mind.' |
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“敢问夫子恶乎长？” |
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'I venture to ask,' said Chou again, 'wherein you, Master, surpass Gao.' |
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曰：“我知言，我善养吾浩然之气。” |
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Mencius told him, 'I understand words. I am skilful in nourishing my vast, flowing passion-nature.' |
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“敢问何谓浩然之气？” |
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Chou pursued, 'I venture to ask what you mean by your vast, flowing passion-nature!' |
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曰：“难言也。其为气也，至大至刚，以直养而无害，则塞于天地之闲。其为气也，配义与道；无是，馁也。是集义所生者，非义袭而取之也。行有不慊于心，则馁矣。我故曰，告子未尝知义，以其外之也。必有事焉而勿正，心勿忘，勿助长也。无若宋人然：宋人有闵其苗之不长而揠之者，芒芒然归。谓其人曰：‘今日病矣，予助苗长矣。’其子趋而往视之，苗则槁矣。天下之不助苗长者寡矣。以为无益而舍之者，不耘苗者也；助之长者，揠苗者也。非徒无益，而又害之。” |
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The reply was, 'It is difficult to describe it. This is the passion-nature: It is exceedingly great, and exceedingly strong. Being nourished by rectitude, and sustaining no injury, it fills up all between heaven and earth. This is the passion-nature: It is the mate and assistant of righteousness and reason. Without it, man is in a state of starvation. It is produced by the accumulation of righteous deeds; it is not to be obtained by incidental acts of righteousness. If the mind does not feel complacency in the conduct, the nature becomes starved. I therefore said, "Gao has never understood righteousness, because he makes it something external." There must be the constant practice of this righteousness, but without the object of thereby nourishing the passion-nature. Let not the mind forget its work, but let there be no assisting the growth of that nature. Let us not be like the man of Song. There was a man of Song, who was grieved that his growing corn was not longer, and so he pulled it up. Having done this, he returned home, looking very stupid, and said to his people, "I am tired to-day. I have been helping the corn to grow long." His son ran to look at it, and found the corn all withered. There are few in the world, who do not deal with their passion-nature, as if they were assisting the corn to grow long. Some indeed consider it of no benefit to them, and let it alone - they do not weed their corn. They who assist it to grow long, pull out their corn. What they do is not only of no benefit to the nature, but it also injures it.' |
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“何谓知言？” |
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Gong Sun Chou further asked, 'What do you mean by saying that you understand whatever words you hear?' |
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曰：“诐辞知其所蔽，淫辞知其所陷，邪辞知其所离，遁辞知其所穷。生于其心，害于其政；发于其政，害于其事。圣人复起，必从吾言矣。” |
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Mencius replied, 'When words are one-sided, I know how the mind of the speaker is clouded over. When words are extravagant, I know how the mind is fallen and sunk. When words are all-depraved, I know how the mind has departed from principle. When words are evasive, I know how the mind is at its wit's end. These evils growing in the mind, do injury to government, and, displayed in the government, are hurtful to the conduct of affairs. When a Sage shall again arise, he will certainly follow my words.' |
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“宰我、子贡善为说辞，冉牛、闵子、颜渊善言德行。孔子兼之，曰：‘我于辞命则不能也。’然则夫子既圣矣乎？” |
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On this Chou observed, 'Zai Wo and Zi Gong were skilful in speaking. Ran Niu, the disciple Min, and Yan Yuan, while their words were good, were distinguished for their virtuous conduct. Confucius united the qualities of the disciples in himself, but still he said, "In the matter of speeches, I am not competent." Then, Master, have you attained to be a Sage?' |
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曰：“恶！是何言也？昔者子贡、问于孔子曰：‘夫子圣矣乎？’孔子曰：‘圣则吾不能，我学不厌而教不倦也。’子贡曰：‘学不厌，智也；教不倦，仁也。仁且智，夫子既圣矣！’夫圣，孔子不居，是何言也？” |
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Mencius said, 'Oh! what words are these? Formerly Zi Gong asked Confucius, saying, "Master, are you a Sage?" Confucius answered him, "A Sage is what I cannot rise to. I learn without satiety, and teach without being tired." Zi Gong said, "You learn without satiety - that shows your wisdom. You teach without being tired - that shows your benevolence. Benevolent and wise - Master, you ARE a Sage." Now, since Confucius would not allow himself to be regarded as a Sage, what words were those?' |
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“昔者窃闻之：子夏、子游、子张皆有圣人之一体，冉牛、闵子、颜渊则具体而微。敢问所安。” |
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Chou said, 'Formerly, I once heard this: Zi Xia, Zi You, and Zi Zhang had each one member of the Sage. Ran Niu, the disciple Min, and Yan Yuan had all the members, but in small proportions. I venture to ask, With which of these are you pleased to rank yourself?' |
