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微子开者，殷帝乙之首子而帝纣之庶兄也。纣既立，不明，淫乱于政，微子数谏，纣不听。及祖伊以周西伯昌之修德，灭黎国，惧祸至，以告纣。纣曰：“我生不有命在天乎？是何能为！”于是微子度纣终不可谏，欲死之，及去，未能自决，乃问于太师、少师曰：“殷不有治政，不治四方。我祖遂陈于上，纣沈湎于酒，妇人是用，乱败汤德于下。殷既小大好草窃奸宄，卿士师师非度，皆有罪辜，乃无维获，小民乃并兴，相为敌雠。今殷其典丧！若涉水无津涯。殷遂丧，越至于今。”曰：“太师，少师，我其发出往？吾家保于丧？今女无故告予，颠跻，如之何其？”太师若曰：“王子，天笃下灾亡殷国，乃毋畏畏，不用老长。今殷民乃陋淫神祇之祀。今诚得治国，国治身死不恨。为死，终不得治，不如去。”遂亡。 |
| | Wei Zi Kai was the eldest son of Yin Emperor Yi and the junior brother of Emperor Zhou. After Zhou ascended to the throne, he was not wise, and indulged in licentiousness and disorder in governance. Wei Zi repeatedly advised him, but Emperor Zhou did not listen. When Zuyi learned of the virtuous conduct of Xi Bo Chang, ruler of Zhou, and his destruction of the state of Li, he feared disaster would come and informed Emperor Zhou. Emperor Zhou said: "Is it not my destiny determined by Heaven that I was born?" "What can they do about it!" At this point, Wei Zi judged that Emperor Zhou could ultimately not be advised to reform. He wanted to die for it, but when he left, he was unable to make a decision and thus asked the Taishi and Shaoshi: "The Yin dynasty has no good governance and does not manage the four directions properly." "Our ancestors thus served above, but Emperor Zhou immersed himself in wine and relied on women, thereby corrupting the virtue of Tang below." "Now, the Yin dynasty, both high and low officials, are fond of petty thefts and criminal acts. The ministers and officers do not follow proper standards; all have committed crimes and guilt. Thus, there is no one to restrain them, and common people rise together, becoming enemies and rivals." Now the Yin dynasty will surely lose its mandate! It is like crossing water without a ford or shore. "The Yin dynasty will thus be lost, and this situation has continued until now." He said: "Master Taishi, Master Shaoshi, should I leave and go out?" "Should my family preserve itself from destruction?" "Now, without cause you have informed me of this catastrophe. What should I do about it?" Taishi said: "Prince, Heaven has firmly sent down calamity to destroy the Yin state. Therefore, do not fear or be afraid; do not heed the advice of the old and experienced." "Now, the people of Yin are neglectful in their worship of gods and spirits. "If we can truly govern the state well, even if the state is restored and I die, I would have no regrets." "To die without ultimately restoring order is better to leave." Thus, he fled.
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箕子者，纣亲戚也。纣始为象箸，箕子叹曰：“彼为象箸，必为玉桮；为桮，则必思远方珍怪之物而御之矣。舆马宫室之渐自此始，不可振也。”纣为淫泆，箕子谏，不听。人或曰：“可以去矣。”箕子曰：“为人臣谏不听而去，是彰君之恶而自说于民，吾不忍为也。”乃被髪详狂而为奴。遂隐而鼓琴以自悲，故传之曰箕子操。 |
| | Ji Zi was a relative of Emperor Zhou. lø When Emperor Zhou first made ivory chopsticks, Ji Zi sighed and said: "If he uses ivory chopsticks, he will surely use jade cups; "Once he has the cups, he will certainly seek rare and exotic treasures from distant lands to serve himself. "The gradual descent into extravagance in carriages, horses, palaces, and dwellings will begin here; it cannot be stopped." As Emperor Zhou indulged in licentiousness, Ji Zi advised him, but he did not listen. Some people said: "You may leave now." Ji Zi said: "As a subject, to advise and not be heeded, then leave, is to expose the ruler's faults and gain favor with the people. I cannot bear to do that." Thus, he let his hair grow unbound, feigned madness, and became a slave. He then withdrew and played the qin to express his sorrow; thus it was passed down as "Ji Zi's Qinqao."
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王子比干者，亦纣之亲戚也。见箕子谏不听而为奴，则曰：“君有过而不以死争，则百姓何辜！”乃直言谏纣。纣怒曰：“吾闻圣人之心有七窍，信有诸乎？”乃遂杀王子比干，刳视其心。 |
| | Prince Bi Gan was also a relative of Emperor Zhou. Seeing that Ji Zi had advised the emperor but not been heeded and was reduced to slavery, Bi Gan said: "If a ruler has faults yet his ministers do not die in contention for justice, then what wrong have the common people committed!" Thus, he directly advised Emperor Zhou. Emperor Zhou became angry and said: "I have heard that the heart of a sage has seven orifices; is this truly true?" He then had Prince Bi Gan killed, cut open his chest, and examined his heart.
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微子曰：“父子有骨肉，而臣主以义属。故父有过，子三谏不听，则随而号之；人臣三谏不听，则其义可以去矣。”于是太师、少师乃劝微子去，遂行。 |
| | Wei Zi said: "Father and son are bound by blood; ministers and rulers are connected through righteousness. Therefore, if a father has faults, the son should advise three times; if not heeded, then follow and cry out in lamentation. "If a minister advises three times without being heeded, then according to righteousness, it is acceptable for him to leave." At this time, the Taishi and Shaoshi advised Wei Zi to leave, so he departed.
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周武王伐纣克殷，微子乃持其祭器造于军门，肉袒面缚，左牵羊，右把茅，膝行而前以告。于是武王乃释微子，复其位如故。 |
| | When King Wu of Zhou attacked Emperor Zhou and conquered Yin, Wei Zi then took his ritual vessels to the military gate, exposed his upper body with hands bound in front, held a lamb in his left hand and a bundle of rushes in his right, knelt on his knees and crawled forward to make an appeal. Thus King Wu released Wei Zi and restored him to his former position.
