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-> -> -> Order to Cultivate Waste Lands

《墾令 - Order to Cultivate Waste Lands》

English translation: J. J. L. Duyvendak [?]
Books referencing 《墾令》 Library Resources
1 墾令:
無宿治,則邪官不及為私利於民,而百官之情不相稽。百官之情不相稽,則農有餘日。邪官不及為私利於民,則農不敝。農不敝而有餘日,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If there is no procrastination in the creating of order, depraved officials have no opportunity of gaining private profits at the expense of the people, nor will the hundred officials be in a condition to temporise and to shift responsibilities on to one another. If the hundred officials are not in a condition to temporise and shift responsibilities on to one another, then agriculture will know days of surplus; and if the depraved officials have no opportunity of gaining private profits at the expense of the people, then agriculture will not be ruined. If agriculture is not ruined, but knows days of surplus, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

2 墾令:
訾粟而稅,則上壹而民平。上壹則信,信則官不敢為邪。民平則慎,慎則難變。上信而官不敢為邪,民慎而難變,則下不非上,中不苦官。下不非上,中不苦官,則壯民疾農不變。壯民疾農不變,則少民學之不休。少民學之不休,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If taxes are levied according to the measure of grain, then the ruler will have system and consequently the people will have peace. If the ruler has system, he will be a man of his word, and being a man of his word, the officials will not dare to commit any depravity. If the people have peace, they are circumspect, and being circumspect, they are difficult to move. If the ruler is a man of his word and in consequence the officials dare not commit any depravity, and if the people are circumspect and consequently difficult to move, then there will be no criticism by inferiors of superiors, nor will the officials be regarded as obnoxious. If so, then the able-bodied will be strenuous in agriculture, without changing. If the able-bodied are so, then the youthful will learn it without resting, and when the youthful learn it without resting, it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

3 墾令:
無以外權任爵與官,則民不貴學問,又不賤農。民不貴學則愚,愚則無外交,無外交則勉農而不偷。民不賤農,則國安不殆。國安不殆,勉農而不偷,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If dignities are not conferred nor office given according to deviating standards, then the people will not prize learning nor, besides, will they hold agriculture cheap. If they do not prize learning, they will be stupid, and being stupid, they will have no interest in outside things; when they have no interest in outside things, the country will exert itself in agriculture and not neglect it, and when the people do not hold agriculture cheap, the country will be peaceful and free from peril. If the country is peaceful and free from peril, exerts itself in agriculture and does not neglect it, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

4 墾令:
祿厚而稅多,食口眾者,敗農者也;則以其食口之數,賦而重使之,則辟淫游惰之民無所於食。無所於食則必農,農則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If salaries are liberal and consequently taxes numerous, then the large number of persons who live on others would mean ruin for agriculture; but if they are assessed according to the calculated number of persons who live on others and are made to work hard, then the wicked and licentious, idle and lazy will have nothing on which to live, and having nothing on which to live, they will take up agriculture; when they take up agriculture, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

5 墾令:
使商無得糴,農無得糶。農無得糶,則窳惰之農勉疾。商無得糴,則多歲不加樂;多歲不加樂,則饑歲無裕利;無裕利則商怯,商怯則欲農。窳惰之農勉疾,商欲農,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
Do not allow merchants to buy grain nor farmers to sell grain. If farmers may not sell their grain, then the lazy and inactive ones will exert themselves and be energetic; and, if merchants may not buy grain, then they have no particular joy over abundant years. Having no particular joy over abundant years, they do not make copious profit in years of famine, and making no copious profit, merchants are fearful, and being fearful, they desire to turn farmers. If lazy and inactive farmers exert themselves and become energetic, and if merchants desire to turn farmers, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

6 墾令:
聲服無通於百縣,則民行作不顧,休居不聽。休居不聽,則氣不淫;行作不顧,則意必壹。意壹而氣不淫,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If music and fine clothing do not penetrate to all the districts, the people, when they are at work, will pay no attention to the latter, and when they are at rest, will not listen to the former. If, at rest, they do not listen to the one, their spirits will not become licentious; and if, at work, they pay no attention to the other, their minds are concentrated. If their minds are concentrated and their spirits not licentious, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