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曰：“姑舍是。” |
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Mencius replied, 'Let us drop speaking about these, if you please.' |
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曰：“伯夷、伊尹何如？” |
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Chou then asked, 'What do you say of Bo Yi and Yi Yin?' |
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曰：“不同道。非其君不事，非其民不使；治则进，乱则退，伯夷也。何事非君，何使非民；治亦进，乱亦进，伊尹也。可以仕则仕，可以止则止，可以久则久，可以速则速，孔子也。皆古圣人也，吾未能有行焉；乃所愿，则学孔子也。” |
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'Their ways were different from mine,' said Mencius. 'Not to serve a prince whom he did not esteem, nor command a people whom he did not approve; in a time of good government to take office, and on the occurrence of confusion to retire - this was the way of Bo Yi. To say "Whom may I not serve? My serving him makes him my ruler. What people may I not command? My commanding them makes them my people." In a time of good government to take office, and when disorder prevailed, also to take office - that was the way of Yi Yin. When it was proper to go into office, then to go into it; when it was proper to keep retired from office, then to keep retired from it; when it was proper to continue in it long, then to continue in it long - when it was proper to withdraw from it quickly, then to withdraw quickly - that was the way of Confucius. These were all sages of antiquity, and I have not attained to do what they did. But what I wish to do is to learn to be like Confucius.' |
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“伯夷、伊尹于孔子，若是班乎？” |
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Chou said, 'Comparing Bo Yi and Yi Yin with Confucius, are they to be placed in the same rank?' |
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曰：“否。自有生民以来，未有孔子也。” |
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Mencius replied, 'No. Since there were living men until now, there never was another Confucius.' |
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曰：“然则有同与？” |
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Chou said, 'Then, did they have any points of agreement with him?' |
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曰：“有。得百里之地而君之，皆能以朝诸侯有天下。行一不义、杀一不辜而得天下，皆不为也。是则同。” |
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The reply was, 'Yes. If they had been sovereigns over a hundred li of territory, they would, all of them, have brought all the princes to attend in their court, and have obtained the throne. And none of them, in order to obtain the throne, would have committed one act of unrighteousness, or put to death one innocent person. In those things they agreed with him.' |
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曰：“敢问其所以异？” |
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Chou said, 'I venture to ask wherein he differed from them.' |
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曰：“宰我、子贡、有若智足以知圣人。污，不至阿其所好。宰我曰：‘以予观于夫子，贤于尧舜远矣。’子贡曰：‘见其礼而知其政，闻其乐而知其德。由百世之后，等百世之王，莫之能违也。自生民以来，未有夫子也。’有若曰：‘岂惟民哉？麒麟之于走兽，凤凰之于飞鸟，太山之于丘垤，河海之于行潦，类也。圣人之于民，亦类也。出于其类，拔乎其萃，自生民以来，未有盛于孔子也。’” |
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Mencius replied, 'Zai Wo, Zi Gong, and You Ruo had wisdom sufficient to know the sage. Even had they been ranking themselves low, they would not have demeaned themselves to flatter their favourite. Now, Zai Wo said, "According to my view of our Master, he was far superior to Yao and Shun." Zi Gong said, "By viewing the ceremonial ordinances of a prince, we know the character of his government. By hearing his music, we know the character of his virtue. After the lapse of a hundred ages I can arrange, according to their merits, the kings of a hundred ages - not one of them can escape me. From the birth of mankind till now, there has never been another like our Master." You Ruo said, "Is it only among men that it is so? There is the Qi-lin among quadrupeds, the Feng-huang among birds, the Tai mountain among mounds and ant-hills, and rivers and seas among rain-pools. Though different in degree, they are the same in kind. So the sages among mankind are also the same in kind. But they stand out from their fellows, and rise above the level, and from the birth of mankind till now, there never has been one so complete as Confucius."' |
| | 滕文公上: |
有为神农之言者许行，自楚之滕，踵门而告文公曰：“远方之人闻君行仁政，愿受一廛而为氓。”文公与之处，其徒数十人，皆衣褐，捆屦、织席以为食。 |
| Teng Wen Gong I: |
There came from Chu to Teng one Xu Xing, who gave out that he acted according to the words of Shen Nong. Coming right to his gate, he addressed the duke Wen, saying, 'A man of a distant region, I have heard that you, Prince, are practising a benevolent government, and I wish to receive a site for a house, and to become one of your people.' The duke Wen gave him a dwelling-place. His disciples, amounting to several tens, all wore clothes of haircloth, and made sandals of hemp and wove mats for a living. |
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陈良之徒陈相与其弟辛，负耒耜而自宋之滕，曰：“闻君行圣人之政，是亦圣人也，愿为圣人氓。”陈相见许行而大悦，尽弃其学而学焉。 |
