| | 晉語一: |
武公伐翼，殺哀侯，止欒共子曰：「茍無死，吾以子見天子，令子為上卿，制晉國之政。」辭曰：「成聞之：『民生于三，事之如一。』父生之，師教之，君食之，非父不生，非食不長，非教不知生之族也，故壹事之。唯其所在，則致死焉。報生以死，報賜以力，人之道也。臣敢以私利廢人之道，君何以訓矣？且君知成之從也，未知其待于曲沃也，從君而貳，君焉用之？」遂鬭而死。 |
| | Wu Gong attacked Yi, killed Ai Hou, and stopped Luan Gongzi, saying: "If you do not die, I will present you to the Son of Heaven, and have you appointed as an upper minister, in charge of the administration of the Jin state." He declined, saying: "Cheng once heard that 'the people are born from three [sources], and they should serve them as one.'" "The father gives birth to us, the teacher instructs us, and the ruler provides for us. Without a father we would not be born; without food we could not grow; without education we would not know our kind. Therefore, one should serve them with undivided loyalty." "Thus, wherever they may be, one must give up his life for them." "To repay the gift of life with death, and to repay kindness with effort—this is the way of humanity." "As a minister, how could I abandon the way of humanity for personal gain? How would the ruler instruct me?" "And furthermore, Your Majesty knows that Cheng follows you, but does not know that he is waiting for Quwo. To follow the ruler yet be disloyal—how could the ruler possibly use such a person?" He then fought and died.
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| | 晉語一: |
獻公卜伐驪戎，史蘇占之，曰：「勝而不吉。」公曰：「何謂也？」對曰：「遇兆，挾以銜骨，齒牙為猾，戎、夏交捽。交捽，是交勝也，臣故云。且懼有口，攜民，國移心焉。」公曰：「何口之有！口在寡人，寡人弗受，誰敢興之？」對曰：「茍可以攜，其入也必甘受，逞而不知，胡可壅也？」公弗聽，遂伐驪戎，克之。獲驪姬以歸，有寵，立以為夫人。公飲大夫酒，令司正實爵與史蘇，曰：「飲而無肴。夫驪戎之役，女曰『勝而不吉』，故賞女以爵，罰女以無肴。克國得妃，其有吉孰大焉！」史蘇卒爵，再拜稽首曰：「兆有之，臣不敢蔽。蔽兆之紀，失臣之官，有二罪焉，何以事君？大罰將及，不唯無肴。抑君亦樂其吉而備其凶，凶之無有，備之何害？若其有凶，備之為瘳。臣之不信，國之福也，何敢憚罰。」 |
| | Xian Gong divined about attacking Li Rong, and Shi Su interpreted the omen, saying: "The result will be a victory but it is not auspicious." The duke asked: "What do you mean?" łó He replied, "The omen is that the sign encountered is one of a creature holding a bone in its jaws; teeth and fangs are treacherous. The Rong and Xia peoples will seize each other." "To seize each other means to defeat each other mutually, which is why I said so." "And furthermore, there will be fear of words and deception, leading the people away; the state's loyalty will shift." The duke said: "What kind of words could that be!" "The words come from me, and if I do not accept them, who dares to raise such talk?" He replied: "If it is possible for words to lead people away, then when they enter, one will surely accept them gladly. When indulged in and unaware, how can such things be suppressed?" The duke did not listen and proceeded to attack Li Rong; he conquered them. He captured Li Ji and brought her back, where she gained favor and was established as the duchess. The duke hosted a banquet for his ministers and ordered the official in charge of ceremonies to fill a cup for Shi Su, saying: "Drink without any accompaniment." "For the campaign against Li Rong, you said 'a victory but not auspicious,' so I reward you with a cup and punish you by giving no food to accompany it." "Conquering a state and obtaining a wife—what greater good fortune could there be!" Shi Su finished his cup, bowed twice with forehead touching the ground, and said: "The omen indicated this; I dared not conceal it." "To hide an omen is to violate the principles of divination, and to fail in one's duty as a minister—this constitutes two crimes. How could I serve my lord?" "A great punishment will soon befall me, not merely the lack of food." "Yet if Your Majesty also takes joy in good fortune and prepares for misfortune, even if there is no ill omen, what harm could such preparation cause?" "If an ill omen does arise, being prepared will serve as a remedy." "If my words are not believed, it is a blessing for the state. How could I dare fear punishment?"
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飲酒出，史蘇告大夫曰：「有男戎必有女戎。若晉以男戎勝戎，而戎亦必以女戎勝晉，其若之何！」里克曰：「何如？」史蘇曰：「昔夏桀伐有施，有施人以妹喜女焉，妹喜有寵，于是乎與伊尹比而亡夏。殷辛伐有蘇，有蘇氏以妲己女焉，妲己有寵，于是乎與膠鬲比而亡殷，周幽王伐有褒，褒人以褒姒女焉，褒姒有寵，生伯服，于是乎與虢石甫比，逐太子宜臼而立伯服。太子出奔申。申人、鄫人召西戎以伐周。周于是乎亡。今晉寡德而安俘女，又增其寵，雖當三季之王，不亦可乎？且其兆云：『挾以銜骨，齒牙為猾，』我卜伐驪，龜往離散以應我。夫若是，賊之兆也。非吾宅也，離則有之。不跨其國，可謂挾乎？不得其君，能銜骨乎？若跨其國而得其君，雖逢齒牙，以猾其中，誰云不從？諸夏從戎，非敗而何？從政者不可以不戒，亡無日矣！」 |
| | After drinking and leaving, Shi Su told the ministers: "Where there are male Rong tribes, there must also be female Rong tribes." "If Jin defeats the Rong with their male forces, then the Rong will surely defeat Jin with their female forces. What can we do about this!" Li Ke asked: "What is it like?" Shi Su said: "In the past, Xia Jie attacked You Shi. The people of You Shi gave him Mei Xi as a concubine. Mei Xi gained favor and thus conspired with Yi Yin to destroy the Xia dynasty." "Yin Xin attacked You Su, and the You Su clan gave him Daji as a concubine. Daji gained favor, and thus conspired with Jiao Ge to destroy the Yin dynasty. King You of Zhou attacked You Bao, and the people of Bao gave him Bao Si as a wife. Bao Si gained favor, bore Bo Fu, and then conspired with Guo Shifu, expelled Crown Prince Yi Jiu and installed Bo Fu instead." The crown prince fled to Shen. The people of Shen and Zeng summoned the western Rong tribes to attack Zhou. Thus, the Zhou dynasty perished. "Now Jin's ruler is lacking virtue yet feels at ease in taking a captured woman, and further increases her favor. Even if he compares to the three later kings [Jie of Xia, Xin of Yin, and You of Zhou], isn't this also possible?" "And furthermore, the omen said: 'A creature holding a bone in its jaw; teeth and fangs will be treacherous.' When we divined about attacking Li, the oracle bones responded with signs of dispersion." "If this is so, it indicates an omen of destruction." "This is not our home; when we disperse, we will possess it." "If we do not conquer their state, can this be called 'holding'?" "If we cannot capture their ruler, how could it be said that we hold the bone?" "If we conquer their state and capture their ruler, even if treacherous teeth and fangs arise within, who would say that it is not followed?" "For the various Xia peoples to follow the Rong—what else could this be but defeat?" "Those who govern must not fail to remain vigilant. Destruction is imminent!"
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郭偃曰：「夫三季王之亡也宜。民之主也，縱惑不疚，肆侈不違，流志而行，無所不疚，是以及亡而不獲追鑒。今晉國之方，偏侯也。其土又小，大國在側，雖欲縱惑，未獲專也。大家、鄰國將師保之，多而驟立，不其集亡。雖驟立，不過五矣。且夫口，三五之門也。是以讒口之亂，不過三五。且夫挾，小鯁也。可以小戕，而不能喪國，當之者戕焉，于晉何害？雖謂之挾，而猾以齒牙，口弗堪也，其與幾何？晉國懼則甚矣，亡猶未也。商之衰也，其銘有之曰：「嗛嗛之德，不足就也，不可以矜，而祗取憂也。嗛嗛之食，不足狃也，不能為膏，而祗罹咎也。『雖驪之亂，其罹咎而已，其何能服？吾聞以亂得聚者，非謀不卒時，非人不免難，非禮不終年，非義不盡齒，非德不及世，非天不離數。今不據其安，不可謂能謀；行之以齒牙，不可謂得人，廢國而向己，不可謂禮；不度而迂求，不可謂義，以寵賈怨，不可謂德；少族而多敵，不可謂天。德義不行，禮義不則，棄人失謀，天亦不贊，吾觀君夫人也，若為亂，其猶隸農也。雖獲沃田而勤易之，將不克饗，為人而已。」 |
| | Guo Yan said: "The fall of the three later kings was indeed deserved." "As rulers of the people, they indulged in confusion without regret, acted extravagantly without restraint, followed their desires wherever they led, and caused no end of suffering. Thus, they fell into ruin without ever learning from past warnings." "Now the state of Jin's territory is but a minor fief." "Its land is also small, and great states lie nearby. Even if one wishes to indulge in confusion, it cannot be done without restraint." "The powerful families and neighboring states will serve as teachers and guardians. With many watching closely and frequent changes in leadership, destruction is inevitable." "Even with frequent changes, it cannot last more than five times." "And furthermore, words are the gate to misfortune in threes and fives." "Therefore, disorders caused by slanderous tongues do not last more than three or five times." lógica "Moreover, 'holding' is a small obstruction." "It can cause minor harm but cannot destroy the state. Those who encounter it will suffer injury, but what harm is there to Jin?" "Even if called 'holding,' the treachery of teeth and fangs cannot be borne by words alone. How much influence can they truly have?" "The state of Jin may fear greatly, but its downfall has not yet come." "When the Yin dynasty declined, there was an inscription that said: 'A narrow-minded virtue is insufficient to accomplish anything. It cannot be proud, and it only brings worry.' " "A meager meal is not enough to grow complacent; it cannot nourish like fat, and will only bring disaster." "Even if the Li Rong cause chaos, they can only suffer blame. What power do they have to subdue us?" "I have heard that those who gain power through chaos will not complete their term without strategy, cannot avoid difficulties without capable people, will not last a full year without propriety, will not survive long without righteousness, will not pass to the next generation without virtue, and will not escape fate without heaven's will." "Now, if one does not hold onto stability, it cannot be called skillful strategy; " "Acting through treacherous words and fangs, one cannot be said to have gained people's support. Abandoning the state for personal gain, one cannot be called respectful of rites; " "Acting without measure and seeking in vain, it cannot be considered righteousness. Gaining favor at the cost of resentment, it cannot be called virtue; " "To have few allies but many enemies, this cannot be attributed to heaven." "If virtue and righteousness are not practiced, if rites and justice are not followed, if people are abandoned and strategy is lost, heaven will not support it. I observe that the duchess, should she cause chaos, would be like a servant farmer—powerless to bring about great change." "Even if she gains fertile fields and works them diligently, she will still not be able to enjoy their fruits. It would all be for others alone."
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士蒍曰：「誡莫如豫，豫而後給。夫子誡之，抑二大夫之言其皆有焉。」既，驪姬不克，晉正于秦，五立而後平。 |
| | Shi Wei said: "No warning is better than preparation, and only through preparation can one respond adequately." "The master has warned us. Indeed, the words of both ministers contain truth." Later, Li Ji did not succeed in her schemes; Jin stabilized under Qin's influence. Five rulers were established before peace was finally achieved.
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| | 晉語一: |
獻公伐驪戎，克之，滅驪子，獲驪姬以歸，立以為夫人，生奚齊。其娣生卓子。驪姬請使申生主曲沃以速懸，重耳處蒲城，夷吾處屈，奚齊處絳，以儆無辱之故，公許之。 |
| | Duke Xian attacked the Li Rong, conquered them, destroyed the state of Li Zi, captured Li Ji and brought her back. He established her as duchess; she bore Xi Qi. Her junior wife gave birth to Zhuo Zi. Li Ji requested that Shen Sheng be assigned to Quwo to oversee the frontier, Chong'er to Pucheng, Yiwu to Qu, and Xi Qi to Jiang, in order to prevent any disgrace. The duke agreed.
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史蘇朝，告大夫曰：「二三大夫其戒之乎，亂本生矣！日，君以驪姬為夫人，民之疾心固皆至矣。昔者之伐也，興百姓以為百姓也，是以民能欣之，故莫不盡忠極勞以致死也。今君起百姓以自封也，民外不得其利，而內惡其貪，則上下既有判矣，然而又生男，其天道也？天強其毒，民疾其態，其亂生哉！吾聞君之好好而惡惡，樂樂而安安，是以能有常。伐木不自其本，必復生，塞水不自其源，必復流，滅禍不自其基，必復亂。今君滅其父而畜其子，禍之基也。畜其子，又從其欲，子思報父之恥而信其欲，雖好色，必惡心，不可謂好。好其色，必授之情。彼得其情以厚其欲，從其惡心，必敗國且深亂。亂必自女戎，三代皆然。」驪姬果作難，殺太子而逐二公子。君子曰：「知難本矣。」 |
| | Shi Su went to court and told the ministers: "The two or three great ministers should be on guard! The root of disorder has already taken hold!" "On that day, the duke made Li Ji his duchess; the people's resentment and discontent have surely reached their peak." "In past campaigns, when we waged war for the sake of the people and on behalf of the people, that is why the common folk rejoiced. Therefore, none failed to serve with utmost loyalty and tireless effort, even at the cost of their lives." "Now, Your Majesty mobilizes the people for your own benefit. The common folk gain no advantage from it externally and resent your greed internally. Thus, a rift has already formed between ruler and subject. And yet another son is born—could this be in accordance with heavenly will?" "Heaven strengthens the poison, the people resent its nature—surely disorder must arise!" "I have heard that a ruler who loves what is good and hates what is evil, delights in joy and finds peace in stability—only then can he maintain order." "If one cuts down a tree without removing its roots, it will surely grow again. If one blocks water without sealing its source, it will inevitably flow once more. If one eliminates disaster without addressing its foundation, disorder will return." "Now Your Majesty has destroyed the father and raised his son—this is laying the groundwork for disaster." "To raise the son and indulge his desires, when the son seeks to avenge his father's disgrace while fulfilling his own wishes—though he may desire beauty, it will surely fill him with resentment. This cannot be called true affection." "To love her beauty is to give in to emotion." łó "He will use that affection to strengthen his desires, follow his resentments, and this will surely destroy the state and bring deep chaos." "Disorder must arise from a woman of the Rong tribes. This has been true in all three dynasties." Li Ji indeed stirred up trouble, killed the crown prince, and drove out the two princes. The gentlemen said: "This shows an understanding of the root cause of disorder."
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| | 晉語一: |
驪姬生奚齊，其娣生卓子。公將黜太子申生而立奚齊。里克、丕鄭、荀息相見，里克曰：「夫史蘇之言將及矣！其若之何？」荀息曰：「吾聞事君者，竭力以役事，不聞違命。君立臣從，何貳之有？」丕鄭曰：「吾聞事君者，從其義，不阿其惑。惑則誤民，民誤失德，是棄民也。民之有君，以治義也。義以生利，利以豐民，若之何其民之與處而棄之也？必立太子。」里克曰：「我不佞，雖不識義，亦不阿惑，吾其靜也。」三大夫乃別。 |
| | Li Ji bore Xi Qi, and her junior wife bore Zhuo Zi. The duke was about to depose Crown Prince Shen Sheng and establish Xi Qi as heir. Li Ke, Pi Zheng, and Xun Xi met together. Li Ke said: "Shi Su's words are about to come true!" "What should we do about it?" Xun Xi said: "I have heard that to serve a ruler, one must exert all effort in carrying out duties. I have not heard of disobeying orders." "When the ruler establishes a decision, ministers follow it—what double-mindedness could there be?" Pi Zheng said: "I have heard that to serve the ruler is to follow righteousness, not to flatter confusion." "Confusion leads to misleading the people. Misleading the people results in loss of virtue; this is abandoning the people." "The reason the people have a ruler is for the governance of righteousness." "Righteousness brings about benefits, and benefits enrich the people. How can we live among the people yet abandon them?" "We must establish the crown prince." Li Ke said: "I am not eloquent. Though I may not fully understand righteousness, I will not flatter confusion. I shall remain quiet." The three ministers then parted ways.
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蒸于武公，公稱疾不與，使奚齊蒞事。猛足乃言于太子曰：「伯氏不出，奚齊在廟，子盍圖乎！」太子曰：「吾聞之羊舌大夫曰：『事君以敬，事父以孝。』受命不遷為敬，敬順所安為孝。棄命不敬，作令不孝，又何圖焉？且夫間父之愛而嘉其貺，有不忠焉，廢人以自成，有不貞焉。孝、敬、忠、貞，君父之所安也。棄安而圖，遠于孝矣，吾其止也。」 |
| | They offered sacrifices to Duke Wu, but the duke claimed illness and did not participate, sending Xi Qi instead to oversee the ceremony. Meng Zu then said to the crown prince: "The Bo clan has not emerged, and Xi Qi is in the temple. Why don't you consider taking action?" The crown prince said: "I have heard from Master Yangshe that 'One serves the ruler with reverence, and one serves the father with filial piety.'" "Accepting a command without deviation is reverence; reverently following what brings peace is filial piety." "To abandon one's orders is to lack reverence, and to issue commands oneself is to lack filial piety. What else could there be to consider?" "Moreover, to intervene in the affection of one's father and praise his gifts is an act of disloyalty; to discard others for one's own advancement is an act of unfaithfulness." "Filial piety, reverence, loyalty, and faithfulness—these are what bring peace to the ruler and father." "To abandon peace in order to plot is far from filial piety; I shall stop here."
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| | 晉語一: |
獻公田，見翟柤之氛，歸寢不寐。郤叔虎朝，公語之。對曰：「床笫之不安邪？抑驪姬之不存側邪？」公辭焉。出遇士蒍，曰：「今夕君寢不寐，必為翟柤也。夫翟柤之君，好專利而不忌，其臣競諂以求媚，其進者壅塞，其退者拒違。其上貪以忍，其下偷以幸，有縱君而無諫臣，有冒上而無忠下。君臣上下各饜其私，以縱其回，民各有心而無所據依。以是處國，不亦難乎！君若伐之，可克也。吾不言，子必言之。」士蒍以告，公悅，乃伐翟柤。郤叔虎將乘城，其徒曰：「棄政而役，非其任也。」郤叔虎曰：「既無老謀，而又無壯事，何以事君？」被羽先升，遂克之。 |
| | Duke Xian went out hunting and saw the omen of Di Za, returned to his quarters, and could not sleep. Xi Shuhu came to court, and the duke told him about it. He replied: "Is it that your bed is uncomfortable?" "Or perhaps 骊 Ji is not by your side?" The duke denied it. When leaving, he met Shi Wei, who said: "Tonight the ruler could not sleep in his quarters; it must be because of Di Za." "The ruler of Di Za is fond of monopolizing benefits and has no restraint; his ministers compete in flattery to gain favor. Those who advance are obstructed, and those who retreat are defied." "Their ruler is greedy and ruthless; their subjects are lazy and opportunistic. There are those who indulge the ruler without advising, and none below who remain loyal to superiors." "Rulers and ministers, superiors and inferiors each satisfy their own private desires, indulging in deceit; the people have various thoughts but no one to rely on." "To govern a state under such circumstances—would it not be difficult?" "If the ruler attacks them, they can be defeated." "I will not speak of it; you must bring it up." Shi Wei reported this to the duke, who was pleased and so attacked Di Za. Xi Shuhu was about to scale the city wall, but his followers said: "To abandon governance and take up labor is not your duty." Xi Shuhu said: "If we have neither the wisdom of elders nor the deeds of the strong, how can we serve our ruler?" Covered in feathers, he climbed first and thus captured it.
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| | 晉語一: |
公之優曰施，通于驪姬。驪姬問焉，曰：「吾欲作大事，而難三公子之徒如何？」對曰：「早處之，使知其極。夫人知極，鮮有慢心，雖其慢，乃易殘也。」驪姬曰：「吾欲為難，安始而可？」優施曰：「必于申生。其為人也，小心精潔，而大志重，又不忍人。精潔易辱，重僨可疾，不忍人，必自忍也。辱之近行。」驪姬曰：「重，無乃難遷乎？」優施曰：「知辱可辱，可辱遷重，若不知辱，亦必不知固秉常矣。今子內固而外寵，且善否莫不信。若外殫善而內辱之，無不遷矣。且吾聞之：甚精必愚。精為易辱，愚不知避難。雖欲無遷，其得之乎？」是故先施讒于申生。 |
| | One of the duke's favorites was named Shi, who had an affair with 骊 Ji. 骊 Ji asked him: "I want to carry out a great plan, but how can I deal with the followers of the three princes?" He replied: "Deal with them early so they understand their limits." "When a lady understands her limits, she rarely harbors arrogance. Even if she does become arrogant, it will be easy to deal with." 骊 Ji said: "I want to create trouble; where should I begin?" Shi replied: "It must be with Shen Sheng." "He is a person who is cautious and meticulous, yet ambitious and resolute. Moreover, he cannot bear to harm others." "His meticulousness makes him easily humiliated; his resolve can be quickly undermined. His inability to harm others means he will ultimately have no choice but to endure." "This is the path to disgrace him." 骊 Ji said: "But he is resolute; won't it be difficult to move him?" Shi replied: "If one knows disgrace, then disgrace can be used to undermine resolve. If he is unaware of disgrace, he must also not understand the importance of upholding established norms." "Now you are internally secure and outwardly favored, and whether good or bad, no one doubts your words." "If you appear outwardly virtuous while inwardly humiliating him, there will be nothing that cannot change." "And I have heard: excessive meticulousness inevitably leads to foolishness." "Excessive meticulousness invites disgrace, and foolishness does not know how to avoid danger." "Even if he wishes to remain unchanged, can he achieve it?" Therefore, Shi first spread slander against Shen Sheng.
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驪姬賂二五，使言于公曰：「夫曲沃，君之宗也，蒲與二屈，君之疆也，不可以無主。宗邑無主，則民不威；疆埸無主，則啟戎心。戎之生心，民慢其政，國之患也。若使太子主曲沃，而二公子主蒲與屈，乃可以威民而懼戎，且旌君伐。」使俱曰：「狄之廣莫，于晉為都。晉之啟土，不亦宜乎？」公說，乃城曲沃，太子處焉；又城蒲，公子重耳處焉；又城二屈，公子夷吾處焉。驪姬既遠太子，乃生之言，太子由是得罪。 |
| | 骊 Ji bribed two officials of the Five, who then told the duke: "Quwo is a branch of your clan, and Pu as well as Erqu are parts of your territory; they cannot be without a ruler." "If a fief belonging to the clan has no lord, then the people will not show respect;" "if a frontier territory lacks a ruler, it invites the ambitions of outsiders." "When outsiders harbor ambitions and the people become disrespectful toward governance, this is a national calamity." "If we appoint the crown prince to govern Quwo, and the two princes to govern Pu and Qu, this will instill respect among the people and deter outsiders, while also demonstrating your achievements." They both said: "The vastness of Di land is suitable as a capital for Jin." "Would it not be appropriate for Jin to expand its territory?" The duke was pleased, and so built the city of Quwo; the crown prince resided there. They also built Pu, where Gongzi Chonger resided; and built Erqu, where Gongzi Yiwu resided. After 骊 Ji had distanced the crown prince from court, she spread false accusations against him; thus the crown prince incurred guilt.
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| | 晉語一: |
十六年，公作二軍，公將上軍。太子申生將下軍以伐霍。師未出，士蒍言于諸大夫曰：「夫太子，君之貳也，恭以俟嗣，何官之有？今君分之土而官之，是左之也。吾將諫以觀之。」乃言于公曰：「夫太子，君之貳也，而帥下軍，無乃不可乎？」公曰：「下軍，上軍之貳也。寡人在上，申生在下，不亦可乎？」士蒍對曰：「下不可以貳上。」公曰：「何故？」對曰：「貳若體焉，上下左右，以相心目，用而不倦，身之利也。上貳代舉，下貳代履，周旋變動，以役心目，故能治事，以制百物。若下攝上，與上攝下，周旋不動，以違心目，其反為物用也，何事能治？故古之為軍也，軍有左右，闕從補之，成而不知，是以寡敗。若以下貳上，闕而不變，敗弗能補也。變非聲章，弗能移也。聲章過數則有釁，有釁則敵入，敵入而凶，救敗不暇，誰能退敵？敵之如志，國之憂也，可以陵小，難以征國。君其圖之！」公曰：「寡人有子而制焉，非子之憂也。」對曰：「太子，國之棟也，棟成乃制之，不亦危乎！」公曰：「輕其所任，雖危何害？」 |
| | In the sixteenth year [June 23, 678 BC], Duke Xian established two armies, and he personally commanded the upper army. Crown Prince Shen Sheng led the lower army to attack Huo. Before the army had departed, Shi Wei said to the ministers: "The crown prince is the ruler's deputy; he should be respectful and await succession. What office could he possibly hold?" "Now, the ruler has given him territory and an official position—this is to favor him." "I shall advise against it in order to observe his response." He then said to the duke: "The crown prince is your deputy, yet he commands the lower army. Would this not be inappropriate?" The duke replied: "The lower army is the deputy of the upper army." "I am above, and Shen Sheng is below—would this not be acceptable?" Shi Wei replied: "The lower cannot serve as deputy to the upper." The duke asked: "Why is that?" Shi Wei replied: "A deputy must be like a limb; superiors and subordinates, left and right, must look out for one another. When used without tiring, it is beneficial to the body." "The deputy of a superior supports and assists, while the deputy of an inferior carries out tasks. Through mutual cooperation and adaptability, they serve one another's needs; thus, affairs are well managed and all matters controlled." "But if the lower takes over the superior, or the superior takes over the lower, and they remain inactive while neglecting each other's needs, then they become tools for external forces. What affairs could possibly be well managed?" "Therefore, in ancient times when armies were organized, there were left and right divisions. Gaps were filled by others without anyone being aware of it; thus, few defeats occurred." "But if the lower serves as deputy to the upper and gaps remain unfilled, then when defeat occurs, no one can make up for it." "Without clear orders or signals, such changes cannot be made." "If commands are given too frequently, mistakes will occur. Mistakes invite the enemy's attack; when attacked, disaster follows. In such a situation, one is already preoccupied with saving from defeat—who could possibly repel the enemy?" "If enemies act as they please, it becomes a national concern. Such forces can be dealt with against small states, but are difficult to confront in a major one." "Your Majesty should consider this carefully!" The duke said: "I have a son and control his position; that is not your concern." Shi Wei replied: "The crown prince is the pillar of the state. To control him after he has become established—would that not be dangerous!" The duke said: "If one treats his responsibilities lightly, even danger will cause no harm."
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士蒍出語人曰：「太子不得立矣。改其制而不患其難，輕其任而不憂其危，君有異心，又焉得立？行之克也，將以害之；若其不克，其因以罪之，雖克與否，無以避罪。與其勤而不入，不如逃之，君得其欲，太子遠死，且有令名，為吳太伯，不亦可乎？」太子聞之，曰：「子輿之為我謀，忠矣。然吾聞之，為人子者，患不從，不患無名，為人臣者，患不勤，不患無祿，今我不才而得勤與從，又何求焉？焉能及吳太伯乎？」太子遂行，克霍而反，讒言彌興。 |
| | Shi Wei left and told others: "The crown prince will not be able to ascend the throne. "To change his position without worrying about its difficulties, and to treat his responsibilities lightly without fearing danger—when the ruler has a different mind, how can he possibly be established?" "Even if it is carried out successfully, it will ultimately harm him;" "if it fails, he can be blamed for the failure. Whether successful or not, there is no way to avoid blame." "Better to flee than to work hard and still fail. In this way, the ruler achieves his desire, the crown prince escapes death, and earns a good reputation—becoming like Wu Taibo. Would that not be acceptable?" The crown prince heard this and said: "Shi Wei's plan for me is loyal indeed." "Yet I have heard: as a son, one should worry about not obeying, not about lacking reputation; as a minister, one should worry about being lazy, not about lacking rewards. Now, though I am unworthy, I still manage to be diligent and obedient—what more could I possibly seek?" "How can I even compare to Wu Taibo?" The crown prince proceeded with the campaign, conquered Huo, and returned—but slanderous accusations increased.
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| | 晉語一: |
優施教驪姬夜半而泣謂公曰：「吾聞申生甚好仁而強，甚寬惠而慈于民，皆有所行之。今謂君惑于我，必亂國，無乃以國故而行強于君。君未終命而不歿，君其若之何？盍殺我，無以一妾亂百姓。」公曰：「夫豈惠其民而不惠于其父乎？」驪姬曰：「妾亦懼矣。吾聞之外人之言曰：為仁與為國不同。為仁者，愛親之謂仁；為國者，利國之謂仁。故長民者無親，眾以為親。茍利眾而百姓和，豈能憚君？以眾故不敢愛親，眾況厚之，彼將惡始而美終，以晚蓋者也。凡民利是生，殺君而厚利眾，眾孰沮之？殺親無惡于人，人孰去之？茍交利而得寵，志行而眾悅，欲其甚矣，孰不惑焉？雖欲愛君，惑不釋也，今夫以君為紂，若紂有良子，而先喪紂，無章其惡而厚其敗。鈞之死也，無必假手于武王，而其世不廢，祀至于今，吾豈知紂之善否哉？君欲勿恤，其可乎？若大難至而恤之，其何及矣！」公懼曰：「若何而可？」驪姬曰：「君盍老而授之政。彼得政而行其欲，得其所索，乃其釋君。且君其圖之，自桓叔以來，孰能愛親？唯無親，故能兼翼。」公曰：「不可與政。我以武與威，是以臨諸侯。未歿而亡政，不可謂武；有子而弗勝，不可謂威。我授之政，諸侯必絕；能絕于我，必能害我。失政而害國，不可忍也。爾勿憂，吾將圖之。」 |
| | Shi taught 骊 Ji to weep at midnight and tell the duke: "I have heard that Shen Sheng is very fond of benevolence and strong, very generous and kind to the people—these are all things he actually practices." "Now they say you are deceived by me, that I will surely cause chaos in the state. Perhaps for the sake of the country, he will act forcefully against you." "You have not yet completed your life's mission and are still alive; what can you do about it?" "Why don't you kill me, so that one concubine does not disrupt the people?" The duke said: "Could he truly be kind to his subjects yet unkind to his father?" 骊 Ji said: "I am also afraid." "I have heard from outsiders that practicing benevolence is different from governing the state." "To practice benevolence means to love one's relatives—that is called benevolence;" "to govern the state means that what benefits the state is considered benevolence." "Therefore, those who rule the people have no relatives of their own; they take the many as their relatives." "If it benefits the people and brings harmony to the common folk, how could one fear the ruler?" "For the sake of the people, one dares not to favor relatives; the people will reward such actions. He may appear cruel at first but kind in the end, covering his deeds with late benevolence." "Since all people live for their own benefit, if killing you brings great advantage to the masses, who among them would dare to oppose it?" "To kill a relative does no harm to others; who among people would abandon such an action?" "If mutual benefit brings favor, if one's aspirations are carried out and the masses are pleased, such desires will grow strong—who would not be confused?" "Even if one wishes to love the ruler, confusion cannot be dispelled. Now they compare you to Zhou Zhu. If Zhou Zhu had a virtuous son who caused his downfall first, no blame would fall on him and his failure would be seen as justified." "Even when Jun died, it was not necessarily done by the hand of King Wu; yet his descendants were not abandoned and their ancestral rites continue to this day. How can I know whether Zhou Zhu was good or evil?" "Is it acceptable for you, the ruler, to wish not to care about such things?" "If a great disaster comes and then you try to show concern, how will that help at all!" The duke was frightened and said: "What should I do in order to be acceptable?" 骊 Ji said: "Why don't you retire, Duke, and hand over the administration of state affairs to him." "He will obtain power and carry out his desires, achieving what he seeks; only then will he release you from your position." "And you should consider this: since Duke Huanshu, who among our ancestors has truly loved their relatives?" lineno Only by having no close relatives could one manage both Yi and the state. The duke said: "I cannot entrust him with governance." "I have relied on military strength and authority to rule over the feudal lords." "To lose power before death cannot be called martial prowess;" "to have a son and yet not prevail over him cannot be called authority." "If I hand over power to him, the feudal lords will surely sever their allegiance;" "whoever can break away from me is certainly capable of harming me." "To lose power and harm the state is something I cannot endure." "Do not worry, I will deal with it."
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驪姬曰：「以皋落狄之朝夕苛我邊鄙，使無日以牧田野，君之倉廩固不實，又恐削封疆。君盍使之伐狄，以觀其果于眾也，與眾之信輯睦焉。若不勝狄，雖濟其罪，可也；若勝狄，則善用眾矣，求必益廣，乃可厚圖也。且夫勝狄，諸侯驚懼，吾邊鄙不儆，倉廩盈，四鄰服，封疆信，君得其賴，又知可否，其利多矣。君其圖之！」公說。是故使申生伐東山，衣之偏裻之衣，佩之以金玦。仆人贊聞之，曰：「太子殆哉！君賜之奇，奇生怪，怪生無常，無常不立。使之出征，先以觀之，故告之以離心，而示之以堅忍之權，則必惡其心而害其身矣。惡其心，必內險之；害其身，必外危之。危自中起，難哉！且是衣也，狂夫阻之衣也。其言曰：『盡敵而反。』雖盡敵，其若內讒何！」申生勝狄而反，讒言作于中。君子曰：「知微。」 |
| | 骊 Ji said: "Because of the Gao Luo Di people, who constantly harass our border settlements day and night, we have no time to cultivate the fields. The granaries are certainly not full, and I am also afraid that our territory will be reduced." "Why don't you have him attack the Di people to see whether he is truly resolute in leading the people, and whether the people trust and support him?" "If he does not defeat the Di, even if his crime is resolved, it will be acceptable;" "if he defeats the Di, then he has shown skill in leading the people. His ambitions will surely grow wider, and that is when we can make more plans against him." "Moreover, if he defeats the Di people, the feudal lords will be startled and fearful. Our border settlements will no longer be on high alert; our granaries will be full; neighboring states will submit to us; our borders will be secure; you, as ruler, will benefit from this, and also gain knowledge of his capabilities or shortcomings—this would bring many advantages." "You should consider it carefully!" The duke was pleased. Therefore, the duke sent Shen Sheng to attack Dongshan, dressed him in a robe with one sleeve longer than the other (bian du yi), and gave him a gold pendant as an ornament. Puren Zan heard of this, and said: "The crown prince is in great danger!" "When a ruler bestows something unusual upon him, the unusual gives rise to strange things; strange things lead to unpredictability; and without predictability, one cannot establish stability." "Sending him on a campaign is to test his character. By first informing him of discord and showing him the power of perseverance, he will surely resent such intentions and harm himself." "If he resents your intentions, he must become inwardly suspicious;" "if he harms himself, he will inevitably place himself in external danger." "When danger arises from within, it is truly difficult!" "Moreover, this robe with uneven sleeves is the kind worn by a madman or an outcast." "The saying goes: 'Destroy all enemies and return.'" "Even if he destroys all external enemies, what will he do about the internal slander!" After Shen Sheng defeated the Di and returned, malicious rumors arose within the court. The gentlemen said: "This is an example of understanding subtle signs."
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| | 晉語一: |
十七年冬，公使太子伐東山。里克諫曰：「臣聞皋落氏將戰，君其釋申生也！」公曰：「行也！」里克對曰：「非故也。君行，太子居，以監國也；君行，太子從，以撫軍也。今君居，太子行，未有此也。」公曰：「非子之所知也。寡人聞之，立太子之道三：身鈞以年，年同以愛，愛疑決之以卜、筮。子無謀吾父子之間，吾以此觀之。」公不說。里克退，見太子。太子曰：「君賜我以偏衣、金玦，何也？」里克曰：「孺子懼乎？衣躬之偏，而握金玦，令不偷矣。孺子何懼！夫為人子者，懼不孝，不懼不得。且吾聞之曰：『敬賢于請。』孺子勉之乎！」君子曰：「善處父子之間矣。」 |
| | In winter, the seventeenth year [of the reign], the duke sent the crown prince to attack Dongshan. Li Ke advised: "I have heard that the Gao Luo clan is preparing for battle; you should release Shen Sheng!" The duke said: "He must go on this campaign!" Li Ke replied: "This is not the right course of action." "When a ruler goes on campaign, the crown prince remains behind to oversee state affairs; "when a ruler is away, the crown prince accompanies him to command the army." "Now you remain behind while the crown prince goes on campaign—there has never been such a precedent." The duke said: "This is not something you understand." "I have heard that there are three principles for establishing a crown prince: when their status is equal, choose the older one; if they are of the same age, choose based on affection; and if affection is uncertain, decide by divination with yarrow stalks or oracle bones." "Do not meddle in matters between my son and me—I will use this to observe their characters," said the duke. The duke was displeased. Li Ke withdrew and met with the crown prince. The crown prince asked: "Why did the duke give me a robe with uneven sleeves and a gold pendant?" Li Ke said: "Are you afraid, young master?" "Wearing a robe with uneven sleeves and holding a gold pendant means that the order is no longer hidden or ambiguous." "What are you afraid of, young master!" "As a son, one should fear disobedience to parents, not the lack of rewards or recognition." "And I have heard it said: 'Respect for virtue is more important than making requests.'" "Be strong, young master!" The gentlemen said: "He has handled the relationship between father and son well."
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太子遂行，狐突御戎，先友為右，衣偏衣而佩金玦。出而告先友曰：「君與我此，何也？」先友曰：「中分而金玦之權，在此行也。孺子勉之乎！」狐突嘆曰：「以庬衣純，而玦之以金銑者，寒之甚矣，胡可恃也？雖勉之，狄可盡乎？」先友曰：「衣躬之偏，握兵之要，在此行也，勉之而已矣。偏躬無慝，兵要遠災，親以無災，又何患焉？」至于稷桑，狄人出逆，申生欲戰。狐突諫曰：「不可。突聞之：國君好艾，大夫殆；好內，適子殆，社稷危。若惠于父而遠于死，惠于眾而利社稷，其可以圖之乎？況其危身于狄以起讒于內也？」申生曰：「不可。君之使我，非歡也，抑欲測吾心也。是故賜我奇服，而告我權。又有甘言焉。言之大甘，其中必苦。譖在中矣，君故生心。雖蝎譖，焉避之？不若戰也。不戰而反，我罪滋厚；我戰死，猶有令名焉。」果敗狄于稷桑而反。讒言益起，狐突杜門不出。君子曰：「善深謀也。」 |
| | The crown prince then proceeded on his campaign, with Hu Tu driving the chariot, Xian You as the right-hand man, wearing a robe with uneven sleeves and carrying a gold pendant. As they left, he asked Xian You: "Why did the ruler give me these things?" Xian You said: "The decision to divide or keep power, symbolized by the gold pendant, lies in this campaign." "Be strong, young master!" Hu Tu sighed and said: "To wear a robe of uneven length, yet be given a gold pendant with sharp edges—this is extremely cold-hearted. How can one rely on such gestures?" "Even if you try hard, how can the Di people ever be completely defeated?" Xian You said: "Wearing a robe of uneven length and holding military authority—this is all in this campaign. Just do your best." "Wearing an uneven robe shows no malice; holding the key to military power keeps disasters far away. With close trust and no calamity, what else is there to fear?" When they reached Jisang, the Di people came out to oppose them; Shen Sheng wanted to fight. Hu Tu advised: "No, you must not." "Tu has heard: when a ruler favors someone, the officials are in danger; "when he favors his inner circle, the legitimate heir is endangered and the state becomes vulnerable." "If one shows kindness to his father while avoiding death, and benefits the people while securing the state—can such a course of action be considered?" "How much more dangerous is it for you to risk your life against the Di and provoke slander within the court?" Shen Sheng said: "No, I cannot." "The ruler sent me on this mission not out of joy, but to test my heart." "Therefore, he gave me unusual clothing and informed me about authority." "And there are also sweet words spoken to me." "When words sound too sweet, bitterness must lie within them." "Slander is already in the middle; the ruler has thus conceived ill intentions." "Even if it is a scorpion's slander, how can I avoid it?" "It would be better to fight." "To return without fighting will only make my guilt heavier; "if I die in battle, at least I will have a noble reputation." He indeed defeated the Di people at Jisang and returned. Slanderous words increased, so Hu Tu closed his gate and did not leave. The gentlemen said: "This is a good example of deep strategizing."
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| | 晉語二: |
反自稷桑，處五年，驪姬謂公曰：「吾聞申生之謀愈深。日，吾固告君曰得眾，眾不利，焉能勝狄？今矜狄之善，其志益廣。孤突不順，故不出。吾聞之，申生甚好信而強，又失言于眾矣，雖欲有退，眾將責焉。言不可食，眾不可弭，是以深謀。君若不圖，難將至矣！」公曰：「吾不忘也，抑未有以致罪焉。」 |
| | Fan Ziji sang, chu wu nian, Liji wei gong yue: "Wu wen Shen Sheng zhi mou yu shen." Fan Zisi was exiled to Sang for five years.骊姬 said to the Duke: "I have heard that Shen Sheng's plot is becoming more profound." Ri, wu gu gao jun yue de zhong, zhong bu li, yan neng sheng Di? One day, I firmly told Your Majesty that gaining the people's support is essential; without their favor, how can we defeat the Di? Jin jin Di zhi shan, qi zhi yi guang. Now that we are indulging in the Di's kindness, their ambitions will only grow wider. Gu tu bu shun, gu bu chu. The Duke suddenly became disrespectful, so he did not go out. Wu wen zhi, Shen Sheng shen hao xin er qiang, you shi yan yu zhong yi, sui yu you tui, zhong jiang ze yan. I have heard that Shen Sheng is very trustworthy and strong-willed; now he has made another mistake in front of the people. Even if he wishes to retreat, the people will hold him accountable. Yan bu ke shi, zhong bu ke mi, shi yi shen mou. Words cannot be swallowed back, and the people's anger cannot be calmed; this is why he devised a deeper plan. Jun ruo bu tu, nan jiang zhi yi!" If Your Majesty does not take action, difficulties will soon arrive! " Gong yue: "Wu bu wang ye, yi wei you yi yi zui yan." The Duke said, "I have not forgotten this; I just do not yet have a reason to hold him accountable for a crime."
