| | 垦令: |
无宿治，则邪官不及为私利于民，而百官之情不相稽。百官之情不相稽，则农有馀日。邪官不及为私利于民，则农不敝。农不敝而有馀日，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If there is no procrastination in the creating of order, depraved officials have no opportunity of gaining private profits at the expense of the people, nor will the hundred officials be in a condition to temporise and to shift responsibilities on to one another. If the hundred officials are not in a condition to temporise and shift responsibilities on to one another, then agriculture will know days of surplus; and if the depraved officials have no opportunity of gaining private profits at the expense of the people, then agriculture will not be ruined. If agriculture is not ruined, but knows days of surplus, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
訾粟而税，则上壹而民平。上壹则信，信则官不敢为邪。民平则慎，慎则难变。上信而官不敢为邪，民慎而难变，则下不非上，中不苦官。下不非上，中不苦官，则壮民疾农不变。壮民疾农不变，则少民学之不休。少民学之不休，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If taxes are levied according to the measure of grain, then the ruler will have system and consequently the people will have peace. If the ruler has system, he will be a man of his word, and being a man of his word, the officials will not dare to commit any depravity. If the people have peace, they are circumspect, and being circumspect, they are difficult to move. If the ruler is a man of his word and in consequence the officials dare not commit any depravity, and if the people are circumspect and consequently difficult to move, then there will be no criticism by inferiors of superiors, nor will the officials be regarded as obnoxious. If so, then the able-bodied will be strenuous in agriculture, without changing. If the able-bodied are so, then the youthful will learn it without resting, and when the youthful learn it without resting, it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
无以外权任爵与官，则民不贵学问，又不贱农。民不贵学则愚，愚则无外交，无外交则勉农而不偷。民不贱农，则国安不殆。国安不殆，勉农而不偷，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If dignities are not conferred nor office given according to deviating standards, then the people will not prize learning nor, besides, will they hold agriculture cheap. If they do not prize learning, they will be stupid, and being stupid, they will have no interest in outside things; when they have no interest in outside things, the country will exert itself in agriculture and not neglect it, and when the people do not hold agriculture cheap, the country will be peaceful and free from peril. If the country is peaceful and free from peril, exerts itself in agriculture and does not neglect it, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
禄厚而税多，食口众者，败农者也；则以其食口之数，赋而重使之，则辟淫游惰之民无所于食。无所于食则必农，农则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If salaries are liberal and consequently taxes numerous, then the large number of persons who live on others would mean ruin for agriculture; but if they are assessed according to the calculated number of persons who live on others and are made to work hard, then the wicked and licentious, idle and lazy will have nothing on which to live, and having nothing on which to live, they will take up agriculture; when they take up agriculture, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
使商无得籴，农无得粜。农无得粜，则窳惰之农勉疾。商无得籴，则多岁不加乐；多岁不加乐，则饥岁无裕利；无裕利则商怯，商怯则欲农。窳惰之农勉疾，商欲农，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
Do not allow merchants to buy grain nor farmers to sell grain. If farmers may not sell their grain, then the lazy and inactive ones will exert themselves and be energetic; and, if merchants may not buy grain, then they have no particular joy over abundant years. Having no particular joy over abundant years, they do not make copious profit in years of famine, and making no copious profit, merchants are fearful, and being fearful, they desire to turn farmers. If lazy and inactive farmers exert themselves and become energetic, and if merchants desire to turn farmers, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
声服无通于百县，则民行作不顾，休居不听。休居不听，则气不淫；行作不顾，则意必壹。意壹而气不淫，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If music and fine clothing do not penetrate to all the districts, the people, when they are at work, will pay no attention to the latter, and when they are at rest, will not listen to the former. If, at rest, they do not listen to the one, their spirits will not become licentious; and if, at work, they pay no attention to the other, their minds are concentrated. If their minds are concentrated and their spirits not licentious, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
