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| Scope: School of the Military Request type: Paragraph |
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《兵家 - School of the Military》 | Related resources |
《孙子兵法 - The Art of War》 | [Spring and Autumn] 515 BC-512 BC Sun Wu English translation: Lionel Giles [?] | Books referencing 《孙子兵法》 Library Resources Source Related resources |
《始计 - Laying Plans》 | English translation: Lionel Giles [?] | Library Resources |
| 6 | 始计: | 兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意，此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 |
| Laying Plans: | All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;when far away, we must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand. |
《谋攻 - Attack by Stratagem》 | English translation: Lionel Giles [?] | Books referencing 《谋攻》 Library Resources |
| 4 | 谋攻: | 夫将者，国之辅也，辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。故军之所以患于君者三：不知三军之不可以进，而谓之进；不知三军之不可以退，而谓之退；是谓縻军。不知三军之事，而同三军之政，则军士惑矣。不知三军之权，而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣，是谓乱军引胜。 |
| Attack by Stratagem: | Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army: (1) By commanding the army to advance, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot advance; or commanding the army to to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot retreat. This is called hobbling the army. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds. (3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers. But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away. |
《兵势 - Energy》 | English translation: Lionel Giles [?] | Library Resources |
| 4 | 兵势: | 纷纷纭纭，斗乱，而不可乱也。浑浑沌沌，形圆，而不可败也。乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。治乱，数也。勇怯，势也。强弱，形也。故善动敌者，形之，敌必从之；予之，敌必取之；以利动之，以实待之。 |
| Energy: | Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat. Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions. Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it. By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him. |
《军争 - Maneuvering》 | English translation: Lionel Giles [?] | Books referencing 《军争》 Library Resources |
| 5 | 军争: | 故三军可夺气，将军可夺心。是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归；故善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。 |
| Maneuvering: | A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind. Now a soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy - this is the art of retaining self-possession. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished - this is the art of husbanding one's strength. |
《行军 - The Army on the March》 | English translation: Lionel Giles [?] | Library Resources |
| 3 | 行军: | 敌近而静者，恃其险也。远而挑战者，欲人之进也。其所居易者，利也。众树动者，来也。众草多障者，疑也。鸟起者，伏也。兽骇者，覆也。尘：高而锐者，车来也；卑而广者，徒来也；散而条违者，樵采也；少而往来者，营军也。辞卑而益备者，进也。辞强而进驱者，退也。轻车先出其侧者，阵也。无约而请和者，谋也。奔走而陈兵者，期也。半进半退者，诱也。仗而立者，饥也。汲而先饮者，渴也。见利而不进者，劳也。鸟集者，虚也。夜呼者，恐也。军扰者，将不重也。旌旗动者，乱也。吏怒者，倦也。杀马肉食者，军无粮也。悬缶不返其舍者，穷寇也。谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也。数赏者，窘也。数罚者，困也。先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也。来委谢者，欲休息也。兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。 |
| The Army on the...: | When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position. When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance. If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming. When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come. When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of food. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness. If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are angry, it means that the men are weary. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fight to the death. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress. To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme lack of intelligence. When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection. |
《地形 - Terrain》 | English translation: Lionel Giles [?] | Library Resources |
| 2 | 地形: | 故兵有走者，有弛者，有陷者，有崩者，有乱者，有北者；凡此六者，非天地之灾，将之过也。夫势均，以一击十，曰走。卒强吏弱，曰弛。吏强卒弱，曰陷。大吏怒而不服，遇敌怼而自战，将不知其能，曰崩。将弱不严，教道不明，吏卒无常，陈兵纵横，曰乱。将不能料敌，以少合众，以弱击强，兵无选锋，曰北。凡此六者，败之道也。将之至任，不可不察也。 |
| Terrain: | Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flight; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout. Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times its size, the result will be the flight of the former. When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse. When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the result is ruin. When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization. When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be rout. These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the general who has attained a responsible post. | |
| 4 | 地形: | 视卒如婴儿，故可与之赴深溪；视卒如爱子，故可与之俱死。厚而不能使，爱而不能令，乱而不能治，譬若骄子，不可用也。 |
| Terrain: | Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even unto death. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose. |
《吴子 - Wu Zi》 | [Warring States (475 BC - 221 BC)] Wu Qi | Books referencing 《吴子》 Library Resources Source Related resources |
《图国》 | Library Resources |
| 5 | 图国: | 吴子曰：“凡兵之所起者有五：一曰争名，二曰争利，三曰积德恶，四曰内乱，五曰因饥。其名又有五：一曰义兵，二曰强兵，三曰刚兵，四曰暴兵，五曰逆兵。禁暴救乱曰义，恃众以伐曰强，因怒兴师曰刚，弃礼贪利曰暴，国乱人疲举事动众曰逆。五者之数，各有其道，义必以礼服，强必以谦服，刚必以辞服，暴必以诈服，逆必以权服。” |
《料敌》 | Library Resources |
| 1 | 料敌: |
武侯谓吴起曰：“今秦胁吾西，楚带吾南，赵冲吾北，齐临吾东，燕绝吾后，韩据吾前。六国兵四守，势甚不便，忧此奈何？” 起对曰：“夫安国家之道，先戒为宝。今君已戒，祸其远矣。臣请论六国之俗：夫齐陈重而不坚，秦陈散而自鬭，楚陈整而不久，燕陈守而不走，三晋陈治而不用。 夫齐性刚，其国富，君臣骄奢而简于细民，其政宽而禄不均，一陈两心，前重后轻，故重而不坚。击此之道，必三分之，猎其左右，胁而从之，其陈可坏。秦性强，其地险，其政严，其赏罚信，其人不让，皆有鬭心，故散而自战。击此之道，必先示之以利而引去之，士贪于得而离其将，乘乖猎散，设伏投机，其将可取。楚性弱，其地广，其政骚，其民疲，故整而不久。击此之道，袭乱其屯，先夺其气。轻进速退，弊而劳之，勿与战争，其军可败。燕性悫，其民慎，好勇义，寡诈谋，故守而不走。击此之道，触而迫之，陵而远之，驰而后之，则上疑而下惧，谨我车骑必避之路，其将可虏。三晋者，中国也，其性和，其政平，其民疲于战，习于兵，轻其将，薄其禄，士无死志，故治而不用。击此之道，阻陈而压之，众来则拒之，去则追之，以倦其师。此其势也。 然则一军之中，必有虎贲之士；力轻扛鼎，足轻戎马，搴旗斩将，必有能者。若此之等，选而别之，爱而贵之，是谓军命。其有工用五兵、材力健疾、志在吞敌者，必加其爵列，可以决胜。厚其父母妻子，劝赏畏罚，此坚陈之士，可与持久。能审料此，可以击倍。” 武侯曰：“善。” |
| 3 | 料敌: |
武侯问曰：“吾欲观敌之外以知其内，察其进以知其止，以定胜负，可得闻乎？” 起对曰：“敌人之来，荡荡无虑，旌旗烦乱，人马数顾，一可击十，必使无措。诸侯大会，君臣未和，沟垒未成，禁令未施，三军匈匈，欲前不能，欲去不敢，以半击倍，百战不殆。” |
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