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驪姬告優施曰：「君既許我殺太子而立奚齊矣，吾難里克，奈何！」優施曰：「吾來里克，一日而已。子為我具特羊之饗，吾以從之飲酒。我優也，言無郵。」驪姬許諾乃具，使優施飲里克酒。中飲，優施起舞，謂里克妻曰：「主孟啖我，我教茲暇豫事君。」乃歌曰：「暇豫之吾吾，不如鳥烏。人皆集于苑，己獨集于枯。」里克笑曰：「何謂苑？何謂枯？」優施曰：「其母為夫人，其子為君，可不謂苑乎？其母既死，其子又有謗，可不謂枯乎？枯且有傷。」 |
| | Liji gao You Shi yue: "Jun ji xu wo sha Taizi er li Xi Qi yi, wu nan Li Ke, nai he!" 骊姬 told You Shi, "The Duke has already agreed to let me kill the Crown Prince and install Xi Qi as heir. I find it difficult to deal with Li Ke; what should I do!" You Shi yue: "Wu lai Li Ke, yi ri er yi." You Shi said, "I will deal with Li Ke for you; it will take only one day. Zi wei wo ju te yang zhi xiang, wu yi cong zhi yin jiu. You prepare for me a special sheep feast; I will invite him to drink with me. Wo you ye, yan wu you." "I am an entertainer, so my words carry no blame." Liji xu nuo nai ju, shi You Shi yin Li Ke jiu. 骊姬 agreed and made preparations, sending You Shi to drink wine with Li Ke. Zhong yin, You Shi qi wu, wei Li Ke qi yue: "Zhu Meng dan wo, wo jiao ci xia yu shi jun." While drinking, You Shi got up to dance and said to Li Ke's wife, "Lady Meng has treated me kindly; I will teach her how to leisurely serve the Duke." Nai ge yue: "Xia Yu zhi wu wu, bu ru niao Wu. He then sang, "Leisurely idleness and carefree days, are not as good as the black bird Wu." Ren jie ji yu yuan, ji du ji yu ku." "Everyone gathers in the garden, but you alone gather at the withered tree." Li Ke xiao yue: "He wei Yuan? Li Ke laughed and said, "What do you mean by 'garden'?" He wei Ku?" What do you mean by "withered tree"? You Shi yue: "Qi mu wei Fu Ren, qi zi wei Jun, ke bu wei Yuan hu? You Shi replied, "His mother is the Lady-in-Waiting, his son will be the Duke; can this not be called a garden?" Qi mu ji si, qi zi you you bai, ke bu wei Ku hu? His mother is already dead, and his son has been slandered; can this not be called withered?" Ku qie you shang." "A withered tree still brings sorrow."
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優施出，里克辟奠，不飧而寢。夜半，召優施，曰：「曩而言戲乎？抑有所聞之乎？」曰：「然。君既許驪姬殺太子而立奚齊，謀既成矣。」里克曰：「吾秉君以殺太子，吾不忍。通復故交，吾不敢。中立其免乎？」優施曰：「免。」 |
| | You Shi chu, Li Ke bi dian, bu sun er qin. After You Shi left, Li Ke avoided the sacrificial rites and did not eat before going to bed. Ye ban, zhao You Shi, yue: "Nang er yan xi hu? At midnight, he summoned You Shi and said, "Were my words just a joke earlier?" Yi you suo wen zhi hu?" Or have I heard something?" Yue: "Ran. [You Shi] said, "Yes." Jun ji xu Liji sha Taizi er li Xi Ji, mou ji cheng yi." "The Duke has already agreed with 骊姬 to kill the Crown Prince and establish Xi Ji as heir; the plot is already set in motion." Li Ke yue: "Wu bing jun yi sha Taizi, wu bu ren. Li Ke said, "I would be carrying out the Duke's order to kill the Crown Prince; I cannot bear it." Tong fu gu jiao, wu bu gan. To reconnect with old friends, I dare not. Zhong li qi mian hu?" "If I remain neutral, can I avoid punishment?" You Shi yue: "Mian." You Shi said: "Yes, you will be spared."
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旦而里克見丕鄭，曰：「夫史蘇之言將及矣！優施告我，君謀成矣，將立奚齊。」丕鄭曰：「子謂何？」曰：「吾對以中立。」丕鄭曰：「惜也！不如曰不信以疏之，亦固太子以攜之，多為之故，以變其志，志少疏，乃可也。今子曰中立，況固其謀也，彼有成矣，難以得間。」里克曰：「往言不可及也，且人中心唯無忌之，何可敗也！子將何如？」丕鄭曰：「我無心。是故事君者，君為我心，制不在我。」里克曰：「弒君以為廉，長廉以驕心，因驕以制人家，吾不敢；抑撓志以從君，為廢人以自利也，利方以求成人，吾不能。將伏也！」明日，稱疾不朝。三旬，難乃成。 |
| | Dan er Li Ke jian Pi Zheng, yue: "Fu Shi Su zhi yan jiang ji yi! The next day, Li Ke met Pi Zheng and said, "The words of the historian Shi Su will soon come to pass!" You Shi gao wo, jun mou cheng yi, jiang li Xi Ji." You Shi told me that the Duke's plan has been completed; they will establish Xi Ji as heir." Pi Zheng yue: "Zi wei he?" Pi Zheng asked, "What do you suggest?" Yue: "Wu dui yi Zhong Li." [Li Ke] said, "I responded by saying I would remain neutral." Pi Zheng yue: "Xi ye! Pi Zheng said, "Too bad!" Bu ru yue bu xin yi shu zhi, yi gu Taizi yi xie zhi, duo wei zhi gu, yi bian qi zhi, zhi shao shu, nai ke ye. "It would have been better to say you do not believe it and distance yourself from them; also, strengthen the Crown Prince's position to create a rift with them. Create many incidents to change their intentions. Once their resolve weakens slightly, then it will be possible." Jin zi yue Zhong Li, kuang gu qi mou ye, bi you cheng yi, nan yi de jian." "Now that you say you will remain neutral, it only strengthens their plan. They have already succeeded; it is difficult to find an opportunity now." Li Ke yue: "Wang yan bu ke ji ye, qie ren zhong xin wei wu ji zhi, he ke bai ye! Li Ke said: "Past words cannot be recalled. Moreover, as long as people's hearts are free of suspicion, how can it fail!" Zi jiang he ru?" What will you do about it?" Pi Zheng yue: "Wo wu xin. Pi Zheng replied, "I have no intention." Shi shi gu jun zhe, jun wei wo xin, zhi bu zai wo." "Therefore, those who serve the Duke will have his heart as their own; control does not lie in me." Li Ke yue: "Shi Jun yi wei Lian, zhang Lian yi jiao xin, yin jiao yi zhi ren jia, wu bu gan; Li Ke said: "To kill the Duke in order to appear upright, to foster arrogance through this supposed uprightness, and then use that arrogance to control others' families—I dare not do such a thing; Yi nao zhi yi cong jun, wei fei ren yi zi li ye, li fang yi qiu cheng ren, wu bu neng. nor will I suppress my principles to obey the Duke, for that would be abandoning others in order to benefit myself. To seek personal gain under the guise of becoming a virtuous person—I cannot do it." Jiang fu ye!" "I will rather die!" Ming ri, cheng ji bu chao. The next day he claimed to be ill and did not attend court. San xun, nan nai cheng. After three months, the crisis was realized.
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驪姬以君命命申生曰：「今夕君夢齊姜，必速祠而歸福。」申生許諾，乃祭于曲沃，歸福于絳。公田，驪姬受福，乃置鴆于酒，置堇于肉。公至，召申生獻，公祭之地，地墳。申生恐而出。驪姬與犬肉，犬斃；飲小臣酒，亦斃。公命殺杜原款。申生奔新城。 |
| | Liji yi jun ming ming Shen Sheng yue: "Jin xue jun meng Qi Jiang, bi su ci er gui fu." 骊姬 used the Duke's name to command Shen Sheng and said, "Tonight the Duke dreamed of Lady Qi Jiang; you must quickly perform a sacrifice and return with blessings." Shen Sheng xu nuo, nai ji yu Qu Wo, gui fu yu Jiang. Shen Sheng agreed and performed the sacrifice in Quwo, then returned with offerings to Jiang. Gong tian, Liji shou fu, nai zhi zhen yu jiu, zhi Jin yu rou. When the Duke came to inspect his fields,骊姬 received the offerings and then poisoned the wine with arsenic and the meat with aconite. Gong zhi, zhao Shen Sheng xian, gong ji zhi di, di fen. When the Duke arrived, he summoned Shen Sheng to present the offerings. The Duke performed a sacrifice on the ground, and the earth swelled up. Shen Sheng kong er chu. Shen Sheng was frightened and left. Liji yu quan rou, quan bi; 骊姬 gave the poisoned meat to a dog, which died; Yin Xiao Chen jiu, yi bi. she also had low-ranking officials drink the poisoned wine, and they too died. Gong ming sha Du Yuan Kuan. The Duke ordered the execution of Du Yuankuan. Shen Sheng ben Xin Cheng. Shen Sheng fled to Xincheng.
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杜原款將死，使小臣圉告于申生，曰：「款也不才，寡智不敏，不能教導，以至于死。不能深知君之心度，棄寵求廣土而竄伏焉；小心狷介，不敢行也。是以言至而無所訟之也，故陷于大難，乃逮于讒。然款也不敢愛死，唯與讒人鈞是惡也。吾聞君子不去情，不反讒，讒行身死可也，猶有令名焉。死不遷情，強也。守情說父，孝也。殺身以成志，仁也。死不忘君，敬也。孺子勉之！死必遺愛，死民之思，不亦可乎？」申生許諾。 |
| | Du Yuan Kuan jiang si, shi Xiao Chen Yu gao yu Shen Sheng, yue: "Kuan ye bu cai, gua zhi bu min, bu neng jiao dao, yi zhi yu si. As Du Yuan Kuan was about to die, he sent a low-ranking official named Yu to inform Shen Sheng and said, "I am not talented; I lack wisdom and responsiveness. I failed to advise properly, leading me to this death. Bu neng shen zhi jun zhi xin du, qi chong qiu guang tu er cuan fu yan; I could not deeply understand the Duke's intentions and character, so I abandoned his favor in pursuit of a broader territory and hid away; Xiao xin juan jie, bu gan xing ye. being cautious and upright, I dared not act." Shi yi yan zhi er wu suo song zhi ye, gu xian yu da nan, nai dai yu chan. Therefore, when words reached me and there was no one to contest them, I fell into great trouble and eventually became a victim of slander. Ran Kuan ye bu gan ai si, wei yu Chan Ren jun shi e ye. Yet I, Du Yuan Kuan, also did not dare to cherish death; I am equally guilty of being an accomplice to the slanderer. Wu wen jun zi bu qu qing, bu fan chan, Chan Xing Shen Si ke ye, you you ling ming yan. I have heard that a gentleman does not abandon his feelings and does not refute slander. If slander prevails and one dies as a result, it is acceptable; there will still be a good reputation left behind. Si bu qian qing, qiang ye. To die without shifting one's feelings is strength. Shou Qing Shuo Fu, Xiao Ye. To uphold one's emotions and speak to one's father is filial piety. Sha Shen yi cheng zhi, Ren ye. To sacrifice one's life in order to fulfill one's aspirations is benevolence. Si bu wang jun, Jing Ye. To not forget the Duke even at death is reverence. Ru Zi Mian Zhi! Young man, be encouraged! Si bi yi ai, si min zhi si, bu yi ke hu?" "Even in death, love will remain; the people's remembrance of you—would that not be sufficient?" Shen Sheng Xu Nuo. Shen Sheng accepted this.
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人謂申生曰：「非子之罪，何不去乎？」申生曰：「不可。去而罪釋，必歸于君，是怨君也。章父之惡，取笑諸侯，吾誰鄉而入？內困于父母，外困于諸侯，是重困也。棄君去罪，是逃死也。吾聞之：『仁不怨君，智不重困，勇不逃死。』若罪不釋，去而必重。去而罪重，不智。逃死而怨君，不仁。有罪不死，無勇。去而厚怨，惡不可重，死不可避，吾將伏以俟命。」 |
| | Ren wei Shen Sheng yue: "Fei zi zhi zui, he bu qu hu?" Some people told Shen Sheng, "If it is not your fault, why do you not leave?" Shen Sheng yue: "Bu ke. Shen Sheng said, "I cannot." Qu er zui shi, bi gui yu jun, shi yuan jun ye. If I leave and my guilt is lifted, it will surely be attributed to the Duke; that would make me resentful toward him. Zhang Fu zhi e, qu xiao zhu hou, wu shui xiang er ru? To expose my father's wrongdoing and invite ridicule from the feudal lords—where would I go to find a place of refuge? Nei kun yu fu mu, wai kun yu zhu hou, shi zhong kun ye. Being trapped internally by my parents and externally by the feudal lords is a double hardship. Qi jun qu zui, shi tao si ye. To abandon the Duke in order to escape blame is to flee death itself. Wu wen zhi: "Ren bu yuan jun, Zhi bu zhong kun, Yong bu tao si." I have heard it said: "Benevolence does not resent the Duke; wisdom does not endure double hardship; courage does not flee death." Ruo zui bu shi, qu er bi zhong. If my guilt is not lifted, leaving will only make things worse. Qu er zui zhong, bu zhi. To leave and incur greater blame is unwise. Tao si er yuan jun, bu ren. To flee death while resenting the Duke is unfilial. You zui bu si, wu yong. To have committed a crime yet not face death is to lack courage. Qu er hou yuan, e bu ke zhong, si bu ke bi, wu jiang fu yi si ming." To leave would only deepen resentment. Wrongdoing cannot be repeated, and death cannot be avoided; I shall submit myself to await my fate."
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驪姬見申生而哭之，曰：「有父忍之，況國人乎？忍父而求好人，人孰好之？殺父以求利人，人孰利之？皆民之所惡也，難以長生！」驪姬退，申生乃雉經于新城之廟。將死，乃使猛足言于狐突曰：「申生有罪，不聽伯氏，以至于死。申生不敢愛其死，雖然，吾君老矣，國家多難，伯氏不出，奈吾君何？伯氏茍出而圖吾君，申生受賜以至于死，雖死何悔！」是以謚為共君。 |
| | Liji jian Shen Sheng er ku zhi, yue: "You fu ren zhi, kuang guo ren hu? 骊姬 saw Shen Sheng and wept, saying, "Even a father can be endured; how much more so the people of the state?" Ren fu er qiu hao ren, ren shu hao zhi? To endure one's father in order to gain favor with others—who would truly favor you? Sha fu yi qiu li ren, ren shu li zhi? To kill one's father for the sake of benefiting others—who would truly benefit from it? Jie min zhi suo wu ye, nan yi chang sheng!" These are all things the people detest; it is difficult to live long like this!" Liji tui, Shen Sheng nai zhi jing yu Xin Cheng zhi miao. After 骊姬 left, Shen Sheng hanged himself in the temple of Xincheng. Jiang si, nai shi Meng Zu yan yu Hu Tu yue: "Shen Sheng you zui, bu ting Bo Shi, yi zhi yu si." On the verge of death, he sent Meng Zu to inform Hu Tu and said, "I, Shen Sheng, have committed a crime. I did not heed my elder brother's advice, which has led me to this fate. Shen Sheng bu gan ai qi si, sui ran, wu jun lao yi, guo jia duo nan, Bo Shi bu chu, nai wu jun he? I do not dare to cherish my death. However, our Duke is old now and the state faces many difficulties; if you, my elder brother, do not come out of retirement, what will become of our Duke?" Bo Shi gou chu er tu wu jun, Shen Sheng shou ci yi zhi yu si, sui si he hui!" "If you, my elder brother, were to leave retirement and assist our Duke, I would consider it a favor that leads me to death. Even in death, what regret could there be!" Shi yi shi wei Gong Jun. For this reason, he was posthumously honored with the title "Gong Jun."
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驪姬既殺太子申生，又譖二公子曰：「重耳、夷吾與知共君之事。」公令閹楚刺重耳，重耳逃于狄；令賈華制夷吾，夷吾逃于梁。盡逐群公子，乃立奚齊焉。始為令，國無公族焉。 |
| | Liji ji sha Taizi Shen Sheng, you zhen er gong zi yue: "Zhong Er, Yi Wu yu Zhi Gong Jun zhi shi." After 骊姬 had killed the Crown Prince Shen Sheng, she also slandered the two other princes and said, "Chonger and Yiwu were involved in the matter of Duke Gong." Gong ling Yan Chu ci Zhong Er, Zhong Er tao yu Di; The Duke ordered Yan Chu to assassinate Chonger, who fled to the Di people; Ling Jia Hua zhi Yi Wu, Yi Wu tao yu Liang. he ordered Jia Hua to pursue Yiwu, who fled to Liang. Jin zhu qun gong zi, nai li Xi Ji yan. He expelled all the other princes and then installed Xi Ji as heir. Shi wei ling, guo wu gong zu yan. This marked the beginning of decrees; there were no more noble clans in the state.
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| | 晉語二: |
二十二年，公子重耳出亡，及柏穀，卜適齊、楚。狐偃曰：「無卜焉。夫齊、楚道遠而望大，不可以困往。道遠難通，望大難走，困往多悔。困且多悔，不可以走望。若以偃之慮，其狄乎！夫狄近晉而不通，愚陋而多怨，走之易達。不通可以竄惡，多怨可與共憂。今若休憂于狄，以觀晉國，且以監諸侯之為，其無不成。」乃遂之狄。 |
| | Er shi er nian, Gong Zi Zhong Er chu wang, ji Bai Gu, Bu Shi Qi, Chu. In the twenty-second year, Prince Chonger fled into exile and reached Baigu, where he divined whether to go to Qi or Chu. Hu Yan yue: "Wu bu yan. Hu Yan said, "There is no need for divination." Fu Qi, Chu dao yuan er wang da, bu ke yi kun wang. Both Qi and Chu are distant states with great expectations; one cannot go there in a state of hardship. Dao yuan nan tong, wang da nan zou, kun wang duo hui. The distance is great and difficult to traverse; the expectations are high and hard to meet; going there in hardship will bring much regret. Kun qie duo hui, bu ke yi zou wang. Hardship brings many regrets; one cannot pursue expectations under such conditions. Ruo yi Yan zhi lü, qi Di hu! According to my considerations, it should be the Di people!" Fu Di jin Jin er bu tong, yu lou er duo yuan, zou zhi yi da. The Di people are close to Jin but not well connected; they are ignorant and filled with resentment, so it is easy to reach them. Bu tong ke yi cuan e, duo yuan ke yu gong you. Their lack of connection allows for hiding from evil; their resentment can be shared in times of hardship. Jin ruo xiu you yu Di, yi guan Jin Guo, qie yi jian zhu hou zhi wei, qi wu bu cheng." Now if we rest and relieve our worries among the Di people, to observe the state of Jin, and also to monitor what the feudal lords are doing, there will be nothing that cannot be accomplished." Nai sui zhi Di. So they went to the Di people.
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處一年，公子夷吾亦出奔，曰：「盍從吾兄竄于狄乎？」冀芮曰：「不可。後出同走，不免于罪。且夫偕出偕入難，聚居異情惡，不若走梁。梁近于秦，秦親吾君。吾君老矣，子往，驪姬懼，必援于秦。以吾存也，且必告悔，是吾免也。」乃遂之梁。居二年，驪姬使奄楚以環釋言。四年，復為君。 |
| | Chu yi nian, Gong Zi Yi Wu yi chu ben, yue: "He cong wu xiong cuan yu Di hu?" After one year, Prince Yiwu also fled and said, "Shall we follow my elder brother into exile among the Di people?" Ji Rui yue: "Bu ke." Ji Rui said, "No, it is not possible." Hou chu tong zou, bu mian yu zui. To leave later and flee together will not avoid blame. Qie fu xie chu xie ru nan, ju ju yi qing e, bu ru zou Liang. Moreover, it is difficult to leave and enter together; living in close quarters breeds different feelings of resentment. It would be better to go to Liang instead. Liang jin yu Qin, Qin qin wu jun. Liang is close to Qin, and Qin has a friendly relationship with our lord. Wu jun lao yi, zi wang, Liji ju, bi yuan yu Qin. Our lord is old now; if you go there,骊姬 will be afraid and certainly seek help from Qin. Yi wu cun ye, qie bi gao hui, shi wu mian ye." Because I am still alive, and she will certainly express regret; this is how I can be spared." Nai sui zhi Liang. So he went to Liang. Ju er nian, Liji shi Yan Chu yi huan shi yan. After two years,骊姬 sent Yan Chu with a jade ring to deliver a message. Si nian, fu wei jun. In the fourth year, he was restored as ruler.
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| | 晉語二: |
虢公夢在廟，有神人面白毛虎爪，執鉞立于西阿，公懼而走。神曰：「無走！帝命曰：『使晉襲于爾門。』」公拜稽首，覺，召史囂占之，對曰：「如君之言，則蓐收也，天之刑神也，天事官成。」公使囚之，且使國人賀夢。舟之僑告諸其族曰：「眾謂虢亡不久，吾乃今知之。君不度而賀大國之襲，于己也何瘳？吾聞之曰：『大國道，小國襲焉曰服。小國傲，大國襲焉曰誅。』民疾君之侈也，是以遂于逆命。今嘉其夢侈必展，是天奪之鑒而益其疾也。民疾其態，天又誑之；大國來誅，出令而逆；宗國既卑，諸侯遠己。內外無親，其誰云救之？吾不忍俟也！」將行，以其族適晉。六年，虢乃亡。 |
| | Guo Gong meng zai miao, you shen ren bai mao hu zhua, zhi yue li yu Xi E, gong ju er zou. Duke Guo dreamed in the ancestral temple of a deity with white hair and tiger claws holding an axe standing at the western corner; the duke was frightened and ran away. Shen yue: "Wu zou! The deity said, "Do not run!" Di ming yue: "'Shi Jin xi yu er men.'" "The Mandate of Heaven says, 'Let the Jin people attack your gate.'" Gong bai qi shou, jue, zhao Shi Xiao zhan zhi, dui yue: "Ru jun zhi yan, ze Ru Shou ye, tian zhi xing shen ye, tian shi guan cheng." The duke bowed and kowtowed. Upon waking, he summoned the historian Xiao to interpret it; Xiao replied, "As you described, this is Rushou, the deity of punishment in heaven. Heavenly affairs are carried out by officials." Gong shi qiu zhi, qie shi guo ren He Meng. The duke had him imprisoned and also ordered the people of the state to celebrate the dream. Zhou Zhi Qiao gao zhu qi zu yue: "Zhong wei Guo wang bu jiu, wu nai jin zhi zhi. Zhou Zhiqiao told his clan, "Everyone says that the state of Guo will not last long; I now understand it." Jun bu du er he da guo zhi xi, yu ji ye he chou? The ruler celebrates without calculation the invasion by a great state; what remedy does this bring to himself? Wu wen zhi yue: "'Da guo dao, Xiao Guo xi yan yue fu. I have heard it said, 'When a great state acts properly and a small state is invaded by it, this is called submission.' Xiao Guo ao, Da Guo xi yan yue zhu." When a small state is arrogant and a great state invades it, this is called punishment.'" Min ji jun zhi chi ye, shi yi sui yu ni ming. The people resent the ruler's extravagance; therefore, they have proceeded to defy the Mandate of Heaven. Jin jia qi meng chi bi zhan, shi tian duo zhi jian er yi ji ji ye. Now they celebrate his dream and indulge in extravagance even more; this is as if Heaven has deprived them of a mirror and increased their illness. Min ji qi tai, tian you tang zhi; The people despise his manner, and Heaven is deceiving them; Da Guo lai zhu, chu ling er ni; A great state comes to punish them, yet they issue orders in defiance; Zong Guo ji bei, Zhu Hou yuan ji. The ancestral state is already humiliated, and the feudal lords have distanced themselves from them. Nei wai wu qin, qi shui yun jiu zhi? With no relatives inside or outside the state, who will come to their rescue? Wu bu ren si ye!" "I cannot bear to wait for that day!" Jiang xing, yi qi zu shi Jin. As he was about to leave, he led his clan to Jin. Liu nian, Guo nai wang. In the sixth year, Guo fell.
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| | 晉語二: |
伐虢之役，師出于虞。宮之奇諫而不聽，出，謂其子曰：「虞將亡矣！唯忠信者能留外寇而不害。除闇以應外謂之忠，定身以行事謂之信。今君施其所惡于人，闇不除矣；以賄滅親，身不定矣。夫國非忠不立，非信不固。既不忠信，而留外寇，寇知其釁而歸圖焉。已自拔其本矣，何以能久？吾不去，懼及焉。」以其孥適西山，三月，虞乃亡。 |
| | Fa Guo zhi yi, shi chu yu Yu. During the campaign to attack Guo, the army passed through Yu. Gong Zhi Qi jian er bu ting, chu, wei qi zi yue: "Yu jiang wang yi! Gong Zhiqi advised but was not heeded. When leaving, he told his son, "Yu is about to fall!" Wei zhong xin zhe neng liu wai kou er bu hai. Only those who are loyal and trustworthy can keep foreign enemies at bay without harm. Chu an yi ying wai wei zhi zhong, Ding Shen yi xing shi wei zhi xin. To remove darkness and respond to external matters is called loyalty; to stabilize oneself in conduct is called trustworthiness. Jin jun shi qi suo wu yu ren, an bu chu yi; Now the ruler imposes his hatred on others; darkness has not been removed; Yi huai mie qin, shen bu ding yi. To destroy kinship for bribes means the self is no longer stable. Fu guo fei zhong bu li, fei xin bu gu. A state cannot be established without loyalty and cannot remain strong without trustworthiness. Ji bu zhong xin, er liu wai kou, kou zhi qi xin er gui tu yan. Without loyalty and trustworthiness yet allowing foreign enemies to remain, the enemy will recognize their weakness and return for revenge. Yi zi ba qi ben yi, he yi neng jiu? They have uprooted themselves; how can they last long? Wu bu qu, ju ji yan." "If I do not leave, I fear it will reach me as well." Yi qi nu shi Xi Shan, san yue, Yu nai wang. He took his family to the western mountains; three months later, Yu fell.
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| | 晉語二: |
獻公問于卜偃曰：「攻虢何月也？」對曰：「童謠有之曰：『丙之晨，龍尾伏辰，均服振振，取虢之旂。鶉之賁賁，天策焞焞，火中成軍，虢公其奔！』火中而旦，其九月十月之交乎？」 |
| | Xian Gong wen yu Bu Yan yue: "Gong Guo he yue ye?" Duke Xian asked Bu Yan, "In which month should we attack Guo?" Dui yue: "Tong yao you zhi yue: "'Bing zhi chen, Long Wei fu chen, Jun Fu zhen zhen, qu Guo zhi qi. Bu Yan replied, "There is a children's rhyme that says, 'On the morning of Bing, the dragon's tail lies in the constellation; with orderly ranks and resounding drums, we shall take the banner of Guo.' Chun zhi bin bin, tian ce tun tun, huo zhong cheng jun, Guo Gong qi ben!" 'The quails are moving in flocks; the heavenly spear is bright and clear. When fire reaches its zenith, the army will be formed, and Duke Guo shall flee!'" Huo zhong er dan, qi jiu yue shi yue zhi jiao hu?" "When fire is at its zenith and the day begins, this must be around the junction of September and October, wouldn't it?"
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| | 晉語二: |
葵丘之會，獻公將如會，遇宰周公，曰：「君可無會也。夫齊侯好示，務施與力而不務德，故輕致諸侯而重遣之，使至者勸而叛者慕。懷之以典言，薄其要結而厚德之，以示之信。三屬諸侯，存亡國三，以示之施。是以北伐山戎，南伐楚，西為此會也。譬之如室，既鎮其甍矣，又何加焉？吾聞之，惠難遍也，施難報也。不遍不報，卒于怨讎。夫齊侯將施惠如出責，是以不果奉，而暇晉是皇，雖後之會，將在東矣。君無懼矣，其有勤也！」公乃還。 |
| | Kui Qiu zhi hui, Xian Gong jiang ru hui, yu Zai Zhou Gong, yue: "Jun ke wu hui ye. At the Kuichou assembly, Duke Xian was about to attend when he met Zai Zhougong, who said, "Your lordship need not attend this meeting." Fu Qi Hou hao shi, wu shi yu li er bu wu de, gu qing zhi Zhu Hou er zhong qian zhi, shi zhi zhe quan er pan zhe mu. "The Duke of Qi likes to show off; he focuses on giving gifts and power rather than virtue. Therefore, he lightly invites the feudal lords but heavily burdens them with demands, encouraging those who come while inspiring admiration among those who rebel." Huai zhi yi dian yan, bao qi yao jie er hou de zhi, yi shi zhi xin. Win them over with eloquent words; be modest in your demands but generous in virtue to demonstrate trustworthiness." San shu Zhu Hou, cun wang guo san, yi shi zhi shi. Unite three groups of feudal lords and preserve or restore three fallen states to demonstrate generosity." Shi yi bei fa Shan Rong, nan fa Chu, xi wei ci hui ye. That is why he launched northern campaigns against the Shan Rong and southern campaigns against Chu, while holding this western assembly." Pi zhi ru shi, ji zhen qi meng yi, you he jia yan? It is like a house; once the ridge has been stabilized, what more can be added to it?" Wu wen zhi, Hui Nan bian ye, Shi Nan Bao ye. I have heard that kindness is hard to extend universally and generosity is difficult to repay." Bu bian bu bao, zu yu yuan chou. What cannot be extended or repaid will ultimately lead to resentment and enmity. Fu Qi Hou jiang shi hui ru chu ze, shi yi bu guo feng, er xia Jin shi huang, sui hou zhi hui, jiang zai dong yi. The Duke of Qi intends to bestow kindness as if it were a debt; therefore, he will not achieve success in his offerings and will be preoccupied with Jin's affairs. Although there may be later assemblies, they will take place in the east." Jun wu ju yi, qi you qin ye!" "Your lordship has nothing to fear; he will be too busy with his own affairs!" Gong nai huan. The duke then returned.
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| | 晉語二: |
宰孔謂其御曰：「晉侯將死矣！景霍以為城，而汾、河、涑、澮以為渠，戎、狄之民實環之。汪是土也，茍違其違，誰能懼之！今晉侯不量齊德之豐否，不度諸侯之勢，釋其閉修，而輕于行道，失其心矣。君子失心，鮮不夭昏。」是歲也，獻公卒。八年，為淮之會。桓公在殯，宋人伐之。 |
| | Zai Kong wei qi Yu yue: "Jin Hou jiang si yi! Zai Kong told his charioteer, "The Duke of Jin is about to die!" Jing Huo yi wei cheng, er Fen, He, Su, Mei yi wei qu, Rong, Di zhi min shi huan zhi. Jinghuo serves as the city wall, while the Fen River, Yellow River, Su River, and Mei River serve as canals; the people of Rong and Di actually surround it. Wang shi tu ye, gou wei qi wei, shui neng ju zhi! Wang is the land; if one dares to defy it, who could possibly fear them!" Jin nian Jin Hou bu liang Qi De zhi feng fou, bu du Zhu Hou zhi shi, shi qi bi xiu, er qing yu xing dao, shi qi xin yi. This year, the Duke of Jin did not assess whether the virtue of Qi was abundant or not and failed to gauge the strength of the feudal lords; he abandoned his preparations for defense and acted lightly on the road—this shows a loss of composure. Jun Zi shi xin, xian bu yao hun." "When a noble man loses his composure, few can avoid misfortune and confusion." Shi sui ye, Xian Gong zu. In this year, Duke Xian died. Ba nian, wei Huai zhi hui. In the eighth year, an assembly was held at Huai. Huan Gong zai bin, Song Ren fa zhi. Duke Huan was in mourning when the people of Song attacked him.
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| | 晉語二: |
二十六年，獻公卒。里克將殺奚齊，先告荀息曰：「三公子之徒將殺孺子，子將如何？」荀息曰：「死吾君而殺其孤，吾有死而已，吾蔑從之矣！」里克曰：「子死，孺子立，不亦可乎？子死，孺子廢，焉用死？」荀息曰：「昔君問臣事君于我，我對以忠貞。君曰：『何謂也？』我對曰：『可以利公室，力有所能，無不為，忠也。葬死者，養生者，死人復生不悔，生人不愧，貞也。』吾言既往矣，豈能欲行吾言而又愛吾身乎？雖死，焉避之？」 |
| | Er shi liu nian, Xian Gong zu. In the twenty-sixth year, Duke Xian died. Li Ke jiang sha Xi Ji, xian gao Xun Xi yue: "San Gong Zi zhi tu jiang sha ru zi, zi jiang ru he?" Li Ke was about to kill Xi Ji and first informed Xun Xi, saying, "The followers of the three princes are going to kill this child; what will you do?" Xun Xi yue: "Si wu jun er sha qi gu, wu you si er yi, wu mie cong zhi yi!" Xun Xi said, "To die for my lord and kill his orphan is all I can do; I will not follow them at all!" Li Ke yue: "Zi si, ru zi li, bu yi ke hu? Li Ke said, "If you die and the child is enthroned, would that not be acceptable?" Zi si, ru zi fei, yan yong si?" "If you die and the child is deposed, why should you die?" Xun Xi yue: "Xi jun wen chen shi jun yu wo, wo dui yi zhong zhen. Xun Xi replied, "In the past, my lord asked me about serving him when I was with him; I answered that it is through loyalty and integrity." Jun yue: "'He wei ye?'" "The lord said, 'What do you mean by that?'" Wo dui yue: "'Ke yi li gong shi, li you suo neng, wu bu wei, zhong ye. "I replied, 'To act in the interest of the royal house, to do all that one is capable of doing—this is loyalty." Zang si zhe, yang sheng zhe, si ren fu sheng bu hui, sheng ren bu kui, zhen ye.'" "To bury the dead and care for the living, to have no regrets even if the dead could return to life, and for the living to feel no shame—this is integrity.'" Wu yan ji wang yi, qi neng yu xing wu yan er you ai wu shen hu? "My words have already been spoken; how can I wish to act upon them while also loving my own life?" Sui si, yan bi zhi?" "Even if it means death, why should I avoid it?"
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里克告丕鄭曰：「三公子之徒將殺孺子，子將何如？丕鄭曰：「荀息謂何？」對曰：「荀息曰『死之。』」丕鄭曰：「子勉之。夫二國士之所圖，無不遂也。我為子行之。子帥七輿大夫以待我。我使狄以動之，援秦以搖之。立其薄者可以得重賂，厚者可使無入。國，誰之國也！」里克曰：「不可。克聞之，夫義者，利之足也；貪者，怨之本也。廢義則利不立，厚貪則怨生，夫孺子豈獲罪于民？將以驪姬之惑蠱君而誣國人，讒群公子而奪之利使君迷亂，信而亡之，殺無罪以為諸侯笑，使百姓莫不有藏惡于其心中，恐其如壅大川，潰而不可救御也。是故將殺奚齊而立公子之在外者，以定民弭憂，于諸侯且為援，庶幾曰諸侯義而撫之，百姓欣而奉之，國可以固。今殺君而賴其富，貪且反義。貪則民怨，反義則富不為賴。賴富而民怨，亂國而身殆，懼為諸侯載，不可常也。」丕鄭許諾。于是殺奚齊、卓子及驪姬，而請君于秦。 |
| | Li Ke gao Pi Zheng yue: "San Gong Zi zhi tu jian sha ru zi, zi jian he ru? Li Ke informed Pi Zheng, saying, "The followers of the three princes will kill this child. What do you intend to do?" Pi Zheng yue: "Xun Xi wei he?" Pi Zheng asked, "What did Xun Xi say?" Dui yue: "Xun Xi yue 'si zhi.'" The reply was, "Xun Xi said, 'I will die for it.'" Pi Zheng yue: "Zi mian zhi. Pi Zheng said, "Then you should do your best." Fu er guo shi zhi suo tu, wu bu sui ye. The plans of two virtuous men will always be fulfilled. Wo wei zi xing zhi. I shall act on your behalf. Zi shuai qi yu da fu yi dai wo. You should lead seven chariot-bearing officials to await me. Wo shi Di yi dong zhi, yuan Qin yi yao zhi. I will send the Di people to provoke them and seek help from Qin to unsettle them. Li qi bao zhe ke yi de zhong lu, hou zhe ke shi wu ru. By targeting the weaker ones, we can obtain heavy bribes; by strengthening the stronger ones, we can prevent them from entering. Guo, shui zhi guo ye!" "The state—whose state is it?"!" Li Ke yue: "Bu ke. Li Ke said, "No." Ke wen zhi, fu yi zhe, li zhi zu ye; "I have heard that righteousness is the foundation of benefit; Tan zhe, yuan zhi ben ye. greed is the root of resentment." Fei yi ze li bu li, hou tan ze yuan sheng, fu ru zi qi huai zui yu min? If righteousness is abandoned, then benefits cannot be established; if greed increases, resentment will arise. How could this child have committed a crime against the people?" Jiang yi Liji zhi huo gu jun er wu guo ren, chan qun gong zi er duo zhi li shi jun mi luan, xin er wang zhi, sha wu zu wei yue zhu hou xiao, shi bai xing mo bu you cang e yu qi xin zhong, kong qi ru yong da chuan, kui er bu ke jiu yu ye. They will use Liji's deception to bewitch the ruler and falsely accuse the people, slander all the princes and deprive them of their benefits so that the ruler becomes confused and lost in trust, leading to their destruction; they will kill the innocent and invite mockery from feudal lords, causing the common people to harbor hidden hatreds within their hearts. I fear this is like blocking a great river—once it bursts forth, it cannot be controlled or contained. Shi gu jiang sha Xi Qi er li gong zi zhi zai wai zhe, yi ding min mi you, yu zhu hou qie wei yuan, shu ji yue zhu hou yi er fu zhi, bai xing xin er feng zhi, guo ke yi gu. Therefore, we should kill Xi Qi and install the prince who is abroad as ruler in order to stabilize the people and ease their worries; this will also serve as a source of support among the feudal lords. Perhaps then the feudal lords would act with righteousness toward us and show kindness, while the common people would be pleased and loyal—only then can our state remain secure. Jin sha jun er lai qi fu, tan qie fan yi. Now we kill the ruler and appropriate his wealth—this is greedy and contrary to righteousness. Tan ze min yuan, fan yi ze fu bu wei lai. Greed will cause the people's resentment; acting against righteousness means wealth cannot be relied upon. Lai fu er min yuan, luan guo er shen dai, ju wei zhu hou zai, bu ke chang ye." To rely on wealth while the people resent you, to cause chaos in your state and endanger yourself—this will surely bring disgrace among feudal lords. It cannot last long," he said. Pi Zheng xu nuo. Pi Zheng agreed. Yu shi sha Xi Qi, Zhuo Zi ji Liji, er qing jun yu Qin. Thus they killed Xi Qi, Zhuozi, and Liji, and requested the Duke from the state of Qin.
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既殺奚齊，荀息將死之。人曰：「不如立其弟而輔之。」荀息立卓子。里克又殺卓子，荀息死之。君子曰：「不食其言矣。」 |
| | Ji sha Xi Qi, Xun Xi jiang si zhi. After killing Xi Qi, Xunxi was about to die. Ren yue: "Bu ru li qi di er fu zhi." Someone said, "It would be better to install his younger brother and assist him." Xun Xi li Zhuo Zi. Xunxi installed Zhuozi as ruler. Li Ke you sha Zhuo Zi, Xun Xi si zhi. Li Ke killed Zhuozi again, and Xunxi died for his loyalty. Jun zi yue: "Bu shi qi yan yi le." A man of virtue said, "He did not act contrary to his words."
