| | 晋世家: |
晋唐叔虞者，周武王子而成王弟。初，武王与叔虞母会时，梦天谓武王曰：“余命女生子，名虞，余与之唐。”及生子，文在其手曰“虞”，故遂因命之曰虞。 |
| | Jin Tang Shuyu was a son of King Wu of Zhou and a younger brother of King Cheng. Initially, when King Wu met with Shuyu's mother, he had a dream in which Heaven told King Wu: "I have ordered my daughter to give birth to a son named Yu. I will grant him Tang." When the child was born, there were markings on his hand that read "Yu," so he was thus named Yu accordingly.
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| | 晋世家: |
武王崩，成王立，唐有乱，周公诛灭唐。成王与叔虞戏，削桐叶为圭以与叔虞，曰：“以此封若。”史佚因请择日立叔虞。成王曰：“吾与之戏耳。”史佚曰：“天子无戏言。言则史书之，礼成之，乐歌之。”于是遂封叔虞于唐。唐在河、汾之东，方百里，故曰唐叔虞。姓姬氏，字子于。 |
| | After King Wu died and King Cheng ascended the throne, there was turmoil in Tang, which led to its suppression by Duke of Zhou. King Cheng once played with Shuyu, cutting a piece of the Tung tree into a gui (a ceremonial jade tablet) and gave it to Shuyu, saying: "I will use this to enfeoff you." Shi Yi then requested that a date be chosen to formally enfeoff Shuyu. King Cheng said, "I was just playing with him." Shi Yi said: "The Son of Heaven does not make jokes. What is spoken must be recorded by the historians, formalized in rites, and sung in music." Thus Shuyu was enfeoffed at Tang. Tang lay to the east of the He and Fen rivers, covering an area of a hundred li square; hence he was called Tang Shuyu. His surname was Ji, and his courtesy name was Ziyu.
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| | 晋世家: |
唐叔子燮，是为晋侯。晋侯子宁族，是为武侯。武侯之子服人，是为成侯。成侯子福，是为厉侯。厉侯之子宜臼，是为靖侯。靖侯已来，年纪可推。自唐叔至靖侯五世，无其年数。 |
| | Shuyu's son Xie became the Marquis of Jin. The Marquis of Jin's son Ningzu was known as Wu Hou. Wu Hou's son Furen became the Cheng Hou. Cheng Hou's son Fu was known as Li Hou. Li Hou's son Yijiu became the Jing Hou. From the reign of Jing Hou onward, historical records can be traced. From Tang Shuyu to Jing Hou, there were five generations, but their exact years are not recorded.
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| | 晋世家: |
靖侯十七年，周厉王迷惑暴虐，国人作乱，厉王出奔于彘，大臣行政，故曰“共和”。 |
| | In the seventeenth year of Jing Hou's reign, King Li of Zhou became deluded and tyrannical. The common people rose in rebellion, forcing King Li to flee to Zhi. During this time, high officials administered government affairs; thus it was called "Gonghe."
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| | 晋世家: |
十八年，靖侯卒，子厘侯司徒立。厘侯十四年，周宣王初立。十八年，厘侯卒，子献侯籍立。献侯十一年卒，子穆侯费王立。 |
| | In the eighteenth year, Jing Hou died and his son Lihou Situ ascended to the throne. In the fourteenth year of Lihou's reign, King Xuan of Zhou first came to power. In the eighteenth year, Lihou died and his son Xianhou Ji ascended to the throne. Xianhou died in the eleventh year of his reign; his son Muhou Feiwang succeeded him.
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| | 晋世家: |
穆侯四年，取齐女姜氏为夫人。七年，伐条。生太子仇。十年，伐千亩，有功。生少子，名曰成师。晋人师服曰：“异哉，君之命子也！太子曰仇，仇者雠也。少子曰成师，成师大号，成之者也。名自命也；物自定也。今适庶名反逆，此后晋其能毋乱乎？” |
| | In the fourth year of Muhou's reign, he took a daughter of Qi named Jiang Shi as his wife. In the seventh year, he launched a campaign against Tiao. His crown prince Chou was born. In the tenth year, he launched a campaign to Qianmou and achieved success. He also had a younger son named Chengshi. A Jin official, Shifu, said: "Unusual indeed is the lord's naming of his sons! The crown prince was named Chou; but 'Chou' means an enemy. The younger son is called Chengshi, which sounds like a grand title and signifies the one who will succeed." Names are self-determined; things have their own determinations. Now the names of the legitimate and illegitimate sons are reversed; after this, how can Jin possibly avoid disorder?"
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| | 晋世家: |
二十七年，穆侯卒，弟殇叔自立，太子仇出奔。殇叔三年，周宣王崩。四年，穆侯太子仇率其徒袭殇叔而立，是为文侯。 |
| | In the twenty-seventh year, Muhou died. His younger brother Yangshu declared himself ruler, and Crown Prince Chou fled abroad. In the third year of Yangshu's reign, King Xuan of Zhou died. In the fourth year, Muhou's crown prince Chou led his followers to attack Yangshu and took power; he became known as Wenhou.
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| | 晋世家: |
文侯十年，周幽王无道，犬戎杀幽王，周东徙。而秦襄公始列为诸侯。 |
| | In the tenth year of Wenhou's reign, King You of Zhou was tyrannical and without virtue; Quanrong killed King You, forcing the Zhou court to move eastward. At that time, Duke Xiang of Qin first became a feudal lord.
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| | 晋世家: |
三十五年，文侯仇卒，子昭侯伯立。 |
| | In the thirty-fifth year, Wenhou Chou died and his son Zhao Hou Bo ascended to the throne.
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| | 晋世家: |
昭侯元年，封文侯弟成师于曲沃。曲沃邑大于翼。翼，晋君都邑也。成师封曲沃，号为桓叔。靖侯庶孙栾宾相桓叔。桓叔是时年五十八矣，好德，晋国之众皆附焉。君子曰：“晋之乱其在曲沃矣。末大于本而得民心，不乱何待！” |
| | In the first year of Zhao Hou's reign, he enfeoffed Wenhou's younger brother Chengshi at Quwo. The fief of Quwo was larger than Yi. Yi was the capital city of the Jin ruler. Chengshi, enfeoffed at Quwo, was known as Huanshu. Luan Bin, a collateral descendant of Jinghou, served as the prime minister to Huanshu. At that time, Huanshu was already fifty-eight years old; he loved virtue and the people of Jin all flocked to him. The gentlemen said: "Disorder in Jin will originate from Quwo. When the branch is greater than the root and yet wins the people's hearts, what else but disorder can be expected!"
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| | 晋世家: |
七年，晋大臣潘父弑其君昭侯而迎曲沃桓叔。桓叔欲入晋，晋人发兵攻桓叔。桓叔败，还归曲沃。晋人共立昭侯子平为君，是为孝侯。诛潘父。 |
| | In the seventh year, Jin's high official Panfu assassinated his ruler Zhao Hou and invited Quwo Huanshu to come. Huanshu wanted to enter Jin, but the people of Jin raised an army to attack him. Huanshu was defeated and returned to Quwo. The people of Jin jointly enthroned Zhao Hou's son Ping as ruler; he became known as Xiaohou. Panfu was executed.
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| | 晋世家: |
孝侯八年，曲沃桓叔卒，子胛桓叔，是为曲沃庄伯。孝侯十五年，曲沃庄伯弑其君晋孝侯于翼。晋人攻曲沃庄伯，庄伯复入曲沃。晋人复立孝侯子郄为君，是为鄂侯。 |
| | In the eighth year of Xiaohou's reign, Quwo Huanshu died and his son Jia Huanshu succeeded him; he was known as Quwo Zhuangbo. In the fifteenth year of Xiaohou's reign at Jin, Quwo Zhuangbo assassinated his ruler, Jin Xiaohou, in Yi. The people of Jin attacked Quwo Zhuangbo, who then retreated back to Quwo. The people of Jin again enthroned Xiaohou's son Qie as ruler; he was known as Ehou.
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| | 晋世家: |
鄂侯六年卒。曲沃庄伯闻晋鄂侯卒，乃兴兵伐晋。周平王使虢公将兵伐曲沃庄伯，庄伯走保曲沃。晋人共立鄂侯子光，是为哀侯。 |
| | Ehou died in the sixth year of his reign. Upon hearing that Ehou of Jin had died, Quwo Zhuangbo raised an army to attack Jin. King Ping of Zhou sent Gou Gong to lead troops against Quwo Zhuangbo, forcing Zhuangbo to retreat and defend himself in Quwo. The people of Jin jointly enthronized Ehou's son Guang as ruler; he became known as Aihou.
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| | 晋世家: |
哀侯二年曲沃庄伯卒，子称代庄伯立，是为曲沃武公。哀侯六年，鲁弑其君隐公。哀侯八年，晋侵陉廷。陉廷与曲沃武公谋，九年，伐晋于汾旁，虏哀侯。晋人乃立哀侯子小子为君，是为小子侯。 |
| | In the second year of Aihou's reign, Quwo Zhuangbo died and his son Cheng succeeded him as ruler; he became known as Quwo Wugong. In the sixth year of Aihou's reign at Jin, Lu assassinated its ruler Duke Yin. In the eighth year of Aihou's rule, Jin invaded Xingteng. Xingteng conspired with Quwo Wugong; in the ninth year, they launched an attack on Jin near Fen and captured Aihou. The people of Jin then enthroned Aihou's son Xiaozhi as ruler; he became known as Xiaozihou.
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| | 晋世家: |
小子元年，曲沃武公使韩万杀所虏晋哀侯。曲沃益强，晋无如之何。 |
| | In the first year of Xiaozihou's reign, Quwo Wugong sent Han Wan to kill the captured Jin Aihou. Quwo became increasingly powerful; Jin could do nothing about it.
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| | 晋世家: |
晋小子之四年，曲沃武公诱召晋小子杀之。周桓王使虢仲伐曲沃武公，武公入于曲沃，乃立晋哀侯弟缗为晋侯。 |
| | In the fourth year of Xiaozihou's reign, Quwo Wugong lured and summoned Xiaozihou to kill him. King Huan of Zhou sent Gou Zhong to attack Quwo Wugong, but Wugong retreated into Quwo and enthroned Min, the younger brother of Jin Aihou, as ruler of Jin.
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| | 晋世家: |
晋侯缗四年，宋执郑祭仲而立突为郑君。晋侯十九年，齐人管至父弑其君襄公。 |
| | In the fourth year of Jin Hou Min's reign, Song captured Zheng Zhai Zhong and enthroned Tu as ruler of Zheng. In the nineteenth year of Jin Hou's reign, Guan Zhifu of Qi assassinated his ruler Duke Xiang.
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| | 晋世家: |
晋侯二十八年，齐桓公始霸。曲沃武公伐晋侯缗，灭之，尽以其宝器赂献于周厘王。厘王命曲沃武公为晋君，列为诸侯，于是尽并晋地而有之。 |
| | In the twenty-eighth year of Jin Hou's reign, Duke Huan of Qi began to establish hegemony. Quwo Wugong attacked Jin Hou Min, annihilated him, and presented all the treasures and ritual objects to King Li of Zhou as tribute. King Li of Zhou appointed Quwo Wugong as ruler of Jin and enfeoffed him as a feudal lord; thus, he annexed all the territory of Jin.
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| | 晋世家: |
曲沃武公已即位三十七年矣，更号曰晋武公。晋武公始都晋国，前即位曲沃，通年三十八年。 |
| | Quwo Wugong had already reigned for thirty-seven years and changed his title to Jin Wugong. Jin Wugong first established the capital of the state of Jin; he had previously ruled from Quwo for a total reign of thirty-eight years.
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| | 晋世家: |
武公称者，先晋穆侯曾孙也，曲沃桓叔孙也。桓叔者，始封曲沃。武公，庄伯子也。自桓叔初封曲沃以至武公灭晋也，凡六十七岁，而卒代晋为诸侯。武公代晋二岁，卒。与曲沃通年，即位凡三十九年而卒。子献公诡诸立。 |
| | Wugong was the great-great-grandson of Jin Muhou and the grandson of Quwo Huanshu. Huanshu was the one who first received the fief at Quwo. Wugong was Zhuangbo's son. From the time Huanshu first received Quwo until Wugong destroyed Jin, a total of sixty-seven years passed, and finally Quwo replaced Jin as a feudal state. Two years after Wugong took over from Jin, he died. Including the time when he ruled Quwo, his total reign lasted thirty-nine years before he passed away. His son Xiangong Guizhu succeeded him to the throne.
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| | 晋世家: |
献公元年，周惠王弟颓攻惠王，惠王出奔，居郑之栎邑。 |
| | In the first year of Xiangong's reign, Duke Hui of Zhou's younger brother Tu attacked King Hui. King Hui fled and took refuge in Lishi, a fief under Zheng.
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| | 晋世家: |
五年，伐骊戎，得骊姬、骊姬弟，俱爱幸之。 |
| | oplevel In the fifth year, he launched an attack on Li Rong and captured Li Ji and her younger brother; both were favored by him.
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| | 晋世家: |
八年，士蒍说公曰：“故晋之群公子多，不诛，乱且起。”乃使尽杀诸公子，而城聚都之，命曰绛，始都绛。九年，晋群公子既亡奔虢，虢以其故再伐晋，弗克。十年，晋欲伐虢，士蒍曰：“且待其乱。” |
| | In the eighth year, Shi Wei advised the ruler, saying: "There are many former Jin princes in our state. If we do not eliminate them, disorder will arise." He then ordered the execution of all these princes and built a city to house their remains. He named it Jiang, marking the beginning of his capital at Jiang. In the ninth year, after the remaining Jin princes fled to Guo, Guo launched another attack on Jin for this reason but failed to conquer it. In the tenth year, when Jin wanted to attack Guo, Shi Wei said: "Let us wait for their internal disorder first."
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| | 晋世家: |
十二年，骊姬生奚齐。献公有意废太子，乃曰：“曲沃吾先祖宗庙所在，而蒲边秦，屈边翟，不使诸子居之，我惧焉。”于是使太子申生居曲沃，公子重耳居蒲，公子夷吾居屈。献公与骊姬子奚齐居绛。晋国以此知太子不立也。太子申生，其母齐桓公女也，曰齐姜，早死。申生同母女弟为秦穆公夫人。重耳母，翟之狐氏女也。夷吾母，重耳母女弟也。献公子八人，而太子申生、重耳、夷吾皆有贤行。及得骊姬，乃远此三子。 |
| | In the twelfth year, Li Ji gave birth to Xi Qi. Xiangong had the intention to depose the crown prince and said: "Quwo is where my ancestors' ancestral temple lies, while Pu borders Qin and Qu border Di. I do not want to let any of my sons reside there; it worries me." Thus, he sent Crown Prince Shen Sheng to Quwo, Gongzi Chonger to Pu, and Gongzi Yiwu to Qu. Xiangong lived in Jiang with his son Xi Qi, the child of Li Ji. The state of Jin thus understood that the crown prince would not be enthroned. Crown Prince Shen Sheng's mother was a daughter of Duke Huan of Qi, named Qi Jiang; she died early on. Shen Sheng had a paternal aunt from the same mother who became the wife of Duke Mu of Qin. Chonger's mother was a woman from the Hu clan of Di. Yiwu's mother was Chonger's maternal aunt. Xiangong had eight sons, and the crown prince Shen Sheng, Chonger, and Yiwu were all known for their virtuous conduct. After obtaining Li Ji, Xiangong began to distance himself from these three sons.
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| | 晋世家: |
十六年，晋献公作二军。公将上军，太子申生将下军，赵夙御戎，毕万为右，伐灭霍，灭魏，灭耿。还，为太子城曲沃，赐赵夙耿，赐毕万魏，以为大夫。士蒍曰：“太子不得立矣。分之都城，而位以卿，先为之极，又安得立！不如逃之，无使罪至。为吴太伯，不亦可乎，犹有令名。”太子不从。卜偃曰：“毕万之后必大。万，盈数也；魏，大名也。以是始赏，天开之矣。天子曰兆民，诸侯曰万民，今命之大，以从盈数，其必有众。”初，毕万卜仕于晋国，遇屯之比。辛廖占之曰：“吉。屯固比入，吉孰大焉。其后必蕃昌。” |
| | In the sixteenth year, Duke Xiang of Jin established two armies. The duke commanded the upper army, while Crown Prince Shen Sheng led the lower army. Zhao Su was in charge of chariotry, and Bi Wan served as the right general. They attacked and destroyed Huo, Wei, and Geng. After returning, they built a city for the crown prince in Quwo; Zhao Su was granted Geng and Bi Wan was given Wei as fiefs, both being appointed as dafu. Shi Wei said: "The crown prince will not be enthroned." Granting him a capital city and the rank of qing before his time, setting an extreme precedent for him first—how could he possibly be enthroned! It would be better to flee now, so that guilt does not come upon you. "Act like Tai Bo of Wu; is that not possible? You will still have a good reputation." The crown prince did not follow this advice. Bo Yan said: "The descendants of Bi Wan will surely become great." Wan is a number representing fullness; Wei is a grand name. To begin rewarding with this, the heavens have opened it up for them. "The Son of Heaven refers to his people as 'zhaomin,' and feudal lords refer to theirs as 'wanmin.' Now, naming them with a grand title following the number of fullness—this surely means they will have many followers." Initially, when Bi Wan divined about taking office in the state of Jin, he encountered the hexagram Tun changing into Bi. Xin Liao interpreted it and said: "It is auspicious." "Stability in difficulty (Tun) and entering through unity (Bi)—what could be more auspicious than this?" "Afterward, the descendants will surely flourish."