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At the same time, Chen Xiang, a disciple of Chen Liang, and his younger brother, Xin, with their plough-handles and shares on their backs, came from Song to Teng, saying, 'We have heard that you, Prince, are putting into practice the government of the ancient sages, showing that you are likewise a sage. We wish to become the subjects of a sage.' When Chen Xiang saw Xu Xing, he was greatly pleased with him, and, abandoning entirely whatever he had learned, became his disciple. |
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陈相见孟子，道许行之言曰：“滕君，则诚贤君也；虽然，未闻道也。贤者与民并耕而食，饔飧而治。今也滕有仓廪府库，则是厉民而以自养也，恶得贤？” |
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Having an interview with Mencius, he related to him with approbation the words of Xu Xing to the following effect: 'The prince of Teng is indeed a worthy prince. He has not yet heard, however, the real doctrines of antiquity. Now, wise and able princes should cultivate the ground equally and along with their people, and eat the fruit of their labour. They should prepare their own meals, morning and evening, while at the same time they carry on their government. But now, the prince of T'ang has his granaries, treasuries, and arsenals, which is an oppressing of the people to nourish himself. How can he be deemed a real worthy prince?' |
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孟子曰：“许子必种粟而后食乎？”曰：“然。” |
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Mencius said,'I suppose that Xu Xing sows grain and eats the produce. Is it not so?' 'It is so,' was the answer. |
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“许子必织布而后衣乎？”曰：“否。许子衣褐。” |
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'I suppose also he weaves cloth, and wears his own manufacture. Is it not so?' 'No. Xu wears clothes of haircloth.' |
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“许子冠乎？”曰：“冠。” |
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'Does he wear a cap?' 'He wears a cap.' |
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曰：“奚冠？”曰：“冠素。” |
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'What kind of cap?' 'A plain cap.' |
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曰：“自织之与？”曰：“否。以粟易之。” |
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'Is it woven by himself?' 'No. He gets it in exchange for grain.' |
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曰：“许子奚为不自织？”曰：“害于耕。” |
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'Why does Xu not weave it himself?' 'That would injure his husbandry.' |
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曰：“许子以釜甑爨，以铁耕乎？”曰：“然。” |
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'Does Xu cook his food in boilers and earthenware pans, and does he plough with an iron share?' 'Yes.' |
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“自为之与？”曰：“否。以粟易之。” |
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'Does he make those articles himself?' 'No. He gets them in exchange for grain.' |
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“以粟易械器者，不为厉陶冶；陶冶亦以其械器易粟者，岂为厉农夫哉？且许子何不为陶冶。舍皆取诸其宫中而用之？何为纷纷然与百工交易？何许子之不惮烦？”曰：“百工之事，固不可耕且为也。” |
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Mencius then said, 'The getting those various articles in exchange for grain, is not oppressive to the potter and the founder, and the potter and the founder in their turn, in exchanging their various articles for grain, are not oppressive to the husbandman. How should such a thing be supposed? And moreover, why does not Xu act the potter and founder, supplying himself with the articles which he uses solely from his own establishment? Why does he go confusedly dealing and exchanging with the handicraftsmen? Why does he not spare himself so much trouble?' Chen Xiang replied, 'The business of the handicraftsman can by no means be carried on along with the business of husbandry.' |
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“然则治天下独可耕且为与？有大人之事，有小人之事。且一人之身，而百工之所为备。如必自为而后用之，是率天下而路也。故曰：或劳心，或劳力；劳心者治人，劳力者治于人；治于人者食人，治人者食于人：天下之通义也。 |
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Mencius resumed, 'Then, is it the government of the kingdom which alone can be carried on along with the practice of husbandry? Great men have their proper business, and little men have their proper business. Moreover, in the case of any single individual, whatever articles he can require are ready to his hand, being produced by the various handicraftsmen - if he must first make them for his own use, this way of doing would keep all the people running about upon the roads. Hence, there is the saying, "Some labour with their minds, and some labour with their strength. Those who labour with their minds govern others; those who labour with their strength are governed by others. Those who are governed by others support them; those who govern others are supported by them." This is a principle universally recognised. |