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既殺奚齊、卓子，里克及丕鄭使屠岸夷告公子重耳于狄，曰：「國亂民擾，得國在亂，治民在擾，子盍入乎？吾請為子鉥。」重耳告舅犯曰：「里克欲納我。」舅犯曰：「不可。夫堅樹在始，始不固本，終必槁落。夫長國者，唯知哀樂喜怒之節，是以導民。不哀喪而求國，難；因亂以入，殆，以喪得國，則必樂喪，樂喪必哀生。因亂以入，則必喜亂，喜亂必怠德。是哀樂喜怒之節易也，何以導民？民不我導，誰長？」重耳曰：「非喪誰代？非亂誰納我？」舅犯曰：「偃也聞之，喪亂有小大。大喪大亂之剡也，不可犯也。父母死為大喪，讒在兄弟為大亂。今適當之，是故難。」公子重耳出見使者，曰：「子惠顧亡人重耳，父生不得供備灑掃之臣，死又不敢蒞喪以重其罪，且辱大夫，敢辭。夫固國者，在親眾而善鄰，在因民而順之。茍眾所利，鄰國所立，大夫其從之。重耳不敢違。」 |
| | Ji sha Xi Qi, Zhuo zi, Li Ke ji Pi Zheng shi Tu An yi gao gong zi Chong Er yu Di, yue: "Guo luan min rao, de guo zai luan, zhi min zai rao, zi he ru hu? After killing Xiqi and Zhuozi, Li Ke and Pi Zheng sent Tu Anyi to inform Gongzi Chonger in Di, saying, "The state is in chaos and the people are restless. Gaining power lies in chaos; governing the people depends on their unrest. Why don't you return?" Wo qing wei zi zhu." "I will prepare for your journey," he said. Chong Er gao jiu fan yue: "Li Ke yu na wo." Chonger told his maternal uncle Fan, "Li Ke wants to install me as ruler." Jiu Fan yue: "Bu ke. Uncle Fan said, "No." Fu jian shu zai shi, shi bu gu ben, zhong bi gao luo. "A strong tree begins with its roots; if the foundation is not solid at first, it will inevitably wither and fall in the end." Fu zhang guo zhe, wei zhi ai le xi nu zhi jie, shi yi dao min. "He who rules a state must understand the proper measures of sorrow, joy, happiness and anger; this is how he leads the people." Bu ai sang er qiu guo, nan; "To seek a state without mourning its losses is difficult;" Yin luan yi ru, dai, yi sang de guo, ze bi le sang, le sang bi ai sheng. "To take advantage of chaos to enter is dangerous; if one gains a state through mourning, then he must rejoice in mourning, and rejoicing in mourning will inevitably lead to sorrow." Yin luan yi ru ze bi xi luan, xi luan bi dai de. "To take advantage of chaos in order to enter will inevitably lead one to delight in disorder; delighting in disorder will surely result in neglect of virtue." Shi ai le xi nu zhi jia yi ye, he yi dao min? "This is a distortion of the proper measures for sorrow, joy, happiness, and anger. How can one lead the people in this way?" Min bu wo dao, shui zhang?" "If the people do not follow me, who will rule?"!" Chong Er yue: "Fei sang shui dai? Chonger said, "Without mourning, who would replace the ruler?" Fei luan shui na wo?" "Without chaos, who would accept me as ruler?"!" Jiu Fan yue: "Yan ye wen zhi, sang luan you xiao da. Uncle Fan replied, "I have heard that mourning and chaos come in degrees of small or great." Da sang da luan zhi yan ye, bu ke fan ye. "The sharp edge of great mourning and great chaos is something that cannot be challenged." Fu mu si wei da sang, chan zai xiong di wei da luan. "The death of one's parents is great mourning; slander among brothers is great chaos." Jin sheng dang zhi, shi gu nan." "To encounter both at the same time makes it especially difficult," he said. Gong zi Chong Er chu jian shi zhe, yue: "Zi hui gu wang ren Chong Er, fu sheng bu de gong bei sa sao zhi chen, si you bu gan li sang yi zhong qi zui, qie ru dafu, gan ci. Gongzi Chonger came out to see the envoy and said, "You have shown kindness by visiting me, a fugitive named Chonger. While my father was alive, I could not serve as an official who swept and cleaned for him; now that he is dead, I dare not attend his funeral rites in order to add further guilt upon myself and bring disgrace to you esteemed officials. I respectfully decline." Fu gu guo zhe, zai qin zhong er shan lin, zai yin min er shun zhi. "He who truly governs a state must be close to the people and maintain good relations with neighboring states; he must follow the will of the people and act in accordance with their desires." Gou zhong suo li, lin guo suo li, dafu qi cong zhi. "If the people benefit and neighboring states support it, then the officials should follow." Chong Er bu gan wei." "Chonger dared not disobey," he said.
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呂甥及郤稱亦使蒲城午告公子夷吾于梁，曰：「子厚賂秦人以求入，吾主子。」夷吾告冀芮曰：「呂甥欲納我。」冀芮曰：「子勉之。國亂民擾，大夫無常，不可失也。非亂何入？非危何安？幸茍君之子，唯其索之也。方亂以擾，孰適御我？大夫無常，茍眾所置，孰能勿從？子盍盡國以賂外內，無愛虛以求入，既入而後圖聚。」公子夷吾出見使者，再拜稽首許諾。 |
| | Lü Sheng ji Xi Cheng yi shi Pu Cheng Wu gao gong zi Yi Wu yu Liang, yue: "Zi hou lu Qin ren yi qiu ru, wu zhu zi." Lüsheng and Xicheng also sent Puchengwu to inform Gongzi Yiwu in Liang, saying, "You should offer generous bribes to the people of Qin to seek entry. We will support you as our leader." Yi Wu gao Ji Rui yue: "Lü Sheng yu na wo." Yiwu told Jirui, "Lusheng wants to install me as ruler." Ji Rui yue: "Zi mian zhi. Jirui said, "You should make every effort." Guo luan min rao dafu wu chang, bu ke shi ye. The state is in chaos and the common people are restless; officials have no fixed loyalty—this opportunity must not be missed. Fei luan he ru? Without disorder, how could you enter?" Fei wei he an? "Without danger, how can there be safety?" Xing gou jun zhi zi, wei qi suo zhi ye. "Fortune and misfortune are the fate of a ruler's son; it is only by seeking that one attains it." Fang luan yi rao, shu shi yu wo? "Amidst chaos and unrest, who would oppose me?" Dafu wu chang gou zhong suo zhi shu neng wu cong? "Officials have no fixed loyalty; if the people appoint you, who could possibly refuse to follow?" Zi he jin guo yi lu wai nei, wu ai xu yi qiu ru, ji ru er hou tu ju." "You should exhaust the state's resources to bribe both those inside and outside; do not be stingy with empty promises in order to gain entry. Once you are in, then plan for consolidation of power," he said. Gong Zi Yi Wu chu jian shi zhe zai bai qi shou xu nuo Gongzi Yiwu came out to meet the envoy, kowtowed twice and accepted.
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呂甥出告大夫曰：「君死自立則不敢，久則恐諸侯之謀，徑召君于外也，則民各有心，恐厚亂，盍請君于秦乎？」大夫許諾。乃使梁由靡告于秦穆公曰：「天降禍于晉國，讒言繁興，延及寡君之紹續昆裔，隱悼播越，托在草莽，未有所依。又重之以寡君之不祿，喪亂并臻。以君之靈，鬼神降衷，罪人克伏其辜，群臣莫敢寧處，將待君命。君若惠顧社稷，不忘先君之好，辱收其逋遷裔胄而建立之，以主其祭祀，且鎮撫其國家及其民人，雖四鄰諸侯之聞之也，其誰不儆懼于君之威，而欣喜于君之德？終君之重愛，受君之重貺，而群臣受其大德，晉國其誰非君之群隸臣也？」 |
| | Lü Sheng chu gao dafu yue: "Jun si zi li ze bu gan, jiu ze kong zhu hou zhi mou, jing zhao jun yu wai ye, ze min ge you xin, kong hou luan, he qing jun yu Qin hu?" Lü Sheng went out and told the officials: "If we were to declare independence after the ruler's death, I would not dare. But if this situation continues for long, I fear that the feudal lords will plot against us. If we directly summon a new ruler from outside, then each of the people may have their own thoughts, which could worsen the chaos. Why don't we request a ruler from Qin?" Dafu xu nuo. The officials agreed. Nai shi Liang You Mi gao yu Qin Mu Gong yue: "Tian jiang huo yu Jin Guo, chan yan fan xing, yan ji gua jun zhi shao xu kun yi, yin dao bo yue, tuo zai cao mang, wei you suo yi. So they sent Liang Youmi to inform Duke Mu of Qin: "Heaven has brought calamity upon the state of Jin; slanderous words have flourished and spread even to our ruler's descendants and relatives. They are in hiding and wandering, taking refuge among the common people without a place to rely on." You zhong zhi yi gua jun zhi bu lu, sang luan bing zhen. "This is compounded by the misfortune of our ruler's death; mourning and chaos have both arrived at once." Yi jun zhi ling, gui shen jiang zhong, zuiren ke fu qi gu, qun chen mo gan ning chu, jiang dai jun ming. "By your virtue, the spirits and gods have shown their favor; the guilty have been punished for their crimes, and none of our officials dare to remain at ease. We await your command." Jun ruo hui gu she ji, bu wang xian jun zhi hao, ru shou qi bu qian yi chou er lian li zhi, yi zhu qi jisi, qie zhen fu qi guo jia ji qi min ren, sui si lin zhu hou zhi wen zhi ye, qi shui bu jing ju yu jun zhi wei, er xing xi yu jun zhi de? "If you would show kindness to the ancestral state and not forget the friendship of our late ruler, if you would kindly accept his exiled descendants and establish them as rulers, so that they may preside over the ancestral rites, and also pacify their country and its people—then when neighboring feudal lords hear this, who among them will not be awed by your power and delighted by your virtue?" Zhong jun zhi zhong ai, shou jun zhi zhong kang, er qun chen shou qi da de, Jin Guo qi shui fei jun zhi qun li chen ye?" "Thus, the people of Jin will forever cherish your great love and receive your generous gifts. The officials will be deeply grateful for your virtue. Who among them in Jin would not consider themselves your loyal subjects?"!"
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秦穆公許諾，反使者，乃召大夫子明及公孫枝，曰：「夫晉國之亂，吾誰使先，若夫二公子而立之？以為朝夕之急。」大夫子明曰：「君使縶也。縶敏且知禮，敬以知微。敏能竄謀，知禮可使；敬不墜命，微知可否。君其使之。」 |
| | Qin Mu Gong xu nuo, fan shi zhe, nai zhao dafu Zi Ming ji Gong Sun Zhi, yue: "Fu Jin Guo zhi luan, wu shui shi xian, ruo fu er gong zi er li zhi? Duke Mu of Qin agreed and sent the envoy back. He then summoned his officials Zi Ming and Gong Sun Zhi and said, "Regarding the chaos in the state of Jin, whom should I send first to support one of these two princes as ruler?" Yi wei chao xi zhi ji." "Because this is an urgent matter for the morning and evening," he said. Dafu Zi Ming yue: "Jun shi Zhi ye. Official Zi Ming said, "Your Majesty should send Zhizhe." Zhi min qie zhi li, jing yi zhi wei. He is both perceptive and well-versed in propriety, respectful and capable of discerning subtle matters. Min neng cuan mou, zhi li ke shi; "Perceptiveness allows one to devise strategies; knowledge of propriety makes one suitable for a mission;" Jing bu zhui ming, wei zhi ke fou. "Respect ensures that orders are not neglected; discernment of subtle matters allows one to judge what is feasible or not." Jun qi shi zhi." "Your Majesty should appoint him," he said.
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乃使公子縶吊公子重耳于狄，曰：「寡君使縶吊公子之憂，又重之以喪。寡人聞之，得國常于喪，失國常于喪。時不可失，喪不可久，公子其圖之！」重耳告舅犯。舅犯曰：「不可。亡人無親，信仁以為親，是故置之者不殆。父死在堂而求利，人孰仁我？人實有之，我以徼倖，人孰信我？不仁不信，將何以長利？」公子重耳出見使者，曰：「君惠吊亡臣，又重有命。重耳身亡，父死不得與于哭泣之位，又何敢有他志以辱君義？」再拜不稽首，起而哭，退而不私。 |
| | Nai shi gong zi Zhi diao gong zi Chong Er yun Di, yue: "Gua jun shi Zhizhe diao gongzi zhi you, you zhong zhi yi sang. So he sent Gongzi Zhizhe to console Gongzi Chonger in the state of Di and said, "My lord has sent me to express his condolences for your sorrow, compounded by mourning." Gua ren wen zhi, de guo chang yu sang, shi guo chang yu sang. "I have heard that a state is often gained through mourning and also lost through mourning." Shi bu ke shi, sang bu ke jiu, gong zi qi tu zhi!" "Opportunity cannot be missed; mourning should not last long. Prince, you must make your decision!"!" Chong Er gao Jiu Fan. Chonger informed his maternal uncle Jiu Fan. Jiu Fan yue: "Bu ke. Uncle Jiu Fan said, "No." Wang ren wu qin, xin ren yi wei qin, shi gu zhi zhi zhe bu dai. "A fugitive has no relatives; trust and benevolence become his family. Therefore, those who appoint him will not be in danger." Fu si zai tang er qiu li, ren shu ren wo? "With my father's body still in the hall and I seek personal gain—how can anyone consider me benevolent?" Ren shi you zhi, wo yi jiao xing, ren shu xin wo? "If others truly possess it and I seek to gain by chance, who would trust me?" Bu ren bu xin, jiang he yi zhang li?" "Without benevolence or trustworthiness, how can one sustain benefits?"!" Gong Zi Chong Er chu jian shizi yue: "Jun hui diao wang chen, you zhong you ming. Gongzi Chong Er came out to see the envoy, and said, "Your Majesty has shown kindness in consoling this exiled minister, and now bestows further orders upon me." Chong Er shen wang, fu si bu de yu yu ku qi zhi wei, you he gan you ta zhi yi ru jun yi?" "My body is in exile; my father has died and I cannot even be present to mourn with tears. How dare I entertain any other ambitions that would disgrace your virtue?"!" Zai bai bu qi shou, qi er ku, tui er bu si. He bowed twice without kowtowing, rose and wept, then withdrew without engaging in private conversation.
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公子縶退，吊公子夷吾于梁，如吊公子重耳之命。夷吾告冀芮曰：「秦人勤我矣！」冀芮曰：「公子勉之。亡人無狷潔，狷潔不行，重賂配德，公子盡之，無愛財！人實有之，我以徼倖，不亦可乎？」公子夷吾出見使者，再拜稽首，起而不哭，退而私于公子縶曰：「中大夫里克與我矣，吾命之以汾陽之田百萬。丕鄭與我矣，吾命之以負蔡之田七十萬。君茍輔我，蔑天命矣！亡人茍入掃宗廟，定社稷，亡人何國之與有？君實有郡縣且入河外列城五。豈謂君無有，亦為君之東游津梁之上，無有難急也。亡人之所懷挾纓纕，以望君之塵垢者。黃金四十鎰，白玉之珩六雙，不敢當公子，請納之左右。」 |
| | Gong Zi Zhizhe tui, diao gong zi Yiwu yun Liang, ru diao gong zi Chonger zhi ming. Gongzi Zhizhe withdrew and went to console Gongzi Yiwu in the state of Liang, following the same instructions given for consoling Gongzi Chonger. Yi Wu gao Ji Ruo yue: "Qin ren qin wo yi!" Yiwu informed Jirui, saying, "The people of Qin are working hard for me!" Ji Ruo yue: "Gong Zi mian zhi. Jirui replied, "Prince, you must make every effort." Wang Ren wu juan jie, juan jie bu xing, zhong lu pei de, gong zi jin zhi, wu ai cai! "A fugitive has no pride or purity; without such qualities, one must match virtue with generous bribes. Prince, give everything you have—do not be stingy!" Ren shi you zhi wo yi jiao xing bu yi ke hu?" "If others truly have it, and I seek fortune by chance—would that not be acceptable?"!" Gong Zi Yiwu chu jian shizi zai bai qi shou, qi er bu ku, tui er si yu gong zi Zhizhe yue: "Zhong Dafu Li Ke yu wo yi, wu ming zhi yi Fen Yang zhi tian bai wan. Gongzi Yiwug went out to see the envoy, bowed twice and kowtowed, then rose without weeping. After withdrawing, he privately told Gongzi Zhizhe: "The senior official Li Ke has pledged his support for me; I have promised him a hundred thousand acres of farmland in Fenyang." Pi Zheng yu wo yi, wu meng zhi yi Fu Cai zhi tian qi shi wan. "Pi Zheng has also pledged his support; I have promised him seventy thousand acres of farmland in Fucai." Jun gou fu wo, mie tian ming yi! "If you assist me, we will defy the Mandate of Heaven!" Wang Ren gou ru sao zong miao, ding she ji, wang ren he guo zhi yu you? "If a fugitive is allowed to enter and clean the ancestral temple, stabilize the state—what claim does this fugitive have over the country?" Jun shi you jun xian qie ru He wai lie cheng wu. "You will actually gain five border cities outside the Yellow River and its surrounding counties." Qi wei jun wu you, yi wei jun zhi dong you jin liang zhi shang, wu you nan ji ye. "It is not that you have nothing; it will also serve as a bridge and passage for your eastern travels, free from hardship or urgency." Wang Ren zhi suo huai xie ying xiang, yi wang jun zhi chen gou zhe. "What the fugitive carries in his heart and clings to with tassels is only a longing for your dust." Huangjin si shi yi, Baiyu zhi hang liu shuang, bu gan dang gong zi, qing na zhi zuo you." "Forty yue of gold and six pairs of white jade pendants—I dare not present them to the prince himself. Please accept them on his behalf," he said.
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公子縶反，致命穆公。穆公曰：「吾與公子重耳，重耳仁。再拜不稽首，不沒為後也。起而哭，愛其父也。退而不私，不沒于利也。」公子縶曰：「君之言過矣。君若求置晉君而載之，置仁不亦可乎？君若求置晉君以成名于天下，則不如置不仁以猾其中，且可以進退。臣聞之曰『仁有置，武有置。仁置德，武置服。』」是故先置公子夷吾，實為惠公。 |
| | Gong Zi Zhizhe fan, zhi ming Mu Gong. Gongzi Zhize returned and reported to Duke Mu of Qin. Mu Gong yue: "Wu yu gong zi Chong Er, Chong Er ren. Duke Mu said, "I will support Gongzi Chonger; he is benevolent." Zai bai bu qi shǒu, bu mò wéi hòu yě. "He bowed twice but did not kowtow; he did not hide behind others," said the report. Qi er ku, ai qi fu ye. "He rose and wept—this was out of love for his father." Tui er bu si, bu mo yu li ye." "He withdrew without private conversation; he did not fall into the trap of personal gain," said Duke Mu. Gongzi Zhize yue: "Jun zhi yan guo yi." Gongzi Zhizhe replied, "Your words have gone too far." Jun ru qiu zhi Jin jun er zai zhi, zhi ren bu yi ke hu? "If you wish to place a ruler over the state of Jin and support him, would it not be better to choose one who is benevolent?" Jun ru qiu zhi jin jun yi cheng ming yu tian xia, ze bu ru zhi bu ren yi hua qi zhong, qie ke yi jin tuo. "If you wish to appoint a ruler for the state of Jin in order to gain fame throughout the world, it would be better to place an unrighteous man at its head so that he can be manipulated and controlled." Chen weng zhi yue 'Ren you zhi, Wu you zhi. "I have heard it said that benevolence has its place and martial strength also has its role." "Ren zhi de, wu zhi fu.'" "Benevolence is used to establish virtue; martial might is used to enforce submission," he said. Shi gu xian zhi gong zi Yiwu, shi wei Hui Gong. "Therefore, we first placed Gongzi Yiwu as ruler; this was Duke Hui."
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| | 晉語二: |
穆公問冀芮曰：「公子誰恃于晉？」對曰：「臣聞之，亡人無黨，有黨必有讎。夷吾之少也，不好弄戲，不過所復，怒不及色，及其長也弗改。故出亡無怨于國，而眾安之。不然，夷吾不佞，其誰能恃乎？」君子曰：「善以微勸也。」 |
| | Mu Gong wen Ji Rui yue: "Gong zi shui shi yu Jin?" Duke Mu asked Ji Rui, "Which noble does the prince rely on in Jin?" Dui yue: "Chen weng zhi, wang ren wu dang, you dang bi you chou. Ji Rui replied, "I have heard that a fugitive has no faction; if he does have one, there must also be enemies." Yiwu zhi shao ye, bu hao nong xi, bu guo suo fu, nu bu ji se, ji qi chang ye fu gai. "When Yiwu was young, he did not like to play or indulge in frivolous games; he never exceeded what was appropriate, and even when angry, his expression remained calm. As he grew older, this did not change." Gu chu wang wu yuan yu guo, er zhong an zhi. "Therefore, when he fled into exile, there was no resentment in the state toward him, and the people remained at peace." Bu ran, Yiwu bu ning, qi shui neng shi hu?" "If not for this, Yiwu is no orator—how could he possibly rely on anyone else?" asked Ji Rui. Junzi yue: "Shan yi wei quan ye." A gentleman said, "This is a good example of subtle encouragement."
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| | 晉語三: |
惠公入而背外內之賂。輿人誦之曰：「佞之見佞，果喪其田。詐之見詐，果喪其賂。得國而狃，終逢其咎。喪田不懲，禍亂其興。」既里、丕死，禍，公隕于韓。郭偃曰：「善哉！夫眾口禍福之門。是以君子省眾而動，監戒而謀，謀度而行，故無不濟。內謀外度，考省不倦，日考而習，戒備畢矣。」 |
| | Hui Gong entered and accepted bribes from both inside and outside. The common people recited, "When a flatterer meets another flatterer, indeed he loses his fields." "When a deceiver encounters another deceiver, indeed he loses his bribes." "He who gains the state and grows complacent will ultimately encounter misfortune." "Losing fields without punishment, calamity and disorder will arise." After Jili and Pi died, disaster struck; the ruler perished in Han. Guo Yan said, "Excellent!" "The many voices are the gate of misfortune and fortune." Therefore, a gentleman examines public opinion before acting, observes warnings to make plans, measures the situation before proceeding, and thus nothing fails. "Contemplating internally and measuring externally, examining without fatigue, daily reviewing and becoming familiar with it—thus complete preparedness is achieved."
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| | 晉語三: |
惠公即位，出共世子而改葬之，臭達于外。國人誦之曰：「貞之無報也。孰是人斯，而有是臭也？貞為不聽，信為不誠。國斯無刑，偷居倖生。不更厥貞，大命其傾。威兮懷兮，各聚爾有，以待所歸兮。猗兮違兮，心之哀兮。歲之二七，其靡有徵兮。若狄公子，吾是之依兮。鎮撫國家，為王妃兮。」郭偃曰：「甚哉，善之難也！君改葬共君以為榮也，而惡滋章。夫人美于中，必播于外，而越于民，民實戴之。惡亦如之。故行不可不慎也。必或知之，十四年，君之冢嗣其替乎？其數告于民矣。公子重耳其入乎？其魄兆于民矣。若入，必伯諸侯以見天子，其光耿于民矣。數，言之紀也。魄，意之術也。光，明之曜也。紀言以敘之，述意以導之，明曜以昭之。不至何待？欲先導者行乎，將至矣！」 |
| | Hui Gong ascended the throne, exiled the Crown Prince Gong, and reburied him; the stench reached outside. The people of the state recited: "There is no reward for loyalty." "Who is this person, and yet he has such a stench?" "Loyalty becomes unheeded, trust becomes insincere." "The state has no punishment; the wicked dwell in 侥幸 and live by chance." "If they do not change their loyalty, the great mandate will collapse." "Powerful and reverent, each gathers what he possesses, awaiting his destined return." "Ah, how distant! How sorrowful the heart is!" "In two cycles of seven years, there will be no sign of it." "If only the Di noble son were here, on whom I could rely!" "Stabilizing and pacifying the state, as a queen for the king." Guo Yan said: "How difficult it is to be good!" "The ruler reburied Gong Jun as an act of honor, yet evil grew more prominent." "If a person is virtuous within, it will surely spread outward and reach the people; the people indeed revere him." "Evil is also like this." "Therefore, one cannot be too careful in conduct." Someone must have known it. Fourteen years later, will the ruler's eldest heir be replaced? The numbers have already been revealed to the people. Will Gongzi Chonger enter [the state]? His spirit's omen has already appeared among the people. If he enters, he will surely become a hegemon among the feudal lords to present himself before the Son of Heaven; his glory will shine brightly upon the people. Numbers are the record of words. The spirit is the method of intention. Light is the brilliance of clarity. Record words to narrate, express intentions to guide, and illuminate with brightness to clarify. If it does not come, what else should we await? "He who wishes to lead the way will act; he is coming now!"
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| | 晉語三: |
惠公既殺里克而悔之，曰：「芮也，使寡人過殺我社稷之鎮。」郭偃聞之，曰：「不謀而諫者，冀芮也。不圖而殺者，君也。不謀而諫，不忠。不圖而殺，不祥。不忠，受君之罰。不祥，罹天之禍。受君之罰，死戮。罹天之禍，無後。志道者勿忘，將及矣！」及文公入，秦人殺冀芮而施之。 |
| | After Hui Gong had killed Li Ke and regretted it, he said: "Rui, you have caused me to wrongly kill the pillar of my state." Guo Yan heard this and said: "One who advises without planning is Ji Rui. "He who kills without deliberation is the ruler." "To advise without planning is disloyalty." "To kill without deliberation is an ill omen." "Disloyalty will be punished by the ruler." "An ill omen brings calamity from heaven." "Punished by the ruler, one meets death and disgrace." "Affected by heavenly calamity, there will be no descendants." "Those who take the path of righteousness must not forget; it is about to happen!" When Duke Wen entered, the Qin people killed Ji Rui and displayed his body.
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惠公既即位，乃背秦賂。使丕鄭聘于秦，且謝之。而殺里克，曰：「子殺二君與一大夫，為子君者，不亦難乎？」 |
| | After Hui Gong ascended the throne, he betrayed the gifts from Qin. He sent Pi Zheng to pay a courtesy visit to Qin and also to apologize. Yet he killed Li Ke, saying: "You have killed two rulers and a great official; for you to become ruler would not be difficult?"
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| | 晉語三: |
丕鄭如秦謝緩賂，乃謂穆公曰：「君厚問以召呂甥、郤稱、冀芮而止之，以師奉公子重耳，臣之屬內作，晉君必出。」穆公使泠至報問，且召三大夫。鄭也與客將行事，冀芮曰：「鄭之使薄而報厚，其言我于秦也，必使誘我。弗殺，必作難。」是故殺丕鄭及七輿大夫：共華、賈華、叔堅、騅歂、縲虎、特宮、山祁，皆里、丕之黨也。丕豹出奔秦。 |
| | Pi Zheng went to Qin to apologize for the delayed gifts and told Duke Mu: "If you send generous envoys to summon Lü Sheng, Xi Cheng, Ji Rui, and stop them, then with your army supporting Gongzi Chonger, if my faction rises up internally, the ruler of Jin will surely flee." Duke Mu sent Ling Zhi to respond with a message and summoned the three officials. Zheng acted together with his guests to carry out affairs, and Ji Rui said: "Zheng's envoy was humble but the reply from Qin was generous; when he spoke of us to Qin, he must have used words to entice them." "If we do not kill him, there will surely be trouble." Therefore, they killed Pi Zheng and seven other officials: Gong Hua, Jia Hua, Shu Jian, Zhuan Chuan, Lei Hu, Te Gong, Shan Qi; all were partisans of Jili and Pi. Pi Bao fled to Qin.
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丕鄭之自秦反也，聞里克死，見共華曰：「可以入乎？」共華曰：「二三子皆在而不及，子使于秦，可哉！」丕鄭入，君殺之。共賜謂共華曰：「子行乎？其及也！」共華曰：「夫子之入，吾謀也，將待也。」賜曰：「孰知之？」共華曰：「不可。知而背之不信，謀而困人不智，困而不死無勇。任大惡三，行將安入？子其行矣，我姑待死。」 |
| | When Pi Zheng returned from Qin, he heard that Li Ke had died and asked Gong Hua: "Is it possible to enter [the capital]?" Gong Hua said: "Your fellow officials are all here but were not chosen; you went as an envoy to Qin. Is that acceptable?" Pi Zheng entered, and the ruler killed him. Gong Ci said to Gong Hua: "Shall you go?" "It will catch up with you!" Gong Hua said: "The master's entry was my plan; I shall wait for it." Ci said: "Who knows about it?" Gong Hua said: "It cannot be done." "To know and yet betray is dishonesty; to plan and yet trap others is lack of wisdom; to be trapped and not die is lack of courage." "Carrying three great evils, how can one find a place to go?" "You had better leave; I will await death."
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丕鄭之子曰豹，出奔秦，謂穆公曰：「晉君大失其眾，背君賂，殺里克，而忌處者，眾固不說。今又殺臣之父及七輿大夫，此其黨半國矣。君若伐之，其君必出。」穆公曰：「失眾安能殺人？且夫禍唯無斃，足者不處，處者不足，勝敗若化。以禍為違，孰能出君？爾俟我！」 |
| | Pi Zheng's son, named Bao, fled to Qin and told Duke Mu: "The ruler of Jin has greatly lost the support of his people. He betrayed your gifts, killed Li Ke, and resents those who remain in power; naturally, the people are unhappy." "Now he has also killed my father and seven other officials; half the state is part of their faction. "If you attack him, his ruler will surely flee." Duke Mu said: "If he has lost the people's support, how can he kill others?" "And furthermore, disaster arises only when there is no end; those with enough do not dwell in hardship, while those who dwell in hardship have never had enough. Victory and defeat transform like changing seasons." "To regard disaster as something to avoid—how can anyone drive out the ruler?" "Wait for me!"
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| | 晉語三: |
晉饑，乞糴于秦。丕豹曰：「晉君無禮于君，眾莫不知。往年有難，今又薦饑。已失人，又失天，其有殃也多矣。君其伐之，勿予糴！」公曰：「寡人其君是惡，其民何罪？天殃流行，國家代有。補乏薦饑，道也，不可以廢道于天下。」謂公孫枝曰：「予之乎？」公孫枝曰：「君有施于晉君，晉君無施于其眾。今旱而聽于君，其天道也。君若弗予，而天予之。茍眾不說其君之不報也，則有辭矣。不若予之，以說其眾。眾說，必咎于其君。其君不聽，然後誅焉。雖欲御我，誰與？」是故泛舟于河，歸糴于晉。 |
| | Jin suffered from famine and requested grain purchases from Qin. Pi Bao said: "The ruler of Jin has been disrespectful to you, a fact known by all." "In previous years there was disaster; now famine strikes again. "He has already lost the people's favor and now loses Heaven's blessing; surely many calamities will follow." "You should attack him, do not allow grain purchases!" The duke said: "I despise his ruler; what crime have the people committed?" "Calamities from Heaven are widespread, and states take turns suffering them." "To provide for shortages during recurring famine is the way; we cannot abandon this principle before all under heaven." He said to Gongsun Zhi: "Shall we give it to them?" Gongsun Zhi said: "You have shown kindness to the ruler of Jin, but the ruler has shown no kindness to his people." "Now there is drought and they listen to you; this follows Heaven's way. "If you do not give it, Heaven will provide it for them." "If the people are dissatisfied with their ruler's failure to repay kindness, then they will have a just cause." "It is better to give it to them in order to satisfy their people." "If the people are satisfied, they will surely hold their ruler accountable." "If their ruler does not listen, then we may punish him afterward." "Even if they wish to resist us, who will support them?" Therefore, boats were sent down the Yellow River to provide grain for Jin.
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秦饑，公令河上輸之粟。虢射曰：「弗予賂地而予之糴，無損于怨而厚于寇，不若勿予。」公曰：「然。」慶鄭曰：「不可。已賴其地，而又愛其實，忘善而背德，雖我必擊之。弗予，必擊我。」公曰：「非鄭之所知也。」遂不予。 |
| | When Qin suffered from famine, Duke Hui ordered the transport of grain across the river. Guoye said: "To give them grain without granting land as a gift will not reduce our resentment but strengthen the enemy; it is better not to give." The duke said, "Indeed." Qing Zheng said: "No, it cannot be done. "We have already relied on their land and now we are stingy with its produce; to forget kindness and betray virtue, even if it is us who do so, we must strike them." "If we do not give, they will surely attack us." The duke said: "That is beyond Zheng's knowledge." So they did not give it.
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| | 晉語三: |
六年，秦歲定，帥師侵晉，至于韓。公謂慶鄭曰：「秦寇深矣，奈何？」慶鄭曰：「君深其怨，能淺其寇乎？非鄭之所知也，君其訊射也。」公曰：「舅所病也？」卜右，慶鄭吉。公曰：「鄭也不遜。」以家仆徒為右，步揚御戎；梁由靡御韓簡，虢射為右，以承公。 |
| | In the sixth year, when Qin had recovered from its famine, it led an army to invade Jin and reached Han. The duke said to Qing Zheng: "The Qins have invaded deeply; what should we do?" Qing Zheng replied, "If you have deepened their resentment, how can you expect them to shallow their invasion? This is beyond my knowledge; the duke should consult Guoye." The duke said: "Is this what troubles you, my uncle?" When divining for a charioteer, Qing Zheng was auspicious. The duke said: "Zheng is not humble." He appointed Jiaputu as the charioteer and Bu Yang as the driver; Liang Youmi drove Han Jian, Guoye was the charioteer, to accompany the duke.
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公御秦師，令韓簡視師，曰：「師少于我，鬭士眾。」公曰：「何故？」簡曰：「以君之出也處己，入也煩己，饑食其糴，三施而無報，故來。今又擊之，秦莫不慍，晉莫不怠，鬭士是故眾。公曰：「然。今我不擊，歸必狃。一夫不可狃，而況國乎！」公令韓簡挑戰，曰：「昔君之惠也，寡人未之敢忘。寡人有眾，能合之弗能離也。君若還，寡人之愿也。君若不還，寡人將無所避。」穆公衡雕戈出見使者，曰：「昔君之未入，寡人之憂也。君入而列未成，寡人未敢忘。今君既定而列成，君其整列，寡人將親見。」 |
| | The duke faced the Qin army and ordered Han Jian to observe their forces, saying: "Their troops are fewer than ours, but their fighting men are numerous." The duke asked, "Why is that?" Jian replied: "Because when you left, they treated themselves as superior; when you returned, they troubled us. We fed them grain during their famine and gave three favors without receiving any repayment, so they have come." "Now we strike them again; no one in Qin will be unresentful and no one in Jin will not be weary, which is why the fighting men are so numerous." The duke said: "Indeed. "If we do not strike now, they will surely become complacent when they return." "One man cannot be allowed to grow complacent, let alone a whole country!" The duke ordered Han Jian to issue a challenge, saying: "In the past, your kindness, O lord, is something I have not dared forget. "I may have many people, but what I can unite them and cannot divide them. "If you withdraw, that would be my wish." "If you do not withdraw, I will have nowhere to go." Duke Mu of Qin held a carved halberd and came out to meet the envoy, saying: "In the past when your lord had not yet entered [the state], that was my concern. "When you entered but did not yet establish ranks, I have never dared to forget." "Now that your lord has already stabilized and established his ranks, you should arrange the formation properly; I shall personally witness it."
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客還，公孫枝進諫曰：「昔君之不納公子重耳而納晉君，是君之不置德而置服也。置而不遂，擊而不勝，其若為諸侯笑何？君盍待之乎？」穆公曰：「然。昔吾之不納公子重耳而納晉君，是吾不置德而置服也。然公子重耳實不肯，吾又奚言哉？殺其內主，背其外賂，彼塞我施，若無天乎？若有天，吾必勝之。」君揖大夫就車，君鼓而進之。晉師潰，戎馬濘而止。公號慶鄭曰：「載我！」慶鄭曰：「忘善而背德，又廢吉卜，何我之載？鄭之車不足以辱君避也！」梁由靡御韓簡，輅秦公，將止之，慶鄭曰：「釋來救君！」亦不克救，遂止于秦。 |
| | After the envoy returned, Gongsun Zhi advised: "In the past, when you did not accept Gongzi Chonger but accepted Duke Hui of Jin, that was because you valued submission rather than virtue. "To place your trust in them without following through and to attack without victory—how will we face the ridicule of other feudal lords?" "Why not wait for a better opportunity, my lord?" Duke Mu said: "Indeed. "In the past, when I did not accept Gongzi Chong'er but accepted Duke Hui of Jin was because I valued submission rather than virtue. " "But it was actually Gongzi Chonger who refused, so what else could I say?" "He killed his internal host and betrayed the external gifts; he has blocked my benevolence, as if there were no Heaven!" "If there is Heaven, I must defeat him." The duke bowed to the officials and they mounted their chariots; he struck the drum and advanced them. The Jin army was routed, and the war horses sank into the mud and stopped. The duke called out to Qing Zheng: "Carry me!" Qing Zheng said, "To forget kindness and betray virtue and yet disregard the auspicious divination—why should I carry you?" "My chariot is not worthy of being used to help you escape!" Liang Youmi was driving Han Jian, who was about to intercept Duke Mu of Qin. Qing Zheng said: "Let the one coming rescue the duke!" They were also unable to save him and so halted in Qin.
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穆公歸，至于王城，合大夫而謀曰：「殺晉君與逐出之，與以歸之，與復之，孰利？」公子縶曰：「殺之利。逐之恐搆諸侯，以歸則國家多慝，復之則君臣合作，恐為君憂，不若殺之。」公孫枝曰：「不可。恥大國之士于中原，又殺其君以重之，子思報父之仇，臣思報君之讎。雖微秦國，天下孰弗患？」公子縶曰：「吾豈將徒殺之？吾將以公子重耳代之。晉君之無道莫不聞，公子重耳之仁莫不知。戰勝大國，武也。殺無道而立有道，仁也。勝無後害，智也。」公孫枝曰：「恥一國之士，又曰余納有道以臨女，無乃不可乎？若不可，必為諸侯笑。戰而取笑諸侯，不可謂武。殺其弟而立其兄，兄德我而忘其親，不可謂仁。若弗忘，是再施不遂也，不可謂智」。君曰：「然則若何？」公孫枝曰：「不若以歸，以要晉國之成，復其君而質其適子，使子父代處秦，國可以無害。」是故歸惠公而質子圉，秦始知河東之政。 |
| | After Duke Mu of Qin returned, he arrived at Wangcheng and convened the officials to deliberate: "Which is more advantageous—killing Duke Hui of Jin, expelling him, returning him, or restoring him?" Gongzi Zhi said: "It would be beneficial to kill him. "Expelling him might provoke the feudal lords; returning him would lead to many evils within our state. Restoring him would mean that ruler and minister work together, which I fear will cause trouble for you, my lord. It is better to kill him." Gongsun Zhi said: "No, it cannot be done." "To humiliate the men of a great state in Central China and then kill their ruler to add insult, sons will think of avenging their fathers' grudges, and ministers will think of repaying their lords' grievances. "Even if Qin is small, who in the world would not resent it?" Gongzi Zhi said: "Would I merely kill him without reason? I will replace him with Gongzi Chonger." The tyranny of Duke Hui of Jin is known to all, and the benevolence of Gongzi Chonger is known by everyone. "To defeat a great state in battle is valor." "To kill the tyrant and establish one of virtue is benevolence. "A victory without subsequent harm is wisdom." Gongsun Zhi said: "To humiliate the men of one state and then say 'I will accept a virtuous ruler to face you'—would that not be unacceptable? "If it is not acceptable, we shall surely be laughed at by the feudal lords. "To fight and yet invite ridicule from the feudal lords cannot be called valor." "To kill his younger brother to install his elder brother, who then shows virtue toward me but forgets his own kin, cannot be called benevolence." "If he does not forget [his brother], it would mean our second act of kindness has failed; this cannot be called wisdom." The duke asked: "Then what should we do?" Gongsun Zhi replied: "It would be better to return him, in order to secure a settlement with the state of Jin. Restore his lordship and take his legitimate son as hostage; let father and son alternate residing in Qin so that our country may avoid harm." Therefore, Duke Mu of Qin sent back Duke Hui and took his son Yu as hostage. From then on, Qin began to exercise authority over Hedong.
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| | 晉語三: |
公在秦三月，聞秦將成，乃使郤乞告呂甥。呂甥教之言，令國人于朝曰：「君使乞告二三子曰：『秦將歸寡人，寡人不足以辱社稷，二三子其改置以代圉也。』」且賞以悅眾，眾皆哭，焉作轅田。 |
| | While the duke was in Qin for three months and learned that a settlement with Qin was about to be reached, he sent Xi Qi to inform Lü Sheng. Lü Sheng instructed him on what to say, and ordered the people in court: "The lord sent Qi to inform you all: 'Qin is about to return me. I am not worthy enough to disgrace our state; you should replace me with Yu instead.'" Moreover, he gave rewards to please the people, and they all wept. Thus, the 辕田 (Yuantian) was established.
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呂甥致眾而告之曰：「吾君慚焉其亡之不恤，而群臣是憂，不亦惠乎？君猶在外，若何？」眾曰：「何為而可？」呂甥曰：「以韓之病，兵甲盡矣。若征繕以輔孺子，以為君援，雖四鄰之聞之也，喪君有君，群臣輯睦，兵甲益多，好我者勸，惡我者懼，庶有益乎？」眾皆說，焉作州兵。 |
| | Lü Sheng gathered the people and told them: "Our lord is ashamed that he did not care about his own exile, yet worries about his ministers; isn't this generous? "Our lord is still outside. What should we do?" The people asked: "What can be done?" Lü Sheng said, "Because of Han's illness, our weapons and armor are exhausted. "If we raise and prepare troops to support the young master, as a support for our lord, even if neighboring states hear of it, they will see that although we have lost one ruler, we now have another; the ministers are united. Our weapons and armor will increase further. Those who favor us will be encouraged, and those who oppose us will fear. Perhaps this would be beneficial?" The people were all pleased, so the Zhaobing (state militia) was established.
