| | 滕文公下: |
孟子谓戴不胜曰：“子欲子之王之善与？我明告子。有楚大夫于此，欲其子之齐语也，则使齐人傅诸？使楚人傅诸？” |
| Teng Wen Gong II: |
Mencius said to Dai Bu Sheng, 'I see that you are desiring your king to be virtuous, and will plainly tell you how he may be made so. Suppose that there is a great officer of Chu here, who wishes his son to learn the speech of Qi. Will he in that case employ a man of Qi as his tutor, or a man of Chu?' |
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曰：“使齐人傅之。” |
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'He will employ a man of Qi to teach him,' said Bu Sheng. |
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曰：“一齐人傅之，众楚人咻之，虽日挞而求其齐也，不可得矣；引而置之庄岳之间数年，虽日挞而求其楚，亦不可得矣。子谓薛居州，善士也。使之居于王所。在于王所者，长幼卑尊，皆薛居州也，王谁与为不善？在王所者，长幼卑尊，皆非薛居州也，王谁与为善？一薛居州，独如宋王何？” |
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Mencius went on, 'If but one man of Qi be teaching him, and there be a multitude of men of Chu continually shouting out about him, although his father beat him every day, wishing him to learn the speech of Qi, it will be impossible for him to do so. But in the same way, if he were to be taken and placed for several years in Zhuang or Yue, though his father should beat him, wishing him to speak the language of Chu, it would be impossible for him to do so. You supposed that Xue Ju Zhou was a scholar of virtue, and you have got him placed in attendance on the king. Suppose that all in attendance on the king, old and young, high and low, were Xue Ju Zhous, whom would the king have to do evil with? And suppose that all in attendance on the king, old and young, high and low, are not Xue Ju Zhous, whom will the king gave to do good with? What can one Xue Ju Zhou do alone for the king of Song?' |
| | 万章上: |
万章问曰：“象日以杀舜为事，立为天子，则放之，何也？” |
| Wan Zhang I: |
Wan Zhang said, 'Xiang made it his daily business to slay Shun. When Shun was made sovereign, how was it that he only banished him?' |
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孟子曰：“封之也，或曰放焉。” |
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Mencius said, 'He raised him to be a prince. Some supposed that it was banishing him?' |
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万章曰：“舜流共工于幽州，放驩兜于崇山，杀三苗于三危，殛鲧于羽山，四罪而天下咸服，诛不仁也。象至不仁，封之有庳。有庳之人奚罪焉？仁人固如是乎？在他人则诛之，在弟则封之。” |
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Wan Zhang said, 'Shun banished the superintendent of works to You Zhou; he sent away Huan Dou to the mountain Chong; he slew the prince of San Miao in San Wei; and he imprisoned Gun on the mountain Yu. When the crimes of those four were thus punished, the whole kingdom acquiesced - it was a cutting off of men who were destitute of benevolence. But Xiang was of all men the most destitute of benevolence, and Shun raised him to be the prince of You Bei - of what crimes had the people of You Bei been guilty? Does a benevolent man really act thus? In the case of other men, he cut them off; in the case of his brother, he raised him to be a prince.' |
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曰：“仁人之于弟也，不藏怒焉，不宿怨焉，亲爱之而已矣。亲之欲其贵也，爱之欲其富也。封之有庳，富贵之也。身为天子，弟为匹夫，可谓亲爱之乎？” |
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Mencius replied, 'A benevolent man does not lay up anger, nor cherish resentment against his brother, but only regards him with affection and love. Regarding him with affection, he wishes him to be honourable: regarding him with love, he wishes him to be rich. The appointment of Xiang to be the prince of You Bei was to enrich and ennoble him. If while Shun himself was sovereign, his brother had been a common man, could he have been said to regard him with affection and love?' |
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“敢问或曰放者，何谓也？” |
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Wan Zhang said, 'I venture to ask what you mean by saying that some supposed that it was a banishing of Xiang?' |
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曰：“象不得有为于其国，天子使吏治其国，而纳其贡税焉，故谓之放，岂得暴彼民哉？虽然，欲常常而见之，故源源而来。‘不及贡，以政接于有庳’，此之谓也。” |
