| 中国哲学书电子化计划 | |
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《七患》 | 英文翻译：W. P. Mei[?] | 电子图书馆 |
| 1 | 七患: |
子墨子曰：国有七患。七患者何？城郭沟池不可守而治宫室，一患也。边国至境四邻莫救，二患也。先尽民力无用之功，赏赐无能之人，民力尽于无用，财宝虚于待1客，三患也。仕者持2禄，游者爱佼3，君修法讨臣，臣慑而不敢拂，四患也。君自以为圣智而不问事，自以为安强而无守备，四邻谋之不知戒，五患也。所信4 者5不忠，所忠 者6不信，六患也。畜种菽粟不足以食之，大臣不足 以7事之，赏赐不能喜，诛罚不能威，七患也。以七患居国，必无社8稷；以七患守城，敌至国倾。七患之所当，国必有殃。 |
| The seven causes of...: |
Mozi said: There are seven causes of worry to a state. What are these seven causes of worry? When the outer and the inner city walls are not defensible, this is the first worry; When an enemy state is approaching and yet one's neighbours do not come to the rescue, this is the second worry; When the resources of the people have all been spent on useless enterprises and gifts all squandered upon incapable men, when people's resources are exhausted without producing any profit and the treasury is emptied by entertaining idle company, this is the third worry; When the officials value only their salaries, and the sophists only friendship, and when the subordinates dare not remonstrate against the laws the ruler has made for persecution, this is the fourth worry; When the lord is over-confident of his own wisdom and holds no consultation, when he feels he is secure and makes no preparations against attack; and when he does not know that he must be watchful while neighbours are planning against him, this is the fifth worry; When those trusted are not loyal and the loyal are not trusted, this is the sixth worry; And when the crops are not sufficient for food and the ministers can not be charged with responsibilities, and when awards fail to make people happy and punishment to make them afraid, this is the seventh worry. With these seven causes present in the maintenance of the state, the state will perish, and, in the defence of a city, the city will be reduced to ruin by the approaching enemy. Wherever these seven causes are found, the country will face calamity. 1. 待 : 原作“持”。自清毕沅《墨子注》改。 | |
| 2 | 七患: | 凡五谷者，民之所仰也，君之所以为养也。故民无仰则君无养，民无食则不可事。故食不可不务也，地不可不力也，用不可不节也。五谷尽收，则五味尽御于主，不尽收则不尽御。一谷不收谓之馑，二谷不收谓之旱，三谷不收谓之凶，四谷不收谓之馈，五谷不收谓之饥。岁馑，则仕者大夫以下皆损禄五分之一。旱，则损五分之二。凶则损五分之三。馈，则损五分之四。饥，则尽无禄，禀食而已矣。故凶饥存乎国，人君彻鼎食五分之三1，大夫彻县，士不入学，君朝之衣不革制，诸侯之客，四邻之使，雍飧2而不盛，彻骖騑，涂不芸，马不食粟，婢妾不衣帛，此告不足之至也。 |
| The seven causes of...: |
Now, the five grains are the people's mainstay and the source of the ruler's revenue. When the people lose their support the ruler cannot have any revenue either. And without food the people will not observe order. Therefore, food should be secured, land cultivated and expenditures cut down. When all the five grains are gathered, all the five tastes will be offered the ruler; when not all gathered, the five tastes will not be all offered. Failure of one grain is called dearth; failure of two grains is called scarcity; failure of three grains is called calamity; failure of four grains is called want; and failure of all five grains is called famine. When the country is in dearth, all the salaries of the officials below the rank of the minister will be reduced by one-fifth; in scarcity, they will be reduced by two-fifths; in calamity, they will be reduced by three-fifths; in want, they will be reduced by four-fifths; and when famine is in the country there will be no salaries beyond their rations. Therefore when famine and dearth visit a country, the ruler will omit three from the five items of sacrifice, the officials will suspend the courts, and the scholars will not go to school and the lord will not put on his robe to give audience. Even envoys from other feudal lords and messengers from neighbouring states are entertained with cooked food only, and it is not sumptuous. The side-horses of the carriage-team are done away with and the walks (in the palace) are not weeded. Neither are the horses fed with grains, nor are the concubines and maids clothed with silk. And this is the sign of extreme scarcity. 1. 三 : 原作“五”。自孙诒让《墨子闲诂》改。 | |
| 3 | 七患: | 今有负其子而汲者，队其子于井中，其母必从而道之。今岁凶，民饥道饿，重其子此疚于队，其可无察邪？故时年岁善，则民仁且良；时年岁凶，则民吝且恶。夫民何常此之有？为者疾，食者众，则岁无丰。故曰：“财不足则反之时，食不足则反之用。”故先民以时生财，固本而用财，则财足。故虽上世之圣王，岂能使五谷常收而旱水不至哉？然而无冻饿之民者，何也？其力时急而自养俭也。故《夏书》曰：“禹七年水。”《殷书》曰：“汤五年旱。”此其离凶饿甚矣。然而民不冻饿者，何也？其生财密，其用之节也。 |