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呂甥逆君于秦，穆公訊之曰：「晉國和乎？」對曰：「不和。」公曰：「何故？」對曰：「其小人不念其君之罪，而悼其父兄子弟之死喪者，不憚征繕以立孺子，曰：『必報讎，吾寧事齊、楚，齊、楚又交輔之。其君子思其君，且知其罪，曰：『必事秦，有死無他。』故不和。比其和之而來，故久。」公曰：「而無來，吾固將歸君。國謂君何？」對曰：「小人曰不免，君子則否。」公曰：「何故？」對曰：「小人忌而不思，愿從其君而與報秦，是故云。其君子則否，曰：『吾君之入也，君之惠也。能納之，能執之，則能釋之。德莫厚焉，惠莫大焉，納而不遂，廢而不起，以德為怨，君其不然？』」秦君曰：「然。」乃改館晉君，饋七牢焉。 |
| | Lü Sheng went to Qin to meet his lord. Duke Mu of Qin asked him: "Is the state of Jin at peace?" He replied, "No, it is not." The duke asked: "Why?" He replied: "Because the common people do not think of their lord's crimes, but mourn for their fathers, elder brothers, younger brothers, and sons who died or were lost. They are undeterred in raising troops to support the young master and say: 'We must avenge our grudge; we would rather serve Qi and Chu,' and both Qi and Chu will also assist them." "The virtuous men think of their lord, yet they know his crimes. They say: 'We must serve Qin; we will die rather than do otherwise.'" Therefore, the state is not at peace." "We have delayed because we are waiting for them to reconcile before coming." The duke said: "Even if you had not come, I would still return your lord. "What does the state say about your lord?" He replied: "The common people say he cannot be spared, but the virtuous men disagree." The duke asked: "Why?" He replied: "Because the common people are resentful and do not think rationally; they wish to follow their lord in repaying Qin, hence they say so. The virtuous men disagree and say: 'Our lord's return is due to your kindness, my lord." "You were able to accept him, able to hold him, so you are also able to release him. "No virtue could be thicker than this; no kindness greater. To accept but not follow through, to abandon and not restore—it would turn virtue into resentment. Surely you would not do that, my lord?"' The Duke of Qin said: "Indeed." So he changed the accommodations for Duke Hui of Jin and presented him with seven sets of sacrificial animals as a gift.
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| | 晉語三: |
惠公未至，蛾析謂慶鄭曰：「君之止，子之罪也。今君將來，子何俟？」慶鄭曰：「鄭也聞之曰：『軍敗，死之；將止，死之。』」二者不行，又重之以誤人，而喪其君，有大罪三，將安適？君若來，將待刑以快君志；君若不來，將獨伐秦。不得君，必死之。此所以待也。臣得其志，而使君瞢，是犯也。君行犯，猶失其國，而況臣乎？「 |
| | Before Duke Hui arrived, E Xi said to Qing Zheng: "The reason the duke is detained is your fault. "Now that the duke will come, what are you waiting for?" Qing Zheng said: "Zheng has heard it said: 'When an army is defeated, one dies for it; when a commander is stopped, one also dies for him.'" Since neither of these can be carried out and I have further erred by misleading others, thus causing the loss of our lord, I now bear three great crimes. Where could I possibly go? If you come, I shall await punishment to satisfy your will; if you do not come, I alone will attack Qin. If I cannot find our lord, I shall surely die for him. This is why I await my fate. If a minister achieves his purpose but causes the lord confusion, that is an offense. If a lord commits an offense, he still loses his state; how much more so for a minister? "
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公至于絳郊，聞慶鄭止，使家仆徒召之，曰：「鄭也有罪，猶在乎？」慶鄭曰：「臣怨君始入而報德，不降；降而聽諫，不戰；戰而用良，不敗。既敗而誅，又失有罪，不可以封國。臣是以待即刑，以成君政。」君曰：「刑之！」慶鄭曰：「下有直言，臣之行也；上有直刑，君之明也。臣行君明，國之利也。君雖弗刑，必自殺也？」蛾析曰：「臣聞奔刑之臣，不若赦之以報讎。君盍赦之，以報于秦？」梁由靡曰：「不可。我能行之，秦豈不能？且戰不勝，而報之以賊，不武；出戰不克，入處不安，不智；成而反之，不信；失刑亂政，不威。出不能用，入不能治，敗國且殺孺子，不若刑之。」君曰：「斬鄭，無使自殺！」家仆徒曰：「有君不忌，有臣死刑，其聞賢于刑之。」梁由靡曰：「夫君政刑，是以治民。不聞命而擅進退，犯政也；快意而喪君，犯刑也。鄭也賊而亂國，不可失也！且戰而自退，退而自殺；臣得其志，君失其刑，後不可用也。」君令司馬說刑之。司馬說進三軍之士而數慶鄭曰：「夫《韓之誓》曰：失次犯令，死；將止不面夷，死；偽言誤眾，死。今鄭失次犯令，而罪一也；鄭擅進退，而罪二也；女誤梁由靡，使失秦公，而罪三也；君親止，女不面夷，而罪四也；鄭也就刑！」慶鄭曰：「說，三軍之士皆在，有人能坐待刑，而不能面夷？趣行事乎！」丁丑，斬慶鄭，乃入絳。 |
| | When the duke arrived at the outskirts of Jiang, he heard that Qing Zheng had stopped [his departure], and sent his household servant Tu to summon him, saying: "Zheng has committed a crime; is he still there?" Qing Zheng said: "I resented your initial return and the repayment of kindness, so I did not descend [to submit]; after descending to listen to advice, I did not fight; when fighting, I used capable men and thus did not suffer defeat. After a defeat to be punished, and then losing those who are guilty, one cannot govern the state properly. Therefore I await immediate punishment in order to complete your administration." The lord said: "Punish him!" Qing Zheng said: "To speak frankly to one's superior is the conduct of a minister; to impose just punishment on an inferior is the wisdom of a lord. When a minister acts and a lord is wise, it benefits the state. Even if you do not punish me, I will surely kill myself?" E Xi said: "I have heard that a minister fleeing punishment is not as good as one who is pardoned to repay an enemy. Why don't you pardon him, my lord, in order to take revenge on Qin?" Liang Youmi said: "No. If I am able to carry it out, how could Qin not be able to?" Moreover, if we do not win the battle and then retaliate with bandits, that is not valor; to fight externally without victory and to dwell internally without peace is not wisdom; to achieve something and then turn against it is not trustworthiness; to lose punishment and disorder government is not authority. To be unable to use men when going out, and unable to govern when returning in—this will ruin the state and kill the young master. It is better to punish him." The lord said: "Cut down Zheng, do not let him commit suicide!" Jia Puzu said: "To have a lord who is fearless and a minister subject to capital punishment, it would be better for him to hear of this than actually suffer the punishment." Liang Youmi said: "A lord's administration and punishment are what govern the people. To advance or retreat without receiving orders is to violate governance; To satisfy one's own desires and lose the lord is to break the law. Zheng is a bandit who has caused chaos in the state; he cannot be spared! Moreover, to retreat from battle on one's own and then commit suicide; the minister achieves his purpose while the lord loses his punishment—this cannot be allowed in the future." The lord ordered Sima Yue to execute the punishment. Sima Yue brought forward soldiers from all three armies and accused Qing Zheng, saying: "The Oath of Han says: To lose one's position and violate orders is death; to stop a commander without facing the enemy, death; to speak falsely and mislead the people, death. "Now Zheng has lost his position and violated orders—this is one crime; Zheng advanced or retreated on his own initiative—this is a second crime; you misled Liang Youmi, causing him to lose the Duke of Qin—and this is a third crime; the lord himself stopped [the army], yet you did not face the enemy—and this is a fourth crime; Zheng should accept punishment!" Qing Zheng said: "Shuo, all the soldiers of the three armies are here. Is there anyone who can sit and await punishment yet cannot face the enemy? Hurry up and carry out your duty!" On the Dingchou day, Qing Zheng was beheaded, and they then entered Jiang.
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十五年，惠公卒，懷公立，秦乃召重耳于楚而納之。晉人殺懷公于高梁，而授重耳，實為文公。 |
| | In the fifteenth year, Duke Hui died, and Duke Huai ascended the throne. Qin summoned Chong'er from Chu and admitted him into Jin. The people of Jin killed Duke Huai at Gaoliang and handed over power to Chong'er, who became Duke Wen.
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| | 晉語四: |
文公在狄十二年，狐偃曰：「日，吾來此也，非以狄為榮，可以成事也。吾曰：『奔而易達，困而有資，休以擇利，可以戾也。』今戾久矣，戾久將底。底著滯淫，誰能興之？盍速行乎！吾不適齊、楚，避其遠也。蓄力一紀，可以遠矣。齊侯長矣，而欲親晉。管仲歿矣，多讒在側。謀而無正，衷而思始。夫必追擇前言，求善以終，饜邇逐遠，遠人入服，不為郵矣。會其季年可也，茲可以親。」皆以為然。 |
| | Duke Wen remained in Di for twelve years. Fu Yan said, "When I came here, it was not because I considered Di honorable, but because we could accomplish our affairs." I said: 'Fleeing brings easier access; hardship provides resources. Resting allows us to choose advantage, and thus we can achieve our goals.' Now that our goal has been long achieved, prolonged achievement will eventually lead to a conclusion. If we become stuck in stagnation and indulgence, who could possibly revive us? Why not act quickly! I did not go to Qi or Chu because I wished to avoid their distance. By accumulating strength for one yue, we can venture far indeed. Duke Qi is now grown up and wishes to be close to Jin. Guan Zhong has died, and many slanderers are at his side. Planning without righteousness, sincerity only begins to take root. One must certainly pursue and choose former words, seek goodness until the end, satisfy nearby people while pursuing distant ones; when distant peoples submit, it will no longer be a problem. We may meet in his later years, and this is how we can become close." All thought it to be correct.
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乃行，過五鹿，乞食于野人。野人舉塊以與之，公子怒，將鞭之。子犯曰：「天賜也。民以土服，又何求焉！天事必象，十有二年，必獲此土。二三子志之。歲在壽星及鶉尾，其有此土乎！天以命矣，復于壽星，必獲諸侯。天之道也，由是始之。有此，其以戊申乎！所以申土也。」再拜稽首，受而載之。遂適齊。 |
| | So they set out, passing through Wulu and begging food from the peasants in the fields. լ The peasant picked up a clod of earth to give to them, and Gongzi became angry and was about to whip him. Zi Fan said: "This is a gift from Heaven." The people submit through the soil; what else could we possibly seek! Heaven's will must be reflected in omens. After twelve years, we shall surely obtain this land. Remember this, my fellow disciples. When the year is in Shouxing and Chunwei, shall we possess this land! Heaven has already decreed it. Returning to Shouxing will surely bring the fiefdom of a marquis. This is the way of Heaven; from this, we begin. With this, shall it be on the Wushen day! This is to affirm our possession of the land." They bowed twice and kowtowed, accepting it and placing it on their carriage. Then they proceeded to Qi.
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| | 晉語四: |
齊侯妻之，甚善焉。有馬二十乘，將死于齊而已矣。曰：「民生安樂，誰知其他？」 |
| | Duke Qi gave him a wife, and treated them very kindly. They had twenty carriages of horses; they would die in Qi and that was all. He said, "When people live in peace and happiness, who cares about anything else?"
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桓公卒，孝公即位，諸侯叛齊。子犯知齊之不可以動，而知文公之安齊而有終焉之志也，欲行，而患之，與從者謀于桑下。蠶妾在焉，莫知其在也。妾告姜氏，姜氏殺之，而言于公子曰：「從者將以子行，其聞之者吾以除之矣。子必從之，不可以貳，貳無成命。《》云：『』先王其知之矣，貳將可乎？子去晉難而極于此。自子之行，晉無寧歲，民無成君。天未喪晉，無異公子，有晉國者，非子而誰？子其勉之！上帝臨子，貳必有咎。」 |
| | Duke Huan died, Duke Xiao ascended the throne, and the feudal lords rebelled against Qi. Zi Fan knew that Qi could not be stirred into action, and understood Duke Wen's desire for peace in Qi with the intention of a final settlement. He wanted to leave but was troubled by it; he discussed plans with his followers beneath a mulberry tree. A silkworm-keeping concubine was there, and no one knew she was present. The concubine informed Jiang Shi, who killed her and told the prince: "The followers intended to take you away; those who heard of it I have already dealt with. You must follow them, for you cannot hesitate; hesitation brings no successful decree. The "Poem" says: 'Heaven's Lord watches over you, do not waver in your heart.' The former kings already knew this; can hesitation be acceptable? You have left the troubles of Jin and reached this extreme. Since your departure, Jin has had no peaceful year, and its people have had no settled ruler. Heaven has not abandoned Jin; there is no other prince like you. Whoever holds the state of Jin must be none other than you, and who else could it be? You should strive hard! "Heaven's Lord watches over you; hesitation will surely bring blame."
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公子曰：「吾不動矣，必死于此。」姜曰：「不然。《周詩》曰：『莘莘征夫，每懷靡及。』夙夜征行。不遑啟處，猶懼無及。況其順身縱欲懷安，將何及矣！人不求及，其能及乎？日月不處，人誰獲安？《西方之書》有之曰：『懷與安，實疚大事。』《鄭詩》云：『仲可懷也，人之多言。亦可畏也。』昔管敬仲有言，小妾聞之，曰：『畏威如疾，民之上也。從懷如流，民之下也。見懷思威，民之中也。畏威如疾，乃能威民。威在民上，弗畏有刑。從懷如流，去威遠矣，故謂之下。其在辟也，吾從中也。《鄭詩》之言，吾其從之。』此大夫管仲之所以紀綱齊國，裨輔先君而成霸者也。子而棄之，不亦難乎？齊國之政敗矣，晉之無道久矣，從者之謀忠矣，時日及矣，公子幾矣。君國可以濟百姓，而釋之者，非人也。敗不可處，時不可失，忠不可棄，懷不可從，子必速行。吾聞晉之始封也，歲在大火，閼伯之星也，實紀商人。商之饗國三十一王。《瞽史之紀》曰：『唐叔之世，將如商數。』今未半也。亂不長世，公子唯子，子必有晉。若何懷安？」公子弗聽。 |
| | The prince said, "I shall not move any further. I am determined to die here." Jiang said, "Not so." The "Zhou Shi" says: 'Numerous are the traveling men, each heart filled with longing for what cannot be reached.' They travel day and night. They have no time to rest or settle, still fearing they may not reach it in time. How much less so if one indulges the body and desires peace of mind; how could one possibly catch up! If a person does not strive to reach, can he ever arrive? The sun and moon do not remain in one place; who among people could attain lasting peace? The "Book of the West" says: 'To indulge and be at ease, indeed causes great distress.' The "Zheng Shi" says: 'Zhong is worth missing; yet people speak much about him. It is also something to fear.'" In the past, Guan Jingzhong made a statement. My humble concubine heard it and said: "To fear authority as one fears illness is the highest virtue of the people." "To follow attachment like flowing water is the lowest state for the people." "To see attachment and think of authority, this is the middle state of the people." To fear authority as one fears disease is to be able to command the people. When authority stands above the people, those who do not fear it will face punishment. To follow attachment like flowing water means to distance oneself from authority; thus it is called lowly. As for the ruler, I am in the middle. "I shall follow the words of the 'Zheng Shi.'" This is how the high official Guan Zhong established order in Qi, assisted his predecessor ruler, and achieved hegemony. If you abandon it, would that not be difficult? The administration of Qi has collapsed; the lack of virtue in Jin has lasted long. The followers' plan is loyal, and the time has come; the prince is on the verge. To lead a state and be able to save its people, yet abandon it—such a person is no human being. Failure cannot be endured; opportunity must not be missed; loyalty must not be abandoned; attachment must not be followed—You must act quickly. I have heard that when Jin was first granted its fief, the year was in Dahuose, the star of Ebo, which actually marked the Shang people. The Shang dynasty had thirty-one kings who enjoyed their realm. "The Records of the Blind Historians" say: 'In the age of Tang Shu, it shall be like the number of the Shang dynasty.' Now it has not yet reached half. Disorder does not last for generations; the prince is your only son, and you must surely inherit Jin. How can one indulge in peace?" The prince did not listen.
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| | 晉語四: |
姜與子犯謀，醉而載之以行。醒，以戈逐子犯，曰：「若無所濟，吾食舅氏之肉，其知饜乎！」舅犯走，且對曰：「若無所濟，余未知死所，誰能與豺狼爭食？若克有成，公子無亦晉之柔嘉，是以甘食。偃之肉腥臊，將焉用之？」遂行。 |
| | Jiang and Zi Fan plotted together, got him drunk, and carried him away on their journey. When he awoke, he chased Zi Fan with a halberd and said: "If you cannot achieve anything, I shall eat my maternal uncle's flesh—will that ever satisfy me!" Zi Fan ran away, and replied while doing so: "If I cannot achieve anything for you, I do not yet know where my death will be; who would dare to contend with wolves over food? If I can indeed succeed, then you, the noble and kind prince of Jin, will be content to partake in it. "The flesh of Fu Yan is foul and stinking; how could I possibly use it?" So they continued on their journey.
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| | 晉語四: |
過衛，衛文公有邢、狄之虞，不能禮焉。甯莊子言于公曰：「夫禮，國之紀也；親，民之結也；善，德之建也。國無紀不可以終，民無結不可以固，德無建不可以立。此三者，君之所慎也。今君棄之，無乃不可乎！晉公子善人也，而衛親也，君不禮焉，棄三德矣。臣故云君其圖之。康叔，文之昭也。唐叔，武之穆也。周之大功在武，天祚將在武族。茍姬未絕周室，而俾守天聚者，必武族也。武族唯晉實昌，晉胤公子實德。晉仍無道，天祚有德，晉之守祀，必公子也。若復而修其德，鎮撫其民，必獲諸侯，以討無禮。君弗蚤圖，衛而在討。小人是懼，敢不盡心。」公弗聽。 |
| | They passed through Wei, where Duke Wen of Wei was preoccupied with threats from Xing and Di, and could not offer them proper courtesy. Ning Zhuangzi said to the duke: "Ritual is the foundation of a state; kinship is the bond among the people; goodness is the establishment of virtue. A state without order cannot endure; a people without bonds cannot be stable; virtue without foundation cannot stand. These three are what the ruler must carefully attend to. Now, Your Majesty abandons them; is this not unwise! The Jin prince is a virtuous man, and Wei is his kinsman. If Your Majesty does not treat him with courtesy, you have abandoned the three virtues. Therefore, I said to Your Majesty earlier that you should consider this carefully. Kang Shu was the illustrious descendant of Duke Wen. Tang Shu was a distant descendant of Duke Wu. The great achievements of the Zhou dynasty were in Duke Wu; Heaven's blessing will rest with his descendants. As long as Gou Ji has not cut off the Zhou lineage, and if one is to be entrusted with Heaven's mandate, it must surely fall upon Duke Wu's descendants. Among Duke Wu's descendants, only Jin has truly flourished; the virtue of Jin's heir, the prince, is indeed evident. Though Jin still lacks virtue, Heaven's blessing rests with the virtuous; the one to preserve Jin's ancestral rites must surely be this prince. If he returns and cultivates virtue, pacifying his people, he will certainly gain the feudal lords' support to punish those who show no courtesy. If Your Majesty does not plan this soon, Wei itself may be among those punished. I fear the consequences as a lowly subject; how dare I not give my full heart." The duke did not listen.
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| | 晉語四: |
自衛過曹，曹共公亦不禮焉，聞其骿脅，欲觀其狀，止其舍，諜其將浴，設微薄而觀之。僖負羈之妻言于負羈曰：「吾觀晉公子賢人也，其從者皆國相也，以相一人，必得晉國。得晉國而討無禮，曹其首誅也。子盍蚤自貳焉？」僖負羈饋飧，置璧焉。公子受飧反璧。 |
| | Passing through Cao from Wei, Duke Gong of Cao also did not treat them with courtesy. Having heard that the prince had a deformed side, he wanted to see his condition and stopped him at an inn. He sent spies to learn when the prince would bathe, then secretly watched him while he was undressed. Xī Fugui's wife said to Fugui: "I have observed that the Jin prince is a virtuous person, and his followers are all capable ministers. To assist one man, they will surely obtain the state of Jin. Once he gains control of Jin and punishes those who show no courtesy, Cao will be the first to suffer retribution. Why don't you prepare for this soon?" Xī Fugui offered a meal and placed a jade tablet among the gifts. The prince accepted the meal but returned the jade tablet.
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負羈言于曹伯曰：「夫晉公子在此，君之匹也，不亦禮焉？」曹伯曰：「諸侯之亡公子其多矣，誰不過此！亡者皆無禮者也，余焉能盡禮焉！」對曰：「臣聞之，愛親明賢，政之干也。禮賓矜窮，禮之宗也。禮以紀政，國之常也。失常不立，君所知也。國君無親，以國為親。先君叔振，出自文王，晉祖唐叔，出自武王，文、武之功，實建諸姬。故二王之嗣，世不廢親。今君棄之，不愛親也。晉公子生十七年而亡，卿材三人從之，可謂賢矣，而君蔑之，是不明賢也。謂晉公子之亡，不可不憐也。比之賓客，不可不禮也。失此二者，是不禮賓，不憐窮也。守天之聚，將施于宜。宜而不施，聚必有闕。玉帛酒食，猶糞土也，愛糞土以毀三常，失位而闕聚，是之不難，無乃不可乎？君其圖之。」公弗聽。 |
| | Fugui said to Duke Cao: "That Jin prince is here, and he is your equal. Shouldn't you treat him with courtesy?" Duke Cao said, "There are many exiled princes among the feudal lords; who has not passed through here! All of them are those without courtesy; how could I possibly treat each one with full courtesy!" He replied, "I have heard that loving one's kin and honoring the virtuous are the pillars of governance. Treating guests with courtesy and showing compassion to those in hardship are the essence of ritual propriety. Ritual propriety is used to regulate governance; this is a constant principle for a state. To lose these constants means failure, something Your Majesty well knows. A ruler of a state has no kin but the state itself; the state is his true family. Our late lord, Shu Zhen, was a descendant of King Wen; the ancestor of Jin, Tang Shu, was a descendant of King Wu. The achievements of Kings Wen and Wu indeed established the Ji lineage. Therefore, descendants of these two kings have never abandoned their kin through generations. Now Your Majesty abandons them; this is not loving one's kin. The Jin prince, having been exiled at seventeen and followed by three capable ministers, can truly be called virtuous. Yet Your Majesty treats him with contempt; this is failing to honor the virtuous. The exile of the Jin prince cannot help but inspire pity. Comparing him to a guest, he cannot fail to be treated with courtesy. To lose these two principles is to neglect the treatment of guests and show no compassion for those in hardship. Upholding Heaven's order, one must apply it appropriately. If what is appropriate is not applied, the gathering of Heaven's mandate will surely be flawed. Rituals, silk, wine, and food are like manure and earth. To cherish manure and earth while destroying the Three Constants is to lose one's position and damage Heaven's gathering. If this is not difficult for you, would it not be unacceptable? Your Majesty should consider this carefully." The duke did not listen.
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| | 晉語四: |
公子過宋，與司馬公孫固相善，公孫固言于襄公曰：「晉公子亡，長幼矣，而好善不厭，父事狐偃，師事趙衰，而長事賈佗。狐偃其舅也，而惠以有謀。趙衰其先君之戎御，趙夙之弟也，而文以忠貞。賈佗公族也，而多識以恭敬。此三人者，實左右之。公子居則下之，動則諮焉，成幼而不倦，殆有禮矣。樹于有禮，必有艾。《》曰：『』降，有禮之謂也。君其圖之，」襄公從之，贈以馬二十乘。 |
| | The prince passed through Song and was on good terms with Sima Gongsun Gu. Gongsun Gu said to Duke Xiang: "The Jin prince has been in exile for a long time, yet he never tires of doing good. He treats Fu Yan as his father, Sui Cui as his teacher, and Jia Tuo as an elder brother. Fu Yan is his maternal uncle and wise with plans. Zhao Cui was the charioteer of an earlier ruler, the younger brother of Zhao Su, and he is virtuous in his loyalty. Jia Tuo belongs to the royal clan and is knowledgeable with reverence and respect. These three men truly assist him on all sides. When the prince is at rest, he places himself beneath them; when acting, he consults with them. Though young, he remains tireless in his efforts—this surely demonstrates courtesy. To establish oneself among the virtuous and courteous will surely bring success. The "Shang Song" says: 'Tang descended without delay, and daily ascended in virtue and reverence.' "To descend"—this refers to being courteous. Your Majesty should consider this," said Gongsun Gu. Duke Xiang followed his advice and presented the prince with twenty sets of horses.
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| | 晉語四: |
公子過鄭，鄭文公亦不禮焉。叔詹諫曰：「臣聞之：親有天，用前訓，禮兄弟，資窮困，天所福也。今晉公子有三祚焉，天將啟之。同姓不婚，惡不殖也。狐氏出自唐叔。狐姬，伯行之子也，實生重耳。成而雋才，離違而得所，久約而無釁，一也。同出九人，唯重耳在，離外之患，而晉國不靖，二也。晉侯日載其怨，外內棄之；重耳日載其德，狐、趙謀之，三也。在《》曰：『』荒，大之也。大天所作，可謂親有天矣。晉、鄭兄弟也，吾先君武公與晉文侯戮力一心，股肱周室，夾輔平王，平王勞而德之，而賜之盟質，曰：『世相起也。』若親有天，獲三祚者，可謂大天，若用前訓，文侯之功，武公之業，可謂前訓。若禮兄弟，晉、鄭之親，王之遺命，可謂兄弟。若資窮困，亡在長幼，還軫諸侯，可謂窮困。棄此四者，以徼天禍，無乃不可乎？君其圖之。」弗聽。 |
| | When the prince passed through Zheng, Duke Wen of Zheng also did not treat him with courtesy. Shu Zhan advised, "I have heard that to honor one's kin as Heaven does, follow past teachings, treat brothers with courtesy, and assist those in hardship—this is what Heaven blesses. Now the Jin prince possesses three blessings; Heaven will surely open a path for him. Marriage among those of the same surname is forbidden, as it prevents the flourishing of virtue. The Fu clan descends from Tang Shu. Fu Ji was the daughter of Bo Xing, who bore Chong'er. He matured with outstanding talent, separated from hardship and found his place, upheld long-term commitments without conflict—this is the first. Nine of his kin were born together, yet only Chong'er remains; he suffers exile while the state of Jin is in turmoil—this is the second. The ruler of Jin daily accumulates resentment and abandons him both within and without; Chong'er daily cultivates virtue, while Fu Yan and Zhao Cui plan for his cause—this is the third. In the "Zhou Song" it says: 'Heaven raised a high mountain, and King Da Wang cultivated it.' "To cultivate"—this means to greatly develop. To greatly develop what Heaven has created is truly to honor one's kin in accordance with Heaven. Jin and Zheng are brothers. Our late lord, Duke Wu, worked in unity with Duke Wen of Jin as one heart, serving the Zhou dynasty loyally, supporting King Ping on both sides. King Ping recognized their efforts and bestowed upon them a covenant, saying: 'They shall support each other through generations.' If honoring one's kin in accordance with Heaven, and receiving three blessings, this can be called greatly following Heaven. If we follow past teachings, the achievements of Duke Wen and the legacy of Duke Wu can truly be considered such teachings. If treating brothers with courtesy, Jin and Zheng's kinship, established by the king's last command, can truly be considered brotherhood. If assisting those in hardship, one who is exiled despite his age and status, returning to seek support among the feudal lords—this can truly be considered hardship. To abandon these four principles and invite Heaven's calamity upon oneself—would this not be unacceptable? Your Majesty should consider this carefully." The duke did not listen.
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叔詹曰：「若不禮焉，則請殺之。《諺》曰：『黍稷無成，不能為榮。黍不為黍，不能蕃廡。稷不為稷，不能蕃殖。所生不疑，唯德之基。』」公弗聽。 |
| | Shu Zhan said, "If we do not treat him with courtesy, then I request to execute him. The proverb says: 'Without a harvest of millet and grain, one cannot achieve honor. If millet is not grown as millet, it cannot flourish in the granary. If grain is not cultivated properly, it cannot multiply and thrive. What is nurtured without doubt becomes the foundation of virtue.'" The duke did not listen.
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| | 晉語四: |
遂如楚，楚成王以周禮享之，九獻，庭實旅百。公子欲辭，子犯曰：「天命也，君其饗之。亡人而國薦之，非敵而君設之，非天，誰啟之心！」既饗，楚子問于公子曰：「子若克復晉國，何以報我？」公子再拜稽首對曰：「子女玉帛，則君有之。羽旄齒革，則君地生焉。其波及晉國者，君之餘也，又何以報？」王曰：「雖然，不穀愿聞之。」對曰：「若以君之靈，得復晉國，晉、楚治兵，會于中原，其避君三舍，若不獲命，其左執鞭弭，右屬櫜鞬，以與君周旋。」 |
| | He then went to Chu, and King Cheng of Chu entertained him with Zhou rites, offering nine tributes, with a hundred items displayed in the courtyard. The prince wished to decline, but Zi Fan said, "This is Heaven's will; Your Majesty should accept it. An exiled man being honored by a state, an adversary not yet present and the ruler still prepares for him—this is not Heaven's will, who else could have inspired such thoughts!" After the banquet, King Chu asked the prince: "If you manage to restore Jin, how will you repay me?" The prince bowed twice and kowtowed in reply, saying, "As for concubines, daughters, jade, and silk, these belong to Your Majesty. Feathers, banners, tusks, and hides—these are naturally produced in Your Majesty's territory. Whatever reaches the state of Jin from these is merely what remains for you; how then could I repay you?" King Chu said, "Although that may be so, I still wish to hear your answer." The prince replied, "If by Your Majesty's divine power I manage to restore Jin, then when the armies of Jin and Chu meet in the Central Plains, we shall withdraw three encampments from you. If I do not receive your command for peace, I will hold a whip in my left hand and a bow case on my right, ready to fight alongside Your Majesty."
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令尹子玉曰：「請殺晉公子。弗殺，而反晉國，必懼楚師。」王曰：「不可。楚師之懼，我不修也。我之不德，殺之何為！天之祚楚，誰能懼之？楚不可祚，冀州之土，其無令君乎？且晉公子敏而有文，約而不諂，三材侍之，天祚之矣。天之所興，誰能廢之？」子玉曰：「然則請止狐偃。」王曰：「不可。曹詩曰：『彼己之子，不遂其媾。』郵之也。夫郵而效之，郵又甚焉。效郵，非禮也。」于是懷公自秦逃歸。秦伯召公子于楚，楚子厚幣以送公子于秦。 |
| | The Ling Yin Zi Yu said, "I request that we kill the Jin prince. If we do not kill him and he returns to Jin, he will surely fear our army." The king said, "No. If the Chu forces are feared, it is not my concern to rectify. My lack of virtue has already caused this; why kill him? If Heaven bestows fortune upon Chu, who could possibly fear it? If Heaven cannot bless Chu, then is there no worthy ruler for the lands of Ji Zhou?" Moreover, the Jin prince is intelligent and cultivated, restrained yet not sycophantic. Three capable ministers serve him—this has been blessed by Heaven itself. What Heaven wishes to raise up, who can bring down?" Zi Yu said, "Then I request that Fu Yan be detained." The king said, "No. The poem of Cao says: 'That man's son did not achieve his peace.' This is to abandon him. To abandon and then imitate such actions would be even more of an abandonment. Imitating abandonment is not in accordance with ritual propriety." At this time, Duke Huai fled from Qin and returned to Jin. The ruler of Qin summoned the prince from Chu, and King Chu sent him rich gifts as he departed for Qin.
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| | 晉語四: |
秦伯歸女五人，懷嬴與焉。公子使奉匜沃盥，既而揮之。嬴怒曰：「秦、晉匹也，何以卑我？」公子懼，降服囚命。秦伯見公子曰：「寡人之適，此為才。子圉之辱，備嬪嬙焉，欲以成婚，而懼離其惡名。非此，則無故。不敢以禮致之，歡之故也。公子有辱，寡人之罪也。唯命是聽。」 |
| | The ruler of Qin gave five women in marriage, among whom was Huai Ying. The prince had her serve as a hand-washing attendant, but after some time, he dismissed her. Huai Ying became angry and said, "Qin and Jin are equals; why do you treat me with such low status?" The prince was frightened and lowered his rank to that of a prisoner, accepting her command. The ruler of Qin met with the prince and said, "My daughter who is going with you is most talented. "Your former wife was a concubine, and I wished to complete the marriage, but feared that it would bring you bad reputation. Without this, there is no justification." "I dare not treat her with formal rites because of the joy of this union." "If you feel dishonored, it is my fault." "I shall obey your command."
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公子欲辭，司空季子曰：「同姓為兄弟。黃帝之子二十五人，其同姓者二人而已；唯青陽與夷鼓皆為己姓。青陽，方雷氏之甥也。夷鼓，彤魚氏之甥也。其同生而異姓者，四母之子別為十二姓。凡黃帝之子，二十五宗，其得姓者十四人為十二姓。姬、酉、祁、己、滕、箴、任、荀、僖、姞、儇、依是也。唯青陽與蒼林氏同于黃帝，故皆為姬姓。同德之難也如是。昔少典娶于有蟜氏，生黃帝、炎帝。黃帝以姬水成，炎帝以姜水成。成而異德，故黃帝為姬，炎帝為姜，二帝用師以相濟也，異德之故也。異姓則異德，異德則異類。異類雖近，男女相及，以生民也。同姓則同德，同德則同心，同心則同志。同志雖遠，男女不相及，畏黷敬也。黷則怨，怨亂毓災，災毓滅姓。是故娶妻避其同姓，畏亂災也。故異德合姓，同德合義。義以導利，利以阜姓。姓利相更，成而不遷，乃能攝固，保其土房。今子于子圉，道路之人也，取其所棄，以濟大事，不亦可乎？」 |
| | The prince wanted to refuse, but Sikong Jizi said, "Those of the same surname are brothers. "The Yellow Emperor had twenty-five sons, but only two shared his surname; only Qingyang and Yigu were given the surname Ji. Qingyang was the nephew of Fanglei Shi. Yigu was the nephew of Tongyu Shi. Those who were born to the same mother but bore different surnames—these sons of four mothers were divided into twelve surnames. In total, among the sons of the Yellow Emperor, there were twenty-five clans; fourteen of them received surnames and formed twelve different surname groups. These were Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zhen, Ren, Xun, Xi, Ji, Xuan, and Yi. Only Qingyang and Canglin Shi shared the same surname as the Yellow Emperor; therefore, they were both given the Ji surname. Thus it is with those who share virtue but face hardship. In the past, Shaodian married a woman from Youjiao Shi and gave birth to the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor. The Yellow Emperor became prominent by the Ji River, while the Yan Emperor became prominent by the Jiang River. They achieved prominence but had different virtues; therefore, the Yellow Emperor was of the Ji surname and the Yan Emperor of the Jiang surname. The two emperors used their armies to assist each other—this was due to their differing virtues. Different surnames mean different virtues, and different virtues mean different categories. Even if they are of different categories but close in proximity, men and women may interact and give birth to the people. Those with the same surname share the same virtue; those who share the same virtue have the same heart, and those with the same heart share the same aspiration. Those who share the same aspirations may be far apart; men and women do not interact because of fear of impropriety and reverence for decorum. Improper relationships lead to resentment, and resentment causes disorder in the raising of offspring; such disorder brings disaster, and disaster leads to the extinction of surnames. Therefore, when marrying a wife, one must avoid those of the same surname, for fear of causing disorder and disaster. Thus, different virtues unite through surnames, while similar virtues unite through righteousness. Righteousness guides profit, and profit strengthens the surname. When surnames and profits succeed each other in turn, achieving stability without change, only then can they be firmly maintained, preserving their land and dwellings. "Now you and Zi Yu are merely people on the road; taking what he has abandoned to accomplish great matters, is this not acceptable?"
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公子謂子犯曰：「何如？」對曰：「將奪其國，何有于妻，唯秦所命從也。」謂子餘曰：「何如？」對曰：「《禮志》有之曰：『將有請于人，必先有入焉。欲人之愛己也，必先愛人。欲人之從己也，必先從人。無德于人，而求用人罪也。』今將婚媾以從秦，受好以愛之，聽從以德之，懼其未可也，又何疑焉？」乃歸女而納幣，且之。 |
| | The prince asked Zifan, "What do you think?" Zifan replied, "We are about to take his country; what does a wife matter? We should only follow the orders of Qin." He asked Ziyu, "What do you think?" Ziyu replied, "The Records of Rites say: 'If one is about to make a request of another, he must first offer something in return. "If one wishes others to love him, he must first love others. "If one wishes others to follow him, he must first follow them. "To have no virtue toward others yet seek to use their faults is a crime." "Now, by marrying and forming an alliance with Qin, we accept their goodwill to show our love for them, and we obey out of virtue. We should be cautious about whether this is yet feasible, but what else is there to doubt?" Thus, they sent the women in marriage and presented gifts, and went ahead with it.
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| | 晉語四: |
他日，秦伯將享公子，公子使子犯從。子犯曰：「吾不如衰之文也，請使衰從。」乃使子餘從。秦伯享公子如享國君之禮，子餘相如賓。卒事，秦伯謂其大夫曰：「為禮而不終，恥也。中不勝貌，恥也。華而不實，恥也。不度而施，恥也。施而不濟，恥也。恥門不閉，不可以封。非此，用師則無所矣。二三子敬乎！」 |
| | On another day, the ruler of Qin was to entertain the prince, and the prince had Zifan accompany him. Zifan said, "I am not as eloquent as Cui; please let me send Cui instead." He then had Ziyu accompany him. The ruler of Qin entertained the prince with the same rites as for a state ruler, and Ziyu assisted in the ceremony as if he were an honored guest. After the ceremony was completed, the ruler of Qin said to his ministers, "To begin a ritual but not complete it is a disgrace. "To have an appearance that does not match one's inner strength is also a disgrace." "To be outwardly splendid but lacking in substance is a disgrace." "To give without measure is a disgrace." "To give but fail to accomplish anything is a disgrace." "If the gate of shame is not closed, one cannot be entrusted with a fief. "Without this, when using an army there will be nothing to rely on." "You all must be reverent!"
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明日宴，秦伯賦《采菽》，子余使公子降拜。秦伯降辭。子余曰：「君以天子之命服命重耳，重耳敢有志，敢不降拜？」成拜卒登，子余使公子賦《黍苗》。子余曰：「重耳之卬君也，若黍苗之卬陰雨也。若君實庇蔭膏澤之，使能成嘉穀，薦在宗廟，君之力也。君若昭先君榮，東行濟河，整師以復強周室，重耳之望也。重耳若獲集德而歸載，使主晉民，成封國，其何實不從。君若恣志以用重耳，四方諸侯，其誰不惕惕以從命！」秦伯嘆曰：「是子將有焉，豈專在寡人乎！」秦伯賦《鳩飛》，公子賦《河水》。秦伯賦《六月》，子余使公子降拜。秦伯降辭。子余曰：「君稱所以佐天子匡王國者以命重耳，重耳敢有惰心，敢不從德。」 |
| | The next day at the banquet, the ruler of Qin recited "Cai Shu," and Ziyu had the prince kneel and bow in response. The ruler of Qin lowered his tone to respond politely. Ziyu said, "Your Majesty has bestowed the mandate of the Son of Heaven upon Chonger. How dare he have any other thoughts? How could he not kneel and bow?" After completing the bow, Ziyu had the prince recite "Shumiao." Ziyu said, "Chonger's reverence for his lord is like that of the young millet sprouts toward the rain. "If indeed Your Majesty provides protection and nourishment, enabling it to grow into a fine grain offering in the ancestral temple, that would be due entirely to your strength." "If Your Majesty honors the legacy of our ancestors by marching eastward across the Yellow River, mustering your troops to restore the strength of the Zhou dynasty, that would be Chonger's hope." "If Chonger is able to gather virtue and return in triumph, assuming leadership over the people of Jin and establishing a fiefdom, who would dare not follow?" "If Your Majesty freely entrusts Chonger with your will, the feudal lords of all directions—whose hearts would not be filled with reverence and obedience!" The ruler of Qin sighed and said, "This man will surely achieve something; it will not depend solely on me alone!" The ruler of Qin recited "Jiu Fei," while the prince recited "He Shui." The ruler of Qin then recited "Liu Yue," and Ziyu had the prince bow in reverence. The ruler of Qin responded with humility. Ziyu said, "Your Majesty has entrusted Chonger with the duty of assisting the Son of Heaven and upholding the kingdom. How could Chonger dare to be lazy in heart or fail to follow virtue?"