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武王封纣子武庚禄父以续殷祀，使管叔、蔡叔傅相之。 |
| | King Wu enfeoffed Zhou's son Wugeng Luxu Fu to continue the Yin ancestral rites, and appointed Guan Shu and Cai Shu as his supervisors.
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武王既克殷，访问箕子。 |
| | After King Wu had conquered Yin, he visited Ji Zi.
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武王曰：“于乎！维天阴定下民，相和其居，我不知其常伦所序。” |
| | King Wu said: "Ah! Heaven has established the people below, harmonizing their dwellings; I do not know the order of its constant principles."
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箕子对曰：“在昔鲧陻鸿水，汨陈其五行，帝乃震怒，不从鸿范九等，常伦所斁。鲧则殛死，禹乃嗣兴。天乃锡禹鸿范九等，常伦所序。 |
| | Ji Zi replied: "In the past, Gun blocked the great flood and confused the Five Elements. The emperor became furious; he did not follow the Nine Categories of the Great Model, thus corrupting the order of constant principles. Gun was executed for his death, and Yu then succeeded him and rose to prominence. Heaven then bestowed upon Yu the Nine Categories of the Great Pattern, which restored the order of constant principles.
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“初一曰五行；二曰五事；三曰八政；四曰五纪；五曰皇极；六曰三德；七曰稽疑；八曰庶徵；九曰向用五福，畏用六极。 |
| | "The first is called the Five Elements; the second, the Five Affairs; the third, the Eight Policies; the fourth, the Five Calendars; the fifth, the Imperial Standard; the sixth, the Three Virtues; the seventh, Investigating Doubts; the eighth, the Many Omens; the ninth, to bestow the Five Blessings and fear the Six Extremes."
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“五行：一曰水，二曰火，三曰木，四曰金，五曰土。水曰润下，火曰炎上，木曰曲直，金曰从革，土曰稼穑。润下作咸，炎上作苦，曲直作酸，从革作辛，稼穑作甘。 |
| | "The Five Elements: first is water, second fire, third wood, fourth metal, and fifth earth. Water moistens downward; fire burns upward; wood bends or straightens; metal follows transformation; and earth produces crops. Moistening downward creates saltiness; burning upward creates bitterness; bending or straightening produces sourness; following transformation gives pungency; and producing crops yields sweetness.
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“五事：一曰貌，二曰言，三曰视，四曰听，五曰思。貌曰恭，言曰从，视曰明，听曰聪，思曰睿。恭作肃，从作治，明作智，聪作谋，睿作圣。 |
| | "The Five Affairs: first is appearance, second speech, third sight, fourth hearing, and fifth thought. Appearance means respect; speech means compliance; sight means clarity; hearing means acuity; and thought means wisdom. Respect produces solemnity; compliance brings order; clarity yields intelligence; acuity fosters strategy; and wisdom leads to sainthood.
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“八政：一曰食，二曰货，三曰祀，四曰司空，五曰司徒，六曰司寇，七曰宾，八曰师。 |
| | "The Eight Policies: first is food, second goods, third sacrifice, fourth Sikong (Works), fifth Siku (Minister of Education), sixth Sikou (Minister of Justice), seventh guests, and eighth army.
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“五纪：一曰岁，二曰月，三曰日，四曰星辰，五曰历数。 |
| | "The Five Calendars: first is the year, second the month, third the day, fourth stars and constellations, fifth calendar calculations.
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“皇极：皇建其有极，敛时五福，用傅锡其庶民，维时其庶民于女极，锡女保极。凡厥庶民，毋有淫朋，人毋有比德，维皇作极。凡厥庶民，有猷有为有守，女则念之。不协于极，不离于咎，皇则受之。而安而色，曰予所好德，女则锡之福。时人斯其维皇之极。毋侮寡而畏高明。人之有能有为，使羞其行，而国其昌。凡厥正人，既富方谷。女不能使有好于而家，时人斯其辜。于其毋好，女虽锡之福，其作女用咎。毋偏毋颇，遵王之义。毋有作好，遵王之道。毋有作恶，遵王之路。毋偏毋党，王道荡荡。毋党毋偏，王道平平。毋反毋侧，王道正直。会其有极，归其有极。曰王极之傅言，是夷是训，于帝其顺。凡厥庶民，极之傅言，是顺是行，以近天子之光。曰天子作民父母，以为天下王。 |
| | "The Imperial Standard: The emperor establishes his supreme standard, gathers the Five Blessings of the time, and bestows them upon the common people. At this time, he unites the common people under your standard, granting you the ultimate protection. All the common people must not form licentious cliques; no one should rival virtue. Only the emperor establishes the supreme standard. All the common people who have plans, actions, and steadfastness—you must remember them. Those who do not align with the standard or are free from blame—the emperor shall receive their service. If they appear calm and composed, saying "This is the virtue I cherish," you must bestow blessings upon them. At this time, people should uphold the emperor's supreme standard. Do not bully the weak and fear those who are lofty and wise. If people have ability and accomplish deeds, let them be honored for their conduct, and then the state will flourish. All upright individuals shall enjoy wealth and abundant harvests. If you cannot bring goodness to your household, then these people will suffer guilt. If there is no virtue in them, even if you bestow blessings upon them, they will bring blame to you. Do not be biased or partial; follow the king's righteousness. Have no personal preferences; follow the king's way. Do not commit evil acts; follow the king's path. Be neither biased nor partisan; the royal way is broad and open. Neither be partisan nor partial; the royal path is level and just. Do not act in reverse or sideways; the royal way stands upright and straight. Gather under its supreme standard, return to its ultimate principle. "Say the imperial standard's teachings; this is peace and instruction, in harmony with Heaven." All common people should follow these teachings of the supreme standard; by doing so they will be in accordance and action, drawing near to the radiance of the Son of Heaven. "The Son of Heaven becomes the parent of the people, thus becoming king over all under heaven."