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| | 晋世家: |
十七年，晋侯使太子申生伐东山。里克谏献公曰：“太子奉冢祀社稷之粢盛，以朝夕视君膳者也，故曰冢子。君行则守，有守则从，从曰抚军，守曰监国，古之制也。夫率师，专行谋也；誓军旅，君与国政之所图也：非太子之事也。师在制命而已，禀命则不威，专命则不孝，故君之嗣适不可以帅师。君失其官，率师不威，将安用之？”公曰：“寡人有子，未知其太子谁立。”里克不对而退，见太子。太子曰：“吾其废乎？”里克曰：“太子勉之！教以军旅，不共是惧，何故废乎？且子惧不孝，毋惧不得立。修己而不责人，则免于难。”太子帅师，公衣之偏衣，佩之金玦。里克谢病，不从太子。太子遂伐东山。 |
| | In the seventeenth year, Duke Jin sent Crown Prince Shen Sheng to attack Dongshan. Li Ke advised Duke Xiang, saying: "The crown prince is responsible for the ancestral sacrifices and offerings to the state's earth and grain gods; he attends to the duke's meals morning and evening. Therefore, he is called the zongzi." "When the ruler goes on a campaign, the crown prince remains to govern; if he is in charge of governance, then he follows. Following is called 'fujun,' and governing in his absence is called 'jianguo.' This is an ancient custom." "Leading troops means making independent decisions; "Taking oaths before the army and planning military campaigns are matters of the ruler and state governance—not tasks for a crown prince." "The commander's role is merely to follow orders. If the heir follows commands, he lacks authority; if he makes independent decisions, it shows disrespect. Therefore, a ruler's legitimate heir should not lead an army." "If the ruler loses his proper role and leads troops without authority, what use will he be?" The duke said: "I have sons, but I do not yet know which one to name as crown prince." Li Ke did not respond and withdrew, then met with the crown prince. The crown prince said: "Am I about to be deposed?" Li Ke said: "Crown Prince, persevere!" "You have been taught military matters. If you do not fear failure in battle, why would you be deposed?" "And if you are afraid of being disrespectful to your father, there is no need to fear losing the position." "Improve yourself and do not blame others; then you will avoid misfortune." The crown prince led the army, and the duke gave him a half-robe to wear and fastened a gold pendant on him. Li Ke claimed illness as an excuse and did not accompany the crown prince. The crown prince then proceeded to attack Dongshan.
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| | 晋世家: |
十九年，献公曰：“始吾先君庄伯、武公之诛晋乱，而虢常助晋伐我，又匿晋亡公子，果为乱。弗诛，后遗子孙忧。”乃使荀息以屈产之乘假道于虞。虞假道，遂伐虢，取其下阳以归。 |
| | In the nineteenth year, Duke Xiang said: "Initially, my ancestors Duke Zhuangbo and Duke Wu suppressed chaos in Jin, but Guo often aided Jin to attack us and also harbored fugitive Jin princes. They indeed caused disorder." "If we do not punish them now, it will leave a burden for our descendants." He then sent Xun Xi with four fine horses from Qu Chan to request passage through Yu. łoż Yu granted the request for passage, so they attacked Guo and captured its lower Yang before returning.
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| | 晋世家: |
献公私谓骊姬曰：“吾欲废太子，以奚齐代之。”骊姬泣曰：“太子之立，诸侯皆已知之，而数将兵，百姓附之，柰何以贱妾之故废适立庶？君必行之，妾自杀也。”骊姬详誉太子，而阴令人谮恶太子，而欲立其子。 |
| | Duke Xiang privately told Li Ji: "I want to depose the crown prince, and replace him with Xi Qi." Li Ji wept and said: "The crown prince's position has already been known to the feudal lords, and he has led troops on several occasions. The people have attached themselves to him. How can you abandon the legitimate heir for a lowly concubine and appoint an illegitimate son?" "If you must do this, I will kill myself." Li Ji outwardly praised the crown prince but secretly had people slander and defame him in order to have her own son enthroned.
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| | 晋世家: |
二十一年，骊姬谓太子曰：“君梦见齐姜，太子速祭曲沃，归厘于君。”太子于是祭其母齐姜于曲沃，上其荐胙于献公。献公时出猎，置胙于宫中。骊姬使人置毒药胙中。居二日，献公从猎来还，宰人上胙献公，献公欲飨之。骊姬从旁止之，曰：“胙所从来远，宜试之。”祭地，地坟；与犬，犬死；与小臣，小臣死。骊姬泣曰：“太子何忍也！其父而欲弑代之，况他人乎？且君老矣，旦暮之人，曾不能待而欲弑之！”谓献公曰：“太子所以然者，不过以妾及奚齐之故。妾愿子母辟之他国，若早自杀，毋徒使母子为太子所鱼肉也。始君欲废之，妾犹恨之；至于今，妾殊自失于此。”太子闻之，奔新城。献公怒，乃诛其傅杜原款。或谓太子曰：“为此药者乃骊姬也，太子何不自辞明之？”太子曰：“吾君老矣，非骊姬，寝不安，食不甘。即辞之，君且怒之。不可。”或谓太子曰：“可奔他国。”太子曰：“被此恶名以出，人谁内我？我自杀耳。”十二月戊申，申生自杀于新城。 |
| | In the twenty-first year, Li Ji told Crown Prince Shen Sheng: "The duke had a dream about Qi Jiang. The crown prince should quickly perform sacrifices in Quwo and bring back the blessings to the duke." The crown prince thus performed a sacrifice for his mother, Qi Jiang, at Quwo, and presented the sacrificial offerings to Duke Xiang. While Duke Xiang was out hunting, the meat offering was placed inside the palace. Li Ji had someone place poison in the sacrificial meat. Two days later, Duke Xiang returned from his hunting trip. The cook presented the sacrificial meat to him, and he intended to eat it. Li Ji stopped him from the side and said: "This sacrificial meat has come a long way; you should test it first." They tested the meat on the ground, where the earth swelled up; they gave it to a dog, and the dog died; they gave it to a minor official, and he also died. Li Ji wept and said: "How cruel the crown prince is! He wants to kill his own father in order to replace him—how much more so would he treat others?" "And the duke is old, a man of uncertain days. The crown prince could not even wait for his natural death and wants to kill him!" She told Duke Xiang: "The reason the crown prince acted this way is no more than because of me and Xi Qi. "I wish for you, my lord, to send your wife and son away to another state. If I were to kill myself early on, it would at least prevent mother and son from being butchered by the crown prince." "At first when you wanted to depose him, I already resented that; and now, I feel especially wronged by this." The crown prince heard of this and fled to Xincheng. Duke Xiang became angry, so he executed the crown prince's tutor Du Yuan Kuan. Someone told Crown Prince Shen Sheng: "The one who poisoned this meat was Li Ji; why does the crown prince not clear his name by explaining it himself?" The crown prince said: "My lord is old. Without Li Ji, he cannot sleep well or eat with satisfaction. If I were to accuse her, the duke would become angry." "It is not possible." Someone told Crown Prince Shen Sheng: "You should flee to another state." The crown prince said: "If I leave with this bad reputation, who will accept me?" "I would rather kill myself." On the Wushen day of the twelfth month, Shen Sheng committed suicide in Xincheng.
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此时重耳、夷吾来朝。人或告骊姬曰：“二公子怨骊姬谮杀太子。”骊姬恐，因谮二公子：“申生之药胙，二公子知之。”二子闻之，恐，重耳走蒲，夷吾走屈，保其城，自备守。初，献公使士蒍为二公子筑蒲、屈城，弗就。夷吾以告公，公怒士蒍。士蒍谢曰：“边城少寇，安用之？”退而歌曰：“狐裘蒙茸，一国三公，吾谁适从！”卒就城。及申生死，二子亦归保其城。 |
| | At this time, Chonger and Yiwu came to court. Someone informed Li Ji: "The two princes are resentful toward you for slandering and causing the crown prince's death." Li Ji was afraid, so she slandered the two princes: "The sacrificial meat poisoned by Shen Sheng—both of these princes knew about it." Upon hearing this, the two sons were frightened. Chonger fled to Pu and Yiwu went to Qu, defending their cities and preparing for self-defense. Initially, Duke Xiang had Shi Wei build the walls of Pu and Qu for the two princes, but he did not complete them. Yiwu reported this to the duke, who became angry at Shi Wei. Shi Wei apologized and said: "The border cities have few enemies; how could they possibly need them?" Afterward, he sang: "A fox fur coat is shabby and worn. One state with three dukes—whom should I follow!" In the end, he completed the city walls. After Shen Sheng died, the two princes also returned to defend their cities.
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二十二年，献公怒二子不辞而去，果有谋矣，乃使兵伐蒲。蒲人之宦者勃鞮命重耳促自杀。重耳逾垣，宦者追斩其衣袪。重耳遂奔翟。使人伐屈，屈城守，不可下。 |
| | In the twenty-second year, Duke Xiang became angry that the two sons had left without permission and realized they must have plotted something. He then sent troops to attack Pu. The eunuch of Pu, Boti, ordered Chonger to commit suicide quickly. Chonger leaped over the wall, and the eunuchs chased after him, cutting off the sleeve of his robe. Chonger then fled to Di. They sent troops to attack Qu, but the city was well defended and could not be captured.
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是岁也，晋复假道于虞以伐虢。虞之大夫宫之奇谏虞君曰：“晋不可假道也，是且灭虞。”虞君曰：“晋我同姓，不宜伐我。”宫之奇曰：“太伯、虞仲，太王之子也，太伯亡去，是以不嗣。虢仲、虢叔，王季之子也，为文王卿士，其记勋在王室，藏于盟府。将虢是灭，何爱于虞？且虞之亲能亲于桓、庄之族乎？桓、庄之族何罪，尽灭之。虞之与虢，唇之与齿，唇亡则齿寒。”虞公不听，遂许晋。宫之奇以其族去虞。其冬，晋灭虢，虢公丑奔周。还，袭灭虞，虏虞公及其大夫井伯百里奚以媵秦穆姬，而修虞祀。荀息牵曩所遗虞屈产之乘马奉之献公，献公笑曰：“马则吾马，齿亦老矣！” |
| | In this year, Jin again requested passage through Yu in order to attack Guo. Yu's official Gong Zhi Qi advised the ruler of Yu, saying: "Jin must not be allowed to pass through our territory; they will destroy Yu." The ruler of Yu said: "Jin and I share the same surname; they should not attack us." Gong Zhi Qi said: "Tai Bo and Yu Zhong were sons of Tai Wang. Tai Bo left and went into exile, so he did not inherit the throne." Guo Zhong and Guo Shu were sons of Wang Ji. They served as officials under King Wen, their meritorious deeds recorded in the royal court and preserved in the archives of the alliance office. If they are going to destroy Guo, how can they possibly spare Yu? Moreover, could the ruler of Yu be more closely related than the clans of Huan and Zhuang? What crime did the clans of Huan and Zhuang commit that they were all annihilated? "Yu and Guo are like lips to teeth; when the lips are gone, the teeth will feel the cold." The ruler of Yu did not listen and thus agreed to Jin's request. Gong Zhi Qi led his clan away from Yu. That winter, Jin destroyed Guo, and Duke Chou of Guo fled to the Zhou court. After returning, they launched a surprise attack and destroyed Yu, capturing Duke Yu and his official Jing Bo Bailing Xi to serve as attendants for Lady Mu of Qin. They also restored the ancestral rites of Yu. Xun Xi led the fine horses from Qu Chan that had been left behind previously to present them to Duke Xiang. Duke Xiang laughed and said, "These are indeed my horses, but their teeth are old as well!"
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二十三年，献公遂发贾华等伐屈，屈溃。夷吾将奔翟。冀芮曰：“不可，重耳已在矣，今往，晋必移兵伐翟，翟畏晋，祸且及。不如走梁，梁近于秦，秦强，吾君百岁后可以求入焉。”遂奔梁。二十五年，晋伐翟，翟以重耳故，亦击晋于啮桑，晋兵解而去。 |
| | In the twenty-third year, Duke Xiang then dispatched Jia Hua and others to attack Qu, which collapsed. Yi Wu was about to flee to Di. Ji Rui said, "No, it is not advisable. Chonger is already there. If you go now, Jin will surely transfer their troops to attack Di. Di fears Jin; the disaster will reach us." "It would be better to flee to Liang, which is close to Qin. Qin is powerful; after our lord passes away, we can seek entry there." So he fled to Liang. In the twenty-fifth year, Jin attacked Di. Because of Chonger's presence, Di also struck back at Jin in Niesang, and Jin forces withdrew.
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当此时，晋强，西有河西，与秦接境，北边翟，东至河内。 |
| | At this time, Jin was powerful, with territory to the west including Hexi, bordering Qin; to the north it bordered Di, and to the east it extended as far as Henan.
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骊姬弟生悼子。 |
| | Li Ji's younger brother gave birth to Daozi.
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二十六年夏，齐桓公大会诸侯于葵丘。晋献公病，行后，未至，逢周之宰孔。宰孔曰：“齐桓公益骄，不务德而务远略，诸侯弗平。君弟毋会，毋如晋何。”献公亦病，复还归。病甚，乃谓荀息曰：“吾以奚齐为后，年少，诸大臣不服，恐乱起，子能立之乎？”荀息曰：“能。”献公曰：“何以为验？”对曰：“使死者复生，生者不惭，为之验。”于是遂属奚齐于荀息。荀息为相，主国政。秋九月，献公卒。里克、邳郑欲内重耳，以三公子之徒作乱，谓荀息曰：“三怨将起，秦、晋辅之，子将何如？”荀息曰：“吾不可负先君言。”十月，里克杀奚齐于丧次，献公未葬也。荀息将死之，或曰不如立奚齐弟悼子而傅之，荀息立悼子而葬献公。十一月，里克弑悼子于朝，荀息死之。君子曰：“诗所谓‘白圭之玷，犹可磨也，斯言之玷，不可为也’，其荀息之谓乎！不负其言。”初，献公将伐骊戎，卜曰“齿牙为祸”。及破骊戎，获骊姬，爱之，竟以乱晋。 |
| | In the summer of the twenty-sixth year, Duke Huan of Qi convened a grand assembly of feudal lords at Kuichiu. Duke Xiang of Jin was ill and on his way to the meeting, but before he arrived, he encountered Zou Kong, a high official of Zhou. Zou Kong said: "Duke Huan of Qi is becoming increasingly arrogant; he does not focus on virtue but rather on distant strategies, and the feudal lords are dissatisfied." "You had better not attend this meeting. Otherwise, what will become of Jin?" Duke Xiang was also ill and returned home. As his illness worsened, he said to Xun Xi: "I have chosen Xiqi as my successor. He is young and the senior officials do not accept him; I fear disorder may arise. Can you support him on the throne?" Xun Xi said, "I can." Duke Xiang asked, "What will be the proof?" Xun Xi replied: "If the dead could rise again and the living would not feel ashamed, that would serve as proof." With this, Duke Xiang entrusted Xiqi to Xun Xi. Xun Xi became the prime minister and took charge of state affairs. In the ninth month of autumn, Duke Xiang died. Li Ke and Pi Zheng wanted to bring Chonger back, and with the followers of the three princes, they stirred up a rebellion. They said to Xun Xi: "Three grievances will arise; Qin and Jin will support them. What will you do?" Xun Xi replied, "I cannot betray the words of my late lord." In the tenth month, Li Ke killed Xiqi at the mourning site before Duke Xiang had even been buried. Xun Xi was about to die for his loyalty, but someone advised him that it would be better to instead install Xiqi's younger brother Daozi as ruler and serve as his regent. Xun Xi then installed Daozi and proceeded with the burial of Duke Xiang. In the eleventh month, Li Ke assassinated Daozi in court, and Xun Xi died for his loyalty. The gentlemen said: "This is what the Book of Songs means by 'a blemish on a white jade disk can still be polished away, but a blemish in one's words cannot be undone'—was it not referring to Xun Xi!" He did not betray his word. Initially, when Duke Xiang was about to attack Li Rong, a divination predicted: "Trouble will come from the teeth and jaw." And when he defeated Li Rong and captured Li Ji, he loved her so much that she eventually caused chaos in Jin.
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里克等已杀奚齐、悼子，使人迎公子重耳于翟，欲立之。重耳谢曰：“负父之命出奔，父死不得修人子之礼侍丧，重耳何敢入！大夫其更立他子。”还报里克，里克使迎夷吾于梁。夷吾欲往，吕省、郤芮曰：“内犹有公子可立者而外求，难信。计非之秦，辅强国之威以入，恐危。”乃使郤芮厚赂秦，约曰：“即得入，请以晋河西之地与秦。”及遗里克书曰：“诚得立，请遂封子于汾阳之邑。”秦缪公乃发兵送夷吾于晋。齐桓公闻晋内乱，亦率诸侯如晋。秦兵与夷吾亦至晋，齐乃使隰朋会秦俱入夷吾，立为晋君，是为惠公。齐桓公至晋之高梁而还归。 |
| | Li Ke and others had already killed Xiqi and Daozi, so they sent people to Di to welcome Gongzi Chonger back in order to install him as ruler. Chonger declined, saying: "I fled in defiance of my father's command. After his death, I could not fulfill the duties of a son by mourning him. How dare I return?" "The officials should instead install another son." They returned to report to Li Ke, who then sent people to bring Yi Wu back from Liang. Yi Wu wanted to go, but Lu Sheng and Xi Rui said: "There are still eligible princes within the country who could be installed; seeking one from outside is hard to believe. The plan should not involve Qin, using the power of a strong state as support for entry, which might bring danger." They then sent Xi Rui with rich gifts to Qin and made an agreement: "If we are allowed to enter, we will cede the Hexi region of Jin to Qin." They also sent a letter to Li Ke saying: "If I am indeed installed as ruler, I will immediately grant you the fief of Fenyang." King Mu of Qin then sent troops to escort Yi Wu into Jin. Duke Huan of Qi, hearing about the internal chaos in Jin, also led feudal lords to Jin. The Qin forces and Yi Wu also arrived in Jin, so Qi sent Xi Peng to meet with Qin and together they escorted Yi Wu into the country. He was installed as ruler of Jin; this was Duke Hui. Duke Huan of Qi reached Gaoliang in Jin and then returned home.