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“当尧之时，天下犹未平，洪水横流，泛滥于天下。草木畅茂，禽兽繁殖，五谷不登，禽兽逼人。兽蹄鸟迹之道，交于中国。尧独忧之，举舜而敷治焉。舜使益掌火，益烈山泽而焚之，禽兽逃匿。禹疏九河，瀹济漯，而注诸海；决汝汉，排淮泗，而注之江，然后中国可得而食也。当是时也，禹八年于外，三过其门而不入，虽欲耕，得乎？后稷教民稼穑。树艺五谷，五谷熟而民人育。人之有道也，饱食、暖衣、逸居而无教，则近于禽兽。圣人有忧之，使契为司徒，教以人伦：父子有亲，君臣有义，夫妇有别，长幼有序，朋友有信。放勋曰：‘劳之来之，匡之直之，辅之翼之，使自得之，又从而振德之。’圣人之忧民如此，而暇耕乎？ |
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'In the time of Yao, when the world had not yet been perfectly reduced to order, the vast waters, flowing out of their channels, made a universal inundation. Vegetation was luxuriant, and birds and beasts swarmed. The various kinds of grain could not be grown. The birds and beasts pressed upon men. The paths marked by the feet of beasts and prints of birds crossed one another throughout the Middle Kingdom. To Yao alone this caused anxious sorrow. He raised Shun to office, and measures to regulate the disorder were set forth. Shun committed to Yi the direction of the fire to be employed, and Yi set fire to, and consumed, the forests and vegetation on the mountains and in the marshes, so that the birds and beasts fled away to hide themselves. Yu separated the nine streams, cleared the courses of the Ji and Ta, and led them all to the sea. He opened a vent also for the Ru and Han, and regulated the course of the Huai and Si, so that they all flowed into the Jiang. When this was done, it became possible for the people of the Middle Kingdom to cultivate the ground and get food for themselves. During that time, Yu was eight years away from his home, and though he thrice passed the door of it, he did not enter. Although he had wished to cultivate the ground, could he have done so? The Minister of Agriculture taught the people to sow and reap, cultivating the five kinds of grain. When the five kinds of grain were brought to maturity, the people all obtained a subsistence. But men possess a moral nature; and if they are well fed, warmly clad, and comfortably lodged, without being taught at the same time, they become almost like the beasts. This was a subject of anxious solicitude to the sage Shun, and he appointed Xie to be the Minister of Instruction, to teach the relations of humanity: how, between father and son, there should be affection; between sovereign and minister, righteousness; between husband and wife, attention to their separate functions; between old and young, a proper order; and between friends, fidelity. The high meritorious sovereign said to him, "Encourage them; lead them on; rectify them; straighten them; help them; give them wings - thus causing them to become possessors of themselves. Then follow this up by stimulating them, and conferring benefits on them." When the sages were exercising their solicitude for the people in this way, had they leisure to cultivate the ground? |
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“尧以不得舜为己忧，舜以不得禹、皋陶为己忧。夫以百亩之不易为己忧者，农夫也。分人以财谓之惠，教人以善谓之忠，为天下得人者谓之仁。是故以天下与人易，为天下得人难。孔子曰：‘大哉尧之为君！惟天为大，惟尧则之，荡荡乎民无能名焉！君哉舜也！巍巍乎有天下而不与焉！’尧舜之治天下，岂无所用其心哉？亦不用于耕耳。 |
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'What Yao felt giving him anxiety was the not getting Shun. What Shun felt giving him anxiety was the not getting Yu and Gao Yao. But he whose anxiety is about his hundred mu not being properly cultivated, is a mere husbandman. The imparting by a man to others of his wealth, is called "kindness." The teaching others what is good, is called "the exercise of fidelity." The finding a man who shall benefit the kingdom, is called "benevolence." Hence to give the throne to another man would be easy; to find a man who shall benefit the kingdom is difficult. Confucius said, "Great indeed was Yao as a sovereign. It is only Heaven that is great, and only Yao corresponded to it. How vast was his virtue! The people could find no name for it. Princely indeed was Shun! How majestic was he, having possession of the kingdom, and yet seeming as if it were nothing to him!" In their governing the kingdom, were there no subjects on which Yao and Shun employed their minds? There were subjects, only they did not employ their minds on the cultivation of the ground. |
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“吾闻用夏变夷者，未闻变于夷者也。陈良，楚产也。悦周公、仲尼之道，北学于中国。北方之学者，未能或之先也。彼所谓豪杰之士也。子之兄弟事之数十年，师死而遂倍之。昔者孔子没，三年之外，门人治任将归，入揖于子贡，相向而哭，皆失声，然后归。子贡反，筑室于场，独居三年，然后归。他日，子夏、子张、子游以有若似圣人，欲以所事孔子事之，强曾子。曾子曰：‘不可。江汉以濯之，秋阳以暴之，颢颢乎不可尚已。’今也南蛮觖舌之人，非先王之道，子倍子之师而学之，亦异于曾子矣。吾闻出于幽谷迁于乔木者，末闻下乔木而入于幽谷者。《鲁颂》曰：‘戎狄是膺，荆舒是惩。’周公方且膺之，子是之学，亦为不善变矣。” |