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“三德：一曰正直，二曰刚克，三曰柔克。平康正直，强不友刚克，内友柔克，沈渐刚克，高明柔克。维辟作福，维辟作威，维辟玉食。臣无有作福作威玉食。臣有作福作威玉食，其害于而家，凶于而国，人用侧颇辟，民用僭忒。 |
| | "The Three Virtues: first is uprightness; second, overcoming through firmness; third, overcoming through gentleness. In times of peace and stability, uprightness prevails; the strong who are not friendly must be overcome through firmness. Those internally friendly should be subdued with gentleness; those sinking and gradual can be overcome by firmness, while those lofty and wise should be subdued by gentleness. Only the ruler bestows blessings, only the ruler wields authority, only the ruler enjoys jade-like food. Ministers must not bestow blessings or wield authority or enjoy jade-like food on their own. If ministers do bestow blessings, wield authority, or enjoy jade-like food, it will bring harm to your family and misfortune to your state. People will then act with bias and partiality; the common people will become arrogant and deviate from proper conduct.
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“稽疑：择建立卜筮人。乃命卜筮，曰雨，曰济，曰涕，曰雾，曰克，曰贞，曰悔，凡七。卜五，占之用二，衍貣。立时人为卜筮，三人占则从二人之言。女则有大疑，谋及女心，谋及卿士，谋及庶人，谋及卜筮。女则从，龟从，筮从，卿士从，庶民从，是之谓大同，而身其康强，而子孙其逢吉。女则从，龟从，筮从，卿士逆，庶民逆，吉。卿士从，龟从，筮从，女则逆，庶民逆，吉。庶民从，龟从，筮从，女则逆，卿士逆，吉。女则从，龟从，筮逆，卿士逆，庶民逆，作内吉，作外凶。龟筮共违于人，用静吉，用作凶。 |
| | "Investigating Doubts: Select diviners for establishing oracles. Then command the diviners, who give responses: rain, help, tears, mist, victory, correctness, and regret—totaling seven. Five oracle bones are used for divination; two signs are interpreted to derive the meaning. lington When establishing a person as a diviner, if three people interpret the omens, follow the opinion of the majority. If you have a great doubt, consult your own mind, then consult the ministers and officials, then consult the common people, and finally consult the divination. If you agree, the oracle agrees, the divination agrees, the ministers and officials agree, and the common people agree—this is called great harmony. In this case, your body will be healthy and strong, and your descendants will encounter good fortune. If you agree, the oracle agrees and the divination agrees, but the ministers and officials disagree and the common people also disagree—this is still considered auspicious. If the ministers and officials agree, the oracle agrees, and the divination agrees—but you disagree and the common people also do—this is still auspicious. If the common people agree, the oracle agrees, and divination agrees—but you and the ministers disagree—this is also auspicious. If you agree, the oracle concurs, but divination disagrees, and both ministers and common people disagree—this brings internal auspiciousness but external misfortune. If the oracle and divination both contradict human judgment, then remaining still is auspicious; taking action will bring misfortune.
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“庶徵：曰雨，曰阳，曰奥，曰寒，曰风，曰时。五者来备，各以其序，庶草繁庑。一极备，凶。一极亡，凶。曰休徵：曰肃，时雨若，曰治，时旸若；曰知，时奥若；曰谋，时寒若；曰圣，时风若。曰咎徵：曰狂，常雨若；曰僭，常旸若；曰舒，常奥若；曰急，常寒若；曰雾，常风若。王眚维岁，卿士维月，师尹维日。岁月日时毋易，百谷用成，治用明，畯民用章，家用平康。日月岁时既易，百谷用不成，治用昏不明，畯民用微，家用不宁。庶民维星，星有好风，星有好雨。日月之行，有冬有夏。月之从星，则以风雨。 |
| | "The many signs: rain, sunshine, warmth, cold, wind, and seasonality." When these five elements are fully present in their proper order, the various plants will flourish abundantly. If one of them reaches an extreme state, it brings misfortune. If one is completely absent, it also brings misfortune. The auspicious signs are as follows: "肃 (sù)—timely rain occurs; 治 (zhì)—timely sunshine occurs;" "知 (zhī)—timely warmth occurs;" "Mou (móu)—timely cold weather occurs;" "Sheng (shèng)—timely wind occurs." The ominous signs are as follows: "Kuang (kuáng)—constant rain;" "Jian (jiàn)—constant sunshine;" "Shu (shū)—constant warmth;" "Ji (jí)—constant cold weather;" "Wu (wù)—constant wind." The king's misdeeds affect the year; ministers and officials affect the month; and Shiyin affects the day. When years, months, days, and hours remain in proper order without disorder, all grains will mature successfully; governance will be clear and effective; capable officials will be recognized by the people; and families will enjoy peace and prosperity. When days, months, years, and seasons become disordered, the grains will not mature; governance becomes confused and unclear; capable officials are overlooked by the people; families suffer from unrest. The common people correspond to stars, which may favor wind or rain. The movement of the sun and moon follows a pattern with winter and summer. When the moon aligns with certain stars, it brings wind or rain.
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“五福：一曰寿，二曰富，三曰康宁，四曰攸好德，五曰考终命。六极：一曰凶短折，二曰疾，三曰忧，四曰贫，五曰恶，六曰弱。” |
| | "The Five Blessings: first is longevity; second is wealth; third is health and peace; fourth is a love of virtue; fifth is to pass away in old age with a good reputation." "The Six Extremes: first is misfortune, short life, and early death; second is illness; third is sorrow; fourth is poverty; fifth is wickedness; sixth is weakness."
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于是武王乃封箕子于朝鲜而不臣也。 |
| | Thus King Wu enfeoffed Ji Zi in Chaoxian (Korea) but did not make him a vassal.