7 墾令:
無得取庸,則大夫家長不建繕。愛子不惰食,惰民不窳,而庸民無所於食,是必農。大夫家長不建繕,則農事不傷。愛子不惰食,惰民不窳,則故田不荒。農事不傷,農民益農,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If it is impossible to hire servants, great prefects and heads of families are not supported and beloved sons cannot eat in laziness. If lazy people cannot be inactive, and hirelings do not find a livelihood, there will certainly be agriculture: when great prefects and heads of families are not supported, agricultural affairs will not suffer; and when beloved sons cannot eat in laziness and lazy people cannot be inactive, then the fields will not lie fallow. If agricultural affairs do not suffer and farmers increase their farming, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

8 墾令:
廢逆旅,則姦偽躁心私交疑農之民不行。逆旅之民無所於食,則必農,農則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If hostelries for the reception of travellers are abolished, criminals, agitators, conspirators and those who unsettle the minds of the farmers will not travel and in consequence, hotel-keepers will have no means of subsistence. This being so, they will certainly become farmers, and so it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

9 墾令:
壹山澤,則惡農慢惰倍欲之民無所於食;無所於食則必農,農則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If mountains and moors are brought into one hand, then the people who hate agriculture, the tardy and lazy and those who desire double profit, will have no means of subsistence. This being so, they will certainly become farmers, and so it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

10 墾令:
貴酒肉之價,重其租,令十倍其樸。然則商酤少,民不能喜酣奭,大臣不為荒飽。商酤少,則上不費粟;民不能喜酣奭,則農不慢;大臣不荒飽,則國事不稽,主無過舉。上不費粟,民不慢農,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If the prices of wine and meat are made high, and the taxes on them so heavy that they amount to ten times the cost of production, then merchants and retailers will be few, farmers will not be able to enjoy drinking-bouts, and officials will not overeat. If merchants and retailers are few, the ruler does not waste his grain; if the people are unable to enjoy drinking bouts, agriculture will not be neglected; if officials do not overeat, the affairs of the state will not be delayed and the prince will not err in his promotions. If the ruler does not waste the grain and if the people do not neglect agriculture, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

11 墾令:
重刑而連其罪,則褊急之民不鬥,很剛之民不訟,怠惰之民不游,費資之民不作,巧諛惡心之民無變也。五民者不生於境內,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If penalties are made heavy and relations are involved in the punishments, petty and irascible people will not quarrel, intractable and stubborn people will not litigate, slothful and lazy people will not idle, those who waste their substance will not thrive, and those of evil heart, given to flattery, will bring about no change. If these five kinds of people do not appear within the territory, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

12 墾令:
使民無得擅徙,則誅愚亂農之民無所於食而必農。愚心躁欲之民壹意,則農民必靜。農靜,誅愚亂農之民欲農,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If people are not allowed to change their abode unauthorisedly, then stupid and irregular farmers will have no means of subsistence and will certainly turn to agriculture. If the minds of stupid people, full of turbulent desires, have been concentrated, then it is certain farmers will be quiet; if the farmers are quiet and stupid people (turn to agriculture), then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

13 墾令:
均出餘子之使令,以世使之,又高其解舍,令有甬,官食槩,不可以辟役。而大官未可必得也,則餘子不游事人。餘子不游事人,則必農,農則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If orders are issued for the service of all younger sons, without exception, the service to last their lifetime, and no high palaces to be built for them, and if orders are given to the grain-measuring officials to weigh out their grain allowance evenly, and if on the one hand they are not used for menial services, but on the other hand they do not necessarily obtain high office, then the younger sons will not be idlers, and (this being so) they will certainly turn to agriculture; and if that is the case, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

14 墾令:
國之大臣諸大夫,博聞辨慧游居之事,皆無得為;無得居游於百縣,則農民無所聞變見方。農民無所聞變見方,則知農無從離其故事,而愚農不知,不好學問。愚農不知,不好學問,則務疾農。知農不離其故事,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If the Ministers of State and the Great Officers are not allowed to occupy themselves with extensive learning, brilliant discussions and idle living, and if they are not allowed to reside, or to travel about, in the various districts, then the farmers will have no opportunity to hear of changes or see different places. This being so, clever farmers will have no opportunity to discard old ways, and stupid farmers will not become clever, nor will they become fond of study. If stupid farmers do not become clever nor fond of study, they will apply themselves energetically to agriculture; and if clever farmers do not discard old ways, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