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'I have heard of men using the doctrines of our great land to change barbarians, but I have never yet heard of any being changed by barbarians. Chen Liang was a native of Chu. Pleased with the doctrines of Zhou Gong and Zhong Ni, he came northwards to the Middle Kingdom and studied them. Among the scholars of the northern regions, there was perhaps no one who excelled him. He was what you call a scholar of high and distinguished qualities. You and your brother followed him some tens of years, and when your master died, you forthwith turned away from him. Formerly, when Confucius died, after three vears had elapsed, his disciples collected their baggage, and prepared to return to their several homes. But on entering to take their leave of Zi Gong, as they looked towards one another, they wailed, till they all lost their voices. After this they returned to their homes, but Zi Gong went back, and built a house for himself on the altar-ground, where he lived alone other three years, before he returned home. On another occasion, Zi Xia, Zi Zhang, and Zi You, thinking that You Ruo resembled the sage, wished to render to him the same observances which they had rendered to Confucius. They tried to force the disciple Zeng to join with them, but he said, "This may not be done. What has been washed in the waters of the Jiang and Han, and bleached in the autumn sun - how glistening is it! Nothing can be added to it." Now here is this shrike-tongued barbarian of the south, whose doctrines are not those of the ancient kings. You turn away from your master and become his disciple. Your conduct is different indeed from that of the philosopher Zeng. I have heard of birds leaving dark valleys to remove to lofty trees, but I have not heard of their descending from lofty trees to enter into dark valleys. In the Praise-songs of Lu it is said, "He smote the barbarians of the west and the north, He punished Jing and Shu." Thus Zhou Gong would be sure to smite them, and you become their disciple again; it appears that your change is not good.' |
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“从许子之道，则市贾不贰，国中无伪。虽使五尺之童适市，莫之或欺。布帛长短同，则贾相若；麻缕丝絮轻重同，则贾相若；五谷多寡同，则贾相若；屦大小同，则贾相若。”曰：“夫物之不齐，物之情也；或相倍蓰，或相什伯，或相千万。子比而同之，是乱天下也。巨屦小屦同贾，人岂为之哉？从许子之道，相率而为伪者也，恶能治国家？” |
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Chen Xiang said, 'If Xu's doctrines were followed, then there would not be two prices in the market, nor any deceit in the kingdom. If a boy of five cubits were sent to the market, no one would impose on him; linen and silk of the same length would be of the same price. So it would be with bundles of hemp and silk, being of the same weight; with the different kinds of grain, being the same in quantity; and with shoes which were of the same size.' Mencius replied, 'It is the nature of things to be of unequal quality. Some are twice, some five times, some ten times, some a hundred times, some a thousand times, some ten thousand times as valuable as others. If you reduce them all to the same standard, that must throw the kingdom into confusion. If large shoes and small shoes were of the same price, who would make them? For people to follow the doctrines of Xu, would be for them to lead one another on to practise deceit. How can they avail for the government of a State?' |
| | 滕文公下: |
公都子曰：“外人皆称夫子好辩，敢问何也？” |
| Teng Wen Gong II: |
The disciple Gong Du said to Mencius, 'Master, the people beyond our school all speak of you as being fond of disputing. I venture to ask whether it be so.' |
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孟子曰：“予岂好辩哉？予不得已也。天下之生久矣，一治一乱。当尧之时，水逆行，泛滥于中国。蛇龙居之，民无所定。下者为巢，上者为营窟。《》曰：‘洚水警余。’洚水者，洪水也。使禹治之，禹掘地而注之海，驱蛇龙而放之菹。水由地中行，江、淮、河、汉是也。险阻既远，鸟兽之害人者消，然后人得平土而居之。 |
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Mencius replied, 'Indeed, I am not fond of disputing, but I am compelled to do it. A long time has elapsed since this world of men received its being, and there has been along its history now a period of good order, and now a period of confusion. In the time of Yao, the waters, flowing out of their channels, inundated the Middle Kingdom. Snakes and dragons occupied it, and the people had no place where they could settle themselves. In the low grounds they made nests for themselves on the trees or raised platforms, and in the high grounds they made caves. It is said in the Book of History, "The waters in their wild course warned me." Those "waters in their wild course" were the waters of the great inundation. Shun employed Yu to reduce the waters to order. Yu dug open their obstructed channels, and conducted them to the sea. He drove away the snakes and dragons, and forced them into the grassy marshes. On this, the waters pursued their course through the country, even the waters of the Jiang, the Huai, the He, and the Han, and the dangers and obstructions which they had occasioned were removed. The birds and beasts which had injured the people also disappeared, and after this men found the plains available for them, and occupied them. |
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“尧、舜既没，圣人之道衰。暴君代作，坏宫室以为污池，民无所安息；弃田以为园囿，使民不得衣食。邪说暴行又作，园囿、污池、沛泽多而禽兽至。及纣之身，天下又大乱。周公相武王，诛纣伐奄，三年讨其君，驱飞廉于海隅而戮之。灭国者五十，驱虎、豹、犀、象而远之。天下大悦。《》曰：‘丕显哉，文王谟！丕承哉，武王烈！佑启我后人，咸以正无缺。’ |