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其后箕子朝周，过故殷虚，感宫室毁坏，生禾黍，箕子伤之，欲哭则不可，欲泣为其近妇人，乃作麦秀之诗以歌咏之。其诗曰：“麦秀渐渐兮，禾黍油油。彼狡僮兮，不与我好兮！”所谓狡童者，纣也。殷民闻之，皆为流涕。 |
| | Later, Ji Zi paid homage to the Zhou dynasty and passed through the former ruins of Yin. He was moved by the destruction of palaces and houses, where millet now grew wild. Ji Zi felt sorrowful; he wanted to weep but dared not, and tears would seem too feminine. Thus, he composed the poem "Mai Xiu" to express his grief in song. The poem reads: "The wheat grows tall and lush, the millet green and rich." "Those cunning youths! They no longer befriend me!" The so-called "cunning youths" refer to Emperor Zhou. When the people of Yin heard this, they all wept bitterly.
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武王崩，成王少，周公旦代行政当国。管、蔡疑之，乃与武庚作乱，欲袭成王、周公。周公既承成王命诛武庚，杀管叔，放蔡叔，乃命微子开代殷后，奉其先祀，作微子之命以申之，国于宋。微子故能仁贤，乃代武庚，故殷之馀民甚戴爱之。 |
| | After King Wu died, King Cheng was still young, so Zhou Gong Dan took over governance and administered the state affairs on his behalf. Guan and Cai doubted him, so they conspired with Wu Geng to rebel, intending to attack King Cheng and Zhou Gong. After receiving King Cheng's mandate, Zhou Gong executed Wu Geng, killed Guan Shu, and exiled Cai Shu. He then ordered Wei Zi Kai to succeed as the heir of Yin, to uphold their ancestral rites, issued "The Mandate for Wei Zi" to confirm this, and established a state in Song for him. Wei Zi was thus able to demonstrate benevolence and virtue, succeeding Wu Geng; therefore, the remaining people of Yin greatly revered and loved him.
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微子开卒，立其弟衍，是为微仲。微仲卒，子宋公稽立。宋公稽卒，子丁公申立。丁公申卒，子泯公共立。泯公共卒，弟炀公熙立。炀公即位，泯公子鲋祀弑炀公而自立，曰“我当立”，是为厉公。厉公卒，子厘公举立。 |
| | After Wei Zi Kai died, his younger brother Yan was enthroned, who became known as Wei Zhong. When Wei Zhong died, his son Song Gong Ji succeeded him. After Song Gong Ji's death, his son Ding Gong Shen took the throne. Upon Ding Gong Shen's death, his son Min Gong Gong succeeded him. After Min Gong Gong died, his younger brother Yang Gong Xi was enthroned. When Yang Gong ascended the throne, Min Gong's son Fu Si assassinated Yang Gong and declared himself ruler, saying, "I should be king," becoming King Li. After King Li died, his son Xi Gong Ju succeeded him.
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厘公十七年，周厉王出奔彘。 |
| | In the seventeenth year of King Xi's reign, King Li of Zhou fled to Zhi.
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二十八年，厘公卒，子惠公覵立。惠公四年，周宣王即位。三十年，惠公卒，子哀公立。哀公元年卒，子戴公立。 |
| | In the twenty-eighth year, King Xi died and was succeeded by his son Hui Gong Jin. In the fourth year of Hui Gong's reign, King Xuan of Zhou ascended the throne. In the thirtieth year, Hui Gong died and was succeeded by his son Ai Gong. Ai Gong died in his first year of reign; he was succeeded by his son Dai Gong.
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戴公二十九年，周幽王为犬戎所杀，秦始列为诸侯。 |
| | In the twenty-ninth year of Dai Gong's reign, King You of Zhou was killed by the Quanrong; at this time, Qin began to be recognized as a feudal lord.
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三十四年，戴公卒，子武公司空立。武公生女为鲁惠公夫人，生鲁桓公。十八年，武公卒，子宣公力立。 |
| | In the thirty-fourth year, Dai Gong died and was succeeded by his son Wu Gong Sikong. Wu Gong's daughter became Lady of King Hui of Lu and bore Duke Huan of Lu. In the eighteenth year, Wu Gong died; his son Xuan Gong Li succeeded him.
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宣公有太子与夷。十九年，宣公病，让其弟和，曰：“父死子继，兄死弟及，天下通义也。我其立和。”和亦三让而受之。宣公卒，弟和立，是为穆公。 |
| | Xuan Gong had a crown prince named Yu Yi. In the nineteenth year, Xuan Gong fell ill and ceded his position to his younger brother He, saying: "When a father dies, the son succeeds; when an elder brother dies, the younger brother takes over. This is a universal principle." "I should make He my successor." He also declined three times before finally accepting. After Xuan Gong died, his younger brother He was enthroned; he became known as Mu Gong.
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穆公九年，病，召大司马孔父谓曰：“先君宣公舍太子与夷而立我，我不敢忘。我死，必立与夷也。”孔父曰：“群臣皆愿立公子冯。”穆公曰：“毋立冯，吾不可以负宣公。”于是穆公使冯出居于郑。八月庚辰，穆公卒，兄宣公子与夷立，是为殇公。君子闻之，曰：“宋宣公可谓知人矣，立其弟以成义，然卒其子复享之。 |
| | In the ninth year of Mu Gong's reign, he fell ill and summoned Da Sima Kong Fu, saying: "My predecessor Xuan Gong passed over Crown Prince Yu Yi to make me king; I have never forgotten this." "After my death, you must certainly enthroned Yu Yi." lington Kong Fu said: "All the ministers wish to make Gongzi Feng king." Mu Gong said, "Do not enthroned Feng; I cannot betray Xuan Gong's will." Thus Mu Gong sent Feng to reside in Zheng. On the Gengchen day of the eighth month, Mu Gong died; Xuan Gong's son Yu Yi was enthroned and became known as Shang Gong. The gentlemen who heard of this said: "Song Xuan Gong could truly be called a man who understood people. He enthroned his younger brother to fulfill righteousness, yet in the end, his own son still inherited the throne."
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殇公元年，卫公子州吁弑其君完自立，欲得诸侯，使告于宋曰：“冯在郑，必为乱，可与我伐之。”宋许之，与伐郑，至东门而还。二年，郑伐宋，以报东门之役。其后诸侯数来侵伐。 |
| | In the first year of Shang Gong's reign, Gongzi Zhouyu of Wei assassinated his ruler Wan and declared himself king. He wished to gain recognition from the feudal lords and sent a message to Song saying: "Feng is in Zheng; he will surely cause chaos. You can join me in attacking him." Song agreed, joined forces with Zhouyu to attack Zheng, and marched as far as the eastern gate before retreating. In the second year, Zheng attacked Song in retaliation for the campaign at the eastern gate. After that, various feudal lords frequently launched invasions and attacks.