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惠公夷吾元年，使邳郑谢秦曰：“始夷吾以河西地许君，今幸得入立。大臣曰：‘地者先君之地，君亡在外，何以得擅许秦者？’寡人争之弗能得，故谢秦。”亦不与里克汾阳邑，而夺之权。四月，周襄王使周公忌父会齐、秦大夫共礼晋惠公。惠公以重耳在外，畏里克为变，赐里克死。谓曰：“微里子寡人不得立。虽然，子亦杀二君一大夫，为子君者不亦难乎？”里克对曰：“不有所废，君何以兴？欲诛之，其无辞乎？乃言为此！臣闻命矣。”遂伏剑而死。于是邳郑使谢秦未还，故不及难。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Hui's reign, Yi Wu sent Pi Zheng to thank Qin and said: "Initially I promised you the Hexi territory, but now I am fortunate enough to have been installed as ruler. The senior officials said: 'This land belongs to our late lord; while you were away in exile, how could you have the authority to promise it to Qin?' "I argued for it but was unable to obtain permission, so I apologized to Qin." He also did not grant Li Ke the fief of Fenyang and instead stripped him of power. In April, King Xiang of Zhou sent Duke Jifu to meet with officials from Qi and Qin in order to jointly bestow ceremonial honors upon Duke Hui of Jin. Duke Hui, fearing that Li Ke might instigate a rebellion because Chonger was still abroad, granted Li Ke a death sentence. He said: "Without Master Li, I would not have been able to become ruler." "Nevertheless, you also killed two kings and a high official. Would it not be difficult for anyone who becomes your lord?" Li Ke replied: "Without removing some, how could the ruler rise to power? "If you wish to execute someone, would there not be a reason?" "Then I have done so!" "I understand the order," said the official. He then fell upon his sword and died. At that time, Pi Zheng had not yet returned from thanking Qin, so he was not involved in the incident.
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晋君改葬恭太子申生。秋，狐突之下国，遇申生，申生与载而告之曰：“夷吾无礼，余得请于帝，将以晋与秦，秦将祀余。”狐突对曰：“臣闻神不食非其宗，君其祀毋乃绝乎？君其图之。”申生曰：“诺，吾将复请帝。后十日，新城西偏将有巫者见我焉。”许之，遂不见。及期而往，复见，申生告之曰：“帝许罚有罪矣，弊于韩。”儿乃谣曰：“恭太子更葬矣，后十四年，晋亦不昌，昌乃在兄。” |
| | The ruler of Jin reburied Crown Prince Gong Shen Sheng. In autumn, Hu Tu was traveling in Xia Guo when he encountered Shen Sheng. Shen Sheng got into his carriage and told him: "Yi Wu is disrespectful. I have made a request to the gods; I will hand Jin over to Qin, who will offer sacrifices to me." Hu Tu replied: "I have heard that spirits do not accept offerings from those outside their clan. If you offer sacrifices to someone else, will your own ancestral rites not be cut off?" "Please think carefully about this, my lord." Shen Sheng said: "Yes, I will make another request to the gods. "Ten days later, a shaman on the western outskirts of Xincheng will see me there." Hu Tu agreed, and then Shen Sheng disappeared. When the time came, Hu Tu went there as promised and saw him again. Shen Sheng told him: "The gods have agreed to punish those who are guilty; it will be settled in Han." Then a child sang: "The respectful Crown Prince has been reburied. After fourteen years, Jin will not flourish; it is the elder brother who will bring prosperity."
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邳郑使秦，闻里克诛，乃说秦缪公曰：“吕省、郤称、冀芮实为不从。若重赂与谋，出晋君，入重耳，事必就。”秦缪公许之，使人与归报晋，厚赂三子。三子曰：“币厚言甘，此必邳郑卖我于秦。”遂杀邳郑及里克、邳郑之党七舆大夫。邳郑子豹奔秦，言伐晋，缪公弗听。 |
| | Pi Zheng, while on a mission to Qin, heard of Li Ke's execution and then advised King Mu of Qin, saying: "Actually, Lu Sheng, Xi Cheng, and Ji Rui were the ones who did not obey." "If you offer them generous bribes and join in their plot to expel Duke Hui of Jin and install Chonger, the matter will surely succeed." King Mu of Qin agreed and sent someone with them back to Jin as a report, offering rich gifts to the three men. The three men said: "The gifts are generous and the words sweet; this must be Pi Zheng selling us out to Qin." łoż They then killed Pi Zheng, Li Ke, and seven other officials who were part of Pi Zheng's faction. Pi Zheng's son Bao fled to Qin and spoke about attacking Jin, but King Mu did not listen.
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惠公之立，倍秦地及里克，诛七舆大夫，国人不附。二年，周使召公过礼晋惠公，惠公礼倨，召公讥之。 |
| | After Duke Hui was installed as ruler, he broke his promise to Qin regarding the land and betrayed Li Ke. He also executed seven officials, causing the people of Jin not to support him. In the second year, King Xiang of Zhou dispatched Zhao Gong Guo to bestow ceremonial honors on Duke Hui of Jin, but Duke Hui treated him with arrogance. In response, Zhao Gong criticized him.
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四年，晋饥，乞籴于秦。缪公问百里奚，百里奚曰：“天灾流行，国家代有，救灾恤邻，国之道也。与之。”邳郑子豹曰：“伐之。”缪公曰：“其君是恶，其民何罪！”卒与粟，自雍属绛。 |
| | In the fourth year, there was a famine in Jin and they requested to buy grain from Qin. King Mu asked Bailing Xi, who replied: "Natural disasters are common occurrences; every generation experiences them. Assisting in times of disaster and showing compassion to neighboring states is the way of a nation." "Give it to them." Pi Zheng's son Bao said: "Attack them." King Mu replied, "Their ruler is wicked, but what crime have their people committed!" In the end, he gave them grain, from Yong to Jiang.
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五年，秦饥，请籴于晋。晋君谋之，庆郑曰：“以秦得立，已而倍其地约。晋饥而秦贷我，今秦饥请籴，与之何疑？而谋之！”虢射曰：“往年天以晋赐秦，秦弗知取而贷我。今天以秦赐晋，晋其可以逆天乎？遂伐之。”惠公用虢射谋，不与秦粟，而发兵且伐秦。秦大怒，亦发兵伐晋。 |
| | In the fifth year, there was a famine in Qin and they requested to buy grain in Jin. The ruler of Jin deliberated on the matter, and Qing Zheng said: "We owed our position to Qin, yet we later broke our agreement regarding the land. "When Jin suffered a famine and Qin lent us grain, now that Qin is suffering from a famine and requests to buy grain, why would we hesitate to give it to them?" "Why are you even considering this matter!" Guo She said: "Last year, Heaven granted Jin to Qin, but the Qin did not know to take it and instead lent us grain. "Now Heaven is granting Qin to Jin; how can Jin defy Heaven?" Thus, we should attack them." Duke Hui followed Guo She's plan and did not give grain to Qin but instead mobilized troops and launched an attack on Qin. Qin was greatly angered, and also mobilized its army to attack Jin.
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六年春，秦缪公将兵伐晋。晋惠公谓庆郑曰：“秦师深矣，柰何？”郑曰：“秦内君，君倍其赂；晋饥秦输粟，秦饥而晋倍之，乃欲因其饥伐之：其深不亦宜乎！”晋卜御右，庆郑皆吉。公曰：“郑不孙。”乃更令步阳御戎，家仆徒为右，进兵。九月壬戌，秦缪公、晋惠公合战韩原。惠公马騺不行，秦兵至，公窘，召庆郑为御。郑曰：“不用卜，败不亦当乎！”遂去。更令梁繇靡御，虢射为右，辂秦缪公。缪公壮士冒败晋军，晋军败，遂失秦缪公，反获晋公以归。秦将以祀上帝。晋君姊为缪公夫人，衰绖涕泣。公曰：“得晋侯将以为乐，今乃如此。且吾闻箕子见唐叔之初封，曰‘其后必当大矣’，晋庸可灭乎！”乃与晋侯盟王城而许之归。晋侯亦使吕省等报国人曰：“孤虽得归，毋面目见社稷，卜日立子圉。”晋人闻之，皆哭。秦缪公问吕省：“晋国和乎？”对曰：“不和。小人惧失君亡亲，不惮立子圉，曰‘必报雠，宁事戎、狄’。其君子则爱君而知罪，以待秦命，曰‘必报德’。有此二故，不和。”于是秦缪公更舍晋惠公，馈之七牢。十一月，归晋侯。晋侯至国，诛庆郑，修政教。谋曰：“重耳在外，诸侯多利内之。”欲使人杀重耳于狄。重耳闻之，如齐。 |
| | In the spring of the sixth year, King Mu of Qin led his troops in an attack on Jin. Duke Hui of Jin asked Qing Zheng: "The army of Qin has advanced deeply; what should we do?" Qing Zheng replied, "Qin brought you to power within the state, yet you broke your promise to them. "When Jin suffered a famine, Qin sent us grain; when Qin now suffers from a famine, you break your promise and wish to attack them while they are in need. Is it not only natural that their army has advanced so deeply!" Jin divined for a charioteer and right-hand warrior, and both Qing Zheng and the others received auspicious omens. The duke said: "Zheng is disrespectful." He then ordered Bu Yang to drive the chariot and Jia Putu to serve as the right-hand warrior, before advancing his troops. On the Renxu day of the ninth month (October 12, 645 BC), King Mu of Qin and Duke Hui of Jin engaged in battle at Han Yuan. Duke Hui's horse stumbled and could not move forward, and the Qin troops arrived. Duke Hui was in a desperate situation and summoned Qing Zheng to drive his chariot for him. Zheng said: "You did not follow the divination, so is this defeat not just what you deserve!" And thus he left. He then ordered Liang Youmi to drive the chariot, and Guo She to serve as right-hand warrior, in an attempt to pursue King Mu of Qin. King Mu's valiant warriors charged through the defeated Jin forces, and as a result, the Jin army was routed. They lost track of King Mu but captured Duke Hui instead and returned with him. The Qin general intended to sacrifice Duke Hui to Heaven. Duke Hui's elder sister was King Mu's wife, and she mourned in sackcloth and wept bitterly. King Mu said: "I had intended to take the ruler of Jin as a source of joy, but now it has turned out like this." Moreover, I have heard that Ji Zi, upon seeing the initial enfeoffment of Tang Shuyu, said: 'His descendants will surely become great,' so how can Jin possibly be destroyed!" Thus, he made an alliance with the ruler of Jin at Wangcheng and agreed to let him return. The ruler of Jin also sent Lu Sheng and others to inform the people of the state: "Although I have been allowed to return, I do not have the face to see our ancestral shrine again. Let us divinate a date to establish my son Yu as ruler." The people of Jin heard this and all wept. King Mu of Qin asked Lu Sheng: "Is the state of Jin at peace?" Lu Sheng replied, "No, it is not." "The common people fear losing their ruler and their kin, so they are not afraid of establishing Prince Yu as the new ruler. They say: 'We must avenge our grudge, even if it means serving Rong or Di tribes.'" "The nobles, however, love their ruler and understand the guilt they bear, waiting for Qin's command. They say: 'We must repay kindness.'" Because of these two reasons, there is no harmony." Thus, King Mu of Qin changed the accommodations for Duke Hui of Jin and gave him seven sets of sacrificial offerings. In the eleventh month, he returned the ruler of Jin. Upon returning to his state, Duke Hui executed Qing Zheng and reformed governance and education. They plotted: "Chonger is abroad, and many feudal lords would benefit from bringing him back to power." They wanted to send someone to kill Chonger in Di. Chonger heard of this and fled to Qi.
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八年，使太子圉质秦。初，惠公亡在梁，梁伯以其女妻之，生一男一女。梁伯卜之，男为人臣，女为人妾，故名男为圉，女为妾。 |
| | In the eighth year, he sent Crown Prince Yu as a hostage to Qin. Initially, when Duke Hui was in exile at Liang, the ruler of Liang gave his daughter in marriage to him, and they had one son and one daughter. The ruler of Liang divined for them; the boy was destined to be a subject, and the girl a concubine. Therefore, he named the son Yu and the daughter Qie.
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十年，秦灭梁。梁伯好土功，治城沟，民力罢怨，其众数相惊，曰“秦寇至”，民恐惑，秦竟灭之。 |
| | In the tenth year, Qin destroyed Liang. The ruler of Liang was fond of construction projects and dug canals around the city, exhausting the people's strength and causing resentment. His subjects often alarmed each other with false reports that "the Qin invaders are coming," which frightened and confused the populace, leading to Qin ultimately annihilating them.
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十三年，晋惠公病，内有数子。太子圉曰：“吾母家在梁，梁今秦灭之，我外轻于秦而内无援于国。君即不起，病大夫轻，更立他公子。”乃谋与其妻俱亡归。秦女曰：“子一国太子，辱在此。秦使婢子侍，以固子之心。子亡矣，我不从子，亦不敢言。”子圉遂亡归晋。十四年九月，惠公卒，太子圉立，是为怀公。 |
| | In the thirteenth year, Duke Hui of Jin fell ill and had several sons within the state. Crown Prince Yu said: "My mother's family was in Liang, which Qin has now destroyed. I am of little importance to the Qin and have no support within my own state." "If you do not recover from this illness, the high officials will look down on me and may instead install another prince as ruler." Thus, he plotted to flee with his wife. The daughter of Qin said: "You are the crown prince of a state and yet you are disgraced here." Qin had servants attend to him in order to secure his loyalty. "Now that you are fleeing, if I do not follow you, I dare not speak of it." Prince Yu thus fled back to Jin. In the ninth month of the fourteenth year, Duke Hui died and Crown Prince Yu was installed as ruler; he is known as Huai Gong.
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子圉之亡，秦怨之，乃求公子重耳，欲内之。子圉之立，畏秦之伐也。乃令国中诸从重耳亡者与期，期尽不到者尽灭其家。狐突之子毛及偃从重耳在秦，弗肯召。怀公怒，囚狐突。突曰：“臣子事重耳有年数矣，今召之，是教之反君也。何以教之？”怀公卒杀狐突。秦缪公乃发兵送内重耳，使人告栾、郤之党为内应，杀怀公于高梁，入重耳。重耳立，是为文公。 |
| | After Prince Yu fled, Qin resented this and sought the 公子 Chonger, wishing to install him in power. Prince Yu was afraid of Qin's invasion after he became ruler. He therefore ordered all those in the state who had followed Chonger into exile to set a deadline, and decreed that anyone not returning by the deadline would have their entire family exterminated. Hu Tu's sons Mao and Yan were with Chonger in Qin, and refused to be summoned. King Huai was furious and imprisoned Hu Tu. Hu Tu said: "My sons have served Chonger for many years now; if we are to recall them, it would be teaching them to betray their lord." "How can I teach them otherwise?" King Huai had Hu Tu executed. King Mu of Qin then sent troops to escort and install Chonger, sending messengers to inform the factions of Luan and Xi to serve as internal allies. They killed King Huai at Gaoliang and brought Chonger into power. Chonger was installed as ruler; this is known as Duke Wen.
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晋文公重耳，晋献公之子也。自少好士，年十七，有贤士五人：曰赵衰；狐偃咎犯，文公舅也；贾佗；先轸；魏武子。自献公为太子时，重耳固已成人矣。献公即位，重耳年二十一。献公十三年，以骊姬故，重耳备蒲城守秦。献公二十一年，献公杀太子申生，骊姬谗之，恐，不辞献公而守蒲城。献公二十二年，献公使宦者履鞮趣杀重耳。重耳逾垣，宦者逐斩其衣袪。重耳遂奔狄。狄，其母国也。是时重耳年四十三。从此五士，其馀不名者数十人，至狄。 |
| | Duke Wen of Jin, Chonger, was a son of Duke Xian of Jin. From an early age, he loved virtuous men. At seventeen, he had five virtuous followers: Zhao Cui; Hu Yan Jiaofan, who was Duke Wen's maternal uncle; Jia Tuo; Xian Zhen; Wei Wuzi. When Duke Xian was a crown prince, Chonger had already become an adult. After Duke Xian ascended the throne, Chonger was twenty-one years old. In the thirteenth year of Duke Xian's reign, because of Li Ji, Chonger took up residence at Pu Cheng to guard against Qin. In the twenty-first year of Duke Xian's reign (656 BC), Duke Xian killed Crown Prince Shen Sheng, who had been slandered by Li Ji. Fearing for his life, Chonger fled without bidding farewell to Duke Xian and took refuge in Pu Cheng. In the twenty-second year of Duke Xian's reign , Duke Xian sent an eunuch named Lü Di to hasten Chonger's death. Chonger climbed over the wall, and the eunuch chased after him, cutting off the sleeve of his robe. Chonger then fled to Di. Di was the state of his mother's origin. At that time, Chonger was forty-three years old. Accompanying him were these five men and dozens of others whose names are not recorded, arriving at Di.