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| | 晉語四: |
公子親筮之，曰：「尚有晉國。」得貞屯、悔豫，皆八也。筮史占之，皆曰：「不吉。閉而不通，爻無為也。」司空季子曰：「吉。是在《》，皆利建侯。不有晉國，以輔王室，安能建侯？我命筮曰『尚有晉國』，筮告我曰『利建侯』，得國之務也，吉孰大焉！震，車也。坎，水也。坤，土也。屯，厚也。豫，樂也。車班外內，順以訓之，泉源以資之，土厚而樂其實。不有晉國，何以當之？震，雷也，車也。坎，勞也，水也，眾也。主雷與車，而尚水與眾。車有震，武也。眾而順，文也。文具，厚之至也。故曰屯。其《繇》曰：『元亨利貞，勿用有攸往，利建侯。』主震雷，長也，故曰元。眾而順，嘉也，故曰亨。內有震雷，故曰利貞。車上水下，必伯。小事不濟，壅也。故曰勿用有攸往，一夫之行也。眾順而有武威，故曰『利建侯』。坤，母也。震，長男也。母老子強，故曰豫。其繇曰：『利建侯行師。』居樂、出威之謂也。是二者，得國之卦也。」 |
| | The prince personally cast yarrow stalks for divination and said, "There is still the state of Jin." He received the hexagrams Zhun (Tranquility) with a line in the first position and Yu (Deliberation) with a line in the second, both yielding an eight. The diviners interpreted it, all saying, "It is not auspicious." "The lines are closed and unpassable; there is no action to be taken." Sikong Jizi said, "It is auspicious. "These hexagrams appear in the Zhou Yi and are all favorable for establishing a marquisate." Without the state of Jin to assist the royal court, how could one establish a marquisate? "My divination said, 'There is still the state of Jin,' and the oracle told me, 'It is favorable to establish a marquisate.' To obtain the affairs of a state—what greater auspiciousness could there be!" Zhen represents a chariot. Kan represents water. Ken represents earth. Zhun signifies thickness or depth. Yu signifies joy. The chariot moves both outward and inward, proceeding in order to instruct; the spring provides its resources, and the fertile earth brings joy from its harvest. Without the state of Jin, how could one bear such a responsibility? Zhen represents thunder and also chariots. Kan signifies toil, water, and multitude. To preside over thunder and chariots, yet still value water and the people. A chariot with Zhen signifies martial strength. The multitude in harmony signifies culture and civilization. When cultural virtues are fully present, it is the utmost depth of virtue. Therefore, it is called Zhun. Its divination commentary says: "Great success and benefit through virtue; do not act recklessly or move forward, it is favorable to establish a marquis." To preside over the thunder of Zhen means leadership, hence it says "Yuan" (Primordial). The multitude in harmony is commendable; therefore, it says "Heng" (Smooth progress). With Zhen thunder within, hence it says "Li Zhen" (Beneficial to be firm and upright). Above the chariot, below the water; one must become a hegemon. Small matters not succeeding indicate obstruction. Therefore, it says "Do not act recklessly or move forward," which refers to the action of a single man alone. With the multitude in harmony and martial authority, hence it says "It is favorable to establish a marquis." Kun represents the mother. Zhen signifies the eldest son. When the mother is old and the son is strong, hence it is called Yu (Joyful). Its divination commentary says: "It is favorable to establish marquises and lead an army." This means residing in joy and displaying authority when going out. These two are the hexagrams that signify gaining a state."
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| | 晉語四: |
十月，惠公卒。十二月，秦伯納公子。及河，子犯授公子載璧，曰：「臣從君還軫，巡于天下，怨其多矣！臣猶知之，而況君乎？不忍其死，請由此亡。」公子曰：「所不與舅氏同心者，有如河水。」沈璧以質。 |
| | In the tenth month, Duke Hui died. In the twelfth month, Lord Qin received the marquis's son. When they reached the river, Zi Fan presented a jade tablet to the marquis's son and said: "Ministers following their lord have suffered much hardship, traveling across the world; there is great resentment!" We ministers still know this, how much more so for you, my lord? Unable to bear the thought of your death, I beg leave from here onward." The marquis's son said: "He who does not share my heart with my maternal uncle shall be as the Yellow River!" He immersed the jade tablet as a pledge.
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董因迎公于河，公問焉，曰：「吾其濟乎？」對曰：「歲在大梁，將集天行。元年始受，實沈之星也。實沈之墟，晉人是居，所以興也。今君當之，無不濟矣。君之行也，歲在大火。大火，閼伯之星也，是謂大辰。辰以成善，后稷是相，唐叔以封。《瞽史記》曰：嗣續其祖，如●之滋，必有晉國。臣筮之，得泰之八。曰：是謂天地配亨，小往大來。今及之矣，何不濟之有？且以辰出而以參入，皆晉祥也，而天之大紀也。濟且秉成，必霸諸侯。子孫賴之，君無懼矣。 |
| | Dong Yin met the duke at the river, and the duke asked him: "Shall I cross this river?" He replied: "The year is in Daliang; it will gather under heavenly mandate." In the first year, it begins to receive, which corresponds to the star of Shicheng. The ruins of Shicheng are where the Jin people reside; this is why they will prosper. Now that you are destined for it, there shall be no failure to cross." When the duke departed, the year was in Dahu. Dahu is the star of Yabo; this is called Dachen. The stars complete virtue, Hou Ji was assisted by them, and Tang Shu received a fief through their guidance. The "Gushi Ji" says: "To continue the legacy of one's ancestors, like the growth of a plant, there must be the state of Jin." I divined it with yarrow stalks and obtained Tai transformed into hexagram eight. It says: "This is called the harmony of Heaven and Earth, small things depart while great ones arrive." Now we have reached this point; how could there be any failure to cross?" Moreover, departing under the stars and entering under Shen are both auspicious signs for Jin; they also represent the great order of Heaven. Crossing successfully and holding firm to success will surely make one a hegemon among the feudal lords. Your descendants will rely on this; you have nothing to fear, my lord.
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公子濟河，召令狐、臼衰、桑泉，皆降。晉人懼，懷公奔高梁。呂甥、冀芮帥師，甲午，軍于廬柳。秦伯使公子縶如師，師退，次于郇。辛丑，狐偃及秦、晉大夫盟于郇。壬寅，公入于晉師。甲辰，秦伯還。丙午，入于曲沃。丁末，入絳，即位于武宮。戊申，剌懷公于高梁。 |
| | The marquis's son crossed the river and summoned Linghu, Jiaoshuai, and Sangquan; all surrendered. The people of Jin were frightened, and Huai Gong fled to Gaoliang. Lü Sheng and Ji Rui led the army; on the Jiawu day, they stationed their forces at Luliu. Lord Qin sent Gongzi Zhi to the Jin forces. The army withdrew and encamped at Xun. On the Xinchou day, Fu Yan and the ministers of Qin and Jin formed an alliance in Xun. On the Renyin day, the duke entered the Jin army. On the Jiacheng day, Lord Qin returned. On the Bingwu day, he entered Quwo. On the Dingmou day, he entered Jiang and was enthroned at Wu Gong Palace. On the Wushen day, Huai Gong was killed in Gaoliang.
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| | 晉語四: |
初，獻公使寺人勃鞮伐公于蒲城，文公逾垣，勃鞮斬其袪。及入，勃鞮求見，公辭焉，曰：「驪姬之讒，爾射余于屏內，困余于蒲城，斬余衣袪。又為惠公從余于渭濱，命曰三日，若宿而至。若干二命，以求殺余。余于伯楚屢困，何舊怨也？退而思之，異日見我。」對曰：「吾以君為已知之矣，故入；猶未知之也，又將出矣。事君不貳是謂臣，好惡不易是謂君。君君臣臣，是謂明訓。明訓能終，民之主也。二君之世，蒲人、狄人，余何有焉？除君之惡，唯力所及，何貳之有？今君即位，其無蒲、狄乎？伊尹放太甲而卒以為明王，管仲賊桓公而卒以為侯伯。乾時之役，申孫之矢集于桓鉤，鉤近于袪，而無怨言，佐相以終，克成令名。今君之德宇，何不寬裕也？惡其所好，其能久矣？君實不能明訓，而棄民主。余，罪戾之人也，又何患焉？且不見我，君其無悔乎！」 |
| | Initially, Duke Xian had the official Bo Di attack the duke at Pucheng. Duke Wen fled over a wall, and Bo Di cut off his sleeve. When he entered Jin, Bo Di requested an audience, but the duke refused, saying: "It was due to Li Ji's slander that you shot at me behind a screen and trapped me in Pucheng, cutting off my sleeve. You also followed Duke Hui after me by the Wei River, and were ordered to arrive within three days; yet you took a night's stay before coming. Twice you disregarded orders in an attempt to kill me. I have been trapped by Bo Chu many times; what old grudge is this?" Go away and think about it, and come see me on another day." Bo Di replied: "I thought you had already understood this, so I came in; You still do not understand it and will leave again. Remaining loyal to one's lord without wavering is what constitutes a minister; maintaining consistent likes and dislikes is what defines a ruler. When the ruler behaves as a ruler and the minister as a minister, this is called clear instruction. One who can uphold such clear instruction to its end is the leader of the people. During the reigns of these two lords, what claim do I have over the people of Pu and Di? To remove your lord's evils to the best of my ability—what double-mindedness is there in that? Now that you have ascended the throne, would you exclude Pu and Di from your realm? Yi Yin exiled Tai Jia but was ultimately regarded as a wise king, and Guan Zhong served Duke Huan of Qi with loyalty despite his faults and was eventually honored as a hegemon. During the Qianshi campaign, Shen Sun's arrows struck Duke Huan's hook; the hook was close to his sleeve, yet there were no complaints. He assisted until the end and achieved a noble reputation. Now, how is it that your virtue and breadth of mind are not more generous? To resent what one should favor—how can such a person endure long?" It is truly your failure to uphold clear instruction, and thus you have abandoned the leadership of the people. I am a man of guilt and wrongdoing; what more should I fear?" And if you do not see me, will you not regret it, my lord!"
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于是呂甥、冀芮畏偪，悔納文公，謀作亂，將以己丑焚公宮，公出救火而遂殺之。伯楚知之，故求見公。公遽出見之，曰：「豈不如女言，然是吾惡心也，吾請去之。」伯楚以呂、郤之謀告公。公懼，乘馹自下，脫會秦伯于王城，告之亂故，及己丑，公宮火，二子求公不獲，遂如河上，秦伯誘而殺之。 |
| | At this time, Lü Sheng and Ji Rui feared being oppressed, regretted accepting Duke Wen, and plotted rebellion. They planned to set fire to the palace on the Jichou day; when the duke went out to save it from the flames, they killed him. Bo Chu learned of this plot, so he sought an audience with the duke. The duke hurriedly went out to see him and said: "You were indeed right, but it is my own wicked heart. I shall remove them." Bo Chu informed the duke of Lü and Xi's plot. The duke was frightened and rode a fast horse down from below, escaping to Wangcheng where he met with Lord Qin. He informed him of the rebellion; on the Jichou day, the palace caught fire. The two conspirators searched for the duke in vain and then went to the riverbank, where Lord Qin lured them out and killed them.
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| | 晉語四: |
文公之出也，豎頭須，守藏者也，不從。公入，乃求見，公辭焉以沐。謂謁者曰：「沐則心覆，心覆則圖反，宜吾不得見也。從者為羈紲之仆，居者為社稷之守，何必罪居者！國君而讎匹夫，懼者眾矣。」謁者以告，公遽見之。 |
| | When Duke Wen left Jin, Shu Touxu, who was in charge of the treasury, did not follow him. After the duke returned to power, Shu Touxu requested an audience; the duke refused by saying he was taking a bath. He told the attendant: "When one is bathing, their mind turns inward; when the mind turns inward, plans are reversed. It is fitting that I could not see him." Those who followed were like servants bound by chains, while those who stayed behind were guardians of the state. Why must we punish those who remained? A ruler holding a grudge against an ordinary man will surely cause many to fear." The attendant reported this, and the duke hurriedly received him.
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| | 晉語四: |
元年春，公及夫人嬴氏至自王城。秦伯納衛三千人，實紀綱之仆。公屬百官，賦職任功，棄責薄斂，施舍分寡。救乏振滯，匡困資無。輕關易道，通商寬農。懋穡勸分，省用足財、利器明德，以厚民性。舉善援能，官方定物，正名育類。昭舊族，愛親戚，明賢良，尊貴寵，賞功勞，事耇老，禮賓旅，友故舊。胥、籍、狐、箕、欒、郤、柏、先、羊舌、董、韓，實掌近官。諸姬之良，掌其中官。異姓之能，掌其遠官。公食貢。大夫食邑，士食田，庶人食力，工商食官，皂隸食職，官宰食加。政平民阜，財用不匱。 |
| | In spring of the first year, the duke and his wife Ying Shi returned from Wangcheng. Lord Qin received 3,000 people from Wei, who became attendants in charge of discipline and order. The duke assigned officials to their posts, distributed duties according to merit, abandoned burdensome taxes, and provided relief for the poor. He rescued those in need, revived stagnant affairs, supported the distressed, and aided the destitute. He eased customs duties and improved roads to facilitate commerce and ease agriculture. He encouraged farming, promoted sharing, reduced expenditures to ensure sufficient resources, sharpened tools, cultivated virtue, and thereby strengthened the people's character. He promoted the virtuous and supported the capable, established proper roles for officials, defined things according to their nature, clarified names, and nurtured various categories of people. He honored the old clans, loved relatives, recognized the virtuous and talented, respected the noble and favored, rewarded meritorious service, attended to the elderly, treated guests with courtesy, and maintained friendship with old acquaintances. Xu, Ji, Hu, Ji, Luan, Xi, Bai, Xian, Yangshe, Dong, and Han actually held key government positions. The capable among the Ji clan were in charge of central offices. Those from other clans who demonstrated ability held distant or peripheral posts. The duke received tribute as his food supply. Ministers were supported by fiefs, scholars from land revenue, commoners through their labor, merchants and artisans from official positions, servants from assigned duties, and officials in charge of sacrifices received additional rations. With just governance and a flourishing population, resources were never lacking.
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冬，襄王避昭叔之難，居于鄭地汜。使來告難，亦使告于秦。子犯曰：「民親而未知義也，君盍納王以教之義。若不納，秦將納之，則失周矣，何以求諸侯？不能修身而又不能宗人，人將焉依？繼文之業，定武之功，啟土安疆，于此乎在矣！君其務之。」公說，乃行賂于草中之戎與麗土之狄，以啟東道。 |
| | In winter, King Xiang fled the danger posed by Zhao Shu and took refuge in Fan, Zheng territory. He sent envoys to report the crisis and also dispatched messengers to inform Qin. Zi Fan said, "The people are close but do not yet know righteousness; why don't you welcome the king to teach them about it?" "If we do not accept him, Qin will. Then we would lose our connection with Zhou; how can we then seek allegiance from the feudal lords?" If one cannot cultivate personal virtue and also cannot belong to a clan, on whom will people rely? Carrying forward the legacy of Wen, establishing the achievements of Wu, expanding territory and securing borders—this is where it lies! You must make this your priority." The duke was convinced, so he sent bribes to the Rong tribes in Caofa and the Di people of Litu in order to open up the eastern route.
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| | 晉語四: |
二年春，公以二軍下，次于陽樊。右師取昭叔于溫，殺之于隰城。左師迎王于鄭。王入于成周，遂定之于郟。王饗醴，命公胙侑。公請隧，弗許。曰：「王章也，不可以二王，無若政何。」賜公南陽陽樊、溫、原、州、陘、絺、組、攢茅之田。陽人不服，公圍之，將殘其民，倉葛呼曰：「君補王闕，以順禮也。陽人未狎君德，而未敢承命。君將殘之，無乃非禮乎！陽人有夏、商之嗣典，有周室之師旅，樊仲之官守焉，其非官守，則皆王之父兄甥舅也。君定王室而殘其姻族，民將焉放？敢私布于吏，唯君圖之！」公曰：「是君子之言也。」乃出陽人。 |
| | In spring of the second year, the duke led two armies southward and stationed at Yangfan. The right division captured Zhao Shu in Wen and killed him in Xicheng. The left division went to Zheng to welcome the king. The king entered Chengzhou and then settled in Jia. The king offered a banquet with sweet wine, and ordered the duke to receive sacrificial meat and offer libations as an honor. The duke requested permission for a funeral passage (tunel), but it was not granted. They said, "This is the king's regulation; there cannot be two kings, and how then can we handle governance?" The king granted the duke farmland in Yangfan, Wen, Yuan, Zhou, Xing, Chi, Zu, and Zan Mao in Nanyang. The people of Yang refused to submit, so the duke besieged them and planned to punish their civilians. Cang Ge cried out, "You are filling in the king's deficiencies according to propriety." "The people of Yang have not yet become familiar with your virtue and thus dared not accept your command." "If you punish them, would that not be against propriety?" "The people of Yang are descendants who inherited the traditions of Xia and Shang, they have military forces under the Zhou dynasty, and hold official posts such as Fan Zhong. Even those not in office are all uncles, elder brothers, nephews, or cousins of the king." "If you stabilize the royal house yet destroy its relatives and clansmen, where will the people turn for guidance?" "I dare to privately convey this to your officials. Please consider it carefully!" The duke said, "These are the words of a true gentleman." He then withdrew from Yang.
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| | 晉語四: |
文公伐原，令以三日之糧。三日而原不降，公令疏軍而去之。諜出曰：「原不過一二日矣！」軍吏以告，公曰：「得原而失信，何以使人？夫信，民之所庇也，不可失。」乃去之，及孟門，而原請降。 |
| | Duke Wen attacked Yuan and ordered his troops to carry provisions for only three days. After three days, when Yuan did not surrender, the duke gave orders to withdraw gradually from the city. A spy came out and said, "Yuan will hold out no more than one or two days!" The military officers reported this to the duke, who said, "To gain Yuan but lose trust—how can we command people?" "Trust is what protects the people; it cannot be forsaken." So he withdrew, and when they reached Mengmen, Yuan requested surrender.
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| | 晉語四: |
文公立四年，楚成王伐宋，公率齊、秦伐曹、衛以救宋。宋人使門尹班告急于晉，公告大夫曰：「宋人告急，舍之則宋絕。告楚則不許我。我欲擊楚，齊、秦不欲，其若之何？」先軫曰：「不若使齊、秦主楚怨。」公曰：「可乎？」先軫曰：「使宋舍我而賂齊、秦，藉之告楚。我分曹、衛之地以賜宋人。楚愛曹、衛，必不許齊、秦。齊、秦不得其請，必屬怨焉，然後用之，蔑不欲矣。」公說，是故以曹田、衛田賜宋人。 |
| | In the fourth year of Duke Wen's reign, King Cheng of Chu attacked Song, so the duke led Qi and Qin to attack Cao and Wei in order to rescue Song. The people of Song sent Men Yin Ban to urgently appeal for help from Jin, and the duke told his ministers, "Song has come in a state of emergency; if we abandon them, Song will be cut off." "To appeal to Chu would not gain our approval." "I wish to attack Chu, but Qi and Qin are unwilling. What should we do?" Xian Zhen said, "It would be better to let Qi and Qin take the lead in harboring resentment toward Chu." The duke asked, "Is that possible?" Xian Zhen replied, "Have Song abandon us and offer bribes to Qi and Qin. We can then use this as a pretext to inform Chu." "We will divide the lands of Cao and Wei to give to the people of Song." "Chu values Cao and Wei, so it certainly won't agree with Qi and Qin." "If Qi and Qin do not get what they request, they will surely harbor resentment. Then we can use this situation, and there will be no lack of desire to act." The duke was pleased; thus, he granted the farmlands of Cao and Wei to the people of Song.
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令尹子玉使宛春來告曰：「請復衛侯而封曹，臣亦釋宋之圍。舅犯慍曰：「子玉無禮哉！君取一,臣取二，必擊之。」先軫曰：「子與之。我不許曹、衛之請，是不許釋宋也。宋眾無乃強乎！是楚一言而有三施，子一言而有三怨。怨已多矣，難以擊人。不若私許復曹、衛以攜之，執宛春以怒楚，既戰而後圖之。」公說，是故拘宛春于衛。 |
| | Ling Yin Zi Yu sent Wan Chun to deliver a message saying, "Please restore Wei Hou and grant fiefdoms to Cao, and I will also lift the siege on Song. Zi Fan was angry and said, "How disrespectful Zi Yu is!" "The ruler takes one (Song), the minister takes two (Cao and Wei)—we must attack him." Xian Zhen said, "You should agree to his request. "If we do not agree to Cao and Wei's requests, it means we are refusing to lift the siege on Song." "Will not the people of Song feel even more emboldened?" "This is one statement from Chu that grants three favors, while your single statement incurs three grievances." "With so many grievances already, it will be difficult to attack others effectively." "It would be better for us secretly to agree to restore Cao and Wei in order to divide their forces, take custody of Wan Chun to provoke Chu, and after the battle, we can plan further actions." The duke was pleased. Therefore, they detained Wan Chun in Wei.
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子玉釋宋圍，從晉師。楚既陳，晉師退舍，軍吏請曰：「以君避臣，辱也。且楚師老矣，必敗。何故退？」子犯曰：「二三子忘在楚乎？偃也聞之：戰鬭，直為壯，曲為老。未報楚惠而抗宋，我曲楚直，其眾莫不生氣，不可謂老。若我以君避臣，而不去，彼亦曲矣。」退三舍避楚。楚眾欲止，子玉不肯，至于城濮，果戰，楚眾大敗。君子曰：「善以德勸。」 |
| | Zi Yu lifted the siege on Song and followed the Jin forces. After Chu had deployed, the Jin army withdrew to their quarters. The military officers requested, "For a lord to avoid his subject is an insult." "Moreover, the Chu forces are exhausted and will surely be defeated." "Why then do we retreat?" Zi Fan said, "Have you all forgotten our time in Chu?" "I have heard: In battle, righteousness brings strength, while injustice leads to exhaustion." "We have not yet repaid the kindness of Chu but oppose Song. We are in the wrong, and they are in the right; their soldiers must be full of vigor and cannot be called exhausted." "If we allow our lord to avoid his subject without leaving, then they would also be in the wrong." They withdrew three li to avoid Chu. The Chu forces wanted to stop, but Zi Yu refused. They eventually reached Chengpu, where a battle took place. The Chu forces were indeed heavily defeated. A gentleman said: "It is good to encourage through virtue."
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| | 晉語四: |
文公誅觀狀以伐鄭，反其陴。鄭人以名寶行成，公弗許，曰：「予我詹而師還。詹請往，鄭伯弗許，詹固請曰：「一臣可以赦百姓而定社稷，君何愛于臣也？」鄭人以詹予晉，晉人將烹之。詹曰：「臣愿獲盡辭而死，固所愿也。」公聽其辭。詹曰：「天降鄭禍，使淫觀狀，棄禮違親。臣曰：『不可。夫晉公子賢明，其左右皆卿才，若復其國，而得志于諸侯，禍無赦矣。』今禍及矣。尊明勝患，智也。殺身贖國，忠也。」乃就烹，據鼎耳而疾號曰：「自今以往，知忠以事君者，與詹同。」乃命弗殺，厚為之禮而歸之。鄭人以詹伯為將軍。 |
| | Duke Wen executed Guan Zhuang and attacked Zheng, then returned its walls. The people of Zheng offered valuable treasures to seek peace, but the duke refused, saying, "Give me Zhan and my army will withdraw." Zhan volunteered to go, but Duke Zhuang of Zheng refused. Zhan insisted, saying, "One official can spare the people and stabilize the state; why should you be so attached to me?" The people of Zheng sent Zhan to Jin, but the Jin people were about to boil him. Zhan said, "I wish to speak my mind before dying; this is what I have long desired." The duke listened to his words. Zhan said, "Heaven has brought calamity upon Zheng by causing its people to indulge in the crimes of Guan Zhuang, abandoning propriety and betraying their kin." "I said: 'This cannot be allowed.'" "The Jin prince is virtuous and wise, and those around him are all talents fit to be high-ranking officials. If he restores his state and achieves dominance among the feudal lords, there will be no forgiveness for this calamity.'" "Now the calamity has come upon us." "Respecting virtue and overcoming misfortune is wisdom." "Sacrificing one's life to redeem the state is loyalty." So he was boiled, and as he approached the cauldron, he clutched its handle and cried out urgently: "From now on, anyone who knows loyalty in serving their lord will share my fate with Zhan." The duke then ordered him not to be killed and instead treated him with great courtesy before sending him back. The people of Zheng appointed Zhan Bo as general.
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| | 晉語四: |
晉饑，公問于箕鄭曰：「救饑何以？」對曰：「信。」公曰：「安信？」對曰：「信于君心，信于名，信于令，信于事。」公曰：「然則若何？」對曰：「信于君心，則美惡不逾，信于名，則上下不干。信于令，則時無廢功。信于事，則民從事有業。于是乎民知君心，貧而不懼，藏出如入，何匱之有？」公使為箕。及清原之蒐，使佐新上軍。 |
| | Jin suffered from famine, and the duke asked Ji Zheng, "How should we relieve this famine?" He replied, "Trust." The duke asked, "How can we establish trust?" He replied, "Be faithful in the ruler's heart, be faithful to names and titles, be faithful in commands, and be faithful in actions." The duke asked, "Then what should we do?" He replied, "To be faithful in the ruler's heart means that good and evil will not be confused; to be faithful to names means that superiors and inferiors will not encroach upon each other." "To be faithful in commands ensures that no effort is wasted at the right time." "To be faithful in actions means the people will follow their duties and have a sense of purpose." "In this way, the people understand the ruler's intentions; they remain unafraid even in poverty. Their stored goods flow out as if being added to—how could there be a shortage?" The duke then appointed him as governor of Ji. During the military review at Qingyuan, he was ordered to assist the new upper army commander.
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| | 晉語四: |
文公問元帥于趙衰，對曰：「郤穀可，行年五十矣，守學彌惇。夫先王之法志，德義之府也。夫德義，生民之本也。能惇篤者，不忘百姓也。請使郤穀。」公從之。公使趙衰為卿，辭曰：「欒枝貞慎，先軫有謀，胥臣多聞，皆可以為輔佐，臣弗若也。」乃使欒枝將下軍，先軫佐之。取五鹿，先軫之謀也。郤穀卒，使先軫代之。胥臣佐下軍。公使原季為卿，辭曰：「夫三德者，偃之出也。以德紀民，其章大矣，不可廢也。」使狐偃為卿，辭曰：「毛之智，賢于臣，其齒又長。毛也不在位，不敢聞命。」乃使狐毛將上軍，狐偃佐之。狐毛卒，使趙衰代之，辭曰：「城濮之役，先且居之佐軍也善，軍伐有賞，善君有賞，能其官有賞。且居有三賞，不可廢也。且臣之倫，箕鄭、胥嬰、先都在。」乃使先且居將上軍。公曰：「趙衰三讓。其所讓，皆社稷之衛也。廢讓，是廢德也。」以趙衰之故，蒐于清原，作五軍。使趙衰將新上軍，箕鄭佐之；胥嬰將新下軍，先都佐之。子犯卒，蒲城伯請佐，公曰：「夫趙衰三讓不失義。讓，推賢也。義，廣德也。德廣賢至，又何患矣。請令衰也從子。」乃使趙衰佐新上軍。 |
| | Duke Wen asked Zhao Cui for a recommendation for chief general, and he replied, "Xi Gu is suitable. He has reached fifty years of age and his devotion to learning grows stronger with time." "The laws and records of the former kings are the repository of virtue and righteousness." Virtue and righteousness are the foundation of the people's lives. Those who are sincere and devoted do not forget the common people. "I request that Xi Gu be appointed." The duke followed his recommendation. The duke appointed Zhao Cui as an assistant minister, but he declined, saying, "Luan Zhi is upright and cautious; Xian Zhen has strategy; Xu Chen is well-informed. All of them can serve as assistants. I am not their equal." They then appointed Luan Zhi to command the lower army, with Xian Zhen assisting him. The capture of Wulu was due to Xian Zhen's strategy. After Xi Gu died, they appointed Xian Zhen to replace him. Xu Chen assisted the lower army. The duke appointed Yuan Ji as an assistant minister, but Yuan Ji declined, saying, "Those with the three virtues are my juniors." "Virtue is the standard for governing the people; its significance is great and cannot be abandoned." They then appointed Fu Yan as an assistant minister. He declined, saying, "Mao Zhi is wiser than I am and also older." "If Mao Zhi is not in office, I dare not accept the command." They then appointed Fu Mao to command the upper army, with Fu Yan assisting him. After Fu Mao died, they appointed Zhao Cui to replace him. Zhao Cui declined, saying, "During the campaign at Chengpu, Xian Qiju served as an assistant general well. Military achievements should be rewarded; those who serve the ruler well should be rewarded; and those who are competent in their duties should be rewarded." "Xian Qiju has three reasons for reward, and cannot be overlooked." "In addition, among my peers are Ji Zheng, Xu Ying, and Xian Zai." They then appointed Xian Qiju to command the upper army. The duke said, "Zhao Cui has declined three times." "The people he is recommending to take his place are all defenders of the state and dynasty." "To reject these recommendations would be to abandon virtue itself." Because of Zhao Cui's recommendation, a military review was held at Qingyuan, and five armies were formed. Zhao Cui was appointed to command the new upper army, with Ji Zheng assisting him; Xu Ying was appointed to command the new lower army, with Xian Dou assisting him. When Zi Fan died, Pu Chengbo requested an assistant. The duke said, "Zhao Cui's three refusals did not violate righteousness." "To decline is to recommend the worthy." "Righteousness is the expansion of virtue." "With virtue widespread and worthy people present, what more should we fear?" "I request that Zhao Cui follow the son." They then appointed Zhao Cui to assist in the new upper army.
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| | 晉語四: |
文公學讀書于臼季，三日，曰：「吾不能行也咫，聞則多矣。」對曰：「然而多聞以待能者，不猶愈也？」 |
| | Duke Wen studied reading with Jiu Ji for three days, then said, "I am unable to put even a short distance into practice, but I have heard much." Jiu Ji replied, "But if you listen attentively and await those who can act, isn't that still better?"
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| | 晉語四: |
文公問于郭偃曰：「始也，吾以治國為易，今也難。」對曰：「君以為易，其難也將至矣。君以為難，其易也將至焉。」 |
| | Duke Wen asked Guo Yan, "At first, I thought governing the state would be easy, but now it seems difficult." Guo Yan replied, "If you consider it easy, then difficulty is about to come." "If you consider it difficult, ease will soon arrive."
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| | 晉語四: |
文公問于胥臣曰：「吾欲使陽處父傅讙也而教誨之，其能善之乎？」對曰：「是在讙也。蘧蒢不可使俯，戚施不可使仰，僬僥不可使舉，侏儒不可使援，矇瞍不可使視，囂瘖不可使言，聾聵不可使聽，童昏不可使謀。質將善而賢良贊之，則濟可俟。若有違質，教將不入，其何善之為！臣聞昔者大任娠文王不變，少溲于豕牢，而得文王不加疾焉。文王在母不憂，在傅弗勤，處師弗煩，事王不怒，孝友二虢，而惠慈二蔡，刑于大姒，比于諸弟。《》云：『』于是乎用四方之賢良。及其即位也，詢于『八虞』，而諮于『二虢』，度于閎夭而謀于南宮，諏于蔡、原而訪于辛、尹，重之以周、邵、畢、榮，憶寧百神，而柔和萬民。故《》云：『惠于宗公，神罔時恫。』若是，則文王非專教誨之力也。」公曰：「然則教無益乎？」對曰：「胡為文，益其質。故人生而學，非學不入。」公曰：「奈夫八疾何！」對曰：「官師之所材也，戚施直鏄，蘧蒢蒙璆，侏儒扶盧，矇瞍修聲，聾聵司火。童昏、囂瘖、僬僥，官師之所不材也，以實裔土，夫教者，因體能質而利之者也。若川然有原，以卬浦而後大。」 |
| | Duke Wen asked Xu Chen, "I wish to appoint Yang Chufu as a tutor for Huan Ye and teach him. Will he be able to do it well?" Xu Chen replied, "That depends on Huan Ye." "Those who are hunchbacked cannot be made to bend forward; those with drooping faces cannot be made to look up. Those with short legs cannot be made to lift their feet; dwarfs cannot reach upward. The blind cannot see; the deaf-mute cannot speak; the deaf cannot hear; and the foolish cannot plan." "If a person is of good nature and virtuous men assist him, success can be expected." "But if the nature is contrary, instruction will not take root—how then can there be virtue?" I have heard that in the past, Daren was pregnant with King Wen and did not change her habits. She urinated at dawn near a pigpen but did not become ill when she gave birth to King Wen. While in his mother's womb, King Wen was not anxious; under a tutor, he did not work hard; with a teacher, he caused no trouble. When serving the king, he showed no anger. He was filial and kind to the two Guos, and benevolent and compassionate toward the two Cais. He set an example for Dasi and compared himself to his younger brothers. The "Odes" say: 'Set an example for your wife, extend it to your brothers, and thus govern your family and state.' Thus, he employed the virtuous and capable from all directions. When he ascended the throne, he consulted the "Eight Yu," and sought advice from the two Guos. He measured matters with Hong Yao and deliberated with Nan Gong. He inquired of Cai Yuan and visited Xin Yin. He relied further on Zhou, Shao, Bi, and Rong to remember peace for all deities and to pacify the ten thousand people. Hence, the "Odes" say: 'Bestow grace upon the clan's lord; the gods will not be distressed.' "If so, then King Wen was not solely the result of teaching and instruction." The duke asked, "Then is education useless?" Xu Chen replied, "Education refines one's nature and adds to it." "Therefore, people are born to learn; without learning, they cannot attain understanding." The duke said, "What about those with the eight ailments!" Xu Chen replied, "These are the talents assigned to officials and teachers. The drooping-faced can straighten mirrors; the hunchbacked can polish jade; dwarfs can support tripods; the blind can refine music; and the deaf can manage fires." "As for the foolish, the deaf-mute, and those with short legs—these are not talents suitable for officials or teachers. They can be used to settle distant lands. Education is about taking advantage of one's natural abilities and making them useful." "Just as a river has its source, it must rise from the marsh before becoming great."
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| | 晉語四: |
文公即位二年，欲用其民，子犯曰：「民未知義，盍納天子以示之義？」乃納襄王于周。公曰：「可矣乎？」對曰：「民未知信，盍伐原以示之信？」乃伐原。曰：「可矣乎？」對曰：「民未知禮，盍大蒐，備師尚禮以示之。」乃大蒐于被廬，作三軍。使郤穀將中軍，以為大政，欲溱佐之。子犯曰：「可矣。」遂伐曹、衛，出穀戍，釋宋圍，敗楚師于城濮，于是乎遂伯。 |
| | Two years after Duke Wen ascended the throne, he wished to use his people. Zi Fan said, "The people do not yet understand righteousness; why not accept the Son of Heaven to show them what righteousness is?" They then welcomed King Xiangwang back to Zhou. The duke asked, "Is this acceptable?" Zi Fan replied, "The people do not yet know trust; why not attack Yuan to show them what trust is?" They then attacked Yuan. The duke asked, "Is this acceptable?" Zi Fan replied, "The people do not yet know rites; why not hold a grand military review and prepare the army with reverence for rites to show them?" They then held a grand military review at Beilu, forming three armies. Xi Gu was appointed to command the central army and given overall authority; they wanted Zhen You to assist him. Zi Fan said, "That is acceptable." They then attacked Cao and Wei, expelled the Qi garrison, lifted the siege of Song, and defeated the Chu army at Chengpu. Thus, they became the hegemon.
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| | 晉語五: |
臼季使，舍于冀野。冀缺薅，其妻馌之，敬，相待如賓。從而問之，冀芮之子也，與之歸；既復命，而進之曰：「臣得賢人，敢以告。」文公曰：「其父有罪，可乎？」對曰：「國之良也，滅其前惡，是故舜之刑也殛鯀，其舉也興禹。今君之所聞也。齊桓公親舉管敬子，其賊也。」公曰：「子何以知其賢也？」對曰：「臣見其不忘敬也。夫敬，德之恪也。恪于德以臨事，其何不濟！」公見之，使為下軍大夫。 |
| | Jiu Ji was on a mission and stayed at Jiyě. Yi Que weeded the fields, and his wife brought him food; she was respectful, treating each other as guests. He followed them and inquired about them; they were the son of Ji Rui, so he brought him back with him; After reporting back on his mission, he recommended him and said: "I have found a virtuous man. I dare to report it." Duke Wen asked, "His father committed crimes; is that acceptable?" He replied, "He is a good man of the state; his previous evils should be forgotten. That is why Shun punished Gun with capital punishment but promoted Yu. This is what you have heard about now." "Prince Huan of Qi personally appointed Guan Jingzi, even though he was a bandit." The duke said, "How do you know that he is virtuous?" He replied, "I saw that he did not forget respect." Respect is the foundation of virtue. Upholding virtue when dealing with affairs, how could there be any failure!" The duke met with him and appointed him as the commander of the lower army.
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| | 晉語五: |
陽處父如衛，反，過甯，舍于逆旅甯嬴氏。嬴謂其妻曰：「吾求君子久矣，今乃得之。」舉而從之，陽子道與之語，及山而還。其妻曰：「子得所求而不從之，何其懷也！」曰：「吾見其貌而欲之，聞其言而惡之。夫貌，情之華也；言，貌之機也。身為情，成于中。言，身之文也。言文而發之，合而後行，離則有釁。今陽子之貌濟，其言匱，非其實也。若中不濟，而外強之，其卒將復，中以外易矣。若內外類，而言反之，瀆其信也。夫言以昭信，奉之如機，歷時而發之，胡可瀆也！今陽子之情譓矣，以濟蓋也，且剛而主能，不本而犯，怨之所聚也。吾懼未獲其利而及其難，是故去之。」期年，乃有賈季之難，陽子死之。 |
| | Yang Chufu went to Wei, returned, passed through Ning, and stayed at a guesthouse belonging to the Ning Ying family. 理由： He introduced him and followed Yangzi. Yangzi conversed with him, and upon reaching the mountain, they returned. His wife said, "You have found what you were seeking but did not follow him; how unambitious of you!" He said, "I saw his appearance and desired to follow him, but after hearing his words, I disliked it." Appearance is the bloom of one's inner nature; Speech reveals the essence of appearance. The body embodies emotion, formed from within. Speech is the expression of the self. When speech and conduct are in harmony, they can be carried out together; when separated, there will be discord. Now, Prince Yang's appearance is impressive, but his words are lacking—this does not reflect his true character. If the inner self is insufficient yet one appears strong externally, eventually it will collapse; then the external will replace the internal. If the inside and outside are similar but speech contradicts them, this betrays trust. Speech is used to demonstrate credibility; it should be treated like a mechanism, activated at the right time—how could one ever betray it! Now, Prince Yang's emotions are concealed; he uses appearance to cover up, and is rigid yet takes the initiative without a foundation—this invites resentment. I fear that I will not gain any benefit from him but instead encounter difficulties, so I have left him." After a year, there was the disaster involving Jia Ji, and Yangzi died in it.
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| | 晉語五: |
趙宣子言韓獻子于靈公，以為司馬。河曲之役，趙孟使人以其乘車干行，獻子執而戮之。眾咸曰：「韓厥必不沒矣。其主朝升之，而暮戮其車，其誰安之！」宣子召而禮之，曰：「吾聞事君者比而不黨。夫周以舉義，比也；舉以其私，黨也。夫軍事無犯，犯而不隱，義也。吾言女于君，懼女不能也。舉而不能，黨孰大焉！事君而黨，吾何以從政？吾故以是觀女。女勉之。茍從是行也，臨長晉國者，非女其誰？」皆告諸大夫曰：「二三子可以賀我矣！吾舉厥也而中，吾乃今知免于罪矣。」 |
| | Zhao Xunzi recommended Han Xianzi to Duke Ling, appointing him as a general of the army. During the campaign at Hequ, Zhao Meng sent someone with his private carriage to interfere with military operations, and Xianzi arrested and executed him. Everyone said: "Han Jue must not be forgotten now." His lord promoted him in the morning and executed someone for his carriage in the evening—who could remain at peace!" Zhao Xunzi summoned him and treated him with courtesy, saying: "I have heard that those who serve their lord should be loyal but not form factions. To assist righteousness in accordance with the Way is to be loyal; To act for one's own private interests is to form a faction. In military affairs, there should be no violations; if there are violations and they are not concealed, that is righteousness. I recommended you to the lord out of fear that you would not be able to act properly. To recommend someone and yet fail in their duties—what greater faction could there be! If one serves the lord but forms factions, how can I govern?" Therefore, I used this to observe you. You must strive hard. "If you follow this path, the one who will lead the State of Jin in the future will not be you, but who else?" He informed all the high officials and said: "You may all congratulate me now! I recommended Jue correctly, and only now do I know that I am free from guilt."
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| | 晉語五: |
宋人弒昭公，趙宣子請師于靈公以伐宋，公曰：「非晉國之急也。對曰：「大者天地，其次君臣，所以為明訓也。今宋人弒其君，是反天地而逆民則也，天必誅焉。晉為盟主，而不修天罰，將懼及焉。」公許之。乃發令于太廟，召軍吏而戒樂正，令三軍之鍾鼓必備。趙同曰：「國有大役，不鎮撫民而備鍾鼓，何也？」宣子曰：「大罪伐之，小罪憚之。襲侵之事，陵也。是故伐備鍾鼓，聲其罪也；戰以錞于、丁寧，儆其民也。襲侵密聲，為蹔事也。今宋人弒其君，罪莫大焉！明聲之，猶恐其不聞也。吾備鍾鼓，為君故也。」乃使旁告于諸侯，治兵振旅，鳴鍾鼓，以至于宋。 |
| | The people of Song assassinated Duke Zhao. Zhao Xunzi requested an army from Duke Ling to attack Song, but the duke said: "This is not a pressing matter for the State of Jin. He replied: "The greatest are Heaven and Earth; next are ruler and minister—these form clear teachings. Now, the people of Song have assassinated their lord; this is to defy Heaven and Earth and violate the principles for the people. Heaven must punish them. As the leader of the alliance, Jin does not carry out heavenly punishment; we will surely fear that it may befall us." The duke agreed. He then issued a decree at the Grand Temple, summoned military officers and warned the music official, ordering that all bells and drums for the three armies must be fully prepared. Zhao Tong asked: "When a state has a major military campaign, it does not pacify the people but instead prepares bells and drums—why is that?" Xunzi said: "For great crimes we attack; for lesser ones, we instill fear. Raiding and invading are acts of aggression. Therefore, when we attack, we prepare bells and drums to proclaim their crimes; In battle, the use of chunyu and dinging serves to warn the people. Raiding and invading in secret is a sudden act. Now, the people of Song assassinated their lord—their crime could not be greater! We must clearly proclaim it; we still fear that they may not hear it. That is why I have prepared the bells and drums—for the sake of our lord." He then sent envoys to inform the feudal lords, mustered troops, reviewed the army, sounded bells and drums, and marched all the way to Song.