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Mencius replied, 'Xiang could do nothing in his State. The Son of Heaven appointed an officer to administer its government, and to pay over its revenues to him. This treatment of him led to its being said that he was banished. How indeed could he be allowed the means of oppressing the people? Nevertheless, Shun wished to be continually seeing him, and by this arrangement, he came incessantly to court, as is signified in that expression: "He did not wait for the rendering of tribute, or affairs of government, to receive the prince of You Bei. |
| | 曲礼下: |
九州之长入天子之国，曰牧。天子同姓，谓之叔父；异姓，谓之叔舅；于外曰侯，于其国曰君。其在东夷、北狄、西戎、南蛮，虽大，曰子。于内自称曰不谷，于外自称曰王老。庶方小侯，入天子之国，曰某人，于外曰子，自称曰孤。 |
| Qu Li II: |
The head prince in each of the nine provinces, on entering the state of the son of Heaven, is styled 'pastor.' If he be of the same surname as himself, the son of Heaven calls him 'my paternal uncle;' if he be of a different surname, 'my maternal uncle.' Outside (his own state) he is called 'marquis'; in it, 'ruler,' The (chiefs) among (the wild tribes of) the Yi on the east, the Di on the north, the Rong on the west, and the Man on the south, however great (their territories), are called 'counts.' In his own territories each one calls himself. 'the unworthy one;' outside them, 'the king's ancient.' Any of the princelets of their various tracts, on entering the state of the son of Heaven, is styled, 'Such and such a person.' Outside it he is called 'count,' and calls himself 'the solitary.' |
| | 檀弓下: |
大夫吊，当事而至，则辞焉。吊于人，是日不乐。妇人不越疆而吊人。行吊之日不饮酒食肉焉。吊于葬者必执引，若从柩及圹，皆执绋。丧，公吊之，必有拜者，虽朋友州里舍人可也。吊曰：“寡君承事。”主人曰：“临。”君遇柩于路，必使人吊之。 |
| Tan Gong II: |
If a Great officer pay a visit of condolence (to an ordinary officer), and he arrive when (the latter) is occupied with the business of the occasion, an apology is made (for not coming to the gate to receive him). When one has paid a visit of condolence, he should not on the same day show manifestations of joy. A wife should not go beyond the boundaries of the state on a visit of condolence. On the day when he has made a visit of condolence, one should not drink spirits nor eat flesh. When one pays a visit of condolence, and the arrangements for the funeral are going on, he should take hold of the ropes (attached to the car). Those who follow to the grave should take hold of those attached to the coffin. During the mourning rites, if the ruler send a message of condolence, there must be some one to acknowledge it, by bowing to the messenger. A friend, or neighbour, or even a temporary resident in the house, may perform the duty. The message is announced in the words: 'Our unworthy ruler wishes to take part in your (sad) business.' The chief mourner responds: 'We acknowledge your presence with his message.' When a ruler meets a bier on the way, he must send some one to present his condolences (to the chief mourner). |
| | 王制: |
凡四海之内九州，州方千里。州，建百里之国三十，七十里之国六十，五十里之国百有二十，凡二百一十国；名山大泽不以封，其馀以为附庸间田。八州，州二百一十国。天子之县内，方百里之国九，七十里之国二十有一，五十里之国六十有三，凡九十三国；名山大泽不以封，其馀以禄士，以为间田。凡九州，千七百七十三国。天子之元士、诸侯之附庸不与。 |
| Wang Zhi: |
Of the nine provinces embracing all within, the four seas, a province was 1000 li square, and there were established in it 30 states of 100 li (square) each.; 60 of 70 li; 120 of 50 li - in all, 210 states. The famous hills and great meres were not included in the investitures. The rest of the ground formed attached territories and unoccupied lands of the eight provinces (apart from that which formed the royal domain), each contained (the above) 210 states. Within the domain of the son of Heaven there were 9 states of 100 li square; 21 of 70 li; and 63 of 50 li - in all, 93 states. The famous hills and great meres were not assigned. The rest of the ground served to endow the officers, and to form unoccupied lands. In all, in the nine provinces, there were 1773 states, not counting in (the lands of) the officers of the chief grade of the son of Heaven, nor the attached territories in the feudal states. |
| | 王制: |
天子百里之内以共官，千里之内以为御。千里之外，设方伯。五国以为属，属有长。十国以为连，连有帅。三十国以为卒，卒有正。二百一十国以为州，州有伯。八州八伯，五十六正，百六十八帅，三百三十六长。八伯各以其属，属于天子之老二人，分天下以为左右，曰二伯。千里之内曰甸，千里之外，曰采、曰流。 |
| Wang Zhi: |