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狄伐咎如，得二女：以长女妻重耳，生伯鯈、叔刘；以少女妻赵衰，生盾。居狄五岁而晋献公卒，里克已杀奚齐、悼子，乃使人迎，欲立重耳。重耳畏杀，因固谢，不敢入。已而晋更迎其弟夷吾立之，是为惠公。惠公七年，畏重耳，乃使宦者履鞮与壮士欲杀重耳。重耳闻之，乃谋赵衰等曰：“始吾奔狄，非以为可用与，以近易通，故且休足。休足久矣，固愿徙之大国。夫齐桓公好善，志在霸王，收恤诸侯。今闻管仲、隰朋死，此亦欲得贤佐，盍往乎？”于是遂行。重耳谓其妻曰：“待我二十五年不来，乃嫁。”其妻笑曰：“犁二十五年，吾冢上柏大矣。虽然，妾待子。”重耳居狄凡十二年而去。 |
| | Di attacked Jiaoru and captured two women: the elder daughter was given in marriage to Chonger, who bore Bo Tiao and Shu Liu; the younger daughter was married to Zhao Cui, giving birth to Dun. After living in Di for five years, Duke Xian of Jin died. Li Ke had already killed Xi Qi and Dou Zi, so he sent people to invite Chonger back, intending to install him as ruler. Chonger feared being killed, so he firmly declined the invitation and dared not return. Later, Jin invited his younger brother Yiwu to be installed as ruler instead; this is known as Duke Hui. In the seventh year of Duke Hui's reign, fearing Chonger, he sent an eunuch Lü Di and a group of warriors to kill him. Chonger, upon hearing this, discussed with Zhao Cui and others: "Initially I fled to Di; it was not because I thought the people there could be relied on, but because it was nearby and easy to reach. So I merely rested my feet for a while." "I have already rested long enough; I would rather move to a great state." King Huan of Qi loved virtue, aspired to be the hegemon, and cared for the feudal lords. "Now I hear that Guan Zhong and Xi Peng have died; he also wishes to find virtuous advisors. Why not go there?" Thus, they set out on their journey. Chonger said to his wife: "If I do not return within twenty-five years, you may remarry." His wife smiled and said: "After twenty-five years of plowing, the cypress trees on my grave will already be large. "Nevertheless, I shall wait for you." Chonger lived in Di for a total of twelve years before leaving.
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过卫，卫文公不礼。去，过五鹿，饥而从野人乞食，野人盛土器中进之。重耳怒。赵衰曰：“土者，有土也，君其拜受之。” |
| | Passing through Wei, Duke Wen of Wei did not treat him with courtesy. They left and passed through Wulu; Chonger was hungry and asked for food from a farmer, who put dirt into a vessel and presented it to him. Chonger became angry. Zhao Cui said: "The dirt means land; you should bow and accept it, my lord."
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至齐，齐桓公厚礼，而以宗女妻之，有马二十乘，重耳安之。重耳至齐二岁而桓公卒，会竖刀等为内乱，齐孝公之立，诸侯兵数至。留齐凡五岁。重耳爱齐女，毋去心。赵衰、咎犯乃于桑下谋行。齐女侍者在桑上闻之，以告其主。其主乃杀侍者，劝重耳趣行。重耳曰：“人生安乐，孰知其他！必死于此，不能去。”齐女曰：“子一国公子，穷而来此，数士者以子为命。子不疾反国，报劳臣，而怀女德，窃为子羞之。且不求，何时得功？”乃与赵衰等谋，醉重耳，载以行。行远而觉，重耳大怒，引戈欲杀咎犯。咎犯曰：“杀臣成子，偃之愿也。”重耳曰：“事不成，我食舅氏之肉。”咎犯曰：“事不成，犯肉腥臊，何足食！”乃止，遂行。 |
| | When they arrived in Qi, Duke Huan of Qi treated them with great courtesy and gave his daughter from the royal family to Chonger in marriage, along with twenty chariots each drawn by four horses. Chonger settled down comfortably there. Two years after Chonger arrived in Qi, Duke Huan died. At that time, Shudao and others caused internal turmoil; when Duke Xiao of Qi was installed as ruler, the armies of various feudal lords frequently came to Qi. Chonger stayed in Qi for a total of five years. Chonger loved the woman from Qi and had no intention to leave. Zhao Cui and Jiu Fan then plotted his departure under a mulberry tree. A servant of the woman from Qi, who was on top of the mulberry tree, overheard their conversation and informed her mistress. Her mistress then killed the servant and advised Chonger to leave quickly. Chonger said: "Life is pleasant and comfortable; who would know of anything else! I will surely die here, and cannot leave." The woman from Qi said: "You are a prince of a state; you came here in hardship. Many virtuous men regard your life as their own. If you do not quickly return to your country and repay the loyal ministers, but instead cherish my virtue, I secretly feel ashamed for you. Moreover, if you do not strive, when will you achieve success?" She then conspired with Zhao Cui and others to get Chonger drunk and took him away in a carriage. After traveling far, he woke up and realized what had happened; greatly angered, Chonger drew his halberd to kill Jiu Fan. Jiu Fan said: "Killing me for your success is my wish." Chonger said: "If the matter does not succeed, I will eat the flesh of my maternal uncle." Jiu Fan replied: "If the matter fails, my meat would be foul and stinking; it is not worth eating!" Chonger stopped and they continued on their journey.
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过曹，曹共公不礼，欲观重耳骈胁。曹大夫厘负羁曰：“晋公子贤，又同姓，穷来过我，柰何不礼！”共公不从其谋。负羁乃私遗重耳食，置璧其下。重耳受其食，还其璧。 |
| | Passing through Cao, Duke Gong of Cao did not treat him with courtesy and wanted to see Chonger's double ribs. A Cao official, Li Fuiji, said: "The Jin prince is virtuous and of the same surname. He has come to us in hardship; how could we not treat him with courtesy!" Duke Gong did not follow his advice. Fuiji then privately gave Chonger food, placing a jade bi beneath it as a gift. Chonger accepted the food but returned the jade bi.
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去，过宋。宋襄公新困兵于楚，伤于泓，闻重耳贤，乃以国礼礼于重耳。宋司马公孙固善于咎犯，曰：“宋小国新困，不足以求入，更之大国。”乃去。 |
| | They left and passed through Song. Duke Xiang of Song had recently suffered a military defeat at the hands of Chu and was wounded at Hong. Upon hearing that Chonger was virtuous, he treated him with state rites. Song's Sima Gongsun Gu, who was friendly with Jiu Fan, said: "Song is a small state recently defeated; it is insufficient to seek entry [into Jin], so we should go to a greater state instead." Thus they left.
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过郑，郑文公弗礼。郑叔瞻谏其君曰：“晋公子贤，而其从者皆国相，且又同姓。郑之出自厉王，而晋之出自武王。”郑君曰：“诸侯亡公子过此者众，安可尽礼！”叔瞻曰：“君不礼，不如杀之，且后为国患。”郑君不听。 |
| | Zheng's Shuzhan advised his ruler, saying: "The Jin prince is virtuous, and those who accompany him are all state ministers. Moreover, they share the same surname." "Zheng traces its origin to King Li, while Jin traces its origin to King Wu." The ruler of Zheng said: "Many exiled princes from the feudal states pass through here; how can we possibly treat them all with courtesy!" Shuzhan said: "If you do not treat him with courtesy, it would be better to kill him; otherwise, he may become a future threat to the state." The ruler of Zheng did not listen.
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重耳去之楚，楚成王以适诸侯礼待之，重耳谢不敢当。赵衰曰：“子亡在外十馀年，小国轻子，况大国乎？今楚大国而固遇子，子其毋让，此天开子也。”遂以客礼见之。成王厚遇重耳，重耳甚卑。成王曰：“子即反国，何以报寡人？”重耳曰：“羽毛齿角玉帛，君王所馀，未知所以报。”王曰：“虽然，何以报不谷？”重耳曰：“即不得已，与君王以兵车会平原广泽，请辟王三舍。”楚将子玉怒曰：“王遇晋公子至厚，今重耳言不孙，请杀之。”成王曰：“晋公子贤而困于外久，从者皆国器，此天所置，庸可杀乎？且言何以易之！”居楚数月，而晋太子圉亡秦，秦怨之；闻重耳在楚，乃召之。成王曰：“楚远，更数国乃至晋。秦晋接境，秦君贤，子其勉行！”厚送重耳。 |
| | Chonger left for Chu, where King Cheng of Chu treated him with the rites reserved for feudal lords; Chonger declined and said he was not worthy. Zhao Cui said: "You have been in exile for more than ten years; even small states look down on you, how much more so great ones?" "Now Chu is a great state and still treats you with sincerity; do not refuse. This is an opportunity given by Heaven to you." Thus, Chonger accepted the courtesy of a guest. King Cheng treated Chonger with great kindness; in return, Chonger showed great humility. King Cheng said: "If you return to your state, how will you repay me?" Chonger replied: "Feathers, down, teeth, horns, jade, and silk are all things that remain in your possession; I do not yet know how to repay you." The king said: "Even so, how will you repay me for my kindness?" Chonger replied: "If it is unavoidable, I shall meet Your Majesty with an army on a level plain or broad marshland. Please allow me to retreat three li for you." The Chu general Zi Yu became angry and said: "His Majesty has treated the Jin prince with great kindness, yet now Chonger speaks disrespectfully. Please kill him." King Cheng said: "The Jin prince is virtuous but has been in hardship for a long time abroad. His followers are all men of great talent; this is the will of Heaven, how could he be killed?" "And besides, what would you offer as an alternative!" After staying in Chu for several months, the Jin crown prince Yu fled to Qin; Qin resented this. Upon hearing that Chonger was in Chu, they summoned him. King Cheng said: "Chu is far away; one must pass through several states before reaching Jin." "Qin and Jin share a border, and the Qin ruler is virtuous. You should strive to go there!" King Cheng sent Chonger off with generous gifts.
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重耳至秦，缪公以宗女五人妻重耳，故子圉妻与往。重耳不欲受，司空季子曰：“其国且伐，况其故妻乎！且受以结秦亲而求入，子乃拘小礼，忘大丑乎！”遂受。缪公大欢，与重耳饮。赵衰歌黍苗诗。缪公曰：“知子欲急反国矣。”赵衰与重耳下，再拜曰：“孤臣之仰君，如百谷之望时雨。”是时晋惠公十四年秋。惠公以九月卒，子圉立。十一月，葬惠公。十二月，晋国大夫栾、郤等闻重耳在秦，皆阴来劝重耳、赵衰等反国，为内应甚众。于是秦缪公乃发兵与重耳归晋。晋闻秦兵来，亦发兵拒之。然皆阴知公子重耳入也。唯惠公之故贵臣吕、郤之属不欲立重耳。重耳出亡凡十九岁而得入，时年六十二矣，晋人多附焉。 |
| | Chonger arrived in Qin, and Duke Mu gave five women from the royal family to him in marriage; thus, Prince Yu's wife went with them. Chonger did not wish to accept the marriages, but Sikong Jizi said: "Their state is about to be attacked; how much more so their former wife! You should accept it in order to secure a bond with Qin and seek entry. Are you being bound by petty etiquette, forgetting the greater disgrace?" Thus he accepted. Duke Mu was greatly pleased and drank with Chonger. Zhao Cui sang the poem "Shumiao." Duke Mu said: "I know you wish to return to your country as soon as possible." Zhao Cui and Chonger knelt down, bowed twice, and said: "The loyalty of a lonely minister toward his ruler is like that of all grains longing for timely rain." At this time it was autumn in the fourteenth year of Duke Hui of Jin's reign. In September, Duke Hui died; his son Yu ascended the throne. In the eleventh month, Duke Hui was buried. In the twelfth month, Jin officials Luan and Xi, upon learning that Chonger was in Qin, secretly came to advise him and Zhao Cui to return to their country. Many people inside Jin supported them as inner allies. Thus, Duke Mu of Qin sent troops with Chonger and returned to Jin. Jin heard that the Qin army was coming and also mobilized its forces to resist them. However, they all secretly knew about Prince Chonger's return. Only the former high-ranking ministers of Duke Hui, such as Lü and Xi, did not want to install Chonger as ruler. Chonger had been in exile for a total of nineteen years before returning, and he was then sixty-two years old. Many people in Jin attached themselves to him.
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| | 晋世家: |
文公元年春，秦送重耳至河。咎犯曰：“臣从君周旋天下，过亦多矣。臣犹知之，况于君乎？请从此去矣。”重耳曰：“若反国，所不与子犯共者，河伯视之！”乃投璧河中，以与子犯盟。是时介子推从，在船中，乃笑曰：“天实开公子，而子犯以为己功而要市于君，固足羞也。吾不忍与同位。”乃自隐渡河。秦兵围令狐，晋军于庐柳。二月辛丑，咎犯与秦晋大夫盟于郇。壬寅，重耳入于晋师。丙午，入于曲沃。丁未，朝于武宫，即位为晋君，是为文公。群臣皆往。怀公圉奔高梁。戊申，使人杀怀公。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Wen's reign, spring, Qin sent Chonger as far as the Yellow River. Jiu Fan said: "I have followed my lord around the world; I have made many mistakes." I still know them, how much more so you, my lord? Please allow me to leave from here." Chong 耳 said: "If I return to the country, if I do not share power with Zi Fan, may the River God punish me!" He then threw a jade bi into the river as an oath of alliance with Zi Fan. At that time, Jie Zitui was following along and was in the boat. He smiled and said: "It is Heaven itself that has opened a path for the prince, yet Zi Fan takes it as his own merit and seeks rewards from the ruler; this is indeed shameful enough." "I cannot bear to stand on equal footing with him." Thus, he secretly crossed the river and disappeared. The Qin army encircled Linghu, while the Jin forces stationed at Luliu. On the Xinchou day of February, Jiu Fan and officials from Qin and Jin formed an alliance in Xun. On the Rinyin day, Chonger entered the Jin army. On the Bingwu day, he entered Quwo. On the Dingwei day, he paid homage at the Wu Palace and ascended the throne as ruler of Jin; this was Duke Wen. All the ministers went there. Huai Gong Yu fled to Gaoliang. On the Wushen day, someone was sent to kill Huai Gong.
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| | 晋世家: |
怀公故大臣吕省、郤芮本不附文公，文公立，恐诛，乃欲与其徒谋烧公宫，杀文公。文公不知。始尝欲杀文公宦者履鞮知其谋，欲以告文公，解前罪，求见文公。文公不见，使人让曰：“蒲城之事，女斩予袪。其后我从狄君猎，女为惠公来求杀我。惠公与女期三日至，而女一日至，何速也？女其念之。”宦者曰：“臣刀锯之馀，不敢以二心事君倍主，故得罪于君。君已反国，其毋蒲、翟乎？且管仲射钩，桓公以霸。今刑馀之人以事告而君不见，祸又且及矣。”于是见之，遂以吕、郤等告文公。文公欲召吕、郤，吕、郤等党多，文公恐初入国，国人卖己，乃为微行，会秦缪公于王城，国人莫知。三月己丑，吕、郤等果反，焚公宫，不得文公。文公之卫徒与战，吕、郤等引兵欲奔，秦缪公诱吕、郤等，杀之河上，晋国复而文公得归。夏，迎夫人于秦，秦所与文公妻者卒为夫人。秦送三千人为卫，以备晋乱。 |
| | Lü Xing and Xi Rui, former senior ministers of Huai Gong, had originally not pledged allegiance to Duke Wen. After Duke Wen was enthroned, they feared punishment and thus planned with their followers to set fire to the palace and kill Duke Wen. Duke Wen did not know about it. A eunuch named Lüdi, who had once wanted to kill Duke Wen of Jin, learned about their plot and wished to report it to Duke Wen to absolve himself of past crimes. Duke Wen refused to see him, instead sending someone to rebuke him and say: "At the Battle of Pucheng, you cut off my sleeve." Later, when I was hunting with the Di ruler, you came on behalf of Duke Hui to kill me. Duke Hui and you had agreed that you would arrive within three days, yet you arrived in one day—why was that so quick? You should remember this." The eunuch said: "I am but a man who has been punished with the knife and saw, I dare not serve my lord with divided loyalty or betray my master, hence I have offended you. Now that Your Majesty has returned to your country, will there still be Pu and Di?" Moreover, Guan Zhong once shot a hook at Duke Huan, yet Duke Huan became the hegemon of the states. Now this man with his body marred by punishment comes to report a matter, yet Your Majesty refuses to see him—disaster will soon befall you again." Thus, Duke Wen received him and then informed Duke Wen of the plots involving Lü Xing, Xi Rui, and others. Duke Wen wanted to summon Lü Xing and Xi Rui. However, as they had many followers, Duke Wen feared that upon his initial return to the state, the people might betray him. Therefore, he disguised himself and met with King Mu of Qin in Wangcheng; no one in the country knew about it. On the Jichou day of March, Lü Xing and Xi Ruidid indeed rebel, burning down the palace, but failed to find Duke Wen. Duke Wen's guards fought against them, and Lü Xing and Xi Rueled their forces to retreat. King Mu of Qin lured Lü Xing and others into a trap and killed them by the river; thus, Jin was restored and Duke Wen could return safely. In summer, he went to Qin to welcome his wife, who had been given in marriage by Qin to Duke Wen and eventually became his official consort. Qin sent three thousand men as guards to protect against disorder in Jin.
