| 中国哲学书电子化计划 | |
| 简体字版 |
《地官》 | 英文翻译：人工智能和中国哲学书电子化计划用户 [?] | 电子图书馆 |
| 1 | 地官: | 大司徒之职，掌建邦之土地之图，与其人民之数，以佐王安扰邦国，教所以亲百姓，训五品也。扰亦安也。言饶衍也。衍也。本书作衍之，而施十有二教焉。一曰以祀礼教敬，则民不苟，二曰以阳礼教让，则民不争，三曰以阴礼教亲，则民不怨，四曰以乐礼教和，则民不乖，五曰以仪辩等，则民不越，六曰以俗教安，则民不愉，七曰以刑教中，则民不虣，八曰以誓教恤，则民不怠，九曰以度教节，则民知足，十曰以世事教能，则民不失职，十有一曰以贤制爵，则民慎德，十有二曰以庸制禄，则民兴功。阳礼，谓鄕射饮酒也。阴礼，谓男女之礼也。昏姻以时，则男不旷，女不怨也。仪，谓君南面，臣北面，父坐子伏之属也。俗，谓土地所生习也。愉，谓朝不谋夕也。恤，谓灾厄相忧也。民有凶患，忧之则民不懈怠也。度，谓宫室车服之制也。世事，谓士农工商之事，少而习焉。其心安焉。因教以能，不易其业也。慎德，谓矜其善德，劝为善也。庸，功也。爵以显贤，禄以赏功也。 |
| The duties of the Grand Minister of Works include overseeing maps of the state's territory and records of its population, in order to assist the king in maintaining stability within the realm. Teach what is necessary to bring the people closer, instructing the five ranks. "Rao" also means "an." It refers to abundance and prosperity. Abundance. The book writes it as "Yan zhi," and implements twelve forms of instruction accordingly. 1. Teaching reverence through ritual for worship, so that the people do not act carelessly; 2. Teaching yielding through rites of yang (positive forces), so that the people do not compete; 3. Teaching kinship through rites of yin (negative forces), so that the people harbor no resentment; 4. Teaching harmony through musical rites, so that the people remain consistent and harmonious; 5. Teaching distinctions in ceremony to establish hierarchy, so that the people do not overstep their bounds; 6. Teaching stability through customs, so that the people are not indulgent or careless; 7. Teaching moderation through punishment, so that the people refrain from violence; 8. Teaching compassion and care through oaths, so that the people remain diligent; 9. Teaching restraint through standards of measurement, so that the people know contentment; 10. Teaching capability through worldly affairs, so that the people do not neglect their duties; 11. Establishing ranks based on virtue, so that the people take morality seriously; 12. Allocating salaries according to service and merit, so that the people strive for achievement. Yang li refers to archery contests and drinking ceremonies in the countryside. Yin li refers to rites concerning men and women. If marriages are arranged in due season, then men will not be idle, and women will not harbor resentment. Yi refers to the forms of ceremony such as the ruler facing south, ministers facing north, and fathers seated while sons kneel in submission. "Su" means customs or habits that arise naturally from a particular land and its people. Yu refers to living without planning for the evening, indulging in momentary pleasures. Xu means showing concern and compassion during times of disaster or hardship. When the people face misfortune, showing concern for them ensures that they do not become slack or lazy. Du refers to regulations concerning palace architecture, carriages, and clothing. Shi shi refers to the affairs of scholars, farmers, artisans, and merchants, which are learned from a young age. Their hearts will then be at peace. By teaching according to their abilities, they do not abandon their occupations. Shende means revering virtuous conduct and encouraging people to act virtuously. Yong refers to labor or service rendered, i.e., work done. Ranks are bestowed to honor the virtuous, and salaries are given to reward those who have served with merit. | ||
| 2 | 地官: | 以保息六畜万民，一曰慈幼，二曰养老，三曰振穷，四曰恤贫，五曰宽疾，六曰安富，保息，谓安之使蕃足也。慈幼，爱少也。养老，七十养于学，五十异粻之属也。振穷，救天民之穷者也。恤贫，贫无财业，禀食贷之也。宽疾，若今癃不可事不算卒也。安富，平傜役不专取之也。以鄕三物教万民而宾兴之，一曰六德，智，仁，圣，义，忠，和，二曰六行，孝，友，睦，姻，任，恤，三曰六艺，礼，乐，射，驭，书，数，物犹事也。兴犹举也。民三事之教成，鄕大夫举其贤者，能者以饮酒之礼宾客之，既则献其书于王矣。智，明于事也。仁，爱人以及物也。圣，通而先识也。义，能断时宜也。忠，言以中心也。和，不刚不柔也。善于父母为孝，善于兄弟为友，睦，亲于九族也。姻，亲于外亲也。任，信于友道也。恤，振忧贫者，礼，五礼之仪也。乐，六乐之歌舞也。射，五射之法也。御，五御之节也。书，六书之品也。数，九数之计也。以五礼防万民之僞而教之中，礼所以节止民之侈僞，使其行得中也。五礼谓吉，凶，宾，军，嘉。以六乐防万民之情而教之和。乐所以荡正民之情思，使其心应和也。六乐谓云门，咸池，大韶，大夏，大濩，大武也。 |
