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| Simplified Chinese version |
《吕刑 - Marquis of Lu on Punishments》 | English translation: James Legge [?] | Books referencing 《吕刑》 Library Resources |
| 吕刑: | 吕命穆王训夏赎刑，作《吕刑》。 | |
| 1 | 吕刑: | 惟吕命，王享国百年，耄，荒度作刑，以诘四方。 |
| Marquis of Lu on...: | In reference to the charge to the marquis of Lu: When the king had occupied the throne till he reached the age of a hundred years, he gave great consideration to the appointment of punishments, in order to deal with (the people of) the four quarters. | |
| 2 | 吕刑: | 王曰：“若古有训，蚩尤惟始作乱，延及于平民，罔不寇贼，鸱义，奸宄，夺攘，矫虔。苗民弗用灵，制以刑，惟作五虐之刑曰法。杀戮无辜，爰始淫为劓、刵、椓、黥。越兹丽刑并制，罔差有辞。民兴胥渐，泯泯棼棼，罔中于信，以覆诅盟。虐威庶戮，方告无辜于上。上帝监民，罔有馨香德，刑发闻惟腥。皇帝哀矜庶戮之不辜，报虐以威，遏绝苗民，无世在下。乃命重、黎，绝地天通，罔有降格。群后之逮在下，明明棐常，鳏寡无盖。 |
| Marquis of Lu on...: |
The king said, 'According to the teachings of ancient times, Chi You was the first to produce disorder, which spread among the quiet, orderly people, till all became robbers and murderers, owl-like and yet self-complacent in their conduct, traitors and villains, snatching and filching, dissemblers and oppressors. Among the people of Miao, they did not use the power of goodness, but the restraint of punishments. They made the five punishments engines of oppression, calling them the laws. They slaughtered the innocent, and were the first also to go to excess in cutting off the nose, cutting off the ears, castration, and branding. All who became liable to those punishments were dealt with without distinction, no difference being made in favour of those who could offer some excuse. The people were gradually affected by this state of things, and became dark and disorderly. Their hearts were no more set on good faith, but they violated their oaths and covenants. The multitudes who suffered from the oppressive terrors, and were (in danger of) being murdered, declared their innocence to Heaven. God surveyed the people, and there was no fragrance of virtue arising from them, but the rank odour of their (cruel) punishments. 'The great Di compassionated the innocent multitudes that were (in danger of) being murdered, and made the oppressors feel the terrors of his majesty. He restrained and (finally) extinguished the people of Miao, so that they should not continue to future generations. Then he commissioned Zhong and Li to make an end of the communications between earth and heaven; and the descents (of spirits) ceased. From the princes down to the inferior officers, all helped with clear intelligence (the spread of) the regular principles of duty, and the solitary and widows were no longer overlooked. | |
| 3 | 吕刑: | 皇帝清问下民鳏寡有辞于苗。德威惟畏，德明惟明。乃命三后，恤功于民。伯夷降典，折民惟刑；禹平水土，主名山川；稷降播种，家殖嘉谷。三后成功，惟殷于民。士制百姓于刑之中，以教祗德。穆穆在上，明明在下，灼于四方，罔不惟德之勤，故乃明于刑之中，率乂于民棐彝。典狱非讫于威，惟讫于富。敬忌，罔有择言在身。惟克天德，自作元命，配享在下。” |
| Marquis of Lu on...: | 'The great Di with an unprejudiced mind carried his enquiries low down among the people, and the solitary and widows laid before him their complaints against the Miao. He awed the people by the majesty of his virtue, and enlightened them by its brightness. He thereupon charged the three princely (ministers) to labour with compassionate anxiety in the people's behalf. Bo-yi delivered his statutes to prevent the people from rendering themselves obnoxious to punishment; Yu reduced to order the water and the land, and presided over the naming of the hills and rivers; Ji spread abroad a knowledge of agriculture, and (the people) extensively cultivated the admirable grains. When the three princes had accomplished their work, it was abundantly well with the people. The Minister of Crime exercised among them the restraint of punishment in exact adaptation to each offence, and taught them to reverence virtue. The greatest gravity and harmony in the sovereign, and the greatest intelligence in those below him, thus shining forth to all quarters (of the land), all were rendered diligent in cultivating their virtue. Hence, (if anything more were wanted), the clear adjudication of punishments effected the regulation of the people, and helped them to observe the regular duties of life. The officers who presided over criminal cases executed the law (fearlessly) against the powerful, and (faithfully) against the wealthy. They were reverent and cautious. They had no occasion to make choice of words to vindicate their conduct. The virtue of Heaven was attained to by them; from them was the determination of so great a matter as the lives (of men). In their low sphere they yet corresponded (to Heaven) and enjoyed (its favour)'. | |