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'After the death of Yao and Shun, the principles that mark sages fell into decay. Oppressive sovereigns arose one after another, who pulled down houses to make ponds and lakes, so that the people knew not where they could rest in quiet; they threw fields out of cultivation to form gardens and parks, so that the people could not get clothes and food. Afterwards, corrupt speakings and oppressive deeds became more rife; gardens and parks, ponds and lakes, thickets and marshes became more numerous, and birds and beasts swarmed. By the time of the tyrant Zhou, the kingdom was again in a state of great confusion. Zhou Gong assisted king Wu, and destroyed Zhou. He smote Yan, and after three years put its sovereign to death. He drove Fei Lian to a corner by the sea, and slew him. The States which he extinguished amounted to fifty. He drove far away also the tigers, leopards, rhinoceroses, and elephants - and all the people was greatly delighted. It is said in the Book of History, "Great and splendid were the plans of king Wen! Greatly were they carried out by the energy of king Wu! They are for the assistance and instruction of us who are of an after day. They are all in principle correct, and deficient in nothing." |
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“世衰道微，邪说暴行有作，臣弑其君者有之，子弑其父者有之。孔子惧，作《春秋》。《春秋》，天子之事也。是故孔子曰：‘知我者其惟春秋乎！罪我者其惟春秋乎！’ |
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'Again the world fell into decay, and principles faded away. Perverse speakings and oppressive deeds waxed rife again. There were instances of ministers who murdered their sovereigns, and of sons who murdered their fathers. Confucius was afraid, and made the "Spring and Autumn." What the "Spring and Autumn" contains are matters proper to the sovereign. On this account Confucius said, "Yes! It is the Spring and Autumn which will make men know me, and it is the Spring and Autumn which will make men condemn me." |
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“圣王不作，诸侯放恣，处士横议，杨朱、墨翟之言盈天下。天下之言，不归杨，则归墨。杨氏为我，是无君也；墨氏兼爱，是无父也。无父无君，是禽兽也。公明仪曰：‘庖有肥肉，厩有肥马，民有饥色，野有饿莩，此率兽而食人也。’杨墨之道不息，孔子之道不著，是邪说诬民，充塞仁义也。仁义充塞，则率兽食人，人将相食。吾为此惧，闲先圣之道，距杨墨，放淫辞，邪说者不得作。作于其心，害于其事；作于其事，害于其政。圣人复起，不易吾言矣。 |
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'Once more, sage sovereigns cease to arise, and the princes of the States give the reins to their lusts. Unemployed scholars indulge in unreasonable discussions. The words of Yang Zhu and Mo Di fill the country. If you listen to people's discourses throughout it, you will find that they have adopted the views either of Yang or of Mo. Now, Yang's principle is "each one for himself," which does not acknowledge the claims of the sovereign. Mo's principle is "to love all equally," which does not acknowledge the peculiar affection due to a father. But to acknowledge neither king nor father is to be in the state of a beast. Gong Meng Yi said, "In their kitchens, there is fat meat. In their stables, there are fat horses. But their people have the look of hunger, and on the wilds there are those who have died of famine. This is leading on beasts to devour men." If the principles of Yang and Mo be not stopped, and the principles of Confucius not set forth, then those perverse speakings will delude the people, and stop up the path of benevolence and righteousness. When benevolence and righteousness are stopped up, beasts will be led on to devour men, and men will devour one another. I am alarmed by these things, and address myself to the defence of the doctrines of the former sages, and to oppose Yang and Mo. I drive away their licentious expressions, so that such perverse speakers may not be able to show themselves. Their delusions spring up in men's minds, and do injury to their practice of affairs. Shown in their practice of affairs, they are pernicious to their government. When sages shall rise up again, they will not change my words. |
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“昔者禹抑洪水而天下平，周公兼夷狄驱猛兽而百姓宁，孔子成《春秋》而乱臣贼子惧。《》云：‘戎狄是膺，荆舒是惩，则莫我敢承。’无父无君，是周公所膺也。我亦欲正人心，息邪说，距诐行，放淫辞，以承三圣者；岂好辩哉？予不得已也。能言距杨墨者，圣人之徒也。” |
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'In former times, Yu repressed the vast waters of the inundation, and the country was reduced to order. Zhou Gong's achievements extended even to the barbarous tribes of the east and north, and he drove away all ferocious animals, and the people enjoyed repose. Confucius completed the "Spring and Autumn," and rebellious ministers and villainous sons were struck with terror. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "He smote the barbarians of the west and the north; He punished Jing and Shu; And no one dared to resist us." These father-deniers and king-deniers would have been smitten by Zhou Gong. I also wish to rectify men's hearts, and to put an end to those perverse doctrines, to oppose their one-sided actions and banish away their licentious expressions - and thus to carry on the work of the three sages. Do I do so because I am fond of disputing? I am compelled to do it. Whoever is able to oppose Yang and Mo is a disciple of the sages.' |
| | 万章下: |
孟子曰：“伯夷，目不视恶色，耳不听恶声。非其君不事，非其民不使。治则进，乱则退。横政之所出，横民之所止，不忍居也。思与乡人处，如以朝衣朝冠坐于涂炭也。当纣之时，居北海之滨，以待天下之清也。故闻伯夷之风者，顽夫廉，懦夫有立志。 |
| Wan Zhang II: |