| The seven causes of...: | Now, if carrying her child and drawing water from a well, a woman dropped the child into the well, she would of course endeavour to get it out. But famine and dearth is a much greater calamity than the dropping of a child. Should there not be also endeavour (to prevent it)? People are gentle and kind when the year is good, but selfish and vicious when it is bad. Yet, how can they be held responsible? When many produce but few consume then there can be no bad year; on the contrary, when few produce but many consume then there can be no good year. Thus it is said: scarcity of supply should stimulate study of the seasons and want of food demands economy of expenditures. The ancients produced wealth according to seasons. They ascertained the source of wealth before they appropriated the products, and therefore they had plenty. Could even the ancient sage-kings cause the five grains invariably to ripen and be harvested and the floods and the droughts never to occur? Yet, none were frozen or starved, why was it? It was because they made full use of the seasons and were frugal in their own maintenance. The history of Xia says that the Deluge lasted seven years in the time of Yu and the history of Yin tells that a drought visited Tang for five years. These are the extremes of disasters. Yet the people were not frozen or starved. Why was this so? The reason lies in diligent production and thrifty consumption. | |
| 4 | 七患: | 故仓1无备粟，不可以待凶饥；库无备兵，虽有义不能征无义；城郭不备全，不可以自守；心无备虑，不可以应卒。是若庆忌无去之心，不能轻出。夫桀无待汤之备，故放；纣无待武王之备，故杀。桀、纣贵为天子，富有天下，然而皆灭亡于百里之君者，何也？有富贵而不为备也。故备者，国之重也；食者，国之宝也；兵者，国之爪也。城者所以自守也。此三者国之具也。 |
| The seven causes of...: |
Therefore, famine and dearth cannot be prepared against unless there are stored grains in the granaries, and justice cannot be maintained against the unjust unless there are ready weapons in the armoury. One cannot defend himself unless the inner and the outer city walls are in repair, and one cannot meet emergencies unless his ideas are well thought out. Thus Qing Ji was unprepared, and he should not have set out on the journey. Jie made no preparations against Tang and he was sent to exile. And Zhou made no preparations against Wu and he was executed. Now, Jie and Zhou were both emperors in rank and possessed the whole empire, yet they both perished at the hands of rulers (of states) of only a hundred li square. What is the reason for this? Because they depended on their rank and wealth and made no preparations. Therefore, preparation is what a country should emphasize. Supply is the treasure of a country, armament its claws, and the city walls are the stronghold of its self-defence. And these three items are the essentials to the existence of a state. 1. 仓 : 原作“食”。自孙诒让《墨子闲诂》改。 | |
| 5 | 七患: | 故曰：以其极赏，以赐无功，虚其府库，以备车马、衣裘、奇怪，苦其役徒，以治宫室观乐；死又厚为棺椁，多为衣裘。生时治台榭，死又修坟墓。故民苦于外，府库单于内，上不厌其乐，下不堪其苦。故国离寇敌则伤，民见凶饥则亡，此皆备不具之罪也。且夫食者，圣人之所宝也。故《周书》曰：“国无三年之食者，国非其国也；家无三年之食者，子非其子也。”此之谓国备。 |
| The seven causes of...: | (The present rulers) squander great amounts of wealth to reward the undeserving, empty the treasury to acquire carriages and horses, exhaust the labourers to build palaces and furnish amusements. Upon their death, again, thick coffins and many coats and fur coats are to be furnished. Porches and pavilions are built for them while they are living. and tombs when they are dead. By this the people are embittered and the treasury is left lean. While the amusements are not yet satisfying to the superiors, the hardship already becomes unbearable for the subjects. Such a state will fall under any attack and such people will perish by famine. And all this is due to the absence of preparation. Moreover, food is what the sages treasured. The history of Zhou says, "Without three years' food (in store) a state cannot be a state (as it is in danger of losing its sovereignty). A family being without food in store to be sufficient for three years its children cannot be its children (who are in danger of being abandoned or sold to others)." Such, then, is the preparation of a country. |
URN: ctp:mozi/seven-causes-of-anxiety