无得取庸，则大夫家长不建缮。爱子不惰食，惰民不窳，而庸民无所于食，是必农。大夫家长不建缮，则农事不伤。爱子不惰食，惰民不窳，则故田不荒。农事不伤，农民益农，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If it is impossible to hire servants, great prefects and heads of families are not supported and beloved sons cannot eat in laziness. If lazy people cannot be inactive, and hirelings do not find a livelihood, there will certainly be agriculture: when great prefects and heads of families are not supported, agricultural affairs will not suffer; and when beloved sons cannot eat in laziness and lazy people cannot be inactive, then the fields will not lie fallow. If agricultural affairs do not suffer and farmers increase their farming, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
废逆旅，则奸伪躁心私交疑农之民不行。逆旅之民无所于食，则必农，农则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If hostelries for the reception of travellers are abolished, criminals, agitators, conspirators and those who unsettle the minds of the farmers will not travel and in consequence, hotel-keepers will have no means of subsistence. This being so, they will certainly become farmers, and so it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
壹山泽，则恶农慢惰倍欲之民无所于食；无所于食则必农，农则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If mountains and moors are brought into one hand, then the people who hate agriculture, the tardy and lazy and those who desire double profit, will have no means of subsistence. This being so, they will certainly become farmers, and so it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
贵酒肉之价，重其租，令十倍其朴。然则商酤少，民不能喜酣奭，大臣不为荒饱。商酤少，则上不费粟；民不能喜酣奭，则农不慢；大臣不荒饱，则国事不稽，主无过举。上不费粟，民不慢农，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If the prices of wine and meat are made high, and the taxes on them so heavy that they amount to ten times the cost of production, then merchants and retailers will be few, farmers will not be able to enjoy drinking-bouts, and officials will not overeat. If merchants and retailers are few, the ruler does not waste his grain; if the people are unable to enjoy drinking bouts, agriculture will not be neglected; if officials do not overeat, the affairs of the state will not be delayed and the prince will not err in his promotions. If the ruler does not waste the grain and if the people do not neglect agriculture, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
重刑而连其罪，则褊急之民不斗，很刚之民不讼，怠惰之民不游，费资之民不作，巧谀恶心之民无变也。五民者不生于境内，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If penalties are made heavy and relations are involved in the punishments, petty and irascible people will not quarrel, intractable and stubborn people will not litigate, slothful and lazy people will not idle, those who waste their substance will not thrive, and those of evil heart, given to flattery, will bring about no change. If these five kinds of people do not appear within the territory, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
使民无得擅徙，则诛愚乱农之民无所于食而必农。愚心躁欲之民壹意，则农民必静。农静，诛愚乱农之民欲农，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If people are not allowed to change their abode unauthorisedly, then stupid and irregular farmers will have no means of subsistence and will certainly turn to agriculture. If the minds of stupid people, full of turbulent desires, have been concentrated, then it is certain farmers will be quiet; if the farmers are quiet and stupid people (turn to agriculture), then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
均出馀子之使令，以世使之，又高其解舍，令有甬，官食槩，不可以辟役。而大官未可必得也，则馀子不游事人。馀子不游事人，则必农，农则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If orders are issued for the service of all younger sons, without exception, the service to last their lifetime, and no high palaces to be built for them, and if orders are given to the grain-measuring officials to weigh out their grain allowance evenly, and if on the one hand they are not used for menial services, but on the other hand they do not necessarily obtain high office, then the younger sons will not be idlers, and (this being so) they will certainly turn to agriculture; and if that is the case, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
国之大臣诸大夫，博闻辨慧游居之事，皆无得为；无得居游于百县，则农民无所闻变见方。农民无所闻变见方，则知农无从离其故事，而愚农不知，不好学问。愚农不知，不好学问，则务疾农。知农不离其故事，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If the Ministers of State and the Great Officers are not allowed to occupy themselves with extensive learning, brilliant discussions and idle living, and if they are not allowed to reside, or to travel about, in the various districts, then the farmers will have no opportunity to hear of changes or see different places. This being so, clever farmers will have no opportunity to discard old ways, and stupid farmers will not become clever, nor will they become fond of study. If stupid farmers do not become clever nor fond of study, they will apply themselves energetically to agriculture; and if clever farmers do not discard old ways, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