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九年，大司马孔父嘉妻好，出，道遇太宰华督，督说，目而观之。督利孔父妻，乃使人宣言国中曰：“殇公即位十年耳，而十一战，民苦不堪，皆孔父为之，我且杀孔父以宁民。”是岁，鲁弑其君隐公。十年，华督攻杀孔父，取其妻。殇公怒，遂弑殇公，而迎穆公子冯于郑而立之，是为庄公。 |
| | In the ninth year, Da Sima Kong Fu Jia's wife was beautiful; when she went out, she encountered Tai Zai Hua Du on the road. Hua Du was captivated and gazed at her with admiration. Hua Du coveted Kong Fu's wife, so he had people publicly declare in the state: "Shang Gong has only reigned for ten years, yet there have been eleven wars. The people can no longer endure their suffering; this is all due to Kong Fu. I will kill Kong Fu to bring peace to the people." In that year, Lu assassinated its ruler Yin Gong. In the tenth year, Hua Du attacked and killed Kong Fu, taking his wife for himself. Shang Gong was furious; Hua Du then assassinated Shang Gong, and welcomed Mu Gong's son Feng from Zheng to enthroned him. He became known as Zhuang Gong.
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庄公元年，华督为相。九年，执郑之祭仲，要以立突为郑君。祭仲许，竟立突。十九年，庄公卒，子泯公捷立。 |
| | In the first year of Zhuang Gong's reign, Hua Du served as prime minister. In the ninth year, he captured Zhai Zhong of Zheng and demanded that Duke Tu be installed as ruler of Zheng. Zhai Zhong agreed, and so Tu was finally enthroned. In the nineteenth year, Zhuang Gong died; his son Min Gong Jie succeeded him.
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泯公七年，齐桓公即位。九年，宋水，鲁使臧文仲往吊水。泯公自罪曰：“寡人以不能事鬼神，政不修，故水。”臧文仲善此言。此言乃公子子鱼教泯公也。 |
| | In the seventh year of Min Gong's reign, Duke Huan of Qi ascended the throne. In the ninth year, Song suffered a flood; Lu sent Zang Wenzhong to mourn and console them over the disaster. Min Gong blamed himself, saying: "I am at fault for failing to properly serve the gods and spirits, and for poor governance; that is why we suffered a flood." Zang Wenzhong praised these words. These were the words taught to Min Gong by Gongzi Zi Yu.
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十年夏，宋伐鲁，战于乘丘，鲁生虏宋南宫万。宋人请万，万归宋。十一年秋，泯公与南宫万猎，因博争行，泯公怒，辱之，曰：“始吾敬若；今若，鲁虏也。”万有力，病此言，遂以局杀泯公于蒙泽。大夫仇牧闻之，以兵造公门。万搏牧，牧齿著门阖死。因杀太宰华督，乃更立公子游为君。诸公子奔萧，公子御说奔亳。万弟南宫牛将兵围亳。冬，萧及宋之诸公子共击杀南宫牛，弑宋新君游而立泯公弟御说，是为桓公。宋万奔陈。宋人请以赂陈。陈人使妇人饮之醇酒，以革裹之，归宋。宋人醢万也。 |
| | In the tenth year of summer, Song attacked Lu; they fought at Chengqiu, where Lu captured alive Nan Gong Wan of Song. The people of Song requested the return of Wan, and he went back to Song. In the eleventh year of autumn, Min Gong went hunting with Nan Gong Wan. During a game of dice, they quarreled over precedence; Min Gong became angry and insulted him, saying: "At first I respected you;" "now you are merely a Lu captive." Wan was strong and resentful of these words, so he killed Min Gong in Mengze with his own hands. When Da Fu Chou Mu heard this, he led troops to the palace gate. Wan fought with Mu; Mu's teeth were clenched against the door frame as he died. He then killed Tai Zai Hua Du and enthroned Gongzi You as ruler. The other princes fled to Xiao, while Gongzi Yueshuo fled to Bo. Wan's younger brother Nan Gong Niu led troops to besiege Bo. In winter, Xiao and the various exiled princes of Song jointly attacked and killed Nan Gong Niu, assassinated the new ruler You of Song, and enthroned Min Gong's younger brother Yueshuo. He became known as Duke Huan. Wan of Song fled to Chen. The people of Song requested that they bribe the state of Chen. The people of Chen had women give him strong wine to drink, wrapped him in leather, and returned him to Song. The people of Song made a stew out of Wan.
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桓公二年，诸侯伐宋，至郊而去。三年，齐桓公始霸。二十三年，迎卫公子毁于齐，立之，是为卫文公。文公女弟为桓公夫人。秦穆公即位。三十年，桓公病，太子兹甫让其庶兄目夷为嗣。桓公义太子意，竟不听。三十一年春，桓公卒，太子兹甫立，是为襄公。以其庶兄目夷为相。未葬，而齐桓公会诸侯于葵丘，襄公往会。 |
| | In the second year of Duke Huan's reign, feudal lords launched an attack on Song but withdrew after reaching its outskirts. In the third year, Duke Huan of Qi began to establish his hegemony. In the twenty-third year, they welcomed Gongzi Hui of Wei from Qi and enthroned him; he became Duke Wen of Wei. łoży Duke Wen's younger sister was the wife of Duke Huan. King Mu of Qin ascended the throne. In the thirtieth year, Duke Huan fell ill; Crown Prince Zifu ceded his position to his junior brother Mu Yi as heir. Duke Huan considered it virtuous for the crown prince and refused to accept the offer. In spring of the thirty-first year, Duke Huan died; Crown Prince Zifu was enthroned and became Duke Xiang. He appointed his junior brother Mu Yi as prime minister. Before the funeral was completed, Duke Huan of Qi convened feudal lords at Kuichiu; Duke Xiang attended the meeting.