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| | 晋世家: |
文公修政，施惠百姓。赏从亡者及功臣，大者封邑，小者尊爵。未尽行赏，周襄王以弟带难出居郑地，来告急晋。晋初定，欲发兵，恐他乱起，是以赏从亡未至隐者介子推。推亦不言禄，禄亦不及。推曰：“献公子九人，唯君在矣。惠、怀无亲，外内弃之；天未绝晋，必将有主，主晋祀者，非君而谁？天实开之，二三子以为己力，不亦诬乎？窃人之财，犹曰是盗，况贪天之功以为己力乎？下冒其罪，上赏其奸，上下相蒙，难与处矣！”其母曰：“盍亦求之，以死谁怼？”推曰：“尤而效之，罪有甚焉。且出怨言，不食其禄。”母曰：“亦使知之，若何？”对曰：“言，身之文也；身欲隐，安用文之？文之，是求显也。”其母曰：“能如此乎？与女偕隐。”至死不复见。 |
| | Duke Wen reformed governance and bestowed kindness upon the people. He rewarded those who had fled with him and meritorious officials, granting fiefs to the most distinguished and noble titles to others of lesser rank. Before all rewards had been distributed, King Xiang of Zhou fled to the territory of Zheng due to difficulties caused by his younger brother Dai and sent an urgent plea for help to Jin. Jin had just stabilized, and Duke Wen wanted to send troops but feared that other disturbances might arise; thus, he did not reward Jie Zitui, who had followed him into exile. Jie Zitui also made no request for a salary, and none was given to him either. Jie Zitui said: "There were nine sons of the late prince who could have claimed the throne, but only you remain alive now. Duke Hui and Duke Huai had no close relatives; they were abandoned by both those within and outside the court; Heaven has not yet ended Jin's fate, so there must be a ruler. The one destined to preside over the sacrifices of Jin is none other than you! It was Heaven itself that opened this path, yet a few men claim it as their own achievement—this is not also false? To steal another's property is still called theft, how much more so to claim Heaven's merit as one's own strength? The subordinates conceal their crimes while the superiors reward their treachery; when those above and below deceive each other, it is difficult to remain among them!" His mother said: "Why not also ask for your reward? If you die, who will resent it?" Jie Zitui replied: "To emulate someone guilty of wrongdoing would only make my crime even greater. Moreover, to express resentment and yet accept their salary is not right." His mother said: "Then let them know about it. What do you think?" He replied: "Words are the expression of one's character; if I wish to remain hidden, why use words to express it?" To speak of it is to seek recognition." His mother said: "Can you truly do this? I will hide with you." They were never seen again until their deaths.
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| | 晋世家: |
介子推从者怜之，乃悬书宫门曰：“龙欲上天，五蛇为辅。龙已升云，四蛇各入其宇，一蛇独怨，终不见处所。”文公出，见其书，曰：“此介子推也。吾方忧王室，未图其功。”使人召之，则亡。遂求所在，闻其入绵上山中，于是文公环绵上山中而封之，以为介推田，号曰介山，“以记吾过，且旌善人”。 |
| | Those who had followed Jie Zitui felt pity for him, so they posted a notice at the palace gate saying: "A dragon wishes to ascend to heaven, with five snakes as its assistants. The dragon has already ascended into the clouds; four of the snakes have each returned to their dwellings, but one snake alone laments and is never seen again." When Duke Wen went out and saw the notice, he said: "This refers to Jie Zitui. I have been preoccupied with the affairs of the royal court and did not yet consider his merits." He sent someone to summon him, but Jie Zitui had already fled. They then sought out where he had gone and learned that he had entered the Mianshang Mountains. Thus, Duke Wen enclosed an area within the Mianshang range as a fief for Jie Zitui's descendants, naming it "Jieshan," saying: "This is to remember my mistake and also to honor a virtuous man."
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| | 晋世家: |
从亡贱臣壶叔曰；“君三行赏，赏不及臣，敢请罪。”文公报曰：“夫导我以仁义，防我以德惠，此受上赏。辅我以行，卒以成立，此受次赏。矢石之难，汗马之劳，此复受次赏。若以力事我而无补吾缺者，此［复］受次赏。三赏之后，故且及子。”晋人闻之，皆说。 |
| | One of the lowly attendants who had fled with him, Hushu, said; "Your Majesty has made three rounds of rewards, yet none have reached me. I dare to ask for my punishment." Duke Wen replied: "Those who guided me with benevolence and righteousness, and protected me through virtue and kindness, are to receive the highest rewards. Those who assisted me in my journey and ultimately helped me achieve success are to receive secondary rewards. Those who endured hardships of arrows and stones, and labored on horseback in battle, also receive secondary rewards. As for those who served me with their strength but did not help to correct my shortcomings, they too are to receive a secondary reward. After these three levels of rewards have been distributed, I will then attend to you." The people of Jin heard this and were all pleased.
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| | 晋世家: |
二年春，秦军河上，将入王。赵衰曰；“求霸莫如入王尊周。周晋同姓，晋不先入王，后秦入之，毋以令于天下。方今尊王，晋之资也。”三月甲辰，晋乃发兵至阳樊，围温，入襄王于周。四月，杀王弟带。周襄王赐晋河内阳樊之地。 |
| | In spring of the second year, the Qin army stationed by the Yellow River, intending to enter the royal court. Zhao Cui said; "Seeking hegemony is best achieved by supporting the king and upholding the Zhou dynasty. Jin and Zhou share the same surname; if Jin does not enter first to support the king, but instead Qin enters later, we will have no authority over the world. At present, upholding the king is the foundation of Jin's strength." On the Jiachen day of March, Jin dispatched troops to Yangfan, encircled Wen, and escorted King Xiang back to Zhou. In April, they killed the king's younger brother Dai. King Xiang of Zhou granted Jin the territory of Yangfan within He Nei.
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| | 晋世家: |
四年，楚成王及诸侯围宋，宋公孙固如晋告急。先轸曰：“报施定霸，于今在矣。”狐偃曰：“楚新得曹而初婚于卫，若伐曹、卫，楚必救之，则宋免矣。”于是晋作三军。赵衰举郤縠将中军，郤臻佐之；使狐偃将上军，狐毛佐之，命赵衰为卿；栾枝将下军，先轸佐之；荀林父御戎，魏犫为右：往伐。冬十二月，晋兵先下山东，而以原封赵衰。 |
| | In the fourth year, King Cheng of Chu and other feudal lords besieged Song; Gongsun Gu of Song went to Jin to plead for urgent assistance. Xian Zhen said: "To repay kindness and establish hegemony, the opportunity is here now." Hu Yan said: "Chu has recently captured Cao and newly formed a marriage alliance with Wei. If we attack Cao and Wei, Chu will certainly come to their aid, thus relieving the siege on Song." Thus, Jin organized three armies. Zhao Cui recommended Xi Hu to command the central army, with Xi Zhen as his deputy; he appointed Hu Yan to lead the upper army, with Hu Mao as his assistant, and named Zhao Cui as an official of high rank; Luan Zhi was assigned to command the lower army, assisted by Xian Zhen; Xun Linfu served as charioteer, and Wei Kuang was placed on the right side: they set out for war. In winter of December, the Jin army first descended to Shandong and granted Yuan as a fief to Zhao Cui.
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| | 晋世家: |
五年春，晋文公欲伐曹，假道于卫，卫人弗许。还自河南度，侵曹，伐卫。正月，取五鹿。二月，晋侯、齐侯盟于敛盂。卫侯请盟晋，晋人不许。卫侯欲与楚，国人不欲，故出其君以说晋。卫侯居襄牛，公子买守卫。楚救卫，不卒。晋侯围曹。三月丙午，晋师入曹，数之以其不用厘负羁言，而用美女乘轩者三百人也。令军毋入僖负羁宗家以报德。楚围宋，宋复告急晋。文公欲救则攻楚，为楚尝有德，不欲伐也；欲释宋，宋又尝有德于晋：患之。先轸曰：“执曹伯，分曹、卫地以与宋，楚急曹、卫，其势宜释宋。”于是文公从之，而楚成王乃引兵归。 |
| | In spring of the fifth year, Duke Wen of Jin wanted to attack Cao and requested passage through Wei territory, but the people of Wei refused. He then returned from south of the Yellow River and crossed over, invading Cao and attacking Wei. In January, they captured Wulu. In February, Duke Wen of Jin and Duke Hui of Qi formed an alliance at Lianshu. Duke Wei requested to form an alliance with Jin, but the people of Jin refused. Duke Wei wanted to ally with Chu, but his own people opposed it; therefore, they expelled their ruler to appease Jin. Duke Wei took refuge in Xiangniu, while Gongzi Mai remained to defend the state of Wei. Chu sent troops to rescue Wei but did not complete their mission. Duke Wen of Jin encircled Cao. On the Bingwu day of March, the Jin forces entered Cao and accused them for not heeding the advice of Li Fuiji but instead employing three hundred beautiful women to ride in decorated carriages. He ordered his troops not to enter the ancestral home of Xi Fuiji as a gesture of gratitude for their virtue. Chu encircled Song, and Song once again sent an urgent plea to Jin for help. Duke Wen wanted to rescue Song but hesitated to attack Chu, as Chu had once shown him kindness and he did not wish to wage war against them; he wanted to leave Song alone, yet Song too had once shown kindness to Jin: this troubled him. Xian Zhen said: "Capture Duke Cao, divide the territories of Cao and Wei to give to Song; Chu will be preoccupied with Cao and Wei and thus should release Song." Thus, Duke Wen followed this advice, and King Cheng of Chu withdrew his troops.
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| | 晋世家: |
楚将子玉曰：“王遇晋至厚，今知楚急曹、卫而故伐之，是轻王。”王曰：“晋侯亡在外十九年，困日久矣，果得反国，险阸尽知之，能用其民，天之所开，不可当。”子玉请曰：“非敢必有功，愿以闲执谗慝之口也。”楚王怒，少与之兵。于是子玉使宛春告晋：“请复卫侯而封曹，臣亦释宋。”咎犯曰：“子玉无礼矣，君取一，臣取二，勿许。”先轸曰：“定人之谓礼。楚一言定三国，子一言而亡之，我则毋礼。不许楚，是弃宋也。不如私许曹、卫以诱之，执宛春以怒楚，既战而后图之。”晋侯乃囚宛春于卫，且私许复曹、卫。曹、卫告绝于楚。楚得臣怒，击晋师，晋师退。军吏曰：“为何退？”文公曰：“昔在楚，约退三舍，可倍乎！”楚师欲去，得臣不肯。四月戊辰，宋公、齐将、秦将与晋侯次城濮。己巳，与楚兵合战，楚兵败，得臣收馀兵去。甲午，晋师还至衡雍，作王宫于践土。 |
| | Chu's general Zi Yu said: "The king has been extremely kind to Jin. Now, knowing that Chu is urgently dealing with Cao and Wei, they deliberately attack us; this shows contempt for the king." The king said: "Duke Wen of Jin was in exile for nineteen years, enduring hardship for a long time. Now that he has finally returned to his state, he is fully aware of all the dangers and difficulties, and he knows how to employ his people. This is an opening granted by Heaven; it cannot be resisted." Zi Yu requested: "I do not dare to claim certain success, but I wish to use this opportunity to silence the mouths of those who spread slander and deceit." King Chu became angry and gave him only a small number of troops. Thus, Zi Yu sent Wan Chun to inform Jin: "Please restore Duke Wei and grant territory to Cao; I will also release Song." Jiu Fan said: "Zi Yu has been disrespectful. The ruler takes one, and the minister demands two; do not agree." Xian Zhen said: "Bringing stability to people is what is called propriety. "Chu made one statement that stabilized three states, but you make one statement and destroy them; then we are the ones without propriety." If we do not agree with Chu's proposal, it means abandoning Song. "Instead, we should secretly promise to restore Cao and Wei as a lure, arrest Wan Chun to provoke Chu, and after the battle, we can plan accordingly." Duke Wen of Jin then imprisoned Wan Chun in Wei and secretly promised to restore Cao and Wei. Cao and Wei announced their severance from Chu. Chu Dechen became angry, attacked the Jin forces, and the Jin troops retreated. A military officer asked: "Why are we retreating?" Duke Wen replied: "In the past, while in Chu, I made a pact to retreat three liangshe, can that be broken!" The Chu forces wanted to withdraw, but Dechen refused. On the Wuchen day of April, Duke Song, Qi's general, Qin's general, and Duke Wen of Jin stationed their forces at Chengpu. On the Jisi day, they engaged in battle with the Chu army; the Chu forces were defeated, and Dechen gathered the remaining troops and withdrew. On the Jiawu day, the Jin forces returned to Hengyong and built a royal palace at Jiantu.
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| | 晋世家: |
初，郑助楚，楚败，惧，使人请盟晋侯。晋侯与郑伯盟。 |
| | Initially, Zheng had supported Chu; after Chu's defeat, Zheng became fearful and sent envoys to request an alliance with Duke Wen of Jin. Duke Wen made a treaty with Duke Zhuang of Zheng.
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| | 晋世家: |
五月丁未，献楚俘于周，驷介百乘，徒兵千。天子使王子虎命晋侯为伯，赐大辂，彤弓矢百，玈弓矢千，秬鬯一卣，圭瓒，虎贲三百人。晋侯三辞，然后稽首受之。周作晋文侯命：“王若曰：父义和，丕显文、武，能慎明德，昭登于上，布闻在下，维时上帝集厥命于文、武。恤朕身、继予一人永其在位。”于是晋文公称伯。癸亥，王子虎盟诸侯于王庭。 |
| | On the Dingwei day of May, they presented the captured Chu prisoners to the Zhou court, with a hundred chariots each drawn by four horses and one thousand infantry soldiers on foot. The Son of Heaven sent Prince Wang Hu to bestow the title of Hegemon upon Duke Wen, granting him a grand ceremonial chariot, one hundred red bows and arrows, one thousand black bows and arrows, a single yao of juchang (a ritual wine), gui zan (ritual jade objects), and three hundred tiger 贲 soldiers. Duke Wen thrice declined the honors, and only after that did he bow his head in submission to accept them. The Zhou court issued the Mandate of Duke Wen: "Thus spoke the king: 'Father Yihe, you have greatly honored King Wen and King Wu. You are able to be cautious in cultivating virtue, shining brightly above, and spreading your reputation below. At this time, Heaven has bestowed its mandate upon King Wen and King Wu." "Take care of my person and assist me in maintaining my position on the throne forever.'" Thus, Duke Wen of Jin assumed the title of Hegemon. On the Guihai day, Prince Wang Hu concluded an alliance with the feudal lords at the royal court.
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| | 晋世家: |
晋焚楚军，火数日不息，文公叹。左右曰：“胜楚而君犹忧，何？”文公曰：“吾闻能战胜安者唯圣人，是以惧。且子玉犹在，庸可喜乎！”子玉之败而归，楚成王怒其不用其言，贪与晋战，让责子玉，子玉自杀。晋文公曰：“我击其外，楚诛其内，内外相应。”于是乃喜。 |
| | Jin burned the Chu army's encampment; the fire raged for several days without ceasing, and Duke Wen sighed in sorrow. Those around him asked: "Having defeated Chu, yet you still worry, why?" Duke Wen said: "I have heard that only a sage can remain at peace after achieving victory; therefore, I am fearful." "And since Zi Yu is still alive, how can we be happy?"! After Zi Yu's defeat and return, King Cheng of Chu was angry that he had not followed his advice and recklessly engaged in battle with Jin. He rebuked Zi Yu, who then committed suicide. Duke Wen of Jin said: "I attacked them from the outside, and Chu punished him from within; this is an example of internal and external coordination." At that moment, he was pleased.
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| | 晋世家: |
六月，晋人复入卫侯。壬午，晋侯度河北归国。行赏，狐偃为首。或曰：“城濮之事，先轸之谋。”文公曰：“城濮之事，偃说我毋失信。先轸曰‘军事胜为右’，吾用之以胜。然此一时之说，偃言万世之功，柰何以一时之利而加万世功乎？是以先之。” |
| | In June, the Jin people reinstated Duke Wei of Wei. On the Renwu day, Duke Wen crossed the Yellow River to return to his state. He distributed rewards, with Hu Yan as the first recipient. Some said: "The matter at Chengpu was due to Xian Zhen's strategy." Duke Wen replied: "Regarding the affair at Chengpu, Yan advised me not to break my word. Xian Zhen said 'In military affairs, victory is paramount,' and I used his advice to achieve success." "Yet Xian's words were for a momentary strategy, while Yan spoke of an eternal achievement. How can one elevate the merit of a temporary advantage over that of an everlasting accomplishment?" Therefore, I gave precedence to Hu Yan."
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| | 晋世家: |
冬，晋侯会诸侯于温，欲率之朝周。力未能，恐其有畔者，乃使人言周襄王狩于河阳。壬申，遂率诸侯朝王于践土。孔子读史记至文公，曰“诸侯无召王”、“王狩河阳”者，春秋讳之也。 |
| | In winter, Duke Wen of Jin convened the feudal lords at Wen, intending to lead them in paying homage to Zhou. Feeling his strength was not yet sufficient and fearing possible rebellion among the lords, he had someone announce that King Xiang of Zhou would be hunting in Heyang. On the Renshen day, he led the feudal lords to pay homage to the king at Jiantu. Confucius, while reading historical records and coming upon the account of Duke Wen, said: "The feudal lords did not summon the king" and "the king hunted in Heyang"—these were euphemisms used by Chunqiu.
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| | 晋世家: |
丁丑，诸侯围许。曹伯臣或说晋侯曰：“齐桓公合诸侯而国异姓，今君为会而灭同姓。曹，叔振铎之后；晋，唐叔之后。合诸侯而灭兄弟，非礼。”晋侯说，复曹伯。 |
| | On the Dingchou day, the feudal lords encircled Xu. Some of Duke Cao's ministers advised Duke Wen: "Duke Huan of Qi convened the feudal lords and granted fiefs to those of different surnames, but now you are holding a conference yet eliminating members of your own surname. Cao is descended from Shu Zhenduo; Jin is descended from Tang Shuyu. To convene the feudal lords yet destroy one's own kin is against propriety." Duke Wen was pleased and reinstated Duke Cao.