| To protect and ensure the well-being of livestock and all the people, there are six methods: first, to care for children; second, to support the elderly; third, to assist those in dire straits; fourth, to show compassion toward the poor; fifth, to provide leniency for the sick; sixth, to bring stability to the wealthy. Baoxi means to ensure their safety and promote prosperity. Ciyou refers to showing love and care for children. Yanglao means that those aged seventy are supported at the school, while those fifty years old receive special provisions, among other things. Zhenqiong refers to rescuing and assisting the most destitute members of society. Xupin means that for those who are poor and lack property or wealth, food is provided and loans are granted. Kuanji refers to leniency toward the sickly, such as those who today suffer from chronic illnesses and are exempted from military service. Anfu means ensuring stability for the wealthy by maintaining fair labor obligations and not imposing excessive levies upon them. The six things used to educate the people and bring them together are: first, the Six Virtues—wisdom, benevolence, sainthood, righteousness, loyalty, and harmony; second, the Six Conducts—filial piety, brotherly affection, familial harmony, marital bonds, trustworthiness, and compassion; third, the Six Arts—ritual, music, archery, chariot driving, writing, and mathematics. "Wu" here means "affairs" or "matters." Xing means to raise up or promote. Once the people have completed their education in these three matters, the local magistrates recommend the virtuous and capable individuals through a drinking ceremony as honored guests; afterward, they submit records of these individuals to the king. Zhi means being clear-minded and understanding affairs. Ren means loving people and extending that love to all things. Sheng means being perceptive, wise, and having foresight. Yi means the ability to make timely and appropriate judgments. Zhong means speaking from sincerity and inner conviction. He means neither being rigid nor yielding, but maintaining a balanced state. Being kind and filial to one's parents is called xiao; being kind and affectionate to one's brothers is called you. Mu means maintaining harmony with the nine clans, or extended family. Yin refers to closeness with relatives by marriage. Ren means being trustworthy in one's relationships and friendships. Xu refers to providing aid and compassion for those in distress; Li refers to the ceremonial forms of the five rites. Yue refers to the music, songs, and dances of the six musical traditions. She refers to the five methods or forms of archery. Yu refers to the five principles or techniques of chariot driving. Shu refers to the six categories or styles of writing and script. Shu refers to calculations based on the nine mathematical principles. The five rites are used to prevent deceit among the people and guide them toward moderation. Rites serve to restrain excessive behavior and falsehood, ensuring that their conduct remains balanced and appropriate. The five rites refer to the rites of joy (ji), mourning (xiong), hospitality (bin), military affairs (jun), and celebration (jia). The six musical traditions are used to regulate the people's emotions and teach them harmony. Music is used to purify and regulate the people's thoughts and feelings, making their hearts harmonious and aligned. The six musical traditions refer to Yunmen, Xianchi, Dayao, Daxia, Dahuo, and Da Wu. | ||
| 3 | 地官: | 鄕师旧无鄕师字，补之以岁时巡国及野，而賙万民之艰厄，以王命施惠。岁时者，随其事之时，不必四时也。艰厄，饥乏者也。 |
| Xiangshi The characters "xiangshi" were missing in the original text and have been added here traveled through the capital and countryside at appropriate times of the year, providing relief to the people in hardship, carrying out royal decrees to bestow kindness. "Sui shi" means following the appropriate time for a particular matter; it does not necessarily refer to all four seasons. Jian'e refers to those suffering from famine and poverty. | ||
| 4 | 地官: | 师氏掌以美诏王，告王以善道也。文王世子曰：师者，教之以事而谕诸德者也。以三德教国子，一曰至德，以为道本，二曰敏德，以为行本，三曰孝德，以知逆恶也。教三行，一曰孝行，以亲父母，二曰友行，以尊贤良，三曰顺行，以事师长。德行，外内之称也。在心为德，施之为行也。至德，中和之德，覆焘持载含容者也。敏德，仁义顺时者也。孝德，尊祖爱亲，守其所以生者也。孔子曰：武王，周公其达孝矣乎。夫孝，善继人之志，善述人之事也。 |
| Shi shi was responsible for advising the king with wisdom and virtue, informing the king of good principles and moral conduct. The Son of King Wen said: "A teacher is one who teaches practical matters and instructs in virtue." The three virtues used to educate the sons of the state are: first, Zhide (the highest virtue), which serves as the foundation for the Way; second, Minde (quick-witted virtue), which forms the basis for conduct; third, Xiaode (filial virtue), through which one recognizes and resists evil. The three forms of conduct taught are: first, filial conduct to honor one's parents; second, friendly and respectful conduct toward the virtuous and talented; third, obedient conduct in serving teachers and elders. Virtue and conduct refer to external behavior and internal character. What is in the heart