Mencius said, 'Bo Yi would not allow his eyes to look on a bad sight, nor his ears to listen to a bad sound. He would not serve a prince whom he did not approve, nor command a people whom he did not esteem. In a time of good government he took office, and on the occurrence of confusion he retired. He could not bear to dwell either in a court from which a lawless government emanated, or among lawless people. He considered his being in the same place with a villager, as if he were to sit amid mud and coals with his court robes and court cap. In the time of Zhou he dwelt on the shores of the North sea, waiting the purification of the kingdom. Therefore when men now hear the character of Bo Yi, the corrupt become pure, and the weak acquire determination. |
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“伊尹曰：‘何事非君？何使非民？’治亦进，乱亦进。曰：‘天之生斯民也，使先知觉后知，使先觉觉后觉。予，天民之先觉者也；予将以此道觉此民也。’思天下之民匹夫匹妇有不与被尧舜之泽者，若己推而内之沟中，其自任以天下之重也。 |
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'Yi Yin said, "Whom may I not serve? My serving him makes him my sovereign. What people may I not command? My commanding them makes them my people." In a time of good government he took office, and when confusion prevailed, he also took office. He said, "Heaven's plan in the production of mankind is this: that they who are first informed should instruct those who are later in being informed, and they who first apprehend principles should instruct those who are slower in doing so. I am the one of Heaven's people who has first apprehended; I will take these principles and instruct the people in them." He thought that among all the people of the kingdom, even the common men and women, if there were any who did not share in the enjoyment of such benefits as Yao and Shun conferred, it was as if he himself pushed them into a ditch - for he took upon himself the heavy charge of the kingdom. |
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“柳下惠，不羞污君，不辞小官。进不隐贤，必以其道。遗佚而不怨，厄穷而不悯。与乡人处，由由然不忍去也。‘尔为尔，我为我，虽袒裼裸裎于我侧，尔焉能浼我哉？’故闻柳下惠之风者，鄙夫宽，薄夫敦。 |
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'Hui of Liu Xia was not ashamed to serve an impure prince, nor did he think it low to be an inferior officer. When advanced to employment, he did not conceal his virtue, but made it a point to carry out his principles. When dismissed and left without office, he did not murmur. When straitened by poverty, he did not grieve. When thrown into the company of village people, he was quite at ease and could not bear to leave them. He had a saying, "You are you, and I am I. Although you stand by my side with breast and arms bare, or with your body naked, how can you defile me?" Therefore when men now hear the character of Hui of Liu Xia, the mean become generous, and the niggardly become liberal. |
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“孔子之去齐，接淅而行；去鲁，曰：‘迟迟吾行也。’去父母国之道也。可以速而速，可以久而久，可以处而处，可以仕而仕，孔子也。” |
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'When Confucius was leaving Qi, he strained off with his hand the water in which his rice was being rinsed, took the rice, and went away. When he left Lu, he said, "I will set out by-and-by" - it was right he should leave the country of his parents in this way. When it was proper to go away quickly, he did so; when it was proper to delay, he did so; when it was proper to keep in retirement, he did so; when it was proper to go into office, he did so - this was Confucius.' |
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孟子曰：“伯夷，圣之清者也；伊尹，圣之任者也；柳下惠，圣之和者也；孔子，圣之时者也。孔子之谓集大成。集大成也者，金声而玉振之也。金声也者，始条理也；玉振之也者，终条理也。始条理者，智之事也；终条理者，圣之事也。智，譬则巧也；圣，譬则力也。由射于百步之外也，其至，尔力也；其中，非尔力也。” |
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Mencius said,'Bo Yi among the sages was the pure one; Yi Yin was the one most inclined to take office; Hui of Liu Xia was the accommodating one; and Confucius was the timeous one. In Confucius we have what is called a complete concert. A complete concert is when the large bell proclaims the commencement of the music, and the ringing stone proclaims its close. The metal sound commences the blended harmony of all the instruments, and the winding up with the stone terminates that blended harmony. The commencing that harmony is the work of wisdom. The terminating it is the work of sageness. As a comparison for wisdom, we may liken it to skill, and as a comparison for sageness, we may liken it to strength - as in the case of shooting at a mark a hundred paces distant. That you reach it is owing to your strength, but that you hit the mark is not owing to your strength.' |
| | 尽心下: |
孟子曰：“周于利者，凶年不能杀；周于德者，邪世不能乱。” |
| Jin Xin II: |
Mencius said, 'A bad year cannot prove the cause of death to him whose stores of gain are large; an age of corruption cannot confound him whose equipment of virtue is complete.' |
| | 尽心下: |
孟子曰：“不信仁贤，则国空虚。无礼义，则上下乱。无政事，则财用不足。” |
| Jin Xin II: |
Mencius said, 'If men of virtue and ability be not confided in, a State will become empty and void. Without the rules of propriety and distinctions of right, the high and the low will be thrown into confusion. Without the great principles of government and their various business, there will not be wealth sufficient for the expenditure.' |
| | 尽心下: |
万章问曰：“孔子在陈曰：‘盍归乎来！吾党之士狂简，进取，不忘其初。’孔子在陈，何思鲁之狂士？” |
| Jin Xin II: |