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| | 晋世家: |
于是晋始作三行。荀林父将中行，先縠将右行，先蔑将左行。 |
| | At this time, Jin first established three military divisions. Xun Linfu commanded the central division, Xian Hu led the right division, and Xian Mie led the left division.
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| | 晋世家: |
七年，晋文公、秦缪公共围郑，以其无礼于文公亡过时，及城濮时郑助楚也。围郑，欲得叔瞻。叔瞻闻之，自杀。郑持叔瞻告晋。晋曰：“必得郑君而甘心焉。”郑恐，乃闲令使谓秦缪公曰：“亡郑厚晋，于晋得矣，而秦未为利。君何不解郑，得为东道交？”秦伯说，罢兵。晋亦罢兵。 |
| | In the seventh year, Duke Wen of Jin and Duke Mu of Qin jointly encircled Zheng because Zheng had shown no courtesy when Duke Wen was in exile passing through their territory, as well as for having aided Chu during the Chengpu campaign. They encircled Zheng and wanted to capture Shu Zhan. Shu Zhan heard of this and committed suicide. Zheng presented Shu Zhan's corpse to Jin. Jin said: "We must capture the ruler of Zheng to be satisfied." Zheng was afraid and secretly sent an envoy to Duke Mu of Qin, saying: "Destroying Zheng would benefit Jin; it is already advantageous for Jin, but not yet beneficial for Qin. Why don't you release Zheng and establish a friendly relationship as hosts of the eastern route?" Duke Mu of Qin was pleased and withdrew his troops. Jin also withdrew its forces.
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| | 晋世家: |
九年冬，晋文公卒，子襄公欢立。是岁郑伯亦卒。 |
| | In the ninth year of winter, Duke Wen of Jin died, and his son Xianggong Huan was enthroned. In this same year, Duke Zhuang of Zheng also passed away.
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| | 晋世家: |
郑人或卖其国于秦，秦缪公发兵往袭郑。十二月，秦兵过我郊。襄公元年春，秦师过周，无礼，王孙满讥之。兵至滑，郑贾人弦高将市于周，遇之，以十二牛劳秦师。秦师惊而还，灭滑而去。 |
| | Some people from Zheng plotted to sell their state to Qin; King Mu of Qin sent troops to launch a surprise attack on Zheng. In December, the Qin forces passed through our outskirts. In spring of Duke Xiang's first year, the Qin army passed through Zhou without showing proper courtesy; Wangsun Man criticized them for it. The troops reached Hua, where Zhang Gao, a Zheng merchant who was going to trade in Zhou, encountered them and presented twelve oxen as a gift to the Qin forces. The Qin forces were startled and retreated, destroyed Hua, and then left.
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| | 晋世家: |
晋先轸曰：“秦伯不用蹇叔，反其众心，此可击。”栾枝曰：“未报先君施于秦，击之，不可。”先轸曰：“秦侮吾孤，伐吾同姓，何德之报？”遂击之。襄公墨衰绖。四月，败秦师于淆，虏秦三将孟明视、西乞秫、白乙丙以归。遂墨以葬文公。文公夫人秦女，谓襄公曰：“秦欲得其三将戮之。”公许，遣之。先轸闻之，谓襄公曰：“患生矣。”轸乃追秦将。秦将渡河，已在船中，顿首谢，卒不反。 |
| | Xian Zhen of Jin said: "King Mu of Qin did not heed Jianshou's advice and has lost the support of his people; this is an opportunity to attack." Luan Zhi said: "We have not yet repaid our late ruler's kindness toward Qin. To strike them now would be wrong." Xian Zhen replied: "Qin has insulted our late ruler and attacked our kinsmen. What virtue are we repaying?" And so, he launched an attack against them. Duke Xiang wore a black mourning robe with hemp bands. In April, they defeated the Qin forces at Yao and captured three of their generals—Meng Mingshi, Xi Qi Shu, and Bai Yi Bing—bringing them back. He then wore mourning attire to bury Duke Wen. Duke Wen's wife, a daughter of Qin, told Duke Xiang: "Qin wants the three captured generals executed." The duke agreed and sent them away. Xian Zhen heard of this and said to Duke Xiang: "Trouble is about to arise." Xian Zhen then pursued the Qin generals. The Qin generals had already boarded their boats to cross the Yellow River, and they bowed in gratitude before finally departing without returning.
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| | 晋世家: |
后三年，秦果使孟明伐晋，报淆之败，取晋汪以归。四年，秦缪公大兴兵伐我，度河，取王官，封淆尸而去。晋恐，不敢出，遂城守。五年，晋伐秦，取新城，报王官役也。 |
| | Three years later, Qin indeed sent Meng Mingshi to attack Jin in retaliation for the defeat at Yao, capturing Wang of Jin and returning with him. In the fourth year, King Mu of Qin mobilized a large army to attack us, crossed the Yellow River, captured Wangguan, and after burying the dead at Yao, withdrew. Jin was afraid and dared not send out troops; they therefore reinforced their city defenses. In the fifth year, Jin attacked Qin, captured Xincheng, as retaliation for the campaign at Wangguan.
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| | 晋世家: |
六年，赵衰成子、栾贞子、咎季子犯、霍伯皆卒。赵盾代赵衰执政。 |
| | In the sixth year, Zhao Cui Chengzi, Luan Zhenzi, Jiu Jiizi Fan, and Huaobo all died. Zhao Dun took over governance in place of Zhao Cui.
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| | 晋世家: |
七年八月，襄公卒。太子夷皋少。晋人以难故，欲立长君。赵盾曰：“立襄公弟雍。好善而长，先君爱之；且近于秦，秦故好也。立善则固，事长则顺，奉爱则孝，结旧好则安。”贾季曰：“不如其弟乐。辰嬴嬖于二君，立其子，民必安之。”赵盾曰：“辰嬴贱，班在九人下，其子何震之有！且为二君嬖，淫也。为先君子，不能求大而出在小国，僻也。母淫子僻，无威；陈小而远，无援：将何可乎！”使士会如秦迎公子雍。贾季亦使人召公子乐于陈。赵盾废贾季，以其杀阳处父。十月，葬襄公。十一月，贾季奔翟。是岁，秦缪公亦卒。 |
| | In the seventh year, on the eighth month, Duke Xiang died. Crown Prince Yigao was young. Because of the difficulties, the people of Jin wanted to install an older ruler. Zhao Dun said: "We should install Duke Xiang's younger brother Yong." He is kind and mature, and the late ruler loved him; Moreover, he is close to Qin, which has always been friendly. "Establishing a virtuous ruler ensures stability; following the senior one brings order; honoring what is loved shows filial piety; and maintaining old friendships brings peace." Jia Ji said: "It would be better to install his younger brother Yue. Chen Ying was favored by two rulers; if we install her son, the people will surely accept him with peace of mind." Zhao Dun said: "Chen Ying is lowly ranked, placed beneath nine others; how could her son possibly cause any disturbance! Moreover, being favored by two rulers means she was involved in concubinage. As the wife of a former ruler, she could not seek a great match and ended up in a small state—this is isolation. A mother who was unfaithful and a son born into obscurity will lack authority; Chen is small and distant, with no support: how could that possibly work!" Zhao Dun sent Shi Hui to Qin to welcome Gongzi Yong. Jia Ji also sent someone to Chen to summon Gongzi Yue. Zhao Dun deposed Jia Ji because he had killed Yang Chufu. In the tenth month, Duke Xiang was buried. In the eleventh month, Jia Ji fled to Di. In this year, King Mu of Qin also died.
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| | 晋世家: |
灵公元年四月，秦康公曰：“昔文公之入也无卫，故有吕、郤之患。”乃多与公子雍卫。太子母缪嬴日夜抱太子以号泣于朝，曰：“先君何罪？其嗣亦何罪？舍适而外求君，将安置此？”出朝，则抱以适赵盾所，顿首曰：“先君奉此子而属之子，曰‘此子材，吾受其赐；不材，吾怨子’。今君卒，言犹在耳，而弃之，若何？”赵盾与诸大夫皆患缪嬴，且畏诛，乃背所迎而立太子夷皋，是为灵公。发兵以距秦送公子雍者。赵盾为将，往击秦，败之令狐。先蔑、随会亡奔秦。秋，齐、宋、卫、郑、曹、许君皆会赵盾，盟于扈，以灵公初立故也。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Ling's reign, in the fourth month, King Kang of Qin said: "In the past, when Duke Wen entered Jin, there was no protection, hence the troubles with Lü and Xi." He therefore provided many guards for Gongzi Yong. The crown prince's mother, Miu Ying, day and night clutched the crown prince while wailing in court, saying: "What crime did my late husband commit? And what crime has his heir committed?" To abandon the legitimate heir and seek a ruler from outside—where should we place this child?" When leaving court, she went to Zhao Dun's residence with the child in her arms and kowtowed, saying: "My late husband entrusted you with this child and said, 'This child is capable; I will receive his blessings;' 'If he proves unworthy, I shall hold you responsible.'" Now that my husband has died, his words still echo in our ears, yet you abandon the child—how can this be?" Zhao Dun and all the ministers were troubled by Miu Ying's pleas, and also feared punishment. Therefore, they abandoned the one they had fetched from outside and installed Crown Prince Yigao as ruler; he became Duke Ling. They mobilized troops to resist the Qin forces who were escorting Gongzi Yong. Zhao Dun served as general and went to attack Qin, defeating them at Linghu. Xian Mie and Sui Hui fled and defected to Qin. In autumn, the rulers of Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Cao, and Xu all met with Zhao Dun to form an alliance at Hu, because Duke Ling had just ascended the throne.
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| | 晋世家: |
四年，伐秦，取少梁。秦亦取晋之郩。六年，秦康公伐晋，取羁马。晋侯怒，使赵盾、赵穿、郤缺击秦，大战河曲，赵穿最有功。七年，晋六卿患随会之在秦，常为晋乱，乃详令魏寿馀反晋降秦。秦使随会之魏，因执会以归晋。 |
| | In the fourth year, they attacked Qin and captured Shaoliang. Qin also captured Jin's Yuyi. In the sixth year, King Kang of Qin attacked Jin and captured Jima. Duke Jin was angry and sent Zhao Dun, Zhao Chuan, and Xi Que to attack Qin. A great battle took place at Hequ, where Zhao Chuan achieved the greatest success. In the seventh year, the six high ministers of Jin were troubled by Sui Hui's presence in Qin, as he often caused disturbances for Jin. They therefore fabricated an order for Wei Shouyu to betray Jin and surrender to Qin. Qin sent Sui Hui to Wei, where he was captured and returned to Jin.
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| | 晋世家: |
八年，周顷王崩，公卿争权，故不赴。晋使赵盾以车八百乘平周乱而立匡王。是年，楚庄王初即位。十二年，齐人弑其君懿公。 |
| | In the eighth year, King Qing of Zhou died; however, the dukes and ministers were vying for power, so they did not attend. Jin sent Zhao Dun with 800 chariots to quell the chaos in Zhou and install King Kuang. In this year, King Zhuang of Chu ascended the throne for the first time. In the twelfth year, the people of Qi assassinated their ruler Yi Gong.
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| | 晋世家: |
十四年，灵公壮，侈，厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人，观其避丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟，灵公怒，杀宰夫，使妇人持其尸出弃之，过朝。赵盾、随会前数谏，不听；已又见死人手，二人前谏。随会先谏，不听。灵公患之，使锄麑刺赵盾。盾闺门开，居处节，锄麑退，叹曰：“杀忠臣，弃君命，罪一也。”遂触树而死。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, Duke Ling grew strong and indulgent, imposing heavy levies to decorate his palace walls with carvings. From a pavilion, he would shoot pellets at people below, watching them dodge the projectiles for amusement. A cook prepared bear paws that were not cooked properly, which enraged Duke Ling. He killed the cook and ordered women to carry his corpse outside for disposal, passing through the court. Zhao Dun and Sui Hui had previously advised him many times, but he did not listen; Now, upon seeing the dead man's hand again, the two ministers went forward to advise him once more. Sui Hui advised first, but was not heeded. Duke Ling was troubled by this and sent Chu Ni to assassinate Zhao Dun. Zhao Dun's gate was open, and he lived a modest life; Chu Ni withdrew and sighed: "To kill a loyal minister is to abandon the ruler's command—this would be one crime." He then struck his head against a tree and died.
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| | 晋世家: |
初，盾常田首山，见桑下有饿人。饿人，示眯明也。盾与之食，食其半。问其故，曰：“宦三年，未知母之存不，愿遗母。”盾义之，益与之饭肉。已而为晋宰夫，赵盾弗复知也。九月，晋灵公饮赵盾酒，伏甲将攻盾。公宰示眯明知之，恐盾醉不能起，而进曰：“君赐臣，觞三行可以罢。”欲以去赵盾，令先，毋及难。盾既去，灵公伏士未会，先纵啮狗名敖。明为盾搏杀狗。盾曰：“弃人用狗，虽猛何为。”然不知明之为阴德也。已而灵公纵伏士出逐赵盾，示眯明反击灵公之伏士，伏士不能进，而竟脱盾。盾问其故，曰：“我桑下饿人。”问其名，弗告。明亦因亡去。 |
| | At first, Zhao Dun often hunted in Shoushan, where he once saw a starving man under the shade of a mulberry tree. The starving man was Shi Mei Ming. Zhao Dun gave him food, and the man ate half of it. When asked why he did this, he said: "I have been a servant for three years now and do not know whether my mother is still alive. I wish to leave some food for her." Zhao Dun was moved by his filial piety, and gave him more rice and meat. Later, he became a cook in Jin, but Zhao Dun no longer recognized him. In the ninth month, Duke Ling of Jin hosted a banquet for Zhao Dun and had armed men in hiding ready to attack him. The cook Shi Mei Ming, who was aware of the plot, feared that Zhao Dun might become too drunk to rise and so said: "Your Majesty has honored me with this feast; after three rounds of wine, it would be appropriate to end the banquet." He wanted to get Zhao Dun away from there first so that he could avoid the danger. After Zhao Dun had left, Duke Ling's hidden soldiers were still not ready, so he released a fierce dog named Ao first. Shi Mei Ming fought and killed the dog for Zhao Dun. Zhao Dun said: "To abandon men and use a dog—what good is its ferocity?" Yet he did not know that Shi Mei Ming was repaying him for the kindness shown in secret. Soon after, Duke Ling released his hidden soldiers to pursue Zhao Dun. Shi Mei Ming turned around and attacked the hidden soldiers of Duke Ling; unable to advance further, they ultimately allowed Zhao Dun to escape. Zhao Dun asked him why he had done this, and he replied: "I am the starving man from under the mulberry tree." When Zhao Dun asked for his name, he did not tell. Shi Mei Ming also fled and disappeared.
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| | 晋世家: |
盾遂奔，未出晋境。乙丑，盾昆弟将军赵穿袭杀灵公于桃园而迎赵盾。赵盾素贵，得民和；灵公少，侈，民不附，故为弑易。盾复位。晋太史董狐书曰“赵盾弑其君”，以视于朝。盾曰：“弑者赵穿，我无罪。”太史曰：“子为正卿，而亡不出境，反不诛国乱，非子而谁？”孔子闻之，曰：“董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。宣子，良大夫也，为法受恶。惜也，出疆乃免。” |
| | Zhao Dun then fled, but had not yet crossed the Jin border. On the Yichou day, Zhao Dun's kinsman and general Zhao Chuan launched a surprise attack and killed Duke Ling at Taoyuan to welcome Zhao Dun back. Zhao Dun had long been respected and enjoyed the people's support; Duke Ling was young, indulgent, and lacked popular support, so it was easy for him to be assassinated. Zhao Dun returned to his position of power. The Jin court historian Dong Hu recorded: "Zhao Dun assassinated his ruler," and displayed the record in court. Zhao Dun said: "It was Zhao Chuan who committed regicide; I am innocent." The historian replied: "You were the chief minister, yet when you fled, you did not leave the state's borders. You returned without punishing those who caused chaos in the country—was it anyone but you?" Confucius heard of this and said: "Dong Hu was a fine historian of old, recording events without concealment. Xuanzi was an upright minister who accepted blame in accordance with the law." It is a pity, for had he left the state's borders, he would have been free of guilt."
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| | 晋世家: |
赵盾使赵穿迎襄公弟黑臀于周而立之，是为成公。 |
| | Zhao Dun sent Zhao Chuan to Zhou to welcome Duke Xiang's younger brother He Tun and installed him as ruler; he became Duke Cheng.
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| | 晋世家: |
成公者，文公少子，其母周女也。壬申，朝于武宫。 |
| | Duke Cheng was the youngest son of Duke Wen, whose mother was a woman from Zhou. On the Renshen day, he paid homage at Wu Gong.
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| | 晋世家: |
成公元年，赐赵氏为公族。伐郑，郑倍晋故也。三年，郑伯初立，附晋而弃楚。楚怒，伐郑，晋往救之。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Cheng's reign, Zhao Dun was granted the status of a noble clan. They attacked Zheng because Zheng had betrayed Jin. In the third year, Lord Zhu of Zheng was newly installed as ruler and pledged allegiance to Jin while abandoning Chu. Chu became angry and attacked Zheng; Jin went to rescue them.