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襄公七年，宋地茀星如雨，与雨偕下；六鶂退蜚，风疾也。 |
| | In the seventh year of Duke Xiang's reign, in the territory of Song, falling stars rained down like a shower and fell together with rain; six yis flew backward, which was due to strong winds.
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八年，齐桓公卒，宋欲为盟会。十二年春，宋襄公为鹿上之盟，以求诸侯于楚，楚人许之。公子目夷谏曰：“小国争盟，祸也。”不听。秋，诸侯会宋公盟于盂。目夷曰：“祸其在此乎？君欲已甚，何以堪之！”于是楚执宋襄公以伐宋。冬，会于亳，以释宋公。子鱼曰：“祸犹未也。”十三年夏，宋伐郑。子鱼曰：“祸在此矣。”秋，楚伐宋以救郑。襄公将战，子鱼谏曰：“天之弃商久矣，不可。”冬，十一月，襄公与楚成王战于泓。楚人未济，目夷曰：“彼众我寡，及其未济击之。”公不听。已济未陈，又曰：“可击。”公曰：“待其已陈。”陈成，宋人击之。宋师大败，襄公伤股。国人皆怨公。公曰：“君子不困人于阸，不鼓不成列。”子鱼曰：“兵以胜为功，何常言与！必如公言，即奴事之耳，又何战为？” |
| | In the eighth year, Duke Huan of Qi died; Song wished to convene an alliance meeting. In spring of the twelfth year, Duke Xiang of Song convened the Lu Shang League in an attempt to gain feudal lords' support from Chu; the people of Chu agreed. Gongzi Mu Yi advised, "A small state vying for an alliance will bring disaster." He did not listen. In autumn, feudal lords met Duke Song Gong for an alliance at Yu. Mu Yi said: "Is the disaster about to happen here?" "You desire too much; how can you bear it!" At that time, Chu captured Duke Xiang of Song and attacked Song. In winter, a meeting was held in Bo to release Duke Song Gong. Zi Yu said: "Disaster is not yet over." In summer of the thirteenth year, Song attacked Zheng. Zi Yu said: "The disaster is here now." In autumn, Chu attacked Song to rescue Zheng. Duke Xiang was about to fight; Zi Yu advised: "Heaven has long abandoned Shang, we must not proceed." In winter, the eleventh month, Duke Xiang fought against King Cheng of Chu at Hong. Before the Chu forces had crossed the river, Mu Yi said: "Their numbers are greater than ours; let us attack them before they have fully crossed." The duke did not listen. After the Chu forces had crossed but were not yet deployed, he said again: "We can attack." The duke replied: "Let us wait until they are fully deployed." After the deployment was complete, Song forces attacked them. Song's army suffered a major defeat; Duke Xiang was wounded in his thigh. The people of the state all resented the duke. The duke said: "A gentleman does not trap others in a difficult situation, nor attack before they are properly deployed." Zi Yu said: "Military success is measured by victory; what use are such conventional words!" "If we must follow your words, then we would be nothing more than slaves to them. Why fight at all?"
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楚成王已救郑，郑享之；去而取郑二姬以归。叔瞻曰：“成王无礼，其不没乎？为礼卒于无别，有以知其不遂霸也。” |
| | After King Cheng of Chu had rescued Zheng, the state of Zheng hosted a banquet in his honor; he left after taking two concubines from Zheng to return with. Shu Zhan said: "King Cheng is disrespectful; will he not meet his downfall?" "Because of this, we can know that he will never achieve hegemony."
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是年，晋公子重耳过宋，襄公以伤于楚，欲得晋援，厚礼重耳以马二十乘。 |
| | In this year, Gongzi Chonger of Jin passed through Song. Duke Xiang, having been wounded by Chu and desiring support from Jin, presented Chonger with twenty chariots as a generous gift.
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十四年夏，襄公病伤于泓而竟卒，子成公王臣立。 |
| | In summer of the fourteenth year, Duke Xiang fell ill from his wound at Hong and eventually died; his son Gong Wangchen was enthroned as Duke Cheng.
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成公元年，晋文公即位。三年，倍楚盟亲晋，以有德于文公也。四年，楚成王伐宋，宋告急于晋。五年，晋文公救宋，楚兵去。九年，晋文公卒。十一年，楚太子商臣弑其父成王代立。十六年，秦穆公卒。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Cheng's reign, Duke Wen of Jin ascended the throne. In the third year, Song broke its alliance with Chu and became close to Jin out of gratitude toward Duke Wen. In the fourth year, King Cheng of Chu attacked Song; Song urgently appealed for help from Jin. In the fifth year, Duke Wen of Jin rescued Song and the Chu forces withdrew. In the ninth year, Duke Wen of Jin died. In the eleventh year, Crown Prince Shangchen of Chu assassinated his father King Cheng and took the throne in his place. In the sixteenth year, King Mu of Qin died.
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十七年，成公卒。成公弟御杀太子及大司马公孙固而自立为君。宋人共杀君御而立成公少子杵臼，是为昭公。 |
| | In the seventeenth year, Duke Cheng died. Duke Cheng's younger brother Yusha killed the crown prince and Da Sima Gong Sun Gu to proclaim himself ruler. The people of Song jointly killed King Yu and enthroned Duke Cheng's youngest son Chujiu; he became known as Duke Zhao.
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昭公四年，宋败长翟缘斯于长丘。七年，楚庄王即位。 |
| | In the fourth year of Duke Zhao's reign, Song defeated Chang Zhai Yuansis at Changqiu. In the seventh year, King Zhuang of Chu ascended the throne.