令军市无有女子，而命其商；令人自给甲兵，使视军兴。又使军市无得私输粮者，则奸谋无所于伏。盗输粮者不私稽。轻惰之民不游军市，盗粮者无所售。送粮者不私，轻惰之民不游军市，则农民不淫，国粟不劳，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
Women should not be permitted on the market-place of the army, but orders to be there should be given to merchants. Men should be commanded to provide themselves with cuirass and arms, to make the army appear in fine condition. Also if heed is given that there can be no private transport of grain on the army market-place, then there will be no opportunity to hatch corrupt schemes. If those who transport grain dishonestly, cannot, from selfish motives, be negligent, frivolous and lazy people will not loiter about the army market-place; and if those who steal grain have no opportunity of selling, and those who send grain can make no private profit, and if frivolous and lazy people do not loiter about the army market-place, then farmers will not be licentious, (if they are not licentious) the government's grain need not be resorted to, and (this being the case) it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
百县之治一形，则迂者不饰，代者不敢更其制，过而废者不能匿其举。过举不匿，则官无邪人。迂者不饰，代者不更，则官属少而民不劳。官无邪则民不敖，民不敖，则业不败。官属少则徵不烦，民不劳则农多日。农多日，徵不烦，业不败，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If the administration of all the districts is of one pattern then (people) will be obedient; eccentric ones will not be able to be ostentatious, and successive officials will not dare to make changes; and if they act wrongly and abolish (the existing administration), it will be impossible to keep their actions hidden. If their mistaken actions do not remain hidden, then among the officials there will be no depraved men; and if eccentric people can not be ostentatious, and successive officials make no changes, then the official appurtenances will be few and the people will not be harassed. If the officials are not depraved, the people will not seek amusement, and if the people do not seek amusement, their occupations will not suffer; if official appurtenances are few, taxes will not be troublesome, and if the people are not harassed, farming will know days of plenty; if farming knows days of plenty, taxes are not troublesome and occupations do not suffer, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
重关市之赋，则农恶商，商有疑惰之心。农恶商，商疑惰，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If the tolls at the barriers and on the market are made heavy, then the farmers will hate the merchants, and the merchants will be full of doubt and be unenterprising. If the farmers hate the merchants and the merchants are full of doubt and unenterprising, then it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
以商之口数使商，令之厮舆徒重者必当名，则农逸而商劳。则良田不荒，商劳则去来賫送之礼无通于百县，则农民不饥，行不饰。农民不饥，行不饰，则公作必疾，而私作不荒，则农事必胜。农事必胜，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If merchants are made to serve according to their full complement, and if their multitudes of servants and crowds of followers are obliged to be registered, then farmers will have leisure and merchants will be harassed; farmers having leisure, fertile land will not lie fallow; merchants being harassed, the custom of sending presents backwards and forwards will not pervade the various districts. (If fertile land does not lie fallow) farmers will not suffer from famines, (and if the custom of sending presents backwards and forwards does not pervade the various districts), there will be no ostentatious conduct. If farmers do not suffer from famines and there is no ostentatious conduct, then public activities will be pursued with energy, and in the sphere of private activities there will be no fallow fields. (This being so), then agricultural affairs will certainly excel, and this being the case, it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
令送粮无得取僦，无得反庸；车牛舆重设，必当名。然则往速徕疾，则业不败农。业不败农，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If in transporting grain for official use, carters are prohibited from plying for hire and returning with private cargo, and if measures are taken to ensure the registration of carts, oxen, carriages and baggage waggons, the expedition backward and forward will thus be quick and then this occupation will not harm agriculture; agriculture not being harmed, it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
| | 垦令: |
无得为罪人请于吏而饷食之，则奸民无主。奸民无主，则为奸不勉。为奸不勉，则奸民无朴。奸民无朴，则农民不败。农民不败，则草必垦矣。 |
| Order to Cultivate Waste...: |
If it is not permitted to petition officials on behalf of wrongdoers, nor to provide them with food, then criminal people will have no patrons; having no patrons, crimes will not be encouraged; crimes not being encouraged, criminal people will have no hold; criminal people having no hold, farmers will not suffer, and if farmers do not suffer, it is certain waste lands will be brought under cultivation. |