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| | 晋世家: |
六年，伐秦，虏秦将赤。 |
| | In the sixth year, they attacked Qin and captured its general Chi.
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| | 晋世家: |
七年，成公与楚庄王争强，会诸侯于扈。陈畏楚，不会。晋使中行桓子伐陈，因救郑，与楚战，败楚师。是年，成公卒，子景公据立。 |
| | In the seventh year, Duke Cheng competed for dominance with King Zhuang of Chu and convened a meeting of feudal lords at Hu. Chen feared Chu and did not attend. Jin sent Zhonghang Huanzi to attack Chen, as a means of rescuing Zheng; he fought against Chu and defeated their army. In this year, Duke Cheng died, and his son Duke Jing took the throne.
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| | 晋世家: |
景公元年春，陈大夫夏徵舒弑其君灵公。二年，楚庄王伐陈，诛徵舒。 |
| | In the first spring of Duke Jing's reign, Xie Zhengshu, a minister of Chen, assassinated his ruler Duke Ling. In the second year, King Zhuang of Chu attacked Chen and executed Zhengshu.
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| | 晋世家: |
三年，楚庄王围郑，郑告急晋。晋使荀林父将中军，随会将上军，赵朔将下军，郤克、栾书、先縠、韩厥、巩朔佐之。六月，至河。闻楚已服郑，郑伯肉袒与盟而去，荀林父欲还。先縠曰：“凡来救郑，不至不可，将率离心。”卒度河。楚已服郑，欲饮马于河为名而去。楚与晋军大战。郑新附楚，畏之，反助楚攻晋。晋军败，走河，争度，船中人指甚众。楚虏我将智罃。归而林父曰：“臣为督将，军败当诛，请死。”景公欲许之。随会曰：“昔文公之与楚战城濮，成王归杀子玉，而文公乃喜。今楚已败我师，又诛其将，是助楚杀仇也。”乃止。 |
| | In the third year, King Zhuang of chu besieged Zheng, who sent an urgent plea for help to Jin. Jin appointed Xun Linfu to command the central army, Sui Hui to command the upper army, Zhao Shuo to command the lower army, and Xi Ke, Luan Shu, Xian Hu, Han Jue, and Gong Shuo as their assistants. In June, they arrived at the Yellow River. They heard that Chu had already subjugated Zheng; Lord Zhu of Zheng submitted by offering a meat sacrifice and formed an alliance before leaving. Xun Linfu wanted to return. Xian Hu said, "Whenever we come to rescue Zheng, it is unacceptable not to reach the destination; otherwise, our commanders will lose unity." They finally crossed the river. Chu had already subdued Zheng and wanted to drink their horses at the Yellow River as a symbolic gesture before leaving. A great battle erupted between Chu and Jin forces. Zheng, newly allied with Chu, feared them and instead helped attack the Jin army. The Jin forces were defeated and fled toward the river; in their rush to cross, many people were crushed on the boats. Chu captured our general Zhi Ying. Upon returning, Linfu said, "I was the commanding officer; since the army was defeated I should be executed. Please allow me to die." Duke Jing wanted to agree to this. Sui Hui said, "In the past, when Duke Wen of Jin fought against Chu at Chengpu, King Cheng returned and executed Zi Yu, which made Duke Wen happy. Now that Chu has already defeated our army, to execute their general would be helping Chu kill an enemy." Thus, they stopped.
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| | 晋世家: |
四年，先縠以首计而败晋军河上，恐诛，乃奔翟，与翟谋伐晋。晋觉，乃族縠。縠，先轸子也。 |
| | In the fourth year, Xian Hu was held responsible for the defeat of Jin's army on the river and feared punishment; thus he fled to Di and conspired with them to attack Jin. Jin became aware of this, and exterminated Xian Hu's clan. Hu was the son of Xian Zhen.
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| | 晋世家: |
五年，伐郑，为助楚故也。是时楚庄王强，以挫晋兵河上也。 |
| | In the fifth year, they attacked Zheng because Zheng had aided Chu. At this time King Zhuang of Chu was powerful, having defeated Jin's forces on the Yellow River.
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| | 晋世家: |
六年，楚伐宋，宋来告急晋，晋欲救之，伯宗谋曰：“楚，天方开之，不可当。”乃使解扬绐为救宋。郑人执与楚，楚厚赐，使反其言，令宋急下。解扬绐许之，卒致晋君言。楚欲杀之，或谏，乃归解扬。七年，晋使随会灭赤狄。 |
| | In the sixth year, Chu attacked Song; Song sent an urgent plea for assistance to Jin. Jin wanted to rescue them, but Bo Zong advised, "Chu is being favored by Heaven and is on the rise; we should not oppose it." They then sent Jie Yang to deceive Song into believing that Jin would come to their rescue. The Zheng people captured him and handed him over to Chu, who generously rewarded him and ordered him to reverse his message, urging Song to surrender quickly. Jie Yang pretended to agree but ultimately delivered the words of Jin's ruler. Chu wanted to kill him, but someone advised against it; thus they returned Jie Yang. In the seventh year, Jin sent Sui Hui to annihilate the Chi Di.
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| | 晋世家: |
八年，使郤克于齐。齐顷公母从楼上观而笑之。所以然者，郤克偻，而鲁使蹇，卫使眇，故齐亦令人如之以导客。郤克怒，归至河上，曰：“不报齐者，河伯视之！”至国，请君，欲伐齐。景公问知其故，曰：“子之怨，安足以烦国！”弗听。魏文子请老休，辟郤克，克执政。 |
| | In the eighth year, they sent Xi Ke to Qi. Queen Dowager Qinggong of Qi observed from a tower and laughed at him. The reason for this was that Xi Ke had a hunchback, the Lu envoy had lameness, and the Wei envoy was one-eyed; therefore, Qi also sent people with similar disabilities to guide their guests. Xi Ke became furious and upon returning to the riverbank said, "If I do not avenge myself on Qi, may the River God regard me as such!" Upon arriving in his state, he requested an audience with the ruler and wanted to attack Qi. Duke Jing asked about the reason and said, "Your personal grudge is not significant enough to trouble the state!" He did not listen. Wei Wenzhi requested to retire and step aside for Xi Ke, who then assumed the position of chief administrator.
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| | 晋世家: |
九年，楚庄王卒。晋伐齐，齐使太子强为质于晋，晋兵罢。 |
| | In the ninth year, King Zhuang of Chu died. Jin attacked Qi; Qi sent Crown Prince Qiang as a hostage to Jin, and the Jin forces withdrew.
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| | 晋世家: |
十一年春，齐伐鲁，取隆。鲁告急卫，卫与鲁皆因郤克告急于晋。晋乃使郤克、栾书、韩厥以兵车八百乘与鲁、卫共伐齐。夏，与顷公战于砹伤困顷公。顷公乃与其右易位，下取饮，以得脱去。齐师败走，晋追北至齐。顷公献宝器以求平，不听。郤克曰：“必得萧桐侄子为质。”齐使曰：“萧桐侄子，顷公母；顷公母犹晋君母，柰何必得之？不义，请复战。”晋乃许与平而去。 |
| | In spring of the eleventh year, Qi attacked Lu and captured Long. Lu sent an urgent plea to Wei; both Wei and Lu then urgently appealed through Xi Ke to Jin. Jin thus sent Xi Ke, Luan Shu and Han Jue with 800 chariots to join Lu and Wei in attacking Qi. In summer, they fought King Qinggong at Aishang and trapped him. King Qinggong then switched places with his charioteer, got down to get a drink, and managed to escape. The Qi forces were defeated and fled; Jin pursued them all the way into Qi's territory. King Qinggong offered valuable treasures to seek peace, but it was refused. Xi Ke said, "We must obtain Xiao Tong Zhizi as a hostage." The Qi envoy said, "Xiao Tong Zhizi is King Qinggong's mother; King Qinggong's mother is like the mother of your ruler. Why must you demand her?" "It would be unjust; please allow us to fight again." Jin then agreed to a peace and withdrew.
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| | 晋世家: |
楚申公巫臣盗夏姬以奔晋，晋以巫臣为邢大夫。 |
| | Shen Gong Wuchen of Chu stole Xia Ji and fled to Jin; Jin appointed Wuchen as a minister in Xing.
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| | 晋世家: |
十二年冬，齐顷公如晋，欲上尊晋景公为王，景公让不敢。晋始作六（卿）［军］，韩厥、巩朔、赵穿、荀骓、赵括、赵旃皆为卿。智罃自楚归。 |
| | In winter of the twelfth year, King Qinggong of Qi went to Jin and wished to bestow a royal title on Duke Jing of Jin; however, Duke Jing declined out of humility. Jin first established six armies; Han Jue, Gong Shuo, Zhao Chuan, Xun Zhui, Zhao Kuo and Zhao Zhan were all appointed as qing (ministers). Zhi Ying returned from Chu.
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| | 晋世家: |
十三年，鲁成公朝晋，晋弗敬，鲁怒去，倍晋。晋伐郑，取泛。 |
| | In the thirteenth year, Duke Cheng of Lu paid homage to Jin, but was not treated with respect; thus, he angrily left and defected from Jin. Jin attacked Zheng and captured Fan.
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| | 晋世家: |
十四年，梁山崩。问伯宗，伯宗以为不足怪也。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, Liangshan Mountain collapsed. They consulted Bo Zong, who considered it nothing unusual.
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| | 晋世家: |
十六年，楚将子反怨巫臣，灭其族。巫臣怒，遗子反书曰：“必令子罢于奔命！”乃请使吴，令其子为吴行人，教吴乘车用兵。吴晋始通，约伐楚。 |
| | In the sixteenth year, Zi Fan, a general of Chu, resented Wuchen and exterminated his clan. Wuchen was furious and sent a letter to Zi Fan saying, "I will surely make you exhausted by running from one mission to another!" He then requested permission to visit Wu and arranged for his son to serve as an envoy of Wu, teaching them how to use chariots and weapons. This was the first time that Wu and Jin established contact; they made a pact to attack Chu.
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| | 晋世家: |
十七年，诛赵同、赵括，族灭之。韩厥曰：“赵衰、赵盾之功岂可忘乎？柰何绝祀！”乃复令赵庶子武为赵后，复与之邑。 |
| | In the seventeenth year, Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo were executed and their clans exterminated. Han Jue said, "Can we forget the merits of Zhao Cui and Zhao Dun?" "Why must their ancestral rites be cut off!" They then restored Zhao Wu, a commoner son of the Zhao clan, as heir to the Zhao lineage and granted him fiefs once again.
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| | 晋世家: |
十九年夏，景公病，立其太子寿曼为君，是为厉公。后月馀，景公卒。 |
| | In summer of the nineteenth year, Duke Jing fell ill and installed his crown prince Shouman as ruler; he became Duke Li. A month later, Duke Jing died.
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| | 晋世家: |
厉公元年，初立，欲和诸侯，与秦桓公夹河而盟。归而秦倍盟，与翟谋伐晋。三年，使吕相让秦，因与诸侯伐秦。至泾，败秦于麻隧，虏其将成差。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Li's reign, newly installed and wishing to reconcile with the feudal lords, he formed an alliance with King Huan of Qin across the Yellow River. Upon returning, however, Qin betrayed the pact and conspired with Di to attack Jin. In the third year, they sent Lü Xiang to rebuke Qin and joined forces with feudal lords to attack them. 략 They advanced to Jing, defeated Qin at Mashui, and captured its general Cheng Cha.
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| | 晋世家: |
五年，三郤谗伯宗，杀之。伯宗以好直谏得此祸，国人以是不附厉公。 |
| | In the fifth year, the three Xi clans slandered Bo Zong and had him killed. Bo Zong incurred this misfortune because of his upright advice; the people thus no longer supported Duke Li.
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| | 晋世家: |
六年春，郑倍晋与楚盟，晋怒。栾书曰：“不可以当吾世而失诸侯。”乃发兵。厉公自将，五月度河。闻楚兵来救，范文子请公欲还。郤至曰：“发兵诛逆，见强辟之，无以令诸侯。”遂与战。癸巳，射中楚共王目，楚兵败于鄢陵。子反收馀兵，拊循欲复战，晋患之。共王召子反，其侍者竖阳谷进酒，子反醉，不能见。王怒，让子反，子反死。王遂引兵归。晋由此威诸侯，欲以令天下求霸。 |
| | In spring of the sixth year, Zheng defected from Jin and formed an alliance with Chu; Jin was furious. Luan Shu said, "We cannot allow our generation to lose the feudal lords." They then mobilized their troops. Duke Li personally led the army and crossed the Yellow River in May. Upon hearing that Chu's forces had come to provide aid, Fan Wenzhi advised Duke Li to withdraw. Xi Zhi said, "We have mobilized our troops to punish the rebels; if we now retreat in the face of strength, we will be unable to command respect from the feudal lords." They thus engaged in battle. On the Gusi day, an arrow struck King Gong of Chu in the eye; the Chu forces were defeated at Yanling. Zi Fan gathered the remaining troops and tried to rally them for another battle, which worried Jin. King Gong summoned Zi Fan; his attendant Shu Yanggu offered him wine, and Zi Fan became drunk and was unable to appear. The king was furious and rebuked Zi Fan, who then died. King Gong thus withdrew his troops and returned. Jin thereby established dominance over the feudal lords, seeking to assert authority over all under heaven in pursuit of hegemony.
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| | 晋世家: |
厉公多外嬖姬，归，欲尽去群大夫而立诸姬兄弟。宠姬兄曰胥童，尝与郤至有怨，及栾书又怨郤至不用其计而遂败楚，乃使人闲谢楚。楚来诈厉公曰：“鄢陵之战，实至召楚，欲作乱，内子周立之。会与国不具，是以事不成。”厉公告栾书。栾书曰：“其殆有矣！愿公试使人之周微考之。”果使郤至于周。栾书又使公子周见郤至，郤至不知见卖也。厉公验之，信然，遂怨郤至，欲杀之。八年，厉公猎，与姬饮，郤至杀豕奉进，宦者夺之。郤至射杀宦者。公怒，曰：“季子欺予！”将诛三郤，未发也。郤钩欲攻公，曰：“我虽死，公亦病矣。”郤至曰：“信不反君，智不害民，勇不作乱。失此三者，谁与我？我死耳！”十二月壬午，公令胥童以兵八百人袭攻杀三郤。胥童因以劫栾书、中行偃于朝，曰：“不杀二子，患必及公。”公曰：“一旦杀三卿，寡人不忍益也。”对曰：“人将忍君。”公弗听，谢栾书等以诛郤氏罪：“大夫复位。”二子顿首曰：“幸甚幸甚！”公使胥童为卿。闰月乙卯，厉公游匠骊氏，栾书、中行偃以其党袭捕厉公，囚之，杀胥童，而使人迎公子周于周而立之，是为悼公。 |
| | Duke Li had many favored concubines from outside the family; upon returning, he wanted to remove all the high-ranking officials and appoint his concubine's brothers instead. The favored concubine's brother was named Xu Tong, who had previously held a grudge against Xi Zhi. In addition, Luan Shu also resented the fact that Xi Zhi did not follow his strategy and thus failed to decisively defeat Chu; so they sent someone to secretly negotiate with Chu. Chu sent a deceptive message to Duke Li, saying: "The battle at Yanling was actually instigated by Xi Zhi, who summoned Chu forces and intended to create chaos in order to install Zi Zhou as ruler." "The opportunity within the state was not yet ripe, so the matter did not come to fruition." Duke Li informed Luan Shu. Luan Shu said: "This is likely true!" "I respectfully request that Your Highness send someone to Zhou secretly to investigate." Indeed, Xi Zhi had been sent to Zhou. Luan Shu then sent Gongzi Zhou to meet with Xi Zhi; Xi Zhi was unaware that he was being betrayed. Duke Li verified the matter and found it true, so he became resentful toward Xi Zhi and wanted to kill him. In the eighth year, Duke Li went hunting and dined with his concubines; Xi Zhi killed a pig to present as food, but an eunuch took it away. Xi Zhi shot and killed the eunuch. The duke was furious, saying: "Ji Zi has deceived me!" He intended to execute the three Xi clan members, but had not yet acted. Xi Gou wanted to attack the duke and said: "Even if I die, the duke will also suffer." Xi Zhi said: "Loyalty does not betray one's ruler; wisdom does not harm the people; bravery does not incite rebellion. If I lose these three virtues, who will stand with me?" "I shall only die!" On the Renwu day of the twelfth month, Duke Li ordered Xu Tong to lead 800 soldiers to launch a surprise attack and kill the three Xi clan members. Xu Tong then used this opportunity to seize Luan Shu and Zhonghang Yan in the court, saying: "If you do not kill these two men, trouble will surely reach Your Highness." The duke said: "To execute three high-ranking ministers in a single day—this is too much for me to bear; I cannot bring myself to do more." They replied: "People will grow tolerant of your rule." The duke did not listen and instead apologized to Luan Shu et al. for the crime of executing the Xi clan, saying: "May you return to your positions as high-ranking ministers." The two men kowtowed and said: "How fortunate! How fortunate!" The duke then appointed Xu Tong as a high-ranking minister. On the Yimao day of the intercalary month, Duke Li toured Jiangli Shi. Luan Shu and Zhonghang Yan, with their allies, launched a surprise attack to capture Duke Li, imprisoning him, killing Xu Tong, and sending someone to Zhou to bring back Gongzi Zhou and install him as ruler; this was King Dao.