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九年，昭公无道，国人不附。昭公弟鲍革贤而下士。先，襄公夫人欲通于公子鲍，不可，乃助之施于国，因大夫华元为右师。昭公出猎，夫人王姬使卫伯攻杀昭公杵臼。弟鲍革立，是为文公。 |
| | In the ninth year, Duke Zhao was unjust; the people did not support him. Duke Zhao's younger brother Bao Ge was virtuous and humble toward scholars. Previously, Duke Xiang's wife wanted to have relations with Gongzi Bao; when he refused, she supported him in gaining influence within the state and thus appointed Da Fu Hua Yuan as You Shi. Duke Zhao went out hunting; Lady Wang Ji, his wife, sent Wei Bo to attack and kill Duke Chujiu. His younger brother Bao Ge was enthroned; he became known as Duke Wen.
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文公元年，晋率诸侯伐宋，责以弑君。闻文公定立，乃去。二年，昭公子因文公母弟须与武、缪、戴、庄、桓之族为乱，文公尽诛之，出武、缪之族。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Wen's reign, Jin led feudal lords to attack Song and accused them of regicide. Upon hearing that Duke Wen had been properly enthroned, they withdrew. In the second year, Duke Zhao's son incited chaos with Wen Gong's maternal uncle Xu and the families of Wu, Mou, Dai, Zhuang, and Huan; Duke Wen executed them all and exiled the families of Wu and Mou.
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四年春，（郑）［楚］命（楚）［郑］伐宋。宋使华元将，郑败宋，囚华元。华元之将战，杀羊以食士，其御羊羹不及，故怨，驰入郑军，故宋师败，得囚华元。宋以兵车百乘文马四百匹赎华元。未尽入，华元亡归宋。 |
| | In spring of the fourth year, (Zheng) [Chu] ordered (Chu) [Zheng] to attack Song. Song sent Hua Yuan as general; Zheng defeated Song and captured Hua Yuan. Before the battle, Hua Yuan slaughtered sheep to feed his soldiers; however, his charioteer did not receive a portion of mutton soup and thus harbored resentment. He galloped into the Zheng army, which is why Song's forces were defeated and Hua Yuan was captured. Song ransomed Hua Yuan by offering a hundred war chariots and four hundred fine horses. Before the ransom was fully delivered, Hua Yuan escaped back to Song.
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十四年，楚庄王围郑。郑伯降楚，楚复释之。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, King Zhuang of Chu besieged Zheng. Duke Bo of Zheng surrendered to Chu; Chu then released him again.
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十六年，楚使过宋，宋有前仇，执楚使。九月，楚庄王围宋。十七年，楚以围宋五月不解，宋城中急，无食，华元乃夜私见楚将子反。子反告庄王。王问：“城中何如？”曰：“析骨而炊，易子而食。”庄王曰：“诚哉言！我军亦有二日粮。”以信故，遂罢兵去。 |
| | In the sixteenth year, envoys from Chu passed through Song; because of a previous grudge, Song captured the envoy. In September, King Zhuang of Chu laid siege to Song. In the seventeenth year, as the siege by Chu on Song lasted five months without relief and food ran out in the city of Song, Hua Yuan secretly met with General Zi Fan of Chu at night. Zi Fan reported to King Zhuang. The king asked: "How is the situation in the city?" He replied: "They are boiling bones for fuel and exchanging children to eat." King Zhuang said: "Indeed, those words are true! Our army has only two days' worth of provisions." Because of this, out of respect for the truthfulness shown, he withdrew his troops.
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二十二年，文公卒，子共公瑕立。始厚葬。君子讥华元不臣矣。 |
| | In the twenty-second year, Duke Wen died; his son Gong Xua was enthroned as ruler. He began to be buried with great ceremony. The gentlemen criticized Hua Yuan for not being a loyal subject.
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共公（元）［十］年，华元善楚将子重，又善晋将栾书，两盟晋楚。十三年，共公卒。华元为右师，鱼石为左师。司马唐山攻杀太子肥，欲杀华元，华元奔晋，鱼石止之，至河乃还，诛唐山。乃立共公少子成，是为平公。 |
| | In the tenth year of Duke Gong's reign, Hua Yuan maintained good relations with General Zi Zhong of Chu and also with General Luan Shu of Jin, forming alliances with both Jin and Chu. In the thirteenth year, Duke Gong died. Hua Yuan served as You Shi, and Yu Shi served as Zuoshi. Si Ma Tanshan attacked and killed Crown Prince Fei, intending to kill Hua Yuan. Hua Yuan fled to Jin; Yu Shi stopped him, but only after reaching the river did he return, then executed Tanshan. They then enthroned the youngest son of Duke Gong, Cheng, who became known as Duke Ping.
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平公三年，楚共王拔宋之彭城，以封宋左师鱼石。四年，诸侯共诛鱼石，而归彭城于宋。三十五年，楚公子围弑其君自立，为灵王。四十四年，平公卒，子元公佐立。 |
| | In the third year of Duke Ping's reign, King Gong of Chu captured Pengcheng from Song and granted it to Yu Shi, the Zuoshi of Song. In the fourth year, the feudal lords jointly executed Yu Shi and returned Pengcheng to Song. In the thirty-fifth year, Prince Wei of Chu assassinated his king and declared himself ruler, becoming King Ling. In the forty-fourth year, Duke Ping died; his son Yuan Gong Zuo was enthroned as ruler.
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元公三年，楚公子弃疾弑灵王，自立为平王。八年，宋火。十年，元公毋信，诈杀诸公子，大夫华、向氏作乱。楚平王太子建来奔，见诸华氏相攻乱，建去如郑。十五年，元公为鲁昭公避季氏居外，为之求入鲁，行道卒，子景公头曼立。 |
| | In the third year of Duke Yuan's reign, Prince Qi Ji of Chu assassinated King Ling and declared himself king as King Ping. In the eighth year, a fire occurred in Song. In the tenth year, Duke Yuan was named Wu Xin and fraudulently killed several princes of the royal family; the ministers Hua and Xiang clans rebelled. The crown prince Jian of King Ping of Chu fled to Song, but upon witnessing the ongoing conflicts among the Hua clan, he left and went to Zheng. In the fifteenth year, Duke Yuan provided shelter for Duke Zhao of Lu who was evading the Ji clan and living outside Lu. He sought to help him return to Lu, but died on the journey; his son Duke Jing Toman succeeded him as ruler.