| 4 | 吕刑: | 王曰：“嗟！四方司政典狱，非尔惟作天牧？今尔何监？非时伯夷播刑之迪？其今尔何惩？惟时苗民匪察于狱之丽，罔择吉人，观于五刑之中；惟时庶威夺货，断制五刑，以乱无辜，上帝不蠲，降咎于苗，苗民无辞于罚，乃绝厥世。” |
| Marquis of Lu on...: | The king said, 'Ah! you who direct the government and preside over criminal cases through all the land, are you not constituted the shepherds of Heaven? To whom ought you now to look as your pattern? Is it not to Bo-yi, spreading among the people his lessons to avert punishments? And from whom ought you now to take warning? Is it not from the people of Miao, who would not examine into the circumstances of criminal cases, and did not make choice of good officers that should see to the right apportioning of the five punishments, but chose the violent and bribe-snatchers, who determined and administered them, so as to oppress the innocent, until God would no longer hold them guiltless, and sent down calamity on Miao, when the people had no plea to allege in mitigation of their punishment, and their name was cut off from the world?' | |
| 5 | 吕刑: | 王曰：“呜呼！念之哉。伯父、伯兄、仲叔、季弟、幼子、童孙，皆听朕言，庶有格命。今尔罔不由慰曰勤，尔罔或戒不勤。天齐于民，俾我一日，非终惟终，在人。尔尚敬逆天命，以奉我一人！虽畏勿畏，虽休勿休。惟敬五刑，以成三德。一人有庆，兆民赖之，其宁惟永。” |
| Marquis of Lu on...: | The king said, 'Oh! lay it to heart. My uncles, and all ye, my brethren and cousins, my sons and my grandsons, listen all of you to my words, in which, it may be, you will receive a most important charge. You will only tread the path of satisfaction by being daily diligent; do not have occasion to beware of the want of diligence. Heaven, in its wish to regulate the people, allows us for a day to make use of punishments. Whether crimes have been premeditated, or are unpremeditated, depends on the parties concerned; do you (deal with them so as to) accord with the mind of Heaven, and thus serve me, the One man. Though I would put them to death, do not you therefore put them to death; though I would spare them, do not you therefore spare them. Reverently apportion the five punishments, so as fully to exhibit the three virtues. Then shall I, the One man, enjoy felicity; the people will look to you as their sure dependance; the repose of such a state will be perpetual.' | |
| 6 | 吕刑: | 王曰：“吁！来，有邦有土，告尔祥刑。在今尔安百姓，何择，非人？何敬，非刑？何度，非及？两造具备，师听五辞。五辞简孚，正于五刑。五刑不简，天于五罚；五罚不服，正于五过。五过之疵：惟官，惟反，惟内，惟货，惟来。其罪惟均，其审克之！ |
| Marquis of Lu on...: |
The king said, 'Ho! come, ye rulers of states and territories, I Will tell you how to make punishments a blessing. It is yours now to give repose to the people; what should you be most concerned about the choosing of? Should it not be the proper men? What should you deal with the most reverently? Should it not be punishments? What should you calculate the most carefully? Should it not be to whom these will reach? 'When both parties are present, (with their documents and witnesses) all complete, let the judges listen to the fivefold statements that may be made. When they have examined and fully made up their minds on those, let them adjust the case to one of the five punishments. If the five punishments do not meet it, let them adjust it to one of the five redemption-fines; and if these, again, are not sufficient for it, let them reckon it among the five cases of error. 'In (settling) the five cases of error there are evils (to be guarded against) - being warped by the influence of power, or by private grudge, or by female solicitation, or by bribes, or by applications. Any one of these things should be held equal to the crime (before the judges). Do you carefully examine, and prove yourselves equal to (every difficulty). | |
| 7 | 吕刑: | 五刑之疑有赦，五罚之疑有赦，其审克之！简孚有众，惟貌有稽。无简不听，具严天威。墨辟疑赦，其罚百锾，阅实其罪。劓辟疑赦，其罪惟倍，阅实其罪。剕辟疑赦，其罚倍差，阅实其罪。宫辟疑赦，其罚六百锾，阅实其罪。大辟疑赦，其罚千锾，阅实其罪。墨罚之属千。劓罚之属千，剕罚之属五百，宫罚之属三百，大辟之罚其属二百。五刑之属三千。 |
| Marquis of Lu on...: | 'When, in a doubtful case, the punishment of branding is forborne, the fine to be laid on instead is 600 ounces (of copper); but you must first have satisfied yourselves as to the crime. When the case would require the cutting off the nose, the fine must be double this - with the same careful determination of the crime. When the punishment would be the cutting off the feet, the fine must be 3000 ounces - with the same careful determination of the crime. When the punishment would be castration, the fine must be 3600 ounces - with the same determination. When the punishment would be death, the fine must be 6000 ounces - with the same determination. Of crimes that may be redeemed by the fine in lieu of branding there are 1000; and the same number of those that would otherwise-incur cutting off the nose. The fine in lieu of cutting off the feet extends to 500 cases; that in lieu of castration, to 300; and that in lieu of death, to 200. Altogether, set against the five punishments, there are 3000 crimes. | |