Wan Zhang asked, saying, 'Confucius, when he was in Chen, said: "Let me return. The scholars of my school are ambitious, but hasty. They are for advancing and seizing their object, but cannot forget their early ways." Why did Confucius, when he was in Chen, think of the ambitious scholars of Lu?' |
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孟子曰：“孔子‘不得中道而与之，必也狂狷乎！狂者进取，狷者有所不为也’。孔子岂不欲中道哉？不可必得，故思其次也。” |
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Mencius replied, 'Confucius not getting men pursuing the true medium, to whom he might communicate his instructions, determined to take the ardent and the cautiously-decided. The ardent would advance to seize their object; the cautiously-decided would keep themselves from certain things. It is not to be thought that Confucius did not wish to get men pursuing the true medium, but being unable to assure himself of finding such, he therefore thought of the next class.' |
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“敢问何如斯可谓狂矣？” |
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'I venture to ask what sort of men they were who could be styled "The ambitious?"' |
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曰：“如琴张、曾皙、牧皮者，孔子之所谓狂矣。” |
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'Such,' replied Mencius, 'as Qin Zhang, Zeng Xi, and Mu Pi, were those whom Confucius styled "ambitious."' |
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“何以谓之狂也？” |
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'Why were they styled "ambitious?"' |
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曰：“其志嘐嘐然，曰‘古之人，古之人’。夷考其行而不掩焉者也。狂者又不可得，欲得不屑不洁之士而与之，是狷也，是又其次也。孔子曰：‘过我门而不入我室，我不憾焉者，其惟乡原乎！乡原，德之贼也。’” |
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The reply was, 'Their aim led them to talk magniloquently, saying, "The ancients!" "The ancients!" But their actions, where we fairly compare them with their words, did not correspond with them. When he found also that he could not get such as were thus ambitious, he wanted to get scholars who would consider anything impure as beneath them. Those were the cautiously-decided, a class next to the former.' Zhang pursued his questioning, 'Confucius said, "They are only your good careful people of the villages at whom I feel no indignation, when they pass my door without entering my house. Your good careful people of the villages are the thieves of virtue."' |
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曰：“何如斯可谓之乡原矣？” |
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'What sort of people were they who could be styled "Your good careful people of the villages?"' |
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曰：“‘何以是嘐嘐也？言不顾行，行不顾言，则曰：古之人，古之人。行何为踽踽凉凉？生斯世也，为斯世也，善斯可矣。’阉然媚于世也者，是乡原也。” |
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Mencius replied, 'They are those who say, "Why are they so magniloquent? Their words have not respect to their actions and their actions have not respect to their words, but they say, "The ancients! The ancients! Why do they act so peculiarly, and are so cold and distant? Born in this age, we should be of this age, to be good is all that is needed." Eunuch-like, flattering their generation - such are your good careful men of the villages.' |
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万子曰：“一乡皆称原人焉，无所往而不为原人，孔子以为德之贼，何哉？” |
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Wan Zhang said, 'Their whole village styles those men good and careful. In all their conduct they are so. How was it that Confucius considered them the thieves of virtue?' |
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曰：“非之无举也，刺之无刺也；同乎流俗，合乎污世；居之似忠信，行之似廉洁；众皆悦之，自以为是，而不可与入尧舜之道，故曰德之贼也。孔子曰：‘恶似而非者：恶莠，恐其乱苗也；恶佞，恐其乱义也；恶利口，恐其乱信也；恶郑声，恐其乱乐也；恶紫，恐其乱朱也；恶乡原，恐其乱德也。’君子反经而已矣。经正，则庶民兴；庶民兴，斯无邪慝矣。” |
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Mencius replied, 'If you would blame them, you find nothing to allege. If you would criticise them, you have nothing to criticise. They agree with the current customs. They consent with an impure age. Their principles have a semblance of right-heartedness and truth. Their conduct has a semblance of disinterestedness and purity. All men are pleased with them, and they think themselves right, so that it is impossible to proceed with them to the principles of Yao and Shun. On this account they are called "The thieves of virtue." Confucius said, "I hate a semblance which is not the reality. I hate the darnel, lest it be confounded with the corn. I hate glib-tonguedness, lest it be confounded with righteousness. I hate sharpness of tongue, lest it be confounded with sincerity. I hate the music of Chang, lest it be confounded with the true music. I hate the reddish blue, lest it be confounded with vermilion. I hate your good careful men of the villages, lest they be confounded with the truly virtuous." The superior man seeks simply to bring back the unchanging standard, and, that being correct, the masses are roused to virtue. When they are so aroused, forthwith perversities and glossed wickedness disappear.' |