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景公十六年，鲁阳虎来奔，已复去。二十五年，孔子过宋，宋司马桓魋恶之，欲杀孔子，孔子微服去。三十年，曹倍宋，又倍晋，宋伐曹，晋不救，遂灭曹有之。三十六年，齐田常弑简公。 |
| | In the sixteenth year of Duke Jing's reign, Yang Hu from Lu fled to Song but later left again. In the twenty-fifth year, Confucius passed through Song; General Huantui of Song disliked him and wanted to kill Confucius. Confucius left in disguise. In the thirtieth year, Cao betrayed Song and then also betrayed Jin; Song attacked Cao. Jin did not come to its aid, so Cao was annihilated and came under Song's control. In the thirty-sixth year, Tian Chang of Qi assassinated Duke Jian.
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三十七年，楚惠王灭陈。荧惑守心。心，宋之分野也。景公忧之。司星子韦曰：“可移于相。”景公曰：“相，吾之股肱。”曰：“可移于民。”景公曰：“君者待民。”曰：“可移于岁。”景公曰：“岁饥民困，吾谁为君！”子韦曰：“天高听卑。君有君人之言三，荧惑宜有动。”于是候之，果徙三度。 |
| | In the thirty-seventh year, King Hui of Chu destroyed Chen. Mars remained in conjunction with the Heart constellation. The Heart constellation is the celestial region corresponding to Song. Duke Jing was worried about it. The astrologer Ziw ei said, "It can be transferred to the Minister of State." Duke Jing said, "The minister is my right hand and pillar." He said, "It can be transferred to the people." Duke Jing replied, "A ruler depends on his people." He said, "It can be transferred to a year's harvest." Duke Jing said: "If the harvest fails and the people suffer hardship, who would I be ruling as king!" Ziwei said, "Heaven is high but listens to the lowly." "The king has spoken three times with words of concern for his people; Mars should move accordingly." Thus they observed it, and indeed, Mars moved by three degrees.
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六十四年，景公卒。宋公子特攻杀太子而自立，是为昭公。昭公者，元公之曾庶孙也。昭公父公孙纠，纠父公子褍秦，褍秦即元公少子也。景公杀昭公父纠，故昭公怨杀太子而自立。 |
| | In the sixty-fourth year, Duke Jing died. Prince Te of Song attacked and killed the crown prince to declare himself ruler; he became known as Duke Zhao. Duke Zhao was a great-grandson of Duke Yuan through a junior branch. Duke Zhao's father was Gongsun Jiu; Jiu's father was Prince Dan Qin, who was the youngest son of Duke Yuan. Duke Jing had killed Duke Zhao's father, Jiu; thus, Duke Zhao harbored resentment and assassinated the crown prince to seize power for himself.
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昭公四十七年卒，子悼公购由立。悼公八年卒，子休公田立。休公田二十三年卒，子辟公辟兵立。辟公三年卒，子剔成立。剔成四十一年，剔成弟偃攻袭剔成，剔成败奔齐，偃自立为宋君。 |
| | In the forty-seventh year of Duke Zhao's reign, he died; his son Gouyou was enthroned as Duke Dao. In the eighth year of Duke Dao's reign, he died and was succeeded by his son Duke Xi Tian. In the twenty-third year of Duke Xi Tian's reign, he died, and his son Bi Bing was enthroned as King Bi. In the third year of King Bi's reign, he died; his successor was Ti Cheng. In the forty-first year of Ti Cheng's reign, Ti Cheng's younger brother Yan launched an attack and overthrew him. Ti Cheng was defeated and fled to Qi; Yan declared himself ruler of Song.
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| | 宋微子世... : |
君偃十一年，自立为王。东败齐，取五城；南败楚，取地三百里；西败魏军，乃与齐、魏为敌国。盛血以韦囊，县而射之，命曰“射天”。淫于酒妇人。群臣谏者辄射之。于是诸侯皆曰“桀宋”。“宋其复为纣所为，不可不诛”。告齐伐宋。王偃立四十七年，齐泯王与魏、楚伐宋，杀王偃，遂灭宋而三分其地。 |
| | In the eleventh year of King Yan's reign, he proclaimed himself king. To the east, he defeated Qi and captured five cities; to the south, he defeated Chu and seized 300 li of territory; lords In the west, he defeated the Wei army, thus becoming an opposing state to Qi and Wei. They filled leather bags with blood, hung them up, and shot at them; this was called "Shooting the Sky." He indulged in wine and women. Whenever ministers advised him, he shot them. Thus the feudal lords all called it "Jie Song." "Cui will repeat what Zhou did, and cannot go unpunished." They informed Qi to attack Song. King Yan ruled for forty-seven years, when King Min of Qi, together with Wei and Chu, attacked Song. They killed King Yan and thus destroyed Song, dividing its territory among the three states.
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| | 宋微子世... : |
太史公曰：孔子称“微子去之，箕子为之奴，比干谏而死，殷有三仁焉”。春秋讥宋之乱自宣公废太子而立弟，国以不宁者十世。襄公之时，修行仁义，欲为盟主。其大夫正考父美之，故追道契、汤、高宗，殷所以兴，作商颂。襄公既败于泓，而君子或以为多，伤中国阙礼义，褒之也，宋襄之有礼让也。 |
| | Grand Historian said: Confucius remarked, "Wei Zi left the court; Ji Zi became a slave; Bi Gan advised and was killed. Yin had three virtuous men." The Spring and Autumn Annals criticized the chaos in Song, which began when Duke Xuan deposed the crown prince and enthroned his younger brother; for ten generations, the state remained unsettled. During the reign of Duke Xiang, he cultivated virtue and righteousness, aspiring to become a leader among feudal lords. His minister Zheng Kaofu praised him for this, so he traced back to Qi, Tang, and Gaozong, the reasons for Yin's rise, composing the "Shang Songs." After Duke Xiang was defeated at Hong, some gentlemen still praised him; this reflected sorrow over the lack of rites and righteousness in Central China. They commended him for his courteous and yielding conduct, as seen in Song Xiang's behavior.
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