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| | 晉語五: |
靈公虐，趙宣子驟諫，公患之，使鉏麑賊之，晨往，則寢門辟矣，盛服將朝，早而假寐。麑退，嘆而言曰：「趙孟敬哉！夫不忘恭敬，社稷之鎮也。賊國之鎮不忠，受命而廢之不信，享一名于此，不如死。」觸庭之槐而死。靈公將殺趙盾，不克。趙穿攻公于桃園，逆公子黑臀而立之，實為成公。 |
| | Duke Ling was cruel, and Zhao Xunzi repeatedly advised him. The duke became resentful and sent Chu Ni to assassinate him. Early in the morning, when he arrived, the sleeping chamber's door was already open; Xunzi was fully dressed, about to go to court, pretending to be asleep early on. Chu Ni retreated and sighed, saying: "How respectful Zhao Meng is! He who does not forget respect and reverence is the pillar of the state. To assassinate a pillar of the state is disloyalty; to accept an order and then abandon it is dishonesty. To bear such a name here would be worse than death." He struck his head against a locust tree in the courtyard and died. Duke Ling planned to kill Zhao Dun but failed. Zhao Chuan attacked the duke at Taoyuan, expelled Duke Ling, and installed Gongzi Heitun as ruler; this was actually Duke Cheng.
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| | 晉語五: |
郤獻子聘于齊，齊頃公使婦人觀而笑之。郤獻子怒，歸，請伐齊。范武子退自朝，曰：「燮乎，吾聞之，干人之怒，必獲毒焉。夫郤子之怒甚矣，不逞于齊，必發諸晉國。不得政，何以逞怒？余將致政焉，以成其怒，無以內易外也。爾勉從二三子，以承君命，唯敬。」乃老。 |
| | Xi Xianzi was on a diplomatic mission to Qi, and King Qing of Qi sent women to watch and mock him. Xi Xianzi became angry, returned home, and requested an attack on Qi. Fan Wuzi left the court and said: "Xie, I have heard that provoking someone's anger will surely bring harm. Xi Zǐ is very angry; if he cannot vent his anger on Qi, he will certainly take it out in the State of Jin. Without political power, how can one vent anger? I will resign from office to let his anger manifest fully, so that it does not cause internal turmoil. You should strive alongside the other officials and carry out the lord's commands with reverence." He then retired.
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| | 晉語五: |
范文子暮退于朝。武子曰：「何暮也？」對曰：「有秦客廋辭于朝，大夫莫之能對也，吾知三焉。」武子怒曰：「大夫非不能也，讓父兄也。爾童子，而三掩人于朝。吾不在晉國，亡無日矣。」擊之以杖，折委笄。 |
| | Fan Wenzǐ left court in the evening. Wuzi asked, "Why are you returning so late?" He replied: "There is an envoy from Qin who used obscure words at court, and none of the officials could respond. I understood three points." Wuzi angrily said: "The officials are not incapable; they are yielding to their elders and superiors. You, a mere youth, have three times upstaged others in court. If I am not in the State of Jin, there will be no day left for me to live." He struck him with a staff and broke his hairpin.
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| | 晉語五: |
靡笄之役，韓獻子將斬人。郤獻子駕，將救之，至，則既斬之矣。郤獻子請以徇，其仆曰：「子不將救之乎？」獻子曰：「敢不分謗乎！」 |
| | During the Battle of Miji, Han Xianzi was about to execute someone. Xi Xianzi hurried in his carriage to rescue him, but when he arrived, the man had already been executed. Xi Xianzi requested a public announcement of the matter. His servant asked: "Are you not going to save him?" Xianzi said, "How could I dare not share the blame!"
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| | 晉語五: |
靡笄之役，郤獻子傷，曰：「余病喙。」張侯御，曰：「三軍之心，在此車也。其耳目在于旗鼓。車無退表，鼓無退聲，軍事集焉。吾子忍之，不可以言病。受命于廟，受脤于社，甲胄而效死，戎之政也。病未若死，祗以解志。」乃左并轡，右援枹而鼓之，馬逸不能止，三軍從之。齊師大敗，逐之，三周華不注之山。 |
| | During the Battle of Miji, Xi Xianzi was wounded and said: "I am suffering from my words." Zhang Hou, his charioteer, said: "The morale of the three armies depends on this carriage. Their ears and eyes are focused on the flags and drums. If there is no sign of retreat from the carriage, nor a sound of retreat from the drum, then military affairs will be unified. My lord must endure this; we cannot speak of illness. We received our orders in the temple, took sacred soil from the altar, donned armor and helmets to fight to death—this is the way of war. Sickness is not as severe as death; mentioning it would only weaken morale." He then held the reins with his left hand and struck the drum with his right, but the horse ran wild and could not be stopped; the three armies followed. The Qi army was heavily defeated. They were pursued for three circuits around Mount Huabuzhu.
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| | 晉語五: |
靡笄之役，郤獻子師勝而返，范文子後入。武子曰：「燮乎，女亦知吾望爾也乎？」對曰：「夫師，郤子之師也，其事臧。若先，則恐國人之屬耳目于我也，故不敢。」武子曰：「吾知免矣。」 |
| | After the Battle of Miji, when Xi Xianzi's forces had won and returned, Fan Wenzǐ entered later. Wuzi said: "Xie, do you know that I was looking for you?" He replied: "The army is Xi Zǐ's command; its affairs were well managed. If I had arrived first, I was afraid the people of the state would focus their attention on me, so I dared not do so." Wuzi said: "Now I know I am safe from blame."
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| | 晉語五: |
靡笄之役，郤獻子見，公曰：「子之力也夫！」對曰：「克也以君命命三軍之士，三軍之士用命，克也何力之有焉？」●文子見，公曰：「子之力也夫！對曰：「燮也受命于中軍，以命上軍之士，上軍之士用命，燮也何力之有焉？」欒武子見，公曰：「子之力也夫！」對曰：「書也受命于上軍，以命下軍之士，下軍之士用命，書也何力之有焉？」 |
| | After the Battle of Miji, Xi Xianzi appeared before the ruler. The ruler said: "That was entirely your achievement!" He replied: "Ke merely gave the orders to the soldiers of the three armies in accordance with Your Majesty's command. The soldiers obeyed their commands, so what strength or merit does Ke have?" When Fan Wenzǐ appeared before the ruler, the ruler said: "That was entirely your achievement!" He replied: "Xie merely received orders from the central army and passed them on to the soldiers of the upper army. The soldiers obeyed, so what strength or merit could Xie have?" When Luan Wuzi appeared before the ruler, he said: "That was entirely your achievement!" He replied: "Shu merely received orders from the upper army and passed them on to soldiers of the lower army. The soldiers obeyed; what strength or merit could Shu have?"
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| | 晉語五: |
靡笄之役也，郤獻子伐齊。齊侯來，獻之以得殞命之禮，曰：「寡君使克也，不腆弊邑之禮，為君之辱，敢歸諸下執政，以整御人。」苗棼皇曰：「郤子勇而不知禮，矜其伐而恥國君，其與幾何！」 |
| | In the campaign at Miji, Xi Xianzǐ led a military expedition against Qi. The ruler of Qi came, and Xi Ke offered him the rites for a defeated enemy, saying: "My lord sent me; these are not generous gifts from our humble state. As an offering to Your Majesty's humiliation, I dare present them to the lower chief minister so that he may properly manage the people." Miao Fenhuang said: "Xi Zǐ is brave but ignorant of propriety; he boasts about his achievements and brings shame to the state's ruler. How long can he last?"
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| | 晉語五: |
梁山崩，以傳召伯宗，遇大車當道而覆，立而辟之，曰：「避傳。」對曰：「傳為速也，若俟吾避，則加遲矣，不如捷而行。」伯宗喜，問其居，曰：「絳人也。」伯宗曰：「何聞？」曰：「梁山崩而以傳召伯宗。」伯宗問曰：「乃將若何？」對曰：「山有朽壤而崩，將若何？夫國主山川，故川涸山崩，君為之降服、出次，乘縵、不舉，策于上帝，國三日哭，以禮焉。雖伯宗亦如是而已，其若之何？」問其名，不告；請以見，不許。伯宗及絳，以告，而從之。 |
| | The Liangshan mountain collapsed, and a courier was sent to summon Bozong. On the way, they encountered a large cart overturned across the road. The courier stood aside to let it pass, saying: "Make way for the envoy." The person replied: "Envoys are sent to move quickly. If we wait for me to clear the way, it will only delay further; better to proceed swiftly." Bozong was pleased and asked where he lived. He replied: "I am a native of Jiang." Bozong said: "What have you heard?" He replied: "That the Liangshan mountain had collapsed and an envoy was sent to summon Bo Zong." Bozong asked: "Then what will you do?" He replied: "A mountain collapses because its soil has rotted; how can we deal with that? The state is responsible for the mountains and rivers. Therefore, when a river dries up or a mountain collapses, the ruler should lower his ceremonial robes, leave the palace to reside in a temporary shelter, ride an unadorned carriage without raising the flag, offer prayers to Heaven, and decree three days of mourning throughout the state as a sign of respect. Even Bozong should do no more than this; what else can be done?" Bozong asked for his name, but he did not tell. He requested to be introduced in audience, but it was refused. When Bozong arrived at Jiang, he reported the matter and followed his advice.
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| | 晉語五: |
伯宗朝，以喜歸，其妻曰：「子貌有喜，何也？」曰：「吾言于朝，諸大夫皆謂我智似陽子。」對曰：「陽子華而不實，主言而無謀，是以難及其身。子何喜焉？」伯宗曰：「吾飲諸大夫酒，而與之語，爾試聽之。」曰：「諾。」既飲，其妻曰：「諸大夫莫子若也。然而民不能戴其上久矣，難必及子乎！盍亟索士整庇州犁焉。」得畢陽。 |
| | Bozong returned from court with a joyful expression. His wife asked: "Why do you look so happy?" He said: "I spoke at the court, and all the high officials said my wisdom resembles that of Yangzi." His wife replied: "Yangzi was ornate but lacking in substance, eloquent yet without strategy; therefore, calamity befell him. "What is there for you to be happy about?" Bozong said: "I will drink with the high officials and speak with them. You try listening." She replied: "Yes." After the drinking, his wife said: "None of the high officials are like you. Yet for a long time now, the people have been unable to support their rulers. Trouble will surely come upon you!" "Why not quickly seek out men of virtue and ability to govern Bili Zhouli?" He found Biyang.
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及欒弗忌之難，諸大夫害伯宗，將謀而殺之。畢陽實送州犁于荊。 |
| | When the crisis involving Luan Fuiji arose, the high officials resented Bozong and planned to kill him. Biyang actually sent Zhouli to Jing.
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| | 晉語六: |
趙文子冠，見欒武子，武子曰：「美哉！昔吾逮事莊主，華則榮矣，實之不知，請務實乎。」 |
| | Zhao Wenzhen was presented with a cap, and he met Luan Wuzi. Wuzi said, "How beautiful it is!" "In the past, I had the opportunity to serve Lord Zhuang. It was splendid and ornate, but I did not know its substance. Please, let us focus on what is substantial."
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見中行宣子，宣子曰：「美哉！惜也，吾老矣！」 |
| | He met Zhongxing Xuansi, who said, "How beautiful it is!" "Too bad! I am old now!"
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見范文子，文子曰：「而今可以戒矣，夫賢者寵至而益戒，不足者為寵驕。故興王賞諫臣，逸王罰之。吾聞古之王者，政德既成，又聽于民，于是乎使工誦諫于朝，在列者獻詩使勿兜，風聽臚言于市，辨祅祥于謠，考百事于朝，問謗譽于路，有邪而正之，盡戒之術也。先王疾是驕也。」 |
| | He met Fan Wenzhen, who said, "Now you can be more cautious. A wise person becomes even more vigilant when honor comes, while someone lacking in virtue will become arrogant because of it." Therefore, a virtuous king rewards those who offer advice, whereas a corrupt king punishes them. I have heard that in ancient times, when a king's government and virtue were well established, he also listened to the people. Thus, he would appoint officials to recite remonstrances at court; those in office would present poems to prevent corruption. He would listen to public opinions in the marketplace, discern omens from rhymes, examine all matters at court, inquire about criticisms and praises on the roads, correct any wrongdoings, and this was the complete method of caution. The former kings were deeply concerned about such arrogance."
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見郤駒伯，駒伯曰：「美哉！然而壯不若老者多矣。」 |
| | He met Xi Jubei, who said, "How beautiful it is!" "However, there are many more young people who are not as wise as the old."
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見韓獻子，獻子曰：「戒之，此謂成人。成人在始與善，始與善，善進善，不善蔑由至矣；始與不善，不善進不善，善亦蔑由至矣。如草木之產也，各以其物。人之有冠，猶宮室之有墻屋也，糞除而已，又何加焉。」 |
| | He met Han Xiansi, who said, "Be cautious. This is what it means to be an adult." Becoming a mature person begins with goodness. When one starts with goodness, good deeds will continue to progress; evil cannot possibly arise. If one begins with wickedness, then wickedness will continue to grow; goodness can no longer possibly come about. It is like the growth of grass and trees, each producing according to its nature. "A person's wearing a cap is like a house having walls and rooms; it merely serves to remove filth. What else could be added?"
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見智武子，武子曰：「吾子勉之，成，宣之後而老為大夫，非恥乎！成子之文，宣子之忠，其可忘乎！夫成子導前志以佐先君，導法而卒以政，可不謂文乎！夫宣子盡諫于襄、靈，以諫取惡，不憚死進，可不謂忠乎！吾子勉之，有宣子之忠，而納之以成子之文，事君必濟。」 |
| | He met Zhi Wuzi, who said, "My young master, strive hard. To become an old man after the generations of Cheng and Xuan without being a high-ranking official is not a shame!" "The literary virtue of Chengzi, the loyalty of Xuansi—how could they be forgotten!" Chengzi guided past principles to assist his former ruler, upheld the law and ultimately governed with it. Can this not be called literary virtue! Xuansi gave his utmost remonstrance to Xiang and Ling, enduring hatred for offering advice, yet he did not fear death in advancing it. Can this not be considered loyalty! "Young master, strive hard! With the loyalty of Xuansi and guided by the literary virtue of Chengzi, you will surely succeed in serving your ruler."
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見苦成叔子，叔子曰：「抑年少而執官者眾，吾安容子。」 |
| | He met Ku Chengshuzi, who said, "There are many young people holding official positions. How can I possibly accommodate you?"
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見溫季子，季子曰：「誰之不如，可以求之。」 |
| | He met Wen Jizi, who said, "If there is anyone you are not as good as, then seek to learn from them."
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見張老而語之，張老曰：「善矣，從欒伯之言，可以滋；范叔之教，可以大；韓子之戒，可以成。物備矣，志在子。若夫三郤，亡人之言也，何稱述焉！智子之道善矣，是先主覆露子也。」 |
| | He met Zhang Lao and spoke with him. Zhang Lao said, "Good! Following Lord Luan Bo's words can bring growth; the teachings of Fan Shu can lead to great achievements; łó the admonitions of Hanzi can bring about success. All things are prepared; the will lies with you. "As for those three Xi, they were words of a man who had perished—what is there to praise or mention!" "The way of Zhizi was good; this was the former ruler's protection and guidance for you."
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| | 晉語六: |
厲公將伐鄭，范文子不欲，曰：「若以吾意，諸侯皆叛，則晉可為也。唯有諸侯，故擾擾焉。凡諸侯，難之本也。得鄭憂滋長，焉用鄭！」郤至曰：「然則王者多憂乎？」文子曰：「我王者也乎哉？夫王者成其德，而遠人以其方賄歸之，故無憂。今我寡德而求王者之功，故多憂。子見無土而欲富者，樂乎哉？」 |
| | Ligong planned to attack Zheng. Fan Wenzhen did not want this and said, "If we follow my opinion, if all the feudal lords were to rebel, then Jin could act." "Only because of the feudal lords is there such turmoil." "All feudal lords are the root of difficulties." "Obtaining Zheng would only bring greater worries. Why do we need Zheng!" Xi Zhi asked, "Then does a king have many worries?" Wenzhen said, "Am I truly a king?" "A true king completes his virtue, and distant people bring their tributes according to their customs to him; thus he has no worries." "Now I have little virtue yet seek the achievements of a king, so naturally there are many worries." "Can you imagine someone without land who desires wealth—would that be joyful?"
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| | 晉語六: |
厲公六年，伐鄭，且使苦成叔及欒●興齊、魯之師。楚恭王帥東夷救鄭。楚半陣，公使擊之。欒書曰：「君使●也興齊、魯之師，請俟之。」郤至曰：「不可。楚師將退，我擊之，必以勝歸。夫陣不諱忌，一間也；夫南夷與楚來而不與陣，二間也；夫楚與鄭陣而不與整，三間也；且其士卒在陣而嘩，四間也；夫眾聞嘩必懼，五間也。鄭將顧楚，楚將顧夷，莫有鬭心，不可失也。」公說。于是敗楚師于鄢陵，欒書是以怨郤至。 |
| | In the sixth year of Ligong's reign, Jin attacked Zheng and also sent Ku Chengshu and Luan ?? to mobilize the armies of Qi and Lu. Chu Gongwang led the Dongyi forces to rescue Zheng. When the Chu army was half deployed, Ligong ordered an attack on them. Luan Shu said, "The ruler sent ?? to raise the armies of Qi and Lu; please wait for them." Xi Zhi said, "No, we cannot." "The Chu army is about to retreat. If we attack them now, we will surely return with a victory." Forming an array does not involve taboos or fears; it is just one gap; the southern Yi and the Chu forces have come but are not forming a battle formation—this is a second gap; Chu and Zheng have formed an array, yet it is disorganized—this is the third gap; furthermore, their soldiers are in formation but shouting loudly—this is the fourth gap; When a large force hears shouting, they will surely be afraid—this is the fifth gap. "Zheng's forces will look to Chu, and Chu's forces will look to the Yi; neither side has a fighting spirit. We must not miss this opportunity." The ruler was pleased. Thus, they defeated the Chu army at Yanling, and Luan Shu therefore resented Xi Zhi.
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| | 晉語六: |
鄢之戰，郤至以韎韋之跗注，三逐楚平王卒，見王必下奔退戰。王使工尹襄問之以弓，曰：「方事之殷也，有韎韋之跗注，君子也，屬見不穀而下，無乃傷乎？」郤至甲胄而見客，免胄而聽命，曰：「君之外臣至，以寡君之靈，間蒙甲胄，不敢當拜君命之辱，為使者故，敢三肅之。」君子曰：勇以知禮。 |
| | In the battle of Yan, Xi Zhi, wearing Maowei leather leg armor, drove back three units of King Pingwang's Chu army. Whenever he saw the king, he would dismount and run away to fight. King Pingwang sent Gongyin Xiang to inquire about the bow and said, "During such a critical time in battle, you wore Maowei leather armor. You are a gentleman who dismounted upon seeing me and retreated into battle—would this not be harmful?" Xi Zhi met the envoy in full armor, removed his helmet to receive instructions, and said, "Your subject Xi, by the grace of my lord's virtue, was briefly clad in armor. I dare not accept your royal command with a bow; for the sake of this envoy, I respectfully perform three bows." The gentlemen said: "Brave yet knowledgeable about propriety."
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| | 晉語六: |
鄢之役，晉人欲爭鄭，范文子不欲，曰：「吾聞之，為人臣者，能內睦而後圖外，不睦內而圖外，必有內爭，盍姑謀睦乎！考訊其阜以出，則怨靖。」 |
| | In the campaign at Yan, the Jin people wanted to contend for Zheng. Fan Wenzhen disagreed and said, "I have heard that as a subject, one must first achieve harmony within before planning outward expansion. To seek external gains without internal harmony will surely lead to internal strife. Why not first plan for internal unity!" "By examining and addressing the causes of grievances, we can resolve them; then resentment will be calmed."
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| | 晉語六: |
鄢之役，晉伐鄭，荊救之。大夫欲戰，范文子不欲，曰：「吾聞之，君人者刑其民，成，而後振武于外，是以內和而外威。今吾司寇之刀鋸日弊，而斧鉞不行。內猶有不刑，而況外乎？夫戰，刑也，刑之過也。過由大，而怨由細，故以惠誅怨，以忍去過。細無怨而大不過，而後可以武，刑外之不服者。今吾刑外乎大人，而忍于小民，將誰行武？武不行而勝，幸也。幸以為政，必有內憂。且唯聖人能無外患，又無內憂，詎非聖人，必偏而後可。偏而在外，猶可救也，疾自中起，是難。盍姑釋荊與鄭以為外患乎。」 |
| | In the campaign at Yan, Jin attacked Zheng, and Jing came to its rescue. The high officials wanted to fight, but Fan Wenzhen did not. He said, "I have heard that a ruler disciplines his people and achieves order before displaying military might abroad; this is how internal harmony leads to external authority." "Now, the execution tools of our Minister of Justice are daily damaged, yet capital punishment remains unenforced. If there are still those within who escape punishment, how much more so will this be the case abroad?" War is a form of punishment, and it is an excessive one at that. Great resentment arises from major transgressions, while minor grievances come from small matters; therefore, we should use benevolence to eliminate grudges and patience to remove excesses. When there are no minor grievances and major transgressions have been addressed, only then can we use military force to punish those outside who remain disobedient. "Now, if we apply punishment harshly against the powerful and show leniency toward common people, then to whom shall we direct our military might?" To achieve victory without justifiable military action is mere luck. Relying on luck to govern will surely bring internal troubles. Moreover, only a sage can be free from external dangers and internal worries. If one is not a sage, then it must necessarily involve hardship before success can be achieved. If the problem lies externally, it can still be remedied; but if a disease arises from within, that is truly difficult to resolve. "Why not for now release Jing and Zheng as external concerns?"
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| | 晉語六: |
鄢之役，晉伐鄭，荊救之。欒武子將上軍，范文子將下軍。欒武子欲戰，范文子不欲，曰：「吾聞之，唯厚德者能受多福，無德而服者眾，必自傷也。稱晉之德，諸侯皆叛，國可以少安。唯有諸侯，故擾擾焉，凡諸侯，難之本也。且唯聖人能無外患又無內憂，詎非聖人，不有外患，必有內憂，盍姑釋荊與鄭以為外患乎！諸臣之內相與，必將輯睦。今我戰又勝荊與鄭，吾君將伐智而多力，怠教而重斂，大其私暱而益婦人田，不奪諸大夫田，則焉取以益此？諸臣之委室而徒退者，將與幾人？戰若不勝，則晉國之福也；戰若勝，亂地之秩者也，其產將害大，盍姑無戰乎！」 |
| | In the campaign at Yan, Jin launched an attack on Zheng, while Jing came to its aid. Luan Wuzi commanded the upper army, and Fan Wenzhen commanded the lower army. Luan Wuzi wanted to fight, but Fan Wenzi did not. He said: "I have heard that only those with great virtue can receive much blessing. If many people submit without virtue, it will surely harm oneself." "By upholding the virtue of Jin, all feudal lords would rebel; thus, our state could enjoy a little peace." "It is precisely because of the feudal lords that there is so much turmoil. Indeed, all feudal lords are the root cause of difficulties." Moreover, only a sage is free from both external dangers and internal troubles. If one is not such a sage, there will either be no external threats but certainly some internal worries. Why not for now let Jing and Zheng serve as our external concerns! The relations among the ministers must necessarily be harmonious. "Now, if we fight and defeat Jing and Zheng, our ruler will grow ambitious and powerful, neglect education while imposing heavy levies. He will expand his private favorites' lands and increase the fields of women. If he does not seize land from the high officials, where else can he obtain more to add to these?" How many among our ministers will abandon their families and retreat in despair? If we do not win the battle, it would be a blessing for Jin State; if we do win, it will only disrupt the order of the land and bring great harm. Why not forgo battle for now!"
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欒武子曰：「昔韓之役，惠公不復舍；邲之役，三軍不振旅；箕之役，先軫不復命：晉國固有大恥三。今我任晉國之政，不毀晉恥，又以違蠻、夷重之，雖有後患，非吾所知也。」 |
| | Luan Wuzi said: "In the past, during the campaign of Han, Duke Huigong did not allow a retreat; in the battle at Bi, the three armies failed to rally their troops; "in the campaign of Ji, Xian Zhen did not return with orders: Jin State has indeed suffered three great disgraces." "Now that I hold the administration of Jin State, if I do not remove these disgraces and instead add to them by defying the southern and eastern tribes, even though there may be future troubles, it is no longer my concern."
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范文子曰：「擇福莫若重，擇禍莫若輕，福無所用輕，禍無所用重，晉國故有大恥，與其君臣不相聽以為諸侯笑也，盍姑以違蠻、夷為恥乎。」 |
| | Fan Wenzhen said: "When choosing blessings, nothing is better than to choose the heavier; when avoiding misfortunes, nothing is worse than to bear the heaviest. Blessings should not be treated lightly, and misfortunes should not be made more severe. Jin State has long suffered great disgraces, and its ruler and ministers do not listen to each other, becoming a laughingstock among the feudal lords. Why not take defying the southern and eastern barbarians as our disgrace?"
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欒武子不聽，遂與荊人戰于鄢陵，大勝之。于是乎君伐智而多力，怠教而重斂，大其私暱，殺三郤而尸諸朝，納其室以分婦人，于是乎國人不蠲，遂弒諸翼，葬于翼東門之外，以車一乘。厲公之所以死者，唯無德而功烈多，服者眾也。 |
| | Luan Wuzi did not listen, so he engaged the Jing forces in battle at Yanling and achieved a great victory. At this time, the ruler grew ambitious and powerful, neglected education while imposing heavy taxes, expanded his private favorites' influence, executed the three Xi clan members and displayed their corpses in court, took possession of their families to distribute among women. As a result, the people were not purified, so they assassinated him at Yi, and he was buried outside the eastern gate of Yi with only one carriage. The reason Ligong met his death was because he had no virtue yet accumulated many military achievements, and thus gained the submission of many people.
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| | 晉語六: |
鄢之役，荊壓晉軍，軍吏患之，將謀。范匄自公族趨過之，曰：「夷灶堙井，非退而何？」范文子執戈逐之，曰：「國之存亡，天命也，童子何知焉？且不及而言，奸也，必為戮。」苗賁皇曰：「善逃難哉！」既退荊師于鄢，將穀，范文子立于戎馬之前，曰：「君幼弱，諸臣不佞，吾何福以及此！吾聞之，『天道無親，唯德是授。』吾庸知天之不授晉且以勸楚乎，君與二三臣其戒之！夫德，福之基也，無德而福隆，猶無基而厚墉也，其壞也無日矣。」 |
| | In the campaign at Yan, Jing forces pressed upon the Jin army. The military officers were worried and began to plan. Fan Gai hurried past from among the royal clan and said, "The enemy has blocked our cooking fires and wells. If this is not a retreat, what else could it be?" Fan Wenzhen took up his halberd and chased after him, saying, "The survival or downfall of the state is determined by Heaven. What does a child know?" "To speak without being summoned is an act of treachery; you will surely face punishment." Miao Benhuang said, "How skillful at escaping danger!" After retreating the Jing forces from Yan, as they were about to settle in Gu, Fan Wenzhen stood before the war horses and said, "The ruler is young and weak, and our ministers are not capable. What blessing have I received to reach this point! "I have heard that 'Heaven's way is impartial; it bestows blessings only upon those with virtue.'" "How can I know that Heaven will not grant Jin and instead encourage Chu? The ruler and his ministers must be cautious!" "Virtue is the foundation of blessings. Without virtue yet enjoying great fortune is like having a thick wall without a foundation; its collapse will come soon enough."
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| | 晉語六: |
反自鄢，范文子謂其宗、祝曰：「君驕泰而有烈，夫以德勝者猶懼失之，而況驕泰乎？君多私，今以勝歸，私必昭。昭私，難必作，吾恐及焉。凡吾宗、祝，為我祈死，先難為免。」七年夏，范文子卒。冬，難作，始于三郤，卒于公。 |
| | After returning from Yan, Fan Wenzhen told his clan and priest: "The ruler is arrogant and ambitious. One who achieves success through virtue still fears losing it; how much more so for one who is arrogant!" "The ruler has many private favorites. Now that he returns victorious, these private interests will surely become evident." "When private interests are exposed, difficulties will inevitably arise; I fear we may be caught in them." "All of my clan and priests, pray for me to die first so that I might avoid the coming troubles." In summer of the seventh year, Fan Wenzhen died. In winter, troubles arose, beginning with the three Xis and ending at the ruler's door.
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| | 晉語六: |
既戰，獲王子發鉤。欒書謂王子發鉤曰：「子告君曰：『郤至使人勸王戰，及齊、魯之未至也。且夫戰也，微郤至王必不免。』吾歸子。」發鉤告君，君告欒書，欒書曰：「臣固聞之，郤至欲為難，使苦成叔緩齊、魯之師，己勸君戰，戰敗，將納孫周，事不成，故免楚王。然戰而擅捨國君，而受其問，不亦大罪乎？且今君若使之于周，必見孫周。」君曰：「諾。」欒書使人謂孫周曰：「郤至將往，必見之！」郤至聘于周，公使覘之，見孫周。是故使胥之昧與夷羊五剌郤至、苦成叔及郤锜，郤锜謂郤至曰：「君不道于我，我欲以吾宗與吾黨夾而攻之，雖死必敗，君必危，其可乎？」郤至曰：「不可。至聞之，武人不亂，智人不詐，仁人不黨。夫利君之富，富以聚黨，利黨以危君，君之殺我也後矣。且眾何罪，鈞之死也，不若聽君之命。」是故皆自殺。既刺三郤，欒書弒厲公，乃納孫周而立之，實為悼公。 |
| | After the battle, Prince Fa Gou was captured. Luan Shu said to Prince Fa Gou, "Tell your lord: 'Xi Zhi sent someone to urge the king to fight before Qi and Lu arrived. Moreover, without Xi Zhi, the king would surely not have escaped.'" "I will return you." Fa Gou reported this to the king, and the king informed Luan Shu. Luan Shu said, "I have indeed heard of it: Xi Zhi intended to cause trouble, sending Ku Chengshu to delay the armies of Qi and Lu while he himself urged the king to fight. If the battle failed, he planned to install Sun Zhou. When this plan did not succeed, that is why King of Chu was spared." "Yet, after the battle, to abandon the ruler and accept his surrender without authorization—would that not be a grave crime?" "And if you now send him to Zhou, he will surely meet Sun Zhou." The king said, "Agreed." Luan Shu sent someone to Sun Zhou and said, "Xi Zhi is about to go there; you must see him!" Xi Zhi was on a diplomatic mission to Zhou. The ruler sent someone to spy on him and saw Sun Zhou. Therefore, the ruler sent Xu Zimei and Yiyang Wu to assassinate Xi Zhi, Ku Chengshu, and Xi Qi. Xi Qi said to Xi Zhi: "The ruler has been unjust toward me. I want to use my clan and my faction to attack him from both sides. Even if we die, he will surely be defeated, and the ruler must be in danger. Is this acceptable?" Xi Zhi said, "No." "I have heard that warriors do not create chaos, the wise do not deceive, and the benevolent do not form factions. "To enrich oneself for the ruler's benefit, to use wealth to gather a faction, and then to endanger the ruler through that faction—my death will come too late." "And what crime have the common people committed? Death is equal for all. It would be better to obey the ruler's command." Therefore, they all committed suicide. After the assassination of the three Xis, Luan Shu killed King Liegong and then brought in Sun Zhou to install him as ruler; he was actually Duke Dao.
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| | 晉語六: |
長魚矯既殺三郤，及脅欒、中行而言于公曰：「不殺此二子者，憂必及君。」公曰：「一旦而尸三卿，不可益也。」對曰：「臣聞之，亂在內為宄，在外為奸，御宄以德，御奸以刑。今治政而內亂，不可謂德。除鯁而避強，不可謂刑。德刑不立，奸宄并至，臣脆弱，不能忍俟也。」乃奔狄。三月，厲公弒。 |
| | Changyu Jiao, after killing the three Xis and coercing Luan and Zhonghang, said to the ruler: "If you do not kill these two men, your troubles will surely reach you." The ruler said, "In one day, three high ministers have been slain; we cannot add to this." He replied, "I have heard that disorder within is called gui, and disorder outside is called jian. To control gui one uses virtue; to control jian one uses punishment." "Now, with governance in place yet internal chaos still exists, this cannot be called virtue." "To remove the upright and avoid confronting the powerful, this cannot be considered punishment." "If virtue and punishment are not established, both jian and gui will arrive together. I am weak and frail; I cannot bear to wait any longer." He then fled to Di. In the third month, King Liegong was assassinated.
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| | 晉語六: |
欒武子、中行獻子圍公于匠麗氏，乃召韓獻子，獻子辭曰：「弒君以求威，非吾所能為也。威行為不仁，事廢為不智，享一利亦得一惡，非所務也。昔者吾畜于趙氏，趙孟姬之讒，吾能違兵。人有言曰：『殺老牛莫之敢尸。』而況君乎？二三子不能事君，安用厥也！」中行偃欲伐之，欒書曰：「不可。其身果而辭順。順無不行，果無不徹，犯順不祥，伐果不克，夫以果戾順行，民不犯也，吾雖欲攻之，其能乎！」乃止。 |
| | Luan Wuzi and Zhonghang Xianzi surrounded the ruler at Jianglishi. They then summoned Han Xianzi, who declined by saying, "To kill a ruler in order to gain authority is not something I can do." "Using force to act unkindly, abandoning a cause for lack of wisdom—gaining one benefit while acquiring one evil is not what I pursue." "In the past, when I was raised by the Zhao clan, despite Lady Zhao Mengji's slander, I could still disobey military orders." "People say: 'To kill an old ox is a deed no one dares to claim.'" "How much more so for a ruler?" "You two or three cannot serve your lord properly; what need is there to involve me!" Zhonghang Yan wanted to attack him, but Luan Shu said: "No." "He is resolute in his actions and eloquent in his words." "When one's words are in harmony, there is no action that cannot be taken. When one is resolute, nothing remains unaccomplished. To defy what is harmonious brings ill fortune; to attack a determined foe leads to failure. One who acts with determination yet follows the path of harmony will not provoke the people. Even though I wish to attack him, could I succeed?" Thus they ceased their plans.
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| | 晉語七: |
既弒厲公，欒武子使智武子、彘恭子如周迎悼公。庚午，大夫逆于清原。公言于諸大夫曰：「孤始愿不及此，孤之及此，天也。抑人之有元君，將稟命焉。若稟而棄之，是焚穀也；其稟而不材，是穀不成也。穀之不成，孤之咎也；成而焚之，二三子之虐也。孤欲長處其愿，出令將不敢不成，二三子為令之不從，故求元君而訪焉。孤之不元，廢也，其誰怨？元而以虐奉之，二三子之制也。若欲奉元以濟大義，將在今日；若欲暴虐以離百姓，反易民常，亦在今日。圖之進退，愿由今日。」大夫對曰：「君鎮撫群臣而大庇蔭之，無乃不堪君訓而陷于大戮，以煩刑、史，辱君之允令，敢不承業。」乃盟而入。 |
| | After having Duke Li assassinated, Luan Wuzi sent Zhi Wuzi and Zhi Gongzi to the Zhou court to welcome Duke Dao. On the Gengwu day, the ministers met him at Qingyuan. The duke said to the various high officials: "Originally I did not hope for this; my attainment of this position is due to Heaven. Yet, when a people have their sovereign ruler, they will receive orders from him. If one receives [orders] and then abandons them, it is like burning grain; to receive but not to act properly is for the grain not to mature. If the grain does not mature, it is my fault; to have it mature and then burn it would be the cruelty of you several gentlemen." "I wish to remain long in my original desire; when I issue commands, I will not dare for them not to be fulfilled. Because you several gentlemen do not obey the orders, therefore I have sought a sovereign ruler and consulted him." "If I am without a sovereign, it is an abandonment; who can I blame?" "To have a sovereign and yet serve him with cruelty is your several gentlemen's policy." "If you wish to serve the sovereign in order to fulfill great righteousness, it will be decided today; if you wish to use violence and cruelty to alienate the people and instead change their established ways, that too is up to today." "Consider your course of action—whether to advance or retreat—I wish it will be decided from today." The high officials replied: "You, my lord, have pacified the ministers and greatly protected them. We dare not bear your instruction and fall into great punishment, thus troubling the officers of law and history, disgracing Your Grace's just commands. How could we dare not accept our duties?" They then took an oath and entered [the capital].
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辛巳，朝于武宮。定百事，立百官，育門子，選賢良，興舊族，出滯賞，畢故刑，赦囚系，宥間罪，薦積德，逮鰥寡，振廢淹，養老幼，恤孤疾，年過七十，公親見之，稱曰王父，敢不承。 |
| | On the Xinsi day, he paid homage at the Wu Palace. They established all matters, appointed officials of a hundred ranks, educated the sons of noble families, selected virtuous and capable individuals, revived old clans, distributed overdue rewards, completed past punishments, pardoned imprisoned convicts, showed leniency to those with minor offenses, recommended those who had accumulated virtue, extended care to widowers and widows, supported those whose affairs had been neglected, provided for the elderly and children, took pity on orphans and the sick. For those over seventy years old, the ruler personally met them, addressing them as "Wangfu," and they dared not refuse.
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| | 晉語七: |
二月乙酉，公即位。使呂宣子將下軍，曰：「邲之役，呂锜佐智莊子于上軍，獲楚公子穀臣與連尹襄老，以免子羽。鄢之役，親射楚王而敗楚師，以定晉國而無後，其子孫不可不崇也。」使彘恭子將新軍，曰：「武子之季、文子之母弟也。武子宣法以定晉國，至于今是用。文子勤身以定諸侯，至于今是賴。夫二子之德，其可忘乎！」故以彘季屏其宗。使令狐文子佐之，曰：「昔克潞之役，秦來圖敗晉功，魏顆以其身卻退秦師于輔氏，親止杜回，其勛銘于景鍾。至于今不育，其子不可不興也。」 |
| | In the second month on the Yiyou day, the duke ascended the throne. He appointed Lü Xuanzi to command the lower army, saying: "In the campaign of Bi, Lu Qi assisted Zhi Zhuangzi in the upper army and captured the Ch'u noble Gongzi Guchen and Lian Yin Xianglao, thereby saving Zi Yu. "In the campaign of Yan, he personally shot at the ruler of Ch'u and defeated his army, thus securing the stability of Jin State but left no descendants. His descendants must therefore be honored." He appointed Zhi Gongzi to command the new army, saying: "Wuzi's younger brother and Wenzhi's maternal uncle. "Wuzi proclaimed laws that stabilized Jin State, which are still in use today." "Wenzhi worked diligently to stabilize the feudal lords, upon whom we still rely today." "Could one possibly forget the virtue of these two men!" Therefore, Zhi Ji was appointed to protect his clan. He appointed Linghu Wenzhi as his assistant, saying: "In the past campaign to conquer Lu, the Qin forces came intending to defeat the Jin army. Wei Ke used his own person to repel the Qin troops at Fushi and personally stopped Du Hui; his merit was inscribed on the Bell of Jing." "Until now he has had no descendants, so his son must certainly be promoted."
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君知士貞子之帥志博聞而宣惠于教也，使為太傅。知右行辛之能以數宣物定功也，使為元司空。知欒糾之能御以和于政也，使為戎御。知荀賓之有力而不暴也，使為戎右。 |
| | The ruler knew that Shi Zhenzi was a leader with broad knowledge and who widely spread benevolence in education, so he appointed him as Tai Fu. Knowing that Youhang Xin was capable of using numbers to manage affairs and determine merit, the ruler appointed him as Yuan Sikong. Knowing that Luan Jiu was able to govern harmoniously in administration, he was appointed as Rongyu. Knowing that Xun Bin was strong but not violent, the ruler appointed him as Rongyou.
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欒伯請公族大夫，公曰：「荀家惇惠，荀會文敏，黶也果敢，無忌鎮靜，使茲四人者為之。夫膏梁之性難正也，故使惇惠者教之，使文敏者導之，使果敢者諗之，使鎮靜者修之。惇惠者教之，則遍而不倦；文敏者導之，則婉而入；果敢者諗之，則過不隱；鎮靜者修之，則壹。使茲四人者為公族大夫。」 |
| | Luan Bo requested a high official for the royal clan, and the ruler said: "The Xun family is kind and benevolent; Xun Hui is learned and quick-witted; Yan Ye is resolute and courageous; Wu Ji is calm and composed. Let these four men serve in this role." "The nature of the aristocracy is difficult to correct, so let those who are kind and benevolent teach them, those learned and quick-witted guide them, those resolute and courageous advise them, and those calm and composed refine them." "Those who are kind and benevolent teaching them will do so thoroughly without tiring; those learned and quick-witted guiding them will do so gently yet effectively; those resolute and courageous advising them will not conceal their mistakes; lords Those calm and composed refining them will bring about unity. "Let these four men be the high officials of the royal clan."