15 墾令:
令軍市無有女子,而命其商;令人自給甲兵,使視軍興。又使軍市無得私輸糧者,則姦謀無所於伏。盜輸糧者不私稽。輕惰之民不游軍市,盜糧者無所售。送糧者不私,輕惰之民不游軍市,則農民不淫,國粟不勞,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
Women should not be permitted on the market-place of the army, but orders to be there should be given to merchants. Men should be commanded to provide themselves with cuirass and arms, to make the army appear in fine condition. Also if heed is given that there can be no private transport of grain on the army market-place, then there will be no opportunity to hatch corrupt schemes. If those who transport grain dishonestly, cannot, from selfish motives, be negligent, frivolous and lazy people will not loiter about the army market-place; and if those who steal grain have no opportunity of selling, and those who send grain can make no private profit, and if frivolous and lazy people do not loiter about the army market-place, then farmers will not be licentious, (if they are not licentious) the government's grain need not be resorted to, and (this being the case) it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

16 墾令:
百縣之治一形,則迂者不飾,代者不敢更其制,過而廢者不能匿其舉。過舉不匿,則官無邪人。迂者不飾,代者不更,則官屬少而民不勞。官無邪則民不敖,民不敖,則業不敗。官屬少則徵不煩,民不勞則農多日。農多日,徵不煩,業不敗,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If the administration of all the districts is of one pattern then (people) will be obedient; eccentric ones will not be able to be ostentatious, and successive officials will not dare to make changes; and if they act wrongly and abolish (the existing administration), it will be impossible to keep their actions hidden. If their mistaken actions do not remain hidden, then among the officials there will be no depraved men; and if eccentric people can not be ostentatious, and successive officials make no changes, then the official appurtenances will be few and the people will not be harassed. If the officials are not depraved, the people will not seek amusement, and if the people do not seek amusement, their occupations will not suffer; if official appurtenances are few, taxes will not be troublesome, and if the people are not harassed, farming will know days of plenty; if farming knows days of plenty, taxes are not troublesome and occupations do not suffer, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

17 墾令:
重關市之賦,則農惡商,商有疑惰之心。農惡商,商疑惰,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If the tolls at the barriers and on the market are made heavy, then the farmers will hate the merchants, and the merchants will be full of doubt and be unenterprising. If the farmers hate the merchants and the merchants are full of doubt and unenterprising, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

18 墾令:
以商之口數使商,令之廝輿徒重者必當名,則農逸而商勞。則良田不荒,商勞則去來賫送之禮無通於百縣,則農民不饑,行不飾。農民不饑,行不飾,則公作必疾,而私作不荒,則農事必勝。農事必勝,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If merchants are made to serve according to their full complement, and if their multitudes of servants and crowds of followers are obliged to be registered, then farmers will have leisure and merchants will be harassed; farmers having leisure, fertile land will not lie fallow; merchants being harassed, the custom of sending presents backwards and forwards will not pervade the various districts. (If fertile land does not lie fallow) farmers will not suffer from famines, (and if the custom of sending presents backwards and forwards does not pervade the various districts), there will be no ostentatious conduct. If farmers do not suffer from famines and there is no ostentatious conduct, then public activities will be pursued with energy, and in the sphere of private activities there will be no fallow fields. (This being so), then agricultural affairs will certainly excel, and this being the case, it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

19 墾令:
令送糧無得取僦,無得反庸;車牛輿重設,必當名。然則往速徠疾,則業不敗農。業不敗農,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If in transporting grain for official use, carters are prohibited from plying for hire and returning with private cargo, and if measures are taken to ensure the registration of carts, oxen, carriages and baggage waggons, the expedition backward and forward will thus be quick and then this occupation will not harm agriculture; agriculture not being harmed, it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

20 墾令:
無得為罪人請於吏而饟食之,則姦民無主。姦民無主,則為姦不勉。為姦不勉,則姦民無樸。姦民無樸,則農民不敗。農民不敗,則草必墾矣。
Order to Cultivate Waste...:
If it is not permitted to petition officials on behalf of wrongdoers, nor to provide them with food, then criminal people will have no patrons; having no patrons, crimes will not be encouraged; crimes not being encouraged, criminal people will have no hold; criminal people having no hold, farmers will not suffer, and if farmers do not suffer, it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation.

URN: ctp:shang-jun-shu/order-to-cultivate-waste-lands