(The contributions from) the first hundred li (square) of the son of Heaven served to supply (the needs of) the (various) public offices; (those from the rest of) the thousand li were for his own special use. Beyond his thousand li, chiefs of regions were appointed. Five states formed a union, which had a President. Ten formed a combination, which had a Leader. Thirty formed a confederation, which had a Director. Two hundred and ten formed a province, which had a Chief. In the eight provinces there were eight Chiefs, fifty-six Directors, one hundred and sixty-eight Leaders, and three hundred and thirty-six Presidents. The eight Chiefs, with those under them, were all under the two Ancients of the son of Heaven. They divided all under the sky between them, one having charge of the regions on the left and the other of those on the right, and were called the two (Great) Chiefs. All within the thousand li (of the royal domain) was called the Tien (or field Tenure). Outside that domain there were the Cai (or service territories) and the Liu (or territory for banished persons). |
| | 月令: |
是月也，日穷于次，月穷于纪，星回于天。数将几终，岁且更始。专而农民，毋有所使。天子乃与公、卿、大夫，共饬国典，论时令，以待来岁之宜。乃命太史次诸侯之列，赋之牺牲，以共皇天、上帝、社稷之飨。乃命同姓之邦，共寝庙之刍豢。命宰历卿大夫至于庶民土田之数，而赋牺牲，以共山林名川之祀。凡在天下九州之民者，无不咸献其力，以共皇天、上帝、社稷、寝庙、山林、名川之祀。 |
| Yue Ling: |
In this month the sun has gone through all his mansions; the moon has completed the number of her conjunctions; the stars return to (their places) in the heavens. The exact length (of the year) is nearly completed, and the year will soon begin again. (It is said), 'Attend to the business of your husbandmen. Let them not be employed on anything else.' The son of Heaven, along with his ducal and other high ministers and his Great officers, revises the statutes for the states, and discusses the proceedings of the different seasons; to be prepared with what is suitable for the ensuing year. Orders are given to the Grand recorder to make a list of the princes of the states according to the positions severally assigned to them, and of the victims required from them to supply the offerings for the worship of God dwelling in the great heaven, and at the altars of (the spirits of) the land and grain. Orders were also given to the states ruled by princes of the royal surname to supply the fodder and grain for the (victims used in the worship of the) ancestral temple. Orders are given, moreover, to the chief minister to make a list of (the appanages of) the various high ministers and Great officers, with the amount of the land assigned to the common people, and assess them with the victims which they are to contribute to furnish for the sacrifices to (the spirits presiding over) the hills, forests, and famous streams. All the people under the sky, within the nine provinces, must, without exception, do their utmost to contribute to the sacrifices:-to God dwelling in the great heaven; at the altars of the (spirits of the) land and grain; in the ancestral temple and the apartment at the back of it; and of the hills, forests, and famous streams. |
| | 礼器: |
大飨其王事与！三牲鱼腊，四海九州之美味也；笾豆之荐，四时之和气也。内金，示和也。束帛加璧，尊德也。龟为前列，先知也。金次之，见情也。丹漆丝纩竹箭，与众共财也。其馀无常货，各以其国之所有，则致远物也。其出也，肆夏而送之，盖重礼也。 |
| Li Qi: |
Was not the great quinquennial sacrifice a service belonging to the king? The three animal victims, the fish, and flesh, were the richest tributes for the palate from all within the four seas and the nine provinces. The fruits and grain presented in the high dishes of wood and bamboo were the product of the harmonious influences of the four seasons, The tribute of metal showed the harmonious submission (of the princes). The rolls of silk with the round pieces of jade placed on them showed the honour they rendered to virtue. The tortoise was placed in front of all the other offerings, because of its knowledge of the future; the tribute of metal succeeded to it, showing the (hold it has on) human feelings. The vermilion, the varnish, the silk, the floss, the large bamboos and the smaller for arrows - the articles which all the states contribute; with the other uncommon articles, which each state contributed according to its resources, even to those from the remote regions - (these followed the former). When the Visitors left they were escorted with the music of the Si Xia. All these things showed how important was the sacrifice. |