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公知祁奚之果而不淫也，使為元尉。知羊舌職之聰敏肅給也，使佐之。知魏絳之勇而不亂也，使為元司馬。知張老之智而不詐也，使為元候。知鐸遏寇之恭敬而信強也，使為輿尉。知籍偃之惇帥舊職而恭給也，使為輿司馬。知程鄭端而不淫，且好諫而不隱也，使為贊仆。 |
| | The ruler knew that Qi Xi was resolute yet not licentious, so he appointed him as Yuanyui. Knowing Yangshe Zhi was intelligent and conscientious in his duties, the ruler made him an assistant to him. Knowing that Wei Jiang was brave yet not disorderly, he appointed him as Yuansima. Knowing Zhang Lao was wise but not deceitful, the ruler appointed him as Yuanhou. Knowing that Duo EKou was respectful and trustworthy yet strong, he appointed him as Yuyui. Knowing that Ji Yan was loyal in upholding his old duties and conscientious, the ruler appointed him as Yusima. Knowing Cheng Zheng was upright yet not licentious, and liked to advise without concealing anything, the ruler appointed him as Zanpu.
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| | 晉語七: |
始合諸侯于虛朾以救宋，使張老延君譽于四方，且觀道逆者。呂宣子卒，公以趙文子為文也，而能恤大事，使佐新軍。三年，公始合諸侯。四年，諸侯會于雞丘，于是乎布命、結援、修好、申盟而還。令狐文子卒，公以魏絳為不犯，使佐新軍。使張老為司馬，使范獻子為候奄。公譽達于戎。五年，諸戎來請服，使魏莊子盟之，于是乎始復霸。 |
| | Initially uniting the feudal lords at Xudeng to rescue Song, he sent Zhang Lao to extend the ruler's reputation in all directions and also to observe those who opposed the way. Lü Xuanzi died, and the ruler, considering Zhao Wenzhi to be learned and capable of attending to important matters, appointed him as an assistant to the new army. In the third year, the duke began uniting the feudal lords. In the fourth year, the feudal lords met at Jiqiu; there they issued proclamations, formed alliances, renewed friendships, reaffirmed oaths, and then returned. Linghu Wenzhi died, and the duke, considering Wei Jiang to be incorruptible, appointed him as assistant to the new army. He appointed Zhang Lao as Sima and Fan Xianzi as Houyan. The duke's reputation reached the Rong tribes. In the fifth year, various Rong tribes came to request submission; he sent Wei Zhuangzi to make an oath with them. From this point on, Jin began to restore its hegemony.
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四年，會諸侯于雞丘，魏絳為中軍司馬，公子揚干亂行于曲梁，魏絳斬其仆。公謂羊舌赤曰：「寡人屬諸侯，魏絳戮寡人之弟，為我勿失。」赤對曰：「臣聞絳之志，有事不避難，有罪不避刑，其將來辭。」言終，魏絳至，授仆人書而伏劍。士魴、張老交止之。仆人授公，公讀書曰：「臣誅于揚干，不忘其死。日君乏使，使臣狃中軍之司馬。臣聞師眾以順為武，軍事有死無犯為敬，君合諸侯，臣敢不敬，君不說，請死之。」公跣而出，曰：「寡人之言，兄弟之禮也。子之誅，軍旅之事也，請無重寡人之過。」反役，與之禮食，令之佐新軍。 |
| | In the fourth year, they met with feudal lords at Jiqiu. Wei Jiang served as Sima of the central army. Gongzi Yanggan behaved disorderly in Quliang, and Wei Jiang beheaded his groom. The duke said to Yangshe Chi: "I have entrusted the feudal lords; Wei Jiang has killed my younger brother. For our sake, do not lose heart." Chi replied: "I have heard of Jiang's resolve; when there is an affair, he does not avoid hardship; when there is a crime, he does not evade punishment. He will come to explain himself." As the words ended, Wei Jiang arrived, handed over his groom's documents and knelt with a sword for execution. Shi Fang and Zhang Lao both intervened to stop him. The groom presented the document to the duke, who read it aloud: "I was punished by Yanggan; I did not forget my death. "Each day Your Majesty lacked an envoy, and you appointed me as the Sima of the central army." "I have heard that an army is considered martial when it acts in order; in military affairs, to face death without transgression is reverence. When Your Majesty unites the feudal lords, how could I dare not be reverent? If you are displeased, please allow me to die." The duke came out barefoot and said: "My words were in accordance with the rites between brothers. "Your punishment was a matter of military affairs; please do not add to my faults." After returning from the campaign, he gave him a ceremonial meal and ordered him to assist in the new army.
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| | 晉語七: |
祁奚辭于軍尉，公問焉，曰：「孰可？」對曰：「臣之子午可。人有言曰：『擇臣莫若君，擇子莫若父。』午之少也，婉以從令，游有鄉，處有所，好學而不戲。其壯也，強志而用命，守業而不淫。其冠也，和安而好敬，柔惠小物，而鎮定大事，有直質而無流心，非義不變，非上不舉。若臨大事，其可以賢于臣。臣請薦所能擇而君比義焉。」公使祁午為軍尉，歿平公，軍無秕政。 |
| | Qi Xi resigned from his post as Juwei. The duke asked about it, saying: "Who is suitable?" He replied: "My son Wu would be suitable." "There is a saying: 'To choose officials, none is better than the ruler; to choose sons, none is better than the father.'" "When Wu was young, he was gentle and obedient. He had a direction in his travels, a place to stay, loved learning without indulging in play." "In his prime, he was resolute and followed orders, maintained his duties without excess. "When he came of age, he was harmonious and respectful; kind to small matters yet firm in handling major affairs. He had an upright nature without fickle thoughts. Without righteousness, he would not change; without the ruler's command, he would not act." "If faced with important matters, he might even surpass me in virtue." "I request to recommend those I am able to choose, and it is up to Your Majesty to determine their righteousness." The duke appointed Qi Wu as Juwei. Until the death of Duke Ping, there were no corrupt policies in the military.
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| | 晉語七: |
五年，無終子嘉父使孟樂因魏莊子納虎豹之皮以和諸戎。公曰：「戎、狄無親而好得，不若伐之。」魏絳曰：「勞師于戎，而失諸華，雖有功，猶得獸而失人也，安用之？且夫戎、狄薦處，貴貨而易土。予之貨而獲其土，其利一也；邊鄙耕農不儆？其利二也；戎、狄事晉，四鄰莫不震動，其利三也。君其圖之！」公說，故使魏絳撫諸戎，于是乎遂伯。 |
| | In the fifth year, Wuzhongzi Jiaku Fu sent Meng Le through Wei Zhuangzi to present tiger and leopard pelts in order to pacify the Rong tribes. The duke said: "The Rong and Di have no loyalty and are fond of gaining advantages; it would be better to attack them." Wei Jiang said: "To weary our troops against the Rong and lose the support of the Chinese people—though we may achieve a military success, it would be like gaining an animal but losing human support. What use is that? Moreover, these Rong and Di tribes live in close proximity; they value goods yet are willing to exchange land. Give them goods and gain their land—this is one advantage; the border farmers will not be alarmed? This is a second advantage; When the Rong and Di serve Jin, all four neighboring states will be stirred—this is a third advantage. "Your Majesty should consider this!" The duke was pleased, so he sent Wei Jiang to pacify the Rong. From then on, Jin became a hegemon.
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| | 晉語七: |
韓獻子老，使公族穆子受事于朝。辭曰：「厲公之亂，無忌備公族，不能死。臣聞之曰：『無功庸者，不敢居高位。』今無忌，智不能匡君，使至于難，仁不能救，勇不能死，敢辱君朝以忝韓宗，請退也。」固辭不立。悼公聞之，曰：「難雖不能死君而能讓，不可不賞也。」使掌公族大夫。 |
| | Han Xianzi grew old and sent Gongzhu Muzi to handle affairs in court. He declined, saying: "During the turmoil of Duke Li, Wuji was responsible for the royal clan but could not die for it. "I have heard that 'those without merit or ability dare not occupy high positions.'" "Now Wuji, lacking wisdom to advise the ruler and leading him into trouble, lacking benevolence to rescue others, and lacking courage to die for his duty—how dare I disgrace Your Majesty's court and bring shame upon the Han clan? Please allow me to step down." He firmly declined and did not accept the position. Duke Dao heard of this and said: "Though he could not die for his ruler in times of crisis, he was able to yield; such virtue cannot go unrewarded." He appointed him as the high official of the royal clan.
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| | 晉語七: |
悼公使張老為卿，辭曰：「臣不如魏絳。夫絳之智能治大官，其仁可以利公室不忘，其勇不疚于刑，其學不廢其先人之職，若在卿位，外內必平。且雞丘之會，其官不犯而辭順，不可不賞也。公五命之，固辭，乃使為司馬。使魏絳佐新軍。 |
| | Duke Dao appointed Zhang Lao as a qing, but he declined, saying: "I am not as capable as Wei Jiang." "Jiang's intelligence can manage major offices; his benevolence benefits the royal house without forgetting [his duty]; his courage does not cause guilt under punishment; his learning does not abandon the duties of his ancestors. If he holds a qing position, both internal and external affairs will be balanced." Moreover, at the meeting in Jiqiu, his official conduct was faultless and his words reasonable; such virtue cannot go unrecompensed." The duke gave five commands to appoint him, but Zhang Lao firmly declined. The duke then appointed him as Sima.
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| | 晉語七: |
十二年，公伐鄭，軍于蕭魚。鄭伯嘉來納女、工、妾三十人，女樂二八，歌鍾二肆，及寶鏄，輅車十五乘。公錫魏絳女樂一八、歌鍾一肆，曰：「子教寡人和諸戎、狄而正諸華，于今八年，七合諸侯，寡人無不得志，請與子共樂之。」魏絳辭曰：「夫和戎、狄，君之幸也。八年之中，七合諸侯，君之靈也。二三子之勞也，臣焉得之？」公曰：「微子，寡人無以待戎，無以濟河，二三子何勞焉！子其受之。」君子曰：「能志善也。」 |
| | In the twelfth year, the duke attacked Zheng and stationed his troops at Xiaoyu. Duke Zhuang of Zheng sent thirty women, artisans, and concubines, sixteen female musicians (two groups of eight), two sets of song bells, treasures, and fifteen ceremonial chariots. The duke bestowed upon Wei Jiang eight female musicians, one set of song bells, and said: "You have taught me how to pacify the Rong and Di while rectifying the Chinese states. For eight years now, I have united the feudal lords seven times; in all things I have achieved my will. Please share this joy with me." Wei Jiang declined and said: "To pacify the Rong and Di is Your Majesty's good fortune. Within eight years, to have united the feudal lords seven times—this is due to your virtue." "It is the merit of you and your ministers; how could I possibly deserve such rewards?" The duke said: "Without you, I would have no way to deal with the Rong tribes and no way to cross the Yellow River; how can it be the merit of my ministers?" "You must accept this reward." The gentlemen said: "This was a demonstration of the ability to honor virtue."
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| | 晉語七: |
悼公與司馬侯升臺而望曰：「樂夫！」對曰：「臨下之樂則樂矣，德義之樂則未也。」公曰：「何謂德義？」對曰：「諸侯之為，日在君側，以其善行，以其惡戒，可謂德義矣。」公曰：「孰能？」對曰：「羊舌肸習于春秋。」乃召叔向使傅太子彪。 |
| | Duke Dao, together with Sima Hou Shengtai, ascended a platform and gazed out, saying: "How joyful!" He replied: "The joy of looking down upon others is indeed pleasant, but the joy of virtue and righteousness has not yet been achieved." The duke asked: "What do you mean by virtue and righteousness?" He replied: "When the lords act, they are always at your side; by their good deeds you learn to emulate them, and by their evil deeds you receive warnings. This can be called virtue and righteousness." The duke asked: "Who is able to do this?" He replied: "Yangshe Xi is well-versed in the Spring and Autumn Annals." The duke then summoned Shuxiang and made him tutor to Crown Prince Biao.
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| | 晉語八: |
平公六年，箕遺及黃淵、嘉父作亂，不克而死。公遂逐群賊，謂陽畢曰：「自穆侯以至于今，亂兵不輟，民志不厭，禍敗無已。離民且速寇，恐及吾身，若之何？」陽畢對曰：「本根猶樹，枝葉益長，本根益茂，是以難已也。今若大其柯，去其枝葉，絕其本根，可以少間。」 |
| | In the sixth year of King Ping's reign, Ji Yi and Huang Yuan, Jia Fu staged a rebellion, but failed and died. The ruler then drove away the bandits, and said to Yang Bi: "Since Duke Mu Hou until now, rebellions have never ceased; the people's resolve is not satisfied, and calamities and failures are endless. The people will be alienated and quickly become enemies, I fear it will reach my time; what can we do about it?" Yang Bi replied: "The root is like a tree, the branches and leaves grow longer; the roots become more luxuriant, which is why it is hard to stop. Now if we widen its trunk, remove its branches and leaves, and cut off its roots, we can have a little respite."
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公曰：「子實圖之。」對曰：「圖在明訓，明訓在威權，威權在君。君掄賢人之後有常位于國者而立之，亦掄逞志虧君以亂國者之後而去之，是遂威而遠權。民畏其威，而懷其德，莫能勿從。若從，則民心皆可畜。畜其心而知其欲惡，人孰偷生？若不偷生，則莫思亂矣。且夫欒氏之誣晉國久也，欒書實覆宗，弒厲公以厚其家，若滅欒氏，則民威矣。今吾若起瑕、原、韓、魏之後而賞立之，則民懷矣。威與懷各當其所。則國安矣，君治而國安，欲作亂者誰與？」 |
| | The ruler said: "You should really plan it out." He replied: "The plan lies in clear instruction, and clear instruction lies in authority, and authority lies with the ruler. The ruler should select those who are descendants of the virtuous and have a fixed position in the state to establish them, and also select those who are descendants of people who indulged their wills, harmed the ruler, and caused chaos in the country, and remove them; this is how authority is strengthened and power is kept distant. The people will fear its authority and cherish its virtue, and none will be able to resist following it. If they follow, then the hearts of the people can all be nurtured. Nurture their minds and know their desires and aversions; who would dare to live in secret? If no one dares to live in secret, then none will think of causing chaos anymore. Moreover, the 栾 family's false accusations against the Jin state have lasted for a long time. It was actually Luan Shu who destroyed his clan, assassinated King Lie Gong to enrich his own family; if we eliminate the Luan family, then the people will be awed. Now, if I were to raise up descendants of Xia, Yuan, Han, and Wei and reward them by establishing them in positions of power, then the people would be won over. Authority and winning hearts should each find their proper place. Then the state will be at peace; when a ruler governs well, the country is safe—then who would support those wishing to cause chaos?"
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君曰：「欒書立吾先君，欒盈不獲罪，如何？」陽畢曰：「夫正國者，不可以暱于權，行權不可以隱于私。暱于權，則民不導；行權隱于私，則政不行。政不行，何以導民？民之不導，亦無君也，則其為暱與隱也，復害矣，且勤身。君其圖之！若愛欒盈，則明逐群賊，而以國倫數而遣之，厚箴戒圖以待之。彼若求逞志而報于君，罪孰大焉，滅之猶少。彼若不敢而遠逃，乃厚其外交而勉之，以報其德，不亦可乎？」 |
| | The ruler said: "Luan Shu established my predecessor, and Luan Ying has not been found guilty of any crime. How can we proceed?" Yang Bi said: "He who governs the state properly cannot be partial to power, and the exercise of authority cannot be concealed by private interests. If one is partial to power, then the people will not be guided; if the exercise of authority is concealed by private interests, then governance cannot proceed. If governance does not proceed, how can one guide the people? When the people are not guided, it is as if there were no ruler. Thus, being partial or concealing matters for private interests brings further harm and also causes personal toil. You should consider this carefully! If you cherish Luan Ying, then clearly drive away the bandits and send him away according to the state's order, offering sincere warnings and plans for his future. If he seeks to indulge his will and reports back to you, whose crime could be greater? Even exterminating him would still be insufficient. If he dares not and flees far away, then strengthen his foreign relations and encourage him, to repay his virtue; would that not be acceptable?"
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公許諾，盡逐群賊而使祁午及陽畢適曲沃逐欒盈，欒盈出奔楚。遂令于國人曰：「自文公以來有力于先君而子孫不立者，將授立之，得之者賞？」居三年，欒盈晝入，為賊于絳。范宣子以公入于襄公之宮，欒盈不克，出奔曲沃，遂刺欒盈，滅欒氏。是以沒平公之身無內亂也。 |
| | The ruler agreed. He drove away all the bandits and sent Qi Wu and Yang Bi to Quwo to pursue Luan Ying; Luan Ying fled to Chu. He then issued an order to the people of the state: "Since Duke Wen Gong, those who have rendered service to our predecessors but whose descendants were not established in positions will be granted such status; whoever brings them forward shall receive a reward?" After three years, Luan Ying entered during the day and became a bandit in Jiang. Fan Xunzi brought the ruler into Duke Xiang Gong's palace. Luan Ying failed, fled to Quwo, and was then assassinated; thus, the Luan clan was exterminated. Therefore, during King Ping's entire reign there were no internal rebellions.
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| | 晉語八: |
欒懷子之出，執政使欒氏之臣勿從，從欒氏者為大戮施。欒氏之臣辛俞行，吏執之，獻諸公。公曰：「國有大令，何故犯之？」對曰：「臣順之也，豈敢犯之？執政曰『無從欒氏而從君』，是明令必從君也。臣聞之曰：『三世事家，君之，再世以下，主之。』事君以死，事主以勤，君之明令也，自臣之祖，以無大援于晉國，世隸于欒氏，于今三世矣，臣故不敢不君。今執政曰『不從君者為大戮』，臣敢忘其死而叛其君，以煩司寇。」公說，固止之，不可，厚賂之。辭曰：「臣嘗陳辭矣，心以守志，辭以行之，所以事君也。若受君賜，是墮其前言。君問而陳辭，未退而逆之，何以事君？」君知其不可得也，乃遣之。 |
| | When Luan Huaizi fled, the ruling officials ordered subjects of the Luan clan not to follow him; those who followed the Luan clan were subjected to severe punishment. A subject of the Luan clan, Xin Yu Hang, fled; officials captured him and presented him to the ruler. The ruler said: "The state has a major decree; why did you violate it?" He replied: "I followed the decree, how could I dare to violate it? The ruling officials said, 'Do not follow Luan Shi but follow the ruler,' which clearly indicates that one must obey the ruler. I have heard it said: 'Those who serve a family for three generations should be treated as subjects of the ruler; those serving for two generations or less, they are to be treated by their masters.' To serve the ruler with death, and to serve one's master with diligence—this is the ruler's clear decree. Since my ancestor, lacking strong support in the Jin state, has been subordinate to the Luan clan for three generations; therefore, I dared not consider any other lord. Now the ruling officials say 'those who do not follow the ruler will face severe punishment,' but how could I, at the risk of death, betray my lord and trouble the judicial official?" The ruler was pleased, and firmly stopped them from punishing him; but they would not accept it, so he offered generous bribes. He declined, saying: "I have already stated my words; the heart upholds one's resolve, and words carry it out—this is how I serve my lord. If I accept the ruler's gift, that would be to abandon my previous statement." "When the ruler asked and I presented my words, if I were not yet dismissed but went against them, how could that be serving a lord?" Knowing he could not be persuaded otherwise, the ruler sent him away.
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| | 晉語八: |
叔魚生，其母視之，曰：「是虎目而豕喙，鳶肩而牛腹，谿壑可盈，是不可饜也，必以賄死。」遂不視。楊食我生，叔向之母聞之，往，及堂，聞其號也，乃還，曰：「其聲，豺狼之聲，終滅羊舌氏之宗者，必是子也？」 |
| | When Shu Yu was born, his mother looked at him and said: "He has the eyes of a tiger and the mouth of a pig, the shoulders of an eagle and the belly of an ox. A ravine or gully can be filled, but this one cannot be satisfied; he will surely die because of bribery." She then refused to look at him again. When Yang Shiwo was born, Shu Xiang's mother heard about it and went to see him. When she reached the hall and heard his wailing, she returned and said: "His voice is like that of a jackal or wolf; this child will surely be the one who eventually destroys the Yangshe clan."
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| | 晉語八: |
魯襄公使叔孫穆子來聘，范宣子問焉，曰：「人有言曰『死而不朽』，何謂也？」穆子未對。宣子曰：「昔匄之祖，自虞以上為陶唐氏，在夏為御龍氏，在商為豕韋氏，在周為唐、杜氏。周卑，晉繼之，為范氏，其此之謂也？」對曰：「以豹所聞，此之謂世祿，非不朽也。魯先大夫臧文仲，其身歿矣，其言立于後世，此之謂死而不朽。」 |
| | Duke Xiang of Lu sent Shu Sun Muzi to pay a visit. Fan Xunzi asked him, saying: "There is a saying that 'death and yet not decay'—what does this mean?" Muzi did not answer immediately. Xunzi said: "In the past, my ancestor Gai's lineage, from Yu upward was known as Tao Tang Shi; in the Xia dynasty they were known as Yulong Shi; in the Shang dynasty as Shiw ei Shi; and in the Zhou dynasty as Tang and Du Shi. The Zhou was humble, Jin succeeded it, becoming Fan Shi—this is what that saying refers to?" He replied: "According to what I have heard, this is called hereditary official rank; it is not immortality. The former great officer of Lu, Zang Wenzhong—his body perished, but his words stand in later generations. This is what is meant by 'death and yet not decay.'"
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| | 晉語八: |
范宣子與和大夫爭田，久而無成。宣子欲攻之，問于伯華。伯華曰：「外有軍，內有事。赤也，外事也，不敢侵官。且吾子之心有出焉，可徵訊也。」問于孫林甫，孫林甫曰：「旅人，所以事子也，唯事是待。」問于張老，張老曰：「老也以軍事承子，非戎，則非吾所知也。」問于祁奚，祁奚曰：「公族之不恭，公室之有回，內事之邪，大夫之貪，是吾罪也。若以君官從子之私，懼子之應且憎也。」問于籍偃，籍偃曰：「偃也以斧鉞從于張孟，日聽命焉，若夫子之命也，何二之有？釋夫子而舉，是反吾子也。」問于叔魚，叔魚曰：「待吾為子殺之。」 |
| | Fan Xunzi quarreled with He Da Fu over land, but after a long time no resolution was reached. Xunzi wanted to attack him and consulted Bo Hua. Bo Hua said: "There are military forces outside, and affairs within. Chi is in charge of external matters; I dare not encroach on his duties. Moreover, your mind has a direction, and it can be investigated." He asked Sun Linfu, who said: "A traveler is one who serves you; he awaits only the task at hand." He asked Zhang Lao, who said: "I am old and have taken charge of military affairs for you; if it is not a matter of war, then it is beyond my knowledge." He asked Qi Xi, who said: "The disrespect of the noble clan, the corruption within the royal family, the injustice in internal affairs, and the greed of officials—these are my faults. If I were to use the official position granted by our lord for your private interests, I fear you would resent and reject me." He asked Ji Yan, who said: "Yan follows the orders of Zhang Meng with his axe and halberd every day; if it is your command, what difference could there be? To release you from your lord's command and raise up another would be to oppose you." He asked Shu Yu, who said: "Wait for me to kill him for you."
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叔向聞之，見宣子曰：「聞子與和未寧，遍問于大夫，又無決，盍訪之訾祏。訾祏實直而博，直能端辨之，博能上下比之，且吾子之家老也。吾聞國家有大事，必順于典刑，而訪諮于耇老，而後行之。」司馬侯見，曰：「聞吾子有和之怒，吾以為不信。諸侯皆有二心，是之不憂，而怒和大夫，非子之任也。」祁午見，曰：「晉為諸侯盟主，子為正卿，若能靖端諸侯，使服聽命于晉，晉國其誰不為子從，何必和？盍密和，和大以平小乎！」 |
| | Shu Xiang heard about this and met with Xunzi, saying: "I have heard that you are not at peace with He. You have consulted all the officials but still no decision has been made; why don't you consult Zi Shi? Zi Shi is upright and knowledgeable. Uprightness enables him to make clear distinctions, and knowledge allows him to compare matters from above and below; moreover, he is an elder of your household. I have heard that when the state has important matters, it must follow established precedents and consult with experienced elders before proceeding." Sima Hou appeared and said: "I heard that you were angry at He, but I did not believe it. All the feudal lords have divided loyalties; if you are not worried about this, yet angry at a single official, that is not your responsibility." Qi Wu appeared and said: "Jin is the leader of the feudal lords, and you are the chief minister. If you can pacify and stabilize the feudal lords so that they obey Jin's commands, who in the Jin state would not follow you? Why must it be He?" Why not secretly seek harmony, resolving major issues to pacify minor ones!"
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宣子問于訾祏，訾祏對曰：「昔隰叔子違周難于晉國，生子輿為理，以正于朝，朝無奸官，為司空，以正于國，國無敗績。世及武子，佐文、襄為諸侯，諸侯無二心。及為卿，以輔成、景，軍無敗政。及為成師，居太傅，端刑法，緝訓典，國無奸民，後之人可則，是以受隨、范。及文子成晉、荊之盟，豐兄弟之國，使無有間隙，是以受郇、櫟。今吾子嗣位，于朝無奸行，于國無邪民，于是無四方之患，而無外內之憂，賴三子之功而饗其祿位。今既無事矣，而非和，于是加寵，將何治為？」宣子說，乃益和田而與之和。 |
| | Xunzi consulted Zi Shi, who replied: "In the past, Xi Shuzi fled from trouble in the Zhou state to Jin. He had a son named Yu, who became an official of justice and upheld righteousness at court; there were no corrupt officials in the court. He later served as Sikong (Minister of Works), upholding righteousness for the country, so that the state experienced no failures. The descendants passed down to Wu Zi, who assisted Dukes Wen and Xiang in their dealings with the feudal lords; thus, no feudal lord had divided loyalties. When he became an official, assisting Dukes Cheng and Jing, there were no failed military policies. When he became Cheng Shi and served as Taifu (Grand Tutor), he upheld laws and punishments, enforced teachings and precedents; thus there were no corrupt people in the state. Future generations could follow his example, which is why they received the fiefs of Sui and Fan. When Wen Zi concluded an alliance between Jin and Jing, he strengthened the relations among brothers' states so that there were no gaps or conflicts; thus they received the fiefs of Xun and Li. Now, you have succeeded to your position; there are no corrupt actions in the court and no wicked people in the state. There is no threat from any direction, nor worries within or without—this depends on the achievements of these three men, allowing you to enjoy their positions and emoluments. Now that there are no affairs to attend to, yet if we do not treat He kindly but instead add honors upon him, what kind of governance will this be?" Xunzi was pleased and thus increased the land granted to He and reconciled with him.
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| | 晉語八: |
訾祏死，范宣子謂獻子曰：「鞅乎！昔者吾有訾祏也，吾朝夕顧焉，以相晉國，且為吾家，今吾觀女也，專則不能，謀則無與也，將若之何？」對曰：「鞅也，居處恭，不敢安易，敬學而好仁，和于政而好其道，謀于眾不以賈好，私志雖衷，不敢謂是也，必長者之由。」宣子曰：「可以免身。」 |
| | After Zi Shi died, Fan Xunzi said to Xianzi: "Yang! "In the past, I had Zi Shi; I relied on him day and night to assist in governing Jin state and also for our family. Now, when I look at you, if matters are left entirely to you, you cannot manage them alone, and when it comes to planning, there is no one to consult—what am I to do?" Xianzi replied: "Yang, I have always conducted myself with respect and humility; I dare not be complacent or careless. I study diligently and cherish benevolence. I harmonize in governance and love the right path. When planning matters, I consult many people without seeking favoritism. Even if my private thoughts are sincere, I do not call them correct unless they follow the way of elders." Xunzi said: "You may thus preserve your life."
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| | 晉語八: |
平公說新聲，師曠曰：「公室其將卑乎！君之明兆于衰矣。夫樂以開山川之風也，以耀德于廣遠也。風德以廣之，風山川以遠之，風物以聽之，修詩以詠之，修禮以節之。夫德廣遠而有時節，是以遠服而邇不遷。」 |
| | King Ping was fond of new music. Shikuang said: "The royal family is about to decline! The ruler's clarity has already shown signs of decline. Music is meant to express the winds of mountains and rivers, and to glorify virtue far and wide. Extend virtue through the winds, extend the reach of mountains and rivers through them, listen to things through their sounds, refine poetry to sing about them, and regulate with rituals. When virtue is widespread and properly regulated by time and measure, thus distant people are subdued and those nearby remain loyal."
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| | 晉語八: |
平公射鴳，不死，使豎襄搏之，失，公怒，拘將殺之。叔向聞之，夕，君告之。叔向曰：「君必殺之。昔吾先君唐叔射兕于徒林，殪，以為大甲，以封于晉。今君嗣吾先君唐叔，射鴳不死，搏之不得，是揚吾君之恥者也。君其必速殺之，勿令遠聞。」君忸怩，乃趣赦之。 |
| | King Ping shot a sparrow but did not kill it. He ordered Shu Xiang to catch it, but he missed. The king became angry and had him arrested for execution. Shu Xiang heard of this and went at dusk to inform the ruler. Shu Xiang said: "The ruler will surely kill him. "In the past, our ancestor Duke Tang Shu shot a rhinoceros in Tulin; it died. Its hide was made into armor and used to establish Jin. Now, you are the successor of our ancestor Duke Tang Shu; shooting a sparrow and failing to kill it, then failing to catch it—this is spreading shame upon our ruler. You must quickly execute him, before the news spreads far." The ruler was embarrassed and hurriedly ordered his release.
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| | 晉語八: |
叔向見司馬侯之子，撫而泣之，曰：「自此其父之死；吾蔑與比而事君矣！昔者此其父始之，我終之，我始之，夫子終之，無不可。」籍偃在側，曰：「君子有比乎？」叔向曰：「君子比而不別。比德以贊事，比也；引黨以封己，利己而忘君，別也。」 |
| | Shu Xiang visited the son of Sima Hou, comforted him while weeping and said: "From now on, your father's death; I am no longer comparable to you in serving our lord! "In the past, it was your father who began this path and I completed it; now I begin it, and Master will complete it—there is nothing that cannot be done." Ji Yan stood nearby and asked: "Do gentlemen have such comparisons?" Shu Xiang said: "Gentlemen associate but do not distinguish. To associate in virtue to assist with affairs is called 'bi'; To rally a faction for one's own benefit, seeking personal advantage while forgetting the ruler, is called 'bie'."
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| | 晉語八: |
秦景公使其弟鍼來求成，叔向命召行人子員，行人子朱曰：「朱也在此。」叔向曰：「召子員。」子朱曰：「朱也當御。」叔向曰：「肸也欲子員之對客也」子朱怒曰：「皆君之臣也，班爵同，何以黜朱也？」撫劍就之。叔向曰：「秦、晉不和久矣，今日之事幸而集，子孫饗之。不集，三軍之士暴骨。夫子員導賓主之言無私，子常易之。奸以事君者，吾所能御也。」拂衣從之，人救之。平公聞之曰：「晉其庶乎！吾臣之所爭者大。」師曠侍，曰：「公室懼卑，其臣不心競而力爭。」 |
| | King Jing of Qin sent his younger brother Zhen to seek peace. Shu Xiang ordered the official H 荇 Ren Zi Yuan to be summoned, but the official H 荇 Ren Zi Zhu said: "Zhu is here." Shu Xiang said: "Summon Zi Yuan." Zi Zhu said: "I, Zhu, am the one who should serve as envoy." Shu Xiang said: "Xi wishes for Zi Yuan to receive the guests." Zi Zhu angrily replied: "We are all your subjects, and our ranks and titles are equal. Why should Zhu be demoted?" He drew his sword and approached him. Shu Xiang said: "The states of Qin and Jin have been at odds for a long time. Today's matter is fortunate in having reached an agreement, which our descendants will enjoy. If it fails to be resolved, the bones of the three armies' soldiers will lie exposed. "Zi Yuan guides the words between host and guest without bias, yet you often challenge him." "A person who serves the ruler with deceit is someone I can deal with." He brushed past him and followed, but others intervened to stop them. King Ping heard of this and said: "Jin will surely prosper! The matters my ministers are contending over are great ones." Shi Kuang was in attendance and said: "I fear the royal house will become weak, for its ministers do not compete with sincerity but strive forcefully."
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| | 晉語八: |
諸侯之大夫盟于宋，楚令尹子木欲襲晉軍，曰：「若盡晉師而殺趙武，則晉可弱也。」文子聞之，謂叔向曰：「若之何？」叔向曰：「子何患焉。忠不可暴，信不可犯，忠自中，而信自身，其為德也深矣，其為本也固矣，故不可抈也。今我以忠謀諸侯，而以信覆之，荊之逆諸侯也亦云，是以在此。若襲我，是自背其信而塞其忠也。信反必斃，忠塞無用，安能害我？且夫合諸侯以為不信，諸侯何望焉，為此行也，荊敗我，諸侯必叛之，子何愛于死，死而可以固晉國之盟主，何懼焉？」是行也，以藩為軍，攀輦即利而舍，候遮捍衛不行，楚人不敢謀，畏晉之信也。自是沒平公無楚患。 |
| | The ministers of the feudal lords concluded an alliance in Song. Lord Zi Mu, the prime minister of Chu, wanted to attack the Jin army and said: "If we can annihilate the entire Jin force and kill Zhao Wu, then Jin will be weakened." Wen Zi heard of this and told Shu Xiang: "What should we do about it?" Shu Xiang said: "Why are you worried, sir? Loyalty cannot be exposed to harm, and trustworthiness cannot be violated. Loyalty arises from the heart, while trustworthiness originates in oneself. These virtues are profound and deeply rooted; thus, they cannot be undermined. Now we use loyalty to plan with the feudal lords and trustworthiness to protect them; Chu, in opposing the feudal lords, does likewise. That is why they are here. If they attack us, it will be a betrayal of their own trustworthiness and an obstruction to their loyalty. When trust is betrayed, the person must perish; when loyalty is obstructed, it becomes useless. How could they possibly harm us? Moreover, if the feudal lords are gathered and yet we act untrustworthily, what hope can the feudal lords have? If Chu defeats us in this campaign, the feudal lords will surely rebel against them. What do you fear, then? Why not die for a cause that would secure Jin's position as leader of the alliance?" On this campaign, we used outlying defenses as our army. When convenient, we climbed into carriages and halted; when waiting or guarding, we did not move forward. The people of Chu dared not plot against us because they feared Jin's trustworthiness. From then on, during the reign of King Ping, there was no further trouble from Chu.
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| | 晉語八: |
宋之盟，楚人固請先歃。叔向謂趙文子曰：「夫霸王之勢，在德不在先歃，子若能以忠信贊君，而裨諸侯之闕，歃雖在後，諸侯將載之，何爭于先？若違德而以賄成事，今雖先歃，諸侯將棄之，何欲于先？昔成王盟諸侯于岐陽，楚為荊蠻，置茅蕝，設望表，與鮮卑守燎，故不與盟。今將與狎主諸侯之盟，唯有德也，子務德無爭先，務德，所以服楚也。」乃先楚人。 |
| | The alliance in Song: The people of Chu insisted on taking the first sip of the sacrificial wine. Shu Xiang told Zhao Wenzi: "The power of a hegemon or overlord lies in virtue, not in taking the first sip. If you can assist your ruler with loyalty and trustworthiness, and help to correct the feudal lords' shortcomings, even if Jin takes the last sip, the feudal lords will still support us. Why then should we compete for being first?" "If you violate virtue and accomplish matters through bribes, even if Jin takes the first sip now, the feudal lords will abandon us. What is there to desire in being first?" "In the past, King Cheng held an alliance of feudal lords at Qiyang. Chu was still a southern barbarian state and only set up sacrificial poles and markers for observation, while the Xianbei guarded the sacrificial fires; thus, it did not participate in the alliance." "Now that we are about to take a leading role in the alliances of feudal lords, it is virtue alone that matters. You should focus on cultivating virtue and not compete for precedence. Cultivating virtue is precisely what will subdue Chu." Thus, Jin took the first sip before the people of Chu.
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| | 晉語八: |
虢之會，魯人食言，楚令尹圍將以魯叔孫穆子為戮，樂王鮒求貨焉不予。趙文子謂叔孫曰：「夫楚令尹有欲于楚，少懦于諸侯。諸侯之故，求治之，不求致也。其為人也，剛而尚寵，若及，必不避也。子盍逃之？不幸，必及于子。」對曰：「豹也受命于君，以從諸侯之盟，為社稷也。若魯有罪，而受盟者逃，魯必不免，是吾出而危之也。若為諸侯戮者，魯誅盡矣，必不加師，請為戮也。夫戮出于身實難，自他及之何害？茍可以安君利國，美惡一心也。」 |
| | At the assembly in Guo, the Lu people broke their word. Lord Wei, prime minister of Chu, was going to execute Lu's Shusun Muzi as punishment. Yue Wangfu requested a bribe but it was not given. Zhao Wenzi told Shusun: "The prime minister of Chu has ambitions within his own state and appears somewhat timid among the feudal lords. The feudal lords, in their dealings with him, seek to manage him, not provoke him. His character is rigid and he values favor highly; if confronted directly, he will certainly not avoid a conflict. Why don't you escape?" "If you do not act, misfortune will surely befall you." Shusun replied: "Bao has received his orders from the ruler to attend this alliance of feudal lords, for the sake of the state. "If Lu is at fault and those who have accepted the alliance flee, Lu will surely not escape punishment; this would be me leaving to endanger my country. "If I am to be executed by the feudal lords, Lu will have already been punished sufficiently and no further military action would follow. Please allow me to accept execution." "Being executed for one's own faults is indeed difficult, but if it comes from others, what harm does that bring?" "If it can ensure the ruler's safety and benefit the state, then whether good or bad, my heart remains one."
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文子將請之于楚，樂王鮒曰：「諸侯有盟未退，而魯背之，安用齊盟？縱不能討，又免其受盟者，晉何以為盟主矣，必殺叔孫豹。」文子曰：「有人不難以死安利其國，可無愛乎！若皆恤國如是，則大不喪威，而小不見陵矣。若是道也果，可以教訓，何敗國之有！吾聞之曰：『善人在患，弗救不祥；惡人在位，不去亦不祥。』必免叔孫。」固請于楚而免之。 |
| | Wenzi was about to request leniency from Chu, but Yue Wangfu said: "The feudal lords have formed an alliance and not yet dispersed, yet Lu has violated it. What need is there for a united oath? Even if we cannot punish them, to allow those who broke the alliance to go unpunished—how can Jin still be considered leader of the feudal lords? Shusun Bao must be executed." Wenzi said: "There is a man who does not hesitate to die for the safety and benefit of his country. Can we not show compassion?!" "If all were as concerned for their states as he is, then great powers would not lose their authority and small ones would not be bullied." "If this path indeed proves true, it can serve as a lesson. What reason is there for the state to suffer defeat!" I have heard it said: "When a virtuous person suffers hardship, not coming to his aid brings ill omen; "when an evil man holds office and is not removed, that too brings ill omen." "We must save Shusun." They earnestly petitioned Chu and succeeded in sparing him.
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| | 晉語八: |
趙文子為室，斫其椽而礱之，張老夕焉而見之，不謁而歸。文子聞之，駕而往，曰：「吾不善，子亦告我，何其速也？」對曰：「天子之室，斫其椽而礱之，加密石焉；諸侯礱之；大夫斫之；士首之。備其物，義也；從其等，禮也。今子貴而忘義，富而忘禮，吾懼不免，何敢以告。」文子歸，令之勿礱也。匠人請皆斫之，文子曰：「止。為後世之見之也，其斫者，仁者之為也，其礱者，不仁者之為也。 |
| | Zhao Wenzi was building a house, and he had the rafters cut and polished. Zhang Lao visited in the evening and saw this; without paying respects or making an appointment, he returned home. Wenzi heard of it and drove to Zhang Lao's residence, saying: "I have done something wrong. If you wished to inform me, why did you return so quickly?" Zhang Lao replied: "In the emperor's palace, rafters are cut and polished with added layers of stone for reinforcement; the feudal lords polish them; ministers merely cut them; and commoners simply place the first one. To prepare according to one's status is righteousness; To follow the proper rank and order is propriety. "Now you are noble yet forget righteousness, wealthy yet forget propriety; I fear that I cannot avoid blame, so how dare I inform you?" Wenzi returned home and ordered the rafters not to be polished. The craftsmen requested that all of them still be cut, but Wenzi said: "Stop. "For future generations who see this, those that are merely cut will be seen as the work of a benevolent man; but those polished would be considered the act of an unkind one."