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| | 晋世家: |
悼公元年正月庚申，栾书、中行偃弑厉公，葬之以一乘车。厉公囚六日死，死十日庚午，智罃迎公子周来，至绛，刑鸡与大夫盟而立之，是为悼公。辛巳，朝武宫。二月乙酉，即位。 |
| | On the Genshen day of the first month in the first year of King Dao's reign, Luan Shu and Zhongheng Yan assassinated Duke Li and buried him with a single chariot. Duke Li was imprisoned for six days before dying. Ten days later, on the Gengwu day, Zhi Ying welcomed Gongzi Zhou back and brought him to Jiang; a chicken was sacrificed and an oath of alliance was taken with the high-ranking ministers before he was installed as ruler, becoming King Dao. On the Xinsi day, they paid homage at the Wu Palace. On the Yiyou day of February, he ascended the throne.
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| | 晋世家: |
悼公周者，其大父捷，晋襄公少子也，不得立，号为桓叔，桓叔最爱。桓叔生惠伯谈，谈生悼公周。周之立，年十四矣。悼公曰：“大父、父皆不得立而辟难于周，客死焉。寡人自以疏远，毋几为君。今大夫不忘文、襄之意而惠立桓叔之后，赖宗庙大夫之灵，得奉晋祀，岂敢不战战乎？大夫其亦佐寡人！”于是逐不臣者七人，修旧功，施德惠，收文公入时功臣后。秋，伐郑。郑师败，遂至陈。 |
| | King Dao Zhou had as his great-grandfather Jie, who was the youngest son of Duke Xiang of Jin and did not ascend to the throne; he was known by the title Huanshu, and was the most beloved. Huanshu gave birth to Duke Huibo Tan, who in turn fathered King Dao Zhou. When Zhou ascended the throne, he was fourteen years old. King Dao said: "My great-grandfather and father were both unable to ascend the throne and had to seek refuge in Zhou, where they died as exiles." "I myself considered my position distant and remote, with little chance of becoming ruler." "Now the high-ranking ministers have not forgotten the will of Duke Wen and Duke Xiang, but instead showed kindness in establishing the descendants of Huanshu. Relying on the blessings of our ancestral temple and the spirits of the ministers, I am now able to serve as ruler of Jin; how could I dare be anything but cautious and reverent?" "Ministers, will you also assist me!" At this time, he expelled seven disloyal ministers, restored past achievements, bestowed virtue and grace, and recruited the descendants of meritorious officials from Duke Wen's time. In autumn, Jin launched a campaign against Zheng. The Zheng forces were defeated and thus retreated to Chen.
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| | 晋世家: |
三年，晋会诸侯。悼公问群臣可用者，祁傒举解狐。解狐，傒之仇。复问，举其子祁午。君子曰：“祁傒可谓不党矣！外举不隐仇，内举不隐子。”方会诸侯，悼公弟杨干乱行，魏绛戮其仆。悼公怒，或谏公，公卒贤绛，任之政，使和戎，戎大亲附。十一年，悼公曰：“自吾用魏绛，九合诸侯，和戎、翟，魏子之力也。”赐之乐，三让乃受之。冬，秦取我栎。 |
| | In the third year, Jin convened a meeting with the feudal lords. King Dao asked his ministers who among them was fit for use, and Qi Xi recommended Xie Hu. Xie Hu was Qi Xi's enemy. When asked again, he recommended his own son, Qi Wu. A man of virtue said: "Qi Xi can truly be called impartial!" "In recommending someone from outside, he did not conceal his enemy; in recommending someone from within, he did not hide his own son." While convening a meeting with the feudal lords, Prince Yanggan, King Dao's younger brother, behaved improperly; Wei Jiang executed his attendant. King Dao was angry, but when some advised him, he ultimately recognized Wei Jiang's virtue and entrusted him with political affairs. He sent him to pacify the Rong tribes, who then became closely allied. In the eleventh year, King Dao said: "Since I appointed Wei Jiang, we have convened the feudal lords nine times and achieved harmony with the Rong and Di tribes; this is all due to Master Wei's efforts." He bestowed music upon him as a reward, but after three refusals, Wei Jiang finally accepted it. In winter, Qin captured our city of Li from us.
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| | 晋世家: |
十四年，晋使六卿率诸侯伐秦，度泾，大败秦军，至棫林而去。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, Jin sent its six high-ranking ministers to lead a campaign against Qin with the feudal lords; they crossed the Jing River, heavily defeated the Qin forces, and advanced as far as Yulin before withdrawing.
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| | 晋世家: |
十五年，悼公问治国于师旷。师旷曰：“惟仁义为本。”冬，悼公卒，子平公彪立。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, King Dao asked Shikuang about governing the state. Shikuang said: "Only benevolence and righteousness are fundamental." In winter, King Dao died; his son Pinggong Biao ascended the throne.
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| | 晋世家: |
平公元年，伐齐，齐灵公与战靡下，齐师败走。晏婴曰：“君亦毋勇，何不止战？”遂去。晋追，遂围临灾，尽烧屠其郭中。东至胶，南至沂，齐皆城守，晋乃引兵归。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Ping's reign, Jin launched a campaign against Qi; King Ling of Qi engaged them at Mxia, and the Qi forces were defeated and fled. Yan Ying said: "If Your Majesty is not brave enough, why not cease fighting?" They then withdrew. Jin pursued them and thus besieged Linzi, burning and slaughtering everything within its outer walls. To the east they reached Jiao, to the south they reached Yi; Qi fortified and defended all cities along the way, so Jin withdrew its troops.
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| | 晋世家: |
六年，鲁襄公朝晋。晋栾逞有罪，奔齐。八年，齐庄公微遣栾逞于曲沃，以兵随之。齐兵上太行，栾逞从曲沃中反，袭入绛。绛不戒，平公欲自杀，范献子止公，以其徒击逞，逞败走曲沃。曲沃攻逞，逞死，遂灭栾氏宗。逞者，栾书孙也。其入绛，与魏氏谋。齐庄公闻逞败，乃还，取晋之朝歌去，以报临灾之役也。 |
| | In the sixth year, Duke Xiang of Lu paid a visit to Jin. Luan Cheng of Jin committed a crime and fled to Qi. In the eighth year, King Zhuang of Qi secretly sent Luan Cheng to Quwo, with troops following him. The Qi forces ascended the Taihang Mountains; Luan Cheng rebelled from within Quwo and launched a surprise attack on Jiang. Jiang was unprepared; Duke Ping wanted to commit suicide, but Fan Xianzi stopped him and led his followers to attack Luan Cheng, who suffered defeat and fled back to Quwo. Quwo attacked Luan Cheng; he died, and thus the main branch of the Luan clan was exterminated. Luan Cheng was a grandson of Luan Shu. When he entered Jiang, he had conspired with the Wei clan. King Zhuang of Qi heard that Luan Cheng had been defeated and thus withdrew, capturing Chao Ge from Jin before leaving, as retaliation for the Linzi campaign.
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| | 晋世家: |
十年，齐崔杼弑其君庄公。晋因齐乱，伐败齐于高唐去，报太行之役也。 |
| | In the tenth year, Cui Zhu of Qi assassinated his ruler, King Zhuang. Taking advantage of the chaos in Qi, Jin launched a campaign and defeated Qi at Gaotang before withdrawing, as retaliation for the Taihang Mountains campaign.
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| | 晋世家: |
十四年，吴延陵季子来使，与赵文子、韩宣子、魏献子语，曰：“晋国之政，卒归此三家矣。” |
| | In the fourteenth year, Ji Zisi of Yaling from Wu came as an envoy and conversed with Zhao Wenzzi, Han Xuansi, and Wei Xianzi. He said: "The administration of Jin will ultimately be controlled by these three families."
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| | 晋世家: |
十九年，齐使晏婴如晋，与叔向语。叔向曰：“晋，季世也。公厚赋为台池而不恤政，政在私门，其可久乎！”晏子然之。 |
| | In the nineteenth year, Qi sent Yan Ying to Jin, where he conversed with Shu Xiang. Shu Xiang said: "Jin is in its final age." "The ruler levies heavy taxes to build palaces and pleasure gardens without caring for governance; power lies with private families. How can this last long!" Yanzi agreed with him.
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| | 晋世家: |
二十二年，伐燕。二十六年，平公卒，子昭公夷立。 |
| | In the twenty-second year, Jin launched a campaign against Yan. In the twenty-sixth year, Duke Ping died; his son Zhao Gong Yi ascended the throne.
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| | 晋世家: |
昭公六年卒。六卿强，公室卑。子顷公去疾立。 |
| | Duke Zhao died in the sixth year of his reign. The six high-ranking families were powerful, while the royal house was weak and lowly. Prince Qu Ji ascended the throne as Duke Qinggong.
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| | 晋世家: |
顷公六年，周景王崩，王子争立。晋六卿平王室乱，立敬王。 |
| | In the sixth year of Duke Qinggong's reign, King Jing of Zhou died and rival princes vied for the throne. The six high-ranking ministers of Jin quelled the chaos in the royal court and installed King Jingwang.
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| | 晋世家: |
九年，鲁季氏逐其君昭公，昭公居乾侯。十一年，卫、宋使使请晋纳鲁君。季平子私赂范献子，献子受之，乃谓晋君曰：“季氏无罪。”不果入鲁君。 |
| | In the ninth year, Ji Shi of Lu expelled its ruler Duke Zhao, who then took refuge at Qianhou. In the eleventh year, Wei and Song sent envoys to request that Jin help restore the Duke of Lu. Ji Pingzi privately bribed Fan Xianzi, who accepted it and then told the ruler of Jin: "The Ji clan is innocent." As a result, they did not succeed in restoring the Duke to power in Lu.
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| | 晋世家: |
十二年，晋之宗家祁傒孙，叔向子，相恶于君。六卿欲弱公室，乃遂以法尽灭其族。而分其邑为十县，各令其子为大夫。晋益弱，六卿皆大。 |
| | In the twelfth year, Qi Xisun of Jin's noble family, son of Shu Xiang, fell out with the ruler. The six high-ranking ministers wanted to weaken the royal house and thus proceeded according to law to completely exterminate their clan. They divided their fief into ten counties, each headed by one of their sons as a marquis. Jin became even weaker while the six high-ranking ministers all grew powerful.
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| | 晋世家: |
十四年，顷公卒，子定公午立。定公十一年，鲁阳虎奔晋，赵鞅简子舍之。十二年，孔子相鲁。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, Duke Qinggong died and his son Wu ascended the throne as Duke Dinggong. In the eleventh year of Duke Dinggong's reign, Lu Yang Hu fled to Jin and Zhao Mang Jianzi provided him shelter. In the twelfth year, Confucius served as prime minister of Lu.
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| | 晋世家: |
十五年，赵鞅使邯郸大夫午，不信，欲杀午，午与中行寅、范吉射亲攻赵鞅，鞅走保晋阳。定公围晋阳。荀栎、韩不信、魏侈与范、中行为仇，乃移兵伐范、中行。范、中行反，晋君击之，败范、中行。范、中行走朝歌，保之。韩、魏为赵鞅谢晋君，乃赦赵鞅，复位。二十二年，晋败范、中行氏，二子奔齐。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, Zhao Mang sent Han Dan Daifu Wu, but did not trust him and wanted to kill Wu. Wu, together with Zhonghang Yin and Fan Ji She, personally attacked Zhao Mang, who fled for safety to Jinyang. Duke Dinggong besieged Jinyang. Xun Li, Han Buxin, and Wei Chi, who were enemies of the Fan and Zhonghang clans, then moved their troops to attack the Fan and Zhonghang. The Fan and Zhonghang rebelled, but were defeated by the ruler of Jin in battle. Fan and Zhonghang fled to Chaoguo and took refuge there. Han and Wei apologized on behalf of Zhao Mang to the ruler of Jin, who then pardoned Zhao Mang and restored his position. In the twenty-second year, Jin defeated the Fan and Zhonghang families; their two sons fled to Qi.
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| | 晋世家: |
三十年，定公与吴王夫差会黄池，争长，赵鞅时从，卒长吴。 |
| | In the thirtieth year, Duke Dinggong met with King Fuchai of Wu at Huangchi and vied for supremacy. Zhao Mang was present at that time but ultimately recognized Wu as superior.
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| | 晋世家: |
三十一年，齐田常弑其君简公，而立简公弟骜为平公。三十三年，孔子卒。 |
| | In the thirty-first year, Tian Chang of Qi assassinated its ruler Duke Jian and installed Duke Jian's younger brother Kuang as Duke Pinggong. In the thirty-third year, Confucius died.
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| | 晋世家: |
三十七年，定公卒，子出公凿立。 |
| | In the thirty-seventh year, Duke Dinggong died and his son Cuo ascended the throne as Duke Chugong.
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| | 晋世家: |
出公十七年，知伯与赵、韩、魏共分范、中行地以为邑。出公怒，告齐、鲁，欲以伐四卿。四卿恐，遂反攻出公。出公奔齐，道死。故知伯乃立昭公曾孙骄为晋君，是为哀公。 |
| | In the seventeenth year of Duke Chugong's reign, Zhi Bo and Zhao, Han, and Wei jointly divided the territories of Fan and Zhonghang into fiefs. Duke Chugong was angry and informed Qi and Lu, intending to attack the four high-ranking ministers. The four high-ranking ministers were afraid and thus launched a counterattack against Duke Chugong. Duke Chugong fled to Qi but died along the way. Therefore, Zhi Bo installed Jiao, a great-grandson of Duke Zhao, as ruler of Jin; he is known as Duke Aigong.
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| | 晋世家: |
哀公大父雍，晋昭公少子也，号为戴子。戴子生忌。忌善知伯，蚤死，故知伯欲尽并晋，未敢，乃立忌子骄为君。当是时，晋国政皆决知伯，晋哀公不得有所制。知伯遂有范、中行地，最强。 |
| | Duke Aigong's great-grandfather Yong was the youngest son of Duke Zhao of Jin and bore the title Daizi. Daizi gave birth to Ji. Ji was favored by Zhi Bo, but died early; therefore, Zhi Bo wanted to completely annex Jin but dared not do so yet, and thus installed Ji's son Jiao as ruler. At that time, all government affairs of Jin were decided by Zhi Bo; Duke Aigong had no power to control anything. Zhi Bo thus possessed the territories of Fan and Zhonghang, becoming the most powerful.
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| | 晋世家: |
哀公四年，赵襄子、韩康子、魏桓子共杀知伯，尽并其地。 |
| | In the fourth year of Duke Aigong's reign, Zhao Xiangzi, Han Kangzi, and Wei Huanzi jointly killed Zhi Bo and completely annexed his territories.
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| | 晋世家: |
十八年，哀公卒，子幽公柳立。 |
| | In the eighteenth year, Duke Aigong died and his son Liu ascended the throne as Duke Yougong.
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| | 晋世家: |
幽公之时，晋畏，反朝韩、赵、魏之君。独有绛、曲沃，馀皆入三晋。 |
| | During Duke Yougong's reign, Jin was in a state of fear and submitted to the rulers of Han, Zhao, and Wei. Jin retained only Jiao and Quwo; all other territories were incorporated into the three Jin states.
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| | 晋世家: |
十五年，魏文侯初立。十八年，幽公淫妇人，夜窃出邑中，盗杀幽公。魏文侯以兵诛晋乱，立幽公子止，是为烈公。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, Wenhou of Wei first ascended the throne. In the eighteenth year, Duke Yougong was lecherous with women and secretly left his fief at night; he was killed by thieves. Wenhou of Wei used military force to quell the chaos in Jin and installed Yougong's son Zhi, who became Duke Liegong.
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| | 晋世家: |
烈公十九年，周威烈王赐赵、韩、魏皆命为诸侯。 |
| | In the nineteenth year of Duke Liegong's reign, Wanglie Wang of Zhou bestowed titles as feudal lords upon Zhao, Han, and Wei.
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| | 晋世家: |
二十七年，烈公卒，子孝公颀立。孝公九年，魏武侯初立，袭邯郸，不胜而去。十七年，孝公卒，子静公俱酒立。是岁，齐威王元年也。 |
| | In the twenty-seventh year, Duke Liegong died and his son Qi ascended the throne as Duke Xiaogong. In the ninth year of Duke Xiaogong's reign, Wuhou of Wei first ascended to power and launched an attack on Handan but failed and withdrew. In the seventeenth year, Duke Xiaogong died and his son Jiu ascended the throne as Duke Jinggong. This was also the first year of King Weiwang of Qi's reign.
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| | 晋世家: |
静公二年，魏武侯、韩哀侯、赵敬侯灭晋后而三分其地。静公迁为家人，晋绝不祀。 |
| | In the second year of Duke Jinggong's reign, Wuhou (of Wei), Aihou (of Han), and Jinghou (of Zhao) destroyed the descendants of Jin and divided its territory among themselves. Duke Jinggong was demoted to a commoner, and the state of Jin came to an end with no further ancestral worship.
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| | 晋世家: |
太史公曰：晋文公，古所谓明君也，亡居外十九年，至困约，及即位而行赏，尚忘介子推，况骄主乎？灵公既弑，其后成、景致严，至厉大刻，大夫惧诛，祸作。悼公以后日衰，六卿专权。故君道之御其臣下。固不易哉！ |
| | Grand Historian said: Duke Wen of Jin was what the ancients called a wise ruler. After spending nineteen years in exile and enduring great hardship, when he finally ascended to the throne and distributed rewards, he could still forget Jie Zitui; how much more so for arrogant rulers? After Duke Ling was assassinated, his successors Duke Cheng and Duke Jing ruled with severity; by the time of Duke Li, punishments became extremely harsh. The ministers feared execution, and calamity arose. After Duke Dao, Jin gradually declined in power while the six high-ranking families monopolized authority. Therefore, a ruler must manage his ministers and subordinates properly. How difficult it is indeed!
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