| 8 | 吕刑: | 上下比罪，无僭乱辞，勿用不行，惟察惟法，其审克之！上刑适轻，下服；下刑适重，上服。轻重诸罚有权。刑罚世轻世重，惟齐非齐，有伦有要。罚惩非死，人极于病。非佞折狱，惟良折狱，罔非在中。察辞于差，非从惟从。哀敬折狱，明启刑书胥占，咸庶中正。其刑其罚，其审克之。狱成而孚，输而孚。其刑上备，有并两刑。” |
| Marquis of Lu on...: |
'(In the case of others not exactly defined), you must class them with the (next) higher or (next) lower offences, not admitting assumptive and disorderly pleadings, and not using obsolete laws. Examine and act lawfully, judging carefully, and proving yourselves equal (to every difficulty). Where the crime should incur one of the higher punishments, but there are mitigating circumstances, apply to it the next lower. Where it should incur one of the lower punishments, but there are aggravating circumstances, apply to it the next higher. The light and heavy fines are to be apportioned (in the same way) by the balance of circumstances. Punishments and fines should (also) be light in one age, and heavy in another. To secure uniformity in this (seeming) irregularity, there are certain relations of things (to be considered), and the essential principle (to be observed). 'The chastisement of fines is short of death, yet it will produce extreme distress. They are not (therefore) persons of artful tongues who should determine criminal cases, but really good persons, whose awards will hit the right mean. Examine carefully where there are any discrepancies in the statements; the view which you were resolved not to follow, you may see occasion to follow; with compassion and reverence settle the cases; examine carefully the penal code, and deliberate with all about it, that your decisions may be likely to hit the proper mean and be correct - whether it be the infliction of a punishment or a fine, examining carefully and mastering every difficulty. When the case is thus concluded, all parties will acknowledge the justice of the sentence; and when it is reported, the sovereign will do the same. In sending up reports of cases, they must be full and complete. If a man have been tried on two counts, his two punishments (must be recorded).' | |
| 9 | 吕刑: | 王曰：“呜呼！敬之哉！官伯族姓，朕言多惧。朕敬于刑，有德惟刑。今天相民，作配在下。明清于单辞，民之乱，罔不中听狱之两辞，无或私家于狱之两辞！狱货非宝，惟府辜功，报以庶尤。永畏惟罚，非天不中，惟人在命。天罚不极，庶民罔有令政在于天下。” |
| Marquis of Lu on...: | The king said, 'Oh! let there be a feeling of reverence. Ye judges and princes, of the same surname with me, and of other surnames, (know all) that I speak in much fear. I think with reverence of the subject of punishment, for the end of it is to promote virtue. Now Heaven, wishing to help the people, has made us its representatives here below. Be intelligent and pure in hearing (each) side of a case. The right ordering of the people depends on the impartial hearing of the pleas on both sides - do not seek for private advantage to yourselves by means of those pleas. Gain (so) got by the decision of cases is no precious acquisition; it is an accumulation of guilt, and will be recompensed with many judgments: you should ever stand in awe of the punishment of Heaven. It is not Heaven that does not deal impartially with men, but men ruin themselves. If the punishment of Heaven were not so extreme, nowhere under the sky would the people have good government.' | |
| 10 | 吕刑: | 王曰：“呜呼！嗣孙，今往何监，非德？于民之中，尚明听之哉！哲人惟刑，无疆之辞，属于五极，咸中有庆。受王嘉师，监于兹祥刑。” |
| Marquis of Lu on...: | The king said, 'Oh! ye who shall hereafter inherit (the dignities and offices of) the present time, to whom are ye to look for your models? Must it not be to those who promoted the virtue belonging to the unbiassed nature of the people? I pray you give attention to my words. The wise men (of antiquity) by their use of punishments obtained boundless fame. Everything relating to the five punishments exactly hit with them the due mean, and hence came their excellence. Receiving from your sovereigns the good multitudes, behold in the case of those men punishments made felicitous!' |
URN: ctp:shang-shu/marquis-of-lu-on-punishments