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| | 晉語八: |
趙文子與叔向游于九原，曰：「死者若可作也，吾誰與歸？」叔向曰：「其陽子乎！文子曰：「夫陽子行廉直于晉國，不免其身，其知不足稱也。」叔向曰：「其舅犯乎！」文子曰：「夫舅犯見利而不顧其君，其仁不足稱也。其隨武子乎！納諫不忘其師，言身不失其友，事君不援而進，不阿而退。」 |
| | Zhao Wenzi and Shu Xiang toured Jiuyuan, where he said: "If the dead could be brought back to life, with whom would I return?" Shu Xiang replied: "Would it not be Yangzi?!" Wenzi said: "Yangzi acted with integrity and righteousness in the state of Jin, yet could not escape death. His wisdom was insufficient to be praised." Shu Xiang said: "Then would it be his maternal uncle Fan?"! Wenzi replied: "Fan saw profit and disregarded his ruler; his benevolence is not worthy of praise. "Then perhaps it would be Sui Wuzi!" He accepted advice without forgetting his teacher, spoke of himself without betraying his friends, and served the ruler neither by seeking favor to advance nor by flattery to retreat.
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| | 晉語八: |
秦後子來奔，趙文子見之，問曰：「秦君道乎？」對曰：「不識。」文子曰：「公子辱于敝邑，必避不道也。」對曰：「有焉。」文子曰：「猶可以久乎？」對曰：「鍼聞之，國無道而年穀酥熟，鮮不五稔。」文子視日曰：「朝夕不相及，誰能俟五！」文子出，●子謂其徒曰：「趙孟將死矣！夫君子寬惠以恤後，猶怨不濟。今趙孟相晉國，以主諸侯之盟，思長世之德，歷遠年之數，猶懼不終其身；今忨日而愒歲，怠偷甚矣，非死逮之，必有大咎。」冬，趙文子卒。 |
| | Prince Houzi of Qin fled to Jin. Zhao Wenzi met with him and asked: "Is the ruler of Qin virtuous?" Houzi replied: "I do not know." Wenzi said: "Your noble status is humbled in our humble land, so you must be fleeing an unvirtuous ruler." Houzi replied: "Yes, there are such things." Wenzi asked: "Then can it still last long?" Houzi replied: "Zhen once heard that when a state is governed without virtue yet the harvests are abundant and the grain is sweet, it rarely lasts for five years." Wenzi looked at the sun and said: "Morning and evening do not meet; who could wait out five years!" After Wenzi left, Zi told his followers: "Zhao Meng is about to die! "A gentleman who shows leniency and care for the future still cannot overcome resentment. "Now, Zhao Meng serves as minister of Jin and leads the alliances among feudal lords. He thinks about virtue that will last for generations and calculates years far into the future, yet still fears he may not complete his life's work; now he wastes days and delays years, showing great negligence. Even if death does not overtake him, there will surely be grave misfortune." In winter, Zhao Wenzi died.
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| | 晉語八: |
平公有疾，秦景公使醫和視之，出曰：「不可為也。是謂遠男而近女，惑以生蠱；非鬼非食，惑以喪志。良臣不生，天命不祐。若君不死，必失諸侯。」趙文子聞之曰：「武從二三子以佐君為諸侯盟主，于今八年矣，內無苛慝，諸侯不二，子胡曰『良臣不生，天命不祐』？」對曰：「自今之謂。和聞之曰：『直不輔曲，明不規誾，拱木不生危，松柏不生埤。』」吾子不能諫惑，使至于生疾，又不自退而寵其政，八年之謂多矣，何以能久！「文子曰：「醫及國家乎？」對曰：「上醫醫國，其次疾人，固醫官也。」文子曰：「子稱蠱，何實生之？」對曰：「蠱之慝，穀之飛實生之。物莫伏于蠱，莫嘉于穀，穀興蠱伏而章明者也。故食穀者，晝選男德以象穀明，宵靜女德以伏蠱慝，今君一之，是不饗穀而食蠱也，是不昭穀明而皿蠱也。夫文，『蟲』、『皿』為『蠱』，吾是以云。」文子曰：「君其幾何？」對曰：「若諸侯服不過三年，不服不過十年，過是，晉之殃也。」是歲也，趙文子卒，諸侯叛晉，十年，平公薨。 |
| | King Ping fell ill. King Jing of Qin sent the physician He to examine him. After leaving, He said: "It is incurable. This is called keeping away from men and drawing near to women; confusion leads to the growth of harmful influences; not caused by ghosts or food, but by confusion leading to loss of will. Virtuous ministers do not arise, and Heaven does not protect the ruler. "If your lordship does not die, he will surely lose the feudal lords." Zhao Wenzi heard this and said: "I have followed the ministers to assist our ruler in becoming leader of the feudal lords for eight years now. Internally, there has been no harshness or corruption; the feudal lords remain loyal without division. How can you say 'virtuous ministers do not arise and Heaven does not protect'?" He replied: "I was referring to what will happen from now on." "He heard it said: 'Uprightness does not support crookedness, clarity does not correct remonstrance; a sturdy tree does not grow in danger, and pines and cypresses do not grow on low ground.'" "Your lordship has been unable to advise against confusion, allowing it to develop into illness. Yet you have not withdrawn yourself but instead favored his governance. Eight years is already a long time; how can this possibly last!" Wenzi said, "Do physicians concern themselves with the state?" He replied: "The highest physician treats the state; the next level treats individual illnesses. This is indeed the duty of a medical official." Wenzi said, "You mentioned harmful influences—what exactly gives rise to them?" He replied: "The corruption of harmful influences arises from the flying pests in grain. Nothing is more dangerous than harmful influences, and nothing is more valuable than grain; when grain thrives and harmful influences subside, the truth becomes clear. Therefore, those who consume grain should by day select virtuous men to emulate the brightness of grain, and at night maintain quiet virtue in women to suppress harmful influences. Now your lordship unites both into one—this is like not partaking of grain but consuming harmful influences; it is as if you do not illuminate the brightness of grain but instead serve up harmful influences. "The character for 'gu' combines 'chong,' meaning insect, and 'wan,' meaning vessel—this is why I said so." Wenzi asked: "How long will your lordship last?" He replied: "If the feudal lords submit, it will not be more than three years; if they do not submit, no more than ten. Beyond that, it would bring calamity to Jin." In this year, Zhao Wenzi died and the feudal lords rebelled against Jin. Ten years later, King Ping passed away.
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| | 晉語八: |
秦後子來仕，其車千乘。楚公子干來仕，其車五乘。叔向為太傅，實賦祿，韓宣子問二公子之祿焉，對曰：「大國之卿，一旅之田，上大夫，一卒之田。夫二公子者，上大夫也，皆一卒可也。」宣子曰：「秦公子富，若之何其鈞之？」對曰：「夫爵以建事，祿以食爵，德以賦之，功庸以稱之，若之何以富賦祿也！夫絳之富商，韋藩木楗以過于朝，唯其功庸少也，而能金玉其車，文錯其服，能行諸侯之賄，而無尋尺之祿，無大績于民故也。且秦、楚匹也，若之何其回于富也。」乃均其祿。 |
| | Prince Houzi of Qin came to serve, bringing a thousand chariots with him. Prince Gan of Chu came to serve, bringing five chariots. Shu Xiang served as Taifu and was in charge of assigning salaries. Han Xuansi asked about the salaries for the two princes, and he replied: "A minister from a major state receives land sufficient to support one military unit; an upper-ranking great officer receives land enough for one company. "These two princes are upper-ranking great officers, so each should receive the salary equivalent to that of a single company." Xuansi said: "The prince from Qin is wealthy. How can we treat them equally?" He replied: "Rank is established according to one's duties, and salary is provided for the rank. Virtue determines the assignment of rank, and merit determines its measure. How can wealth determine a salary!" "The wealthy merchants of Jiong, with leather barriers and wooden fastenings on their carriages passing through the court, have little merit or service. Yet they can adorn their chariots with gold and jade, dress in embroidered garments, and carry bribes to feudal lords, yet receive no official rank or salary—this is because they have achieved nothing significant for the people." "Moreover, Qin and Chu are equal in status. How can we favor one over the other based on wealth?" Thus they assigned them equal salaries.
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| | 晉語八: |
鄭簡公使公孫成子來聘，平公有疾，韓宣子贊授客館。客問君疾，對曰：「寡君之疾久矣，上下神祇無不遍諭，而無除。今夢黃熊入于寢門，不知人殺乎，抑厲鬼邪！」子產曰：「以君之明，子為大政，其何厲之有？僑聞之，昔者鯀違帝命，殛之于羽山，化為黃熊，以入于羽淵，實為夏郊，三代舉之。夫鬼神之所及，非其族類，則紹其同位，是故天子祀上帝，公侯祀百辟，自卿以下不過其族。今周室少卑，晉實繼之，其或者未舉夏郊邪？」宣子以告，祀夏郊，董伯為尸，五日，公見子產，賜之莒鼎。 |
| | Duke Jian of Zheng sent Gongsun Chengzi to pay a visit. King Ping was ill, so Han Xuansi assisted in assigning the guest quarters for him. The visitor asked about the king's illness, and they replied: "Our lord has been ill for a long time. We have informed all the deities above and below without exception, yet there is no cure. "Recently, I dreamed of a yellow bear entering the sleeping chamber. We do not know whether it was caused by someone's murder or by an evil spirit!" Zi Chan said: "With your lordship's wisdom and you in charge of major affairs, how could there be any evil spirits? Qiao has heard that in the past, Gun defied the emperor's command and was executed at Yushan. He transformed into a yellow bear and entered Yu Yuan. This became part of the Xia dynasty's sacrificial rites, honored by all three dynasties. The reach of ghosts and gods is limited: they do not extend to those outside their lineage, but may include those who share the same rank. Therefore, the Son of Heaven sacrifices to the Supreme Deity; marquises and dukes sacrifice to a hundred lesser deities; from ministers downward, no one exceeds what is appropriate for their clan. "Now the Zhou royal house has declined in status, and Jin actually continues its traditions—perhaps they have not yet revived the Xia dynasty's sacrificial rite?" Xuansi reported this and performed the Xia dynasty sacrifice, with Dong Bo serving as the substitute for the deity. Five days later, the king met Zi Chan and presented him with a Ju tripod as a gift.
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| | 晉語八: |
叔向見韓宣子，宣子憂貧，叔向賀之，宣子曰：「吾有卿之名，而無其實，無以從二三子，吾是以憂，子賀我何故？」對曰：「昔欒武子無一卒之田，其宮不備其宗器，宣其德行，順其憲則，使越于諸侯，諸侯親之，戎、狄懷之，以正晉國，行刑不疚，以免于難。及桓子驕泰奢侈，貪欲無藝，略則行志，假貸居賄，宜及于難，而賴武之德，以沒其身。及懷子改桓之行，而修武之德，可以免于難，而離桓之罪，以亡于楚。夫郤昭子，其富半公室，其家半三軍，恃其富寵，以泰于國，其身尸于朝，其宗滅于絳。不然，夫八郤，五大夫三卿，其寵大矣，一朝而滅，莫之哀也，唯無德也。今吾子有欒武子之貧，吾以為能其德矣，是以賀。若不憂德之不建，而患貨之不足，將吊不暇，何賀之有？」宣子拜稽首焉，曰：「起也將亡，賴子存之，非起也敢專承之，其自桓叔以下嘉吾子之賜。」 |
| | Shu Xiang visited Han Xuansi. Xuansi was worried about poverty, so Shu Xiang congratulated him. Xuansi said: "I have the name of a high minister but lack its reality; I cannot keep up with my peers, and that is why I am troubled. Why do you congratulate me?" He replied: "In the past, Luan Wuzi had no land sufficient for a single military unit and his residence lacked even basic ancestral ritual objects. Yet he promoted virtue and conduct, followed proper laws and regulations, and thus gained recognition among feudal lords. The feudal lords respected him, and the Rong and Di peoples were won over by him. Through this, he upheld order in Jin, administered justice without regret, and thereby avoided disaster. "But when Huanzi became arrogant, indulgent in luxury, and greedy without restraint, he acted on his own will while ignoring established rules. He took advantage of loans to amass wealth through bribery. It was only natural that he should fall into trouble; yet due to the virtue of Wuzi, he managed to escape disaster during his lifetime." "When Huazi changed Huanzi's conduct and restored Wuzi's virtue, he could have avoided disaster. However, because of the lingering guilt from Huanzi's crimes, he ended up fleeing to Chu." "As for Xi Zhaosi, his wealth was half that of the royal house and his family's power equaled half of the three armies. Relying on his riches and favor, he grew arrogant within the state. In the end, his body was displayed in court, and his clan was exterminated in Jiong." "If not for this, the eight Xi clan members—five great officers and three high ministers—were greatly favored. Yet in a single day they were destroyed, with no one mourning them. This was because they lacked virtue." "Now you possess the poverty of Luan Wuzi, and I believe you can embody his virtue. That is why I congratulate you." "If you do not worry about failing to cultivate virtue, yet are troubled by a lack of wealth, I would have no time for congratulations—how could there be any reason to celebrate?" Xuansi bowed deeply and said: "I was about to perish, but relied on your words to be saved. It is not I alone who dares to accept this; from Duke Huanshu down, our clan will honor the kindness you have shown me."
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| | 晉語九: |
士景伯如楚，叔魚為贊理。邢侯與雍子爭田，雍子納其女于叔魚以求直。及斷獄之日，叔魚抑邢侯，邢侯殺叔魚與雍子于朝。韓宣子患之，叔向曰：「三奸同罪，請殺其生者而戮其死者。」宣子曰：「若何？」對曰：「鮒也鬻獄，雍子賈之以其子，邢侯非其官也而干之。夫以回鬻國之中，與絕親以買直。與非司寇而擅殺，其罪一也。邢侯聞之，逃。遂施邢侯氏，而尸叔魚與雍子于市。」 |
| | Shi Jingbo went to Chu, and Shuyu served as Zanli. Duke Xing quarreled with Yongzi over farmland, and Yongzi sent his daughter to Shuyu in order to seek justice. On the day of adjudicating the case, Shuyu suppressed Duke Xing. In response, Duke Xing killed Shuyu and Yongzi in court. Han Xuanzi was troubled by this, and Shuxiang said: "The three villains share the same guilt. I request that we execute the living one and publicly humiliate the dead ones." Xuanzi asked, "How should this be done?" He replied: "Fu also sold judicial cases; Yongzi bartered for it by offering his daughter; and Duke Xing, who was not in charge of the matter, interfered with it. To twist justice for personal gain within the state, and to sever family ties in order to buy righteousness— and to kill without authority as a person not holding the office of Sikou—all three committed the same crime. Duke Xing heard this and fled. Thus, the clan of Duke Xing was punished, and the corpses of Shuyu and Yongzi were displayed in the marketplace."
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| | 晉語九: |
中行穆子帥師伐狄，圍鼓。鼓人或請以城叛；穆子不受，軍吏曰：「可無勞師而得城，子何不為？」穆子曰：「非事君之禮也。夫以城來者，必將求利于我。夫守而二心，奸之大者也；賞善罰奸，國之憲法也。許而弗予，失吾信也；若其予之，賞大奸也。奸而盈祿，善將若何？且夫狄之憾者以城來盈愿，晉豈其無？是我以鼓教吾邊鄙貳也。夫事君者，量力而進，不能則退，不以安賈貳。」令軍吏呼城，儆將攻之，未傅而鼓降。中行伯既克鼓，以鼓子苑支來。令鼓人各復其所，非僚勿從。 |
| | Zhonghang Musi led an army to attack the Di people and besieged Gu. Some people from Gu requested to surrender the city in rebellion; Musi refused, and a military officer said: "It is possible to obtain the city without wearying our troops. Why don't you do it?" Musi said: "This is not in accordance with the rites of serving one's lord." Those who come to us with a city will certainly seek benefits for themselves. A defender harboring divided loyalties is the greatest kind of treachery; Rewarding virtue and punishing treachery are the fundamental laws of a state. To promise but not deliver would be to lose our credibility; If we were to grant it, we would be rewarding a great traitor. Rewarding treachery with full emoluments—what will become of virtue? Moreover, those among the Di who are resentful might come to us seeking fulfillment of their desires. Could Jin possibly lack such people? This would be teaching our frontier guards to be disloyal by setting an example with Gu. Those who serve their lord should advance according to their strength, and if they cannot, they should withdraw; one must not trade security for disloyalty." He then ordered the military officers to call out to the city, warning that it would be attacked. Before the siege works were completed, Gu surrendered. After Zhonghang Bo had conquered Gu, he brought Yuanzhi, the son of its ruler, to Jin. He ordered the people of Gu to return to their original residences and positions, and not to follow anyone who was not an official.
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鼓子之臣曰夙沙厘，以其孥行，軍吏執之，辭曰：「我君是事，非事土也。名曰君臣，豈曰土臣？今君實遷，臣何賴于鼓？」穆子召之，曰：「鼓有君矣，爾心事君，吾定而祿爵。」對曰：「臣委質于狄之鼓，未委質于晉之鼓也。臣聞之，委質為臣，無有二心，委質而策死，古之法也。君有烈名，臣無叛質。敢即私利以煩司寇而亂舊法，其若不虞何！」穆子嘆而謂其左右曰：「吾何德之務而有是臣也？」乃使行。既獻，言于公，與鼓子田于河陰，使夙沙厘相之。 |
| | A minister of the former ruler of Gu, Susa Li, traveled with his family. The military officers arrested him, and he protested: "I served my lord, not this land. The title is 'lord and minister,' how can it be called a minister of the soil?" Now that our lord has indeed been displaced, on what can his ministers rely in Gu?" Musi summoned him and said: "Gu now has a ruler. If your heart is truly devoted to serving a lord, I will establish you with rank and emolument." He replied: "I pledged my loyalty to the Di ruler of Gu, not yet to the Jin ruler of Gu. I have heard that once one pledges loyalty as a minister, there should be no divided loyalties; to pledge loyalty and then face death without hesitation is the ancient law. A lord has a distinguished name, and his ministers do not betray their oaths. How dare I pursue private gain to trouble the office of Sikou and disrupt established law? What would we do if unforeseen consequences arose!" Musi sighed and said to those around him: "What virtue have I cultivated that I should possess such a minister?" He then allowed Susa Li to go. After the surrender was presented, he reported it to the ruler and granted land for Gu's former ruler in Heyin, appointing Susa Li as his steward.
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| | 晉語九: |
范獻子聘于魯，問具山、敖山，魯人以其鄉對。獻子曰：「不為具、敖乎？」對曰：「先君獻、武之諱也。」獻子歸，遍戒其所知曰：「人不可以不學。吾適魯而名其二諱，為笑焉，唯不學也。人之有學也，猶木之有枝葉也，猶庇蔭人，而況君子之學乎？」 |
| | Fan Xianzi was on a diplomatic mission to Lu and asked about Jushan and Aoshan; the people of Lu answered with their respective districts. Xianzi said: "Are they not called Ju and Ao?" The reply was: "They are the given names of our former rulers Duke Xian and Duke Wu." After returning home, Xianzi warned all those he knew: "One cannot afford not to study. I went to Lu and failed to know the names of their two rulers, which brought me ridicule—this is due solely to my lack of learning." A person's learning is like a tree having branches and leaves, which can provide shade for others; how much more so the learning of a gentleman?"
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| | 晉語九: |
董叔將娶于范氏，叔向曰：「范氏富，盍已乎！」曰：「欲為系援焉。」他日，董祁訴于范獻子曰：「不吾敬也。」獻子執而紡于庭之槐，叔向過之，曰：「子盍為我請乎！叔向曰：「求系，既系矣；求援，既援矣。欲而得之，又何請焉？」 |
| | Dong Shu was about to marry into the Fan family. Shuxiang said: "The Fan family is wealthy; why not stop this match!" He replied: "I wish to establish a connection for future support." Some time later, Dong Qi complained to Fan Xianzi, saying: "He does not respect me." Xianzi seized him and tied him to a locust tree in the courtyard. Shuxiang passed by and said: "Why don't you ask me to plead for you!" Shuxiang replied: "You sought a connection, which you have now obtained; you sought support, and it has already been given. You have obtained what you desired; why should I plead for anything else?"
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| | 晉語九: |
趙簡子曰：「魯孟獻子有鬭臣五人。我無一，何也？」叔向曰：「子不欲也。若欲之，肸也待交捽可也。」 |
| | Zhao Jianzi said: "The Duke of Lu Meng Xianzi had five loyal and brave ministers. I have not even one. Why is that?" Shuxiang said: "It's because you do not desire it. If you truly desired it, I, Bi, would be willing to be dragged into a struggle for the sake of our friendship."
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| | 晉語九: |
梗陽人有獄，將不勝，請納賂于魏獻子，獻子將許之。閻沒謂叔寬曰：「與子諫乎！吾主以不賄聞于諸侯，今以梗陽之賄殃之，不可。」二人朝，而不退。獻子將食，問誰于庭，曰：「閻明、叔褒在。」召之，使佐食。比已食，三嘆。既飽，獻子問焉，曰：「人有言曰：唯食可以忘憂。吾子一食之間而三嘆，何也？」同辭對曰：「吾小人也，貪。饋之始至，懼其不足，故嘆。中食而自咎也。曰：豈主之食而有不足？是以再嘆。主之既已食，愿以小人之腹，為君子之心，屬饜而已，是以三嘆。」獻子曰：「善。」乃辭梗陽人。 |
| | A man from Gengyang had a legal case and, fearing he would lose, requested to bribe Wei Xianzi. Xianzi was about to agree. Yan Me said to Shu Kuan: "Shall we advise him?" "Our lord is known among the feudal lords for not accepting bribes. If we now allow a bribe from Gengyang to bring misfortune, it would be unacceptable." The two men went to court and did not withdraw. Xianzi was about to eat when he asked who was in the courtyard, and was told: "Yan Ming and Shu Bao are there." He summoned them and had them assist with the meal. By the time the meal was finished, he had sighed three times. After finishing his meal, Xianzi asked them: "There is a saying that goes: 'Only food can forget worries.' You both sighed three times during one meal. Why?" They replied in unison: "We are lowly men, greedy. When the food was first brought to us, we feared it might be insufficient, so we sighed. During the meal, we blamed ourselves for our greed. We thought: How could there be insufficiency in food provided by our lord? That is why we sighed a second time. After our lord had already eaten, we wished to set aside our petty desires and cultivate the mind of a gentleman. We were merely full, so that is why we sighed for the third time." Xianzi said: "Well spoken." He then rejected the bribe from the man of Gengyang.
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| | 晉語九: |
下邑之役，董安于多。趙簡子賞之，辭，固賞之，對曰：「方臣之少也，進秉筆，贊為名命，稱于前世，立義于諸侯，而主弗志。及臣之壯也，耆其股肱以從司馬，苛慝不產。及臣之長也，端委韠帶以隨宰人，民無二心。今臣一旦為狂疾，而曰『必賞女』，與余以狂疾賞也，不如亡！」趨而出，乃釋之。 |
| | During the campaign at Xiayi, Dong Anyu took part in many battles. Zhao Jianzi wished to reward him, but Dong Anyu declined. When pressed for a reward, he replied: "When I was young, I advanced by holding the brush and assisting in naming things; my name was praised by previous generations, and I established righteousness among the feudal lords, yet our lord did not take note of it. When I grew strong, I devoted my strength to serving as an assistant to the military commander, and no harsh or corrupt practices arose. When I grew older, I wore formal robes and followed the chief minister, ensuring that the people had no divided loyalties. Now, suddenly I am called mad and told 'you must be rewarded,' which is like rewarding me for madness. It would be better if I were to disappear!" He hurriedly left, and Jianzi released him from the matter.
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| | 晉語九: |
趙簡子使尹鐸為晉陽。請曰：「以為繭絲乎？抑為保鄣乎？」簡子曰：「保鄣哉！」尹鐸損其戶數。簡子誡襄子曰：「晉國有難，而無以尹鐸為少，無以晉陽為遠，必以為歸。」 |
| | Zhao Jianzi sent Yin Duo to govern Jinyang. Yin Duo requested: "Shall I treat it like silkworm silk? Or shall I treat it as a protective barrier?" Jianzi said: "Treat it as a protective barrier!" Yin Duo reduced the number of households recorded. Jianzi warned Xiangzi: "If the state of Jin faces a crisis, do not consider Yin Duo as too few in number or Jinyang as too distant. You must take it as your refuge."
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| | 晉語九: |
趙簡子使尹鐸為晉陽，曰：「必墮其壘培。吾將往焉，若見壘培，是見寅與吉射也。」尹鐸往而增之。簡子如晉陽，見壘，怒曰：「必殺鐸也而後入。」大夫辭之，不可，曰：「是昭余讎也。」郵無正進，曰：「昔先主文子少釁于難，從姬氏于公宮，有孝德以出在公族，有恭德以升在位，有武德以羞為正卿，有溫德以成其名譽，失趙氏之典刑，而去其師保，基于其身，以克復其所。及景子長于公宮，未及教訓而嗣立矣，亦能纂修其身以受先業，無謗于國，順德以學子，擇言以教子，擇師保以相子。今吾子嗣位，有文之典刑，有景之教訓，重之以師保，加之以父兄，子皆疏之，以及此難。夫尹鐸曰：『思樂而喜，思難而懼，人之道也。委土可以為師保，吾何為不增？』是以修之，庶曰可以鑒而鳩趙宗乎！若罰之，是罰善也。罰善必賞惡。臣何望矣！」簡子說，曰：「微子，吾幾不為人矣！」以免難之賞賞尹鐸。初，伯樂與尹鐸有怨，以其賞如伯樂氏，曰：「子免吾死，敢不歸祿。」辭曰：「吾為主圖，非為子也。怨若怨焉。」 |
| | Zhao Jianzi sent Yin Duo as the governor of Jinyyang and said: "You must dismantle its fortifications. When I go there, if I see any fortifications, it will be as though I am seeing Yin and Ji She." Yin Duo went and reinforced them. Jianzi went to Jinyyang, saw the fortifications, became angry, and said: "I must kill Duo before I enter." The ministers tried to dissuade him, but he refused, saying: "This is a clear declaration of my enmity." You Wu Zheng stepped forward and said: "In the past, our late lord Wuzi was young when he suffered hardships. He followed Lady Ji to the palace of Duke Gong, demonstrating filial virtue that earned him a place among the royal clan; showing respectful virtue that elevated his position; displaying martial virtue that made him worthy as chief minister; and exhibiting gentle virtue that completed his reputation. He abandoned the Sui family's established laws and left behind his mentors, relying on himself to restore what had been lost. When Duke Jingzi grew up in the palace, he had not yet received proper instruction when he succeeded to the position. Yet he was still able to cultivate himself and inherit his ancestors' legacy, without drawing criticism within the state. He practiced virtue to guide his students, chose words carefully for teaching them, and selected mentors to assist him. "Now that you have succeeded to the position, you possess Wuzi's established laws and Jingzi's teachings. You are supported by mentors and further strengthened by your father and elder brothers. Yet you have neglected all of these, leading to this crisis." Yin Duo said: 'To feel joy when thinking of peace and fear when considering hardship is the way of humanity. To entrust land to capable mentors, how could I not reinforce it?' Therefore, he reinforced the defenses. Perhaps this can serve as a mirror and help reunite the Sui clan!" If we punish him, it would be punishing virtue itself. To punish the virtuous is to reward the wicked. What hope can I have as a minister!" Jianzi was pleased and said: "Without you, I would almost not be human anymore!" He rewarded Yin Duo with the reward meant for averting a crisis. Initially, Boyue had a grudge against Yin Duo. When he received the reward, Yin Duo sent it to Boyue's family and said: "You saved my life; how dare I not return this 禄 (emolument)?" He declined, saying: "I planned for the lord, not for you." "If I were to hold a grudge, it would be against my own nature."
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| | 晉語九: |
鐵之戰，趙簡子曰：「鄭人擊我。吾伏弢衉血，鼓音不衰。今日之事，莫我若也。」衛莊公為右，曰：「吾九上九下，擊人盡殪。今日之事，莫我加也。」郵無正御，曰：「吾兩鞁將絕，吾能止之。今日之事，我上之次也。」駕而乘材，兩鞁皆絕。 |
| | At the Battle of Tie, Zhao Jianzi said: "The people of Zheng have attacked us. I concealed my weapons and bled, yet the drumming did not cease. The matter of today's battle is none can surpass me." Duke Zhuang of Wei served as the right general and said: "I have charged nine times and retreated nine times, killing all who opposed me. The matter of today's battle, none can surpass me." You Wu Zheng, the charioteer, said: "My two reins are about to break, yet I am able to control them. The matter of today's battle ranks second only to me." As he drove the chariot, both reins broke completely.
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| | 晉語九: |
衛莊公禱，曰：「曾孫蒯聵以諄趙鞅之故，敢昭告于皇祖文王、烈祖康叔、文祖襄公、昭考靈公，夷請無筋無骨，無面傷，無敗用，無隕懼；死不敢請。」簡子曰：「志父寄也。」 |
| | Duke Zhuang of Wei made an offering and prayed: "My great-grandson Kuaike, because of the earnestness toward Zhao Mang, dares to solemnly report to our venerated ancestor King Wen, illustrious ancestor Kangshu, literary ancestor Xianggong, and illustrious father Linggong. I humbly request that there be no broken bones or sinews, no facial injuries, no failure in use, and no loss of courage; I shall not dare to ask for death." Jianzi said: "This is the will of my father Ji."
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| | 晉語九: |
趙簡子田于螻，史黯聞之，以犬待于門。簡子見之，曰：「何為？」曰：「有所得犬，欲試之茲囿。」簡子曰：「何為不告？」對曰：「君行臣不從，不順。主將適螻而麓不聞，臣敢煩當日。」簡子乃還。 |
| | Zhao Jianzi went hunting in Lou. Shi An heard about it and waited at the gate with a dog. Jianzi saw him and asked, "What is this for?" He said: "I have obtained a dog, and I wish to test it in your hunting grounds." Jianzi said: "Why didn't you inform me?" He replied: "When the lord goes and the minister does not follow, it is disrespectful. The lord went to Lou but Lu did not hear of it; as a subject, how dare I trouble you on the same day?" Jianzi then returned.
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| | 晉語九: |
少室周為趙簡子之右，聞牛談有力，請與之戲，弗勝，致右焉。簡子許之，使少室周為宰，曰：「知賢而讓，可以訓矣。」 |
| | Shao Shi Zhou served as Zhao Jianzi's right-hand general. Upon hearing that Niutan was strong, he requested to wrestle with him. When he could not overcome Niutan, he resigned his position of the right-hand post. Jianzi approved and appointed Shao Shi Zhou as a steward, saying: "To recognize virtue and yield to it is worthy of instruction."
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| | 晉語九: |
趙簡子曰：「吾愿得范、中行之良臣。」史黯侍，曰：「將焉用之？」簡子曰：「良臣，人之所愿也，又何問焉？」對曰：「臣以為不良故也。夫事君者，諫過而賞善，薦可而替否，獻能而進賢，擇材而薦之，朝夕誦善敗而納之。道之以文，行之以順，勤之以力，致之以死。聽則進，否則退。今范、中行氏之臣不能匡相其君，使至于難，君出在外，又不能定，而棄之，則何良之為？若弗棄，則主焉得之？夫二子之良，將勤營其君，復使立于外，死而後止，何日以來？若來，乃非良臣也。」簡子曰：「善。吾言實過矣。」 |
| | Zhao Jianzi said: "I wish to obtain the virtuous ministers from Fan and Zhonghang. Shi An was in attendance and asked: "Where would you use them?" Jianzi said: "Virtuous ministers are what people desire; why ask further about it?" He replied: "I think they are not virtuous, hence the question. A minister who serves his lord should advise against mistakes and commend virtue, recommend the capable while replacing the unworthy, present talent and promote the virtuous, select suitable individuals for recommendation, and day by day recite both good and bad examples to incorporate them. Guide with culture, act in accordance with propriety, exert effort diligently, and commit oneself even unto death. If the advice is heeded, then advance; if not, withdraw. Now the ministers of Fan and Zhonghang could not correct or assist their lord, leading him into crisis. When the lord was forced to leave his capital, they were still unable to stabilize the situation, yet abandoned him—what virtue is there in that? If they had not abandoned their lord, how could he have obtained it?" The so-called virtuous ministers of these two men would diligently serve their lord, helping him to be reinstated from exile, even dying for it before ceasing—how many days have passed since then?" If they came back, that would mean they are not virtuous ministers." Jianzi said: "Well spoken. My words were indeed excessive."
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| | 晉語九: |
趙簡子問于壯馳茲曰：「東方之士孰為愈？」壯馳茲拜曰：「敢賀！」簡子曰：「未應吾問，何賀？」對曰：「臣聞之：國家之將興也，君子自以為不足，其亡也，若有餘。今主任晉國之政而問及小人，又求賢人，吾是以賀。」 |
| | Zhao Jianzi asked Zhuang Chici: "Among the scholars of the East, who is most outstanding?" Zhuang Chici bowed and said: "I dare to congratulate!" Jianzi asked: "You have not answered my question, why do you congratulate?" He replied: "I have heard that when a state is about to prosper, the virtuous consider themselves insufficient; but when it is doomed to fall, they seem to have more than enough. Now the lord holds power over Jin State yet inquires about commoners and seeks virtuous men—this is why I congratulate you."
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| | 晉語九: |
趙簡子嘆曰：「雀入于海為蛤，雉入于淮為蜃。黿鼉魚鱉，莫不能化，唯人不能。哀夫！」竇庇侍，曰：「臣聞之，君子哀無人，不哀無賄；哀無德，不哀無寵；哀名之不令，不哀年之不登。夫范、中行氏不恤庶難，欲擅晉國，今其子孫將耕于齊，宗廟之犧為畎畝之勤，人之化也，何日之有！」 |
| | Zhao Jianzi sighed: "A sparrow entering the sea becomes a clam, and a pheasant entering the Huai River becomes a mirage. Soft-shelled turtles, crocodiles, fish, and soft-shelled turtles—none of them cannot transform, yet only humans cannot." How sorrowful!" Dou Bi, who was in attendance, said: "I have heard that a gentleman mourns the absence of virtue, not the lack of wealth; he mourns the lack of virtue, but does not mourn the loss of favor; he mourns a bad reputation, not an unfulfilled life span. The Fan and Zhonghang clans did not care for the hardships of their people, yet sought to monopolize Jin State. Now their descendants will till fields in Qi; ancestral sacrifices have become labor on farmland—such is human transformation! What day could it be?"
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| | 晉語九: |
趙襄子使新稚穆子伐狄，勝左人、中人，遽人來告，襄子將食，尋飯有恐色。侍者曰：「狗之事大矣，而主之色不怡，何也？」襄子曰：「吾聞之，德不純而福祿并至，謂之幸。夫幸非福，非德不當雍，雍不為幸，吾是以懼。」 |
| | Zhao Xiangzi sent Xin Zimu to attack the Di people. He defeated the Zuoren and Zhongren tribes, and messengers came quickly with news of victory. As Xiangzi was about to eat, he suddenly looked worried while eating. A servant asked: "The matter concerning the dog is great, yet your lord's expression is not at ease—why is that?" Xiangzi said: "I have heard that if virtue is not pure yet blessings and fortune come together, it is called good luck. Good luck is not true blessing; without virtue, one does not deserve prosperity. Prosperity without virtue cannot be called good fortune—this is why I fear."
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| | 晉語九: |
智宣子將以瑤為後，智果曰：「不如宵也。」宣子曰：「宵也佷。」對曰：「宵之佷在面，瑤之佷在心。心佷敗國，面佷不害。瑤之賢于人者五，其不逮者一也。美鬢長大則賢，射御足力則賢，伎藝畢給則賢，巧文辯惠則賢，強毅果敢則賢。如是而甚不仁。以其五賢陵人，而以不仁行之，其誰能待之？若果立瑤也，智宗必滅。」弗聽。智果別族于太史為輔氏。及智氏之亡也，唯輔果在。 |
| | Zhi Xuansi was about to appoint Zhao Yao as his heir. Zhi Guo said: "It would be better to choose Xiao instead." Xuansi replied: "Xiao is stubborn and defiant." He replied: "Xiao's defiance shows on his face, but Yao's defiance lies in his heart. Defiance from the heart destroys a state; defiance shown on the face does no harm. Yao surpasses others in five aspects, but falls short in one. Having beautiful hair and a tall, strong appearance is considered virtuous; possessing skill in archery and chariot driving with sufficient strength is considered virtuous; being proficient in all arts and talents is considered virtuous; having eloquence and wisdom is considered virtuous; and showing firmness, determination, and courage is considered virtuous. Though he has these virtues, he lacks great benevolence. Using his five virtues to dominate others and acting with unkindness—how can anyone endure him? If you indeed appoint Yao as heir, the Zhi clan will surely perish." He did not listen. Zhi Guo separated from the Zhi clan and registered a new surname as Fu Shi with the Grand Historian. When the Zhi clan fell, only the Fu family remained.
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| | 晉語九: |
智襄子為室美，士茁夕焉。智伯曰：「室美夫！」對曰：「美則美矣；抑臣亦有懼也。」智伯曰：「何懼？」對曰：「臣以秉筆事君，志有之曰：『高山峻原，不生草木。松柏之地，其土不肥。』今土木勝，臣懼其不安人也。」室成；三年而智氏亡。 |
| | Zhi Xiangzi built a beautiful house, and Shi Zhuo visited in the evening. Zhi Bo said: "What a fine house!" He replied: "It is beautiful, indeed; lando I have also a fear." Zhi Bo asked: "What are you afraid of?" He replied: "As I hold the brush to serve my lord, there is a saying in the Records: 'High mountains and steep plains do not grow grass or trees. Pine and cypress trees grow on barren land—its soil is not fertile.'" Now the earth and wood elements are excessive; I fear this house may bring unrest to people." The house was completed; three years later, the Zhi clan perished.
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| | 晉語九: |
還自衛，三卿宴于藍臺，智襄子戲韓康子而侮段規。智伯國聞之，諫曰：「主不備，難必至矣。」曰：「難將由我，我不為難，誰敢興之！」對曰：「異于是。夫郤氏有車轅之難，趙有孟姬之讒，欒有叔祁之訴，范、中行有亟治之難，皆主之所知也。《》有之曰：『一人三失，怨豈在明？不見是圖。』周書有之曰：『怨不在大，亦不在小。』夫君子能勤小物，故無大患。今主一宴而恥人之君相，又弗備，曰『不敢興難』無乃不可乎！夫誰不可喜，而誰不可懼？蚋蟻蜂蠆，皆能害人，況君相乎！」弗聽。自是五年，乃有晉陽之難。段規反，首難，而殺智伯于師，遂滅智氏。 |
| | Returning from Wei, the three high ministers held a banquet at Lantai. Zhi Xiangzi teased Han Kangzi and insulted Duan Gui. Zhi Bo Guo heard of this and advised: "If the lord is not prepared, disaster will surely come." He said: "Disaster will arise from me. If I do not create trouble, who dares to provoke it!" He replied: "It is different in this case. The clan Xi experienced the calamity of the carriage yoke, Zhao was plagued by the slander of Meng Ji, Luan faced accusations from Shu Qi, and Fan and Zhonghang encountered repeated troubles—all these are matters you yourself know. The "Book of Xia" says: 'If one person makes three mistakes, can resentment be confined to the obvious? It will not remain hidden.'" The "Book of Zhou" says: 'Resentment does not lie in its magnitude, nor in its smallness.' A gentleman who can attend to minor matters will thus avoid great calamities. Now, my lord has insulted the ruler and minister of another state at one banquet yet remains unprepared. To say 'nobody dares to provoke trouble'—is this not impossible!" Who cannot be pleased, and who cannot feel fear? Even gnats, ants, wasps, and scorpions can harm people—how much more so rulers and ministers!" He did not listen. Five years later, the calamity at Jinyang occurred. Duan Gui rebelled first and led the attack, killing Zhi Bo in battle and thus annihilating the Zhi clan.
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| | 晉語九: |
晉陽之圍，張談曰：「先主為重器也，為國家之難也，盍姑無愛寶于諸侯乎？」襄子曰：「吾無使也。」張談曰：「地也可。」襄子曰：「吾不幸有疾，不夷于先子，不德而賄。夫地也求飲吾欲，是養吾疾而干吾祿也。吾不與皆斃。」襄子出，曰：「吾何走乎？」從者曰：「長子近，且城厚完。」襄子曰：「民罷力以完之，又斃死以守之，其誰與我？」從者曰：「邯鄲之倉庫實。」襄子曰：「浚民之膏澤以實之，又因而殺之，其誰與我？其晉陽乎！先主之所屬也，尹鐸之所寬也，民必和矣。」乃走晉陽，晉師圍而灌之，沈灶產蛙，民無叛意。 |
| | During the siege of Jinyang, Zhang Tan said: "Our late lord sacrificed his life for the state and endured national hardship. Why not temporarily refrain from showing excessive attachment to treasures before the feudal lords?" Xiangzi said, "I have no one I can send." Zhang Tan said: "Then land may also be given up." Xiangzi said: "I am unfortunate and have an illness, I do not measure up to my late father, nor do I possess virtue enough to offer bribes." "To give land in exchange for what we desire is to nourish my illness and interfere with my destiny." "I will not agree, and thus we shall all perish." Xiangzi went out and said: "Where should I flee to?" His follower said, "Changzi is nearby, and its walls are strong and intact." Xiangzi said: "The people have exhausted their strength to complete it, and then died defending it. Who will support me?" His follower said: "Handan has full granaries and treasuries." Xiangzi said: "We have drained the people's resources to fill them, and then used those very people to kill others. Who will support me?" Perhaps Jinyang!" "For it was the late lord's concern, and Yin Duo treated its people kindly; surely the people will be harmonious." He then fled to Jinyang. The Jin forces surrounded and flooded it, causing the hearths to sink and frogs to breed there; yet the people had no intention of rebellion.
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