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咸丘蒙问曰：“语云：‘盛德之士，君不得而臣，父不得而子。’舜南面而立，尧帅诸侯北面而朝之，瞽瞍亦北面而朝之。舜见瞽瞍，其容有蹙。孔子曰：‘于斯时也，天下殆哉，岌岌乎！’不识此语诚然乎哉？” |
| Wan Zhang I: |
Xian Qiu Meng asked Mencius, saying, 'There is the saying, "A scholar of complete virtue may not be employed as a minister by his sovereign, nor treated as a son by his father. Shun stood with his face to the south, and Yao, at the head of all the princes, appeared before him at court with his face to the north. Gu Sou also did the same. When Shun saw Gu Sou, his countenance became discomposed. Confucius said, At this time, in what a perilous condition was the kingdom! Its state was indeed unsettled." - I do not know whether what is here said really took place.' |
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孟子曰：“否。此非君子之言，齐东野人之语也。尧老而舜摄也。《》曰：‘二十有八载，放勋乃徂落，百姓如丧考妣，三年，四海遏密八音。’孔子曰：‘天无二日，民无二王。’舜既为天子矣，又帅天下诸侯以为尧三年丧，是二天子矣。” |
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Mencius replied, 'No. These are not the words of a superior man. They are the sayings of an uncultivated person of the east of Qi. When Yao was old, Shun was associated with him in the government. It is said in the Canon of Yao, "After twenty and eight years, the Highly Meritorious one deceased. The people acted as if they were mourning for a father or mother for three years, and up to the borders of the four seas every sound of music was hushed." Confucius said, "There are not two suns in the sky, nor two sovereigns over the people." Shun having been sovereign, and, moreover, leading on all the princes to observe the three years' mourning for Yao, there would have been in this case two sovereigns.' |
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咸丘蒙曰：“舜之不臣尧，则吾既得闻命矣。《》云：‘’而舜既为天子矣，敢问瞽瞍之非臣，如何？” |
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Xian Qiu Meng said, 'On the point of Shun's not treating Yao as a minister, I have received your instructions. But it is said in the Book of Poetry, Under the whole heaven, Every spot is the sovereign's ground; To the borders of the land, Every individual is the sovereign's minister;" - and Shun had become sovereign. I venture to ask how it was that Gu Sou was not one of his ministers.' |
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曰：“是诗也，非是之谓也；劳于王事，而不得养父母也。曰：‘此莫非王事，我独贤劳也。’故说《》者，不以文害辞，不以辞害志。以意逆志，是为得之。如以辞而已矣，《云汉》之诗曰：‘周馀黎民，靡有孑遗。’信斯言也，是周无遗民也。孝子之至，莫大乎尊亲；尊亲之至，莫大乎以天下养。为天子父，尊之至也；以天下养，养之至也。《》曰：‘永言孝思，孝思维则。’此之谓也。《》曰：‘祗载见瞽瞍，夔夔齐栗，瞽瞍亦允若。’是为父不得而子也。” |
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Mencius answered, 'That ode is not to be understood in that way - it speaks of being laboriously engaged in the sovereign's business, so as not to be able to nourish one's parents, as if the author said, "This is all the sovereign's business, and how is it that I alone am supposed to have ability, and am made to toil in it?" Therefore, those who explain the odes, may not insist on one term so as to do violence to a sentence, nor on a sentence so as to do violence to the general scope. They must try with their thoughts to meet that scope, and then we shall apprehend it. If we simply take single sentences, there is that in the ode called "The Milky Way," - "Of the black-haired people of the remnant of Zhou, There is not half a one left." If it had been really as thus expressed, then not an individual of the people of Zhou was left. Of all which a filial son can attain to, there is nothing greater than his honouring his parents. And of what can be attained to in the honouring one's parents, there is nothing greater than the nourishing them with the whole kingdom. Gu Sou was the father of the sovereign - this was the height of honour. Shun nourished him with the whole kingdom - this was the height of nourishing. In this was verified the sentiment in the Book of Poetry, "Ever cherishing filial thoughts, Those filial thoughts became an example to after ages." It is said in the Book of History, "Reverently performing his duties, he waited on Gu Sou, and was full of veneration and awe. Gu Sou also believed him and conformed to virtue." This is the true case of the scholar of complete virtue not being treated as a son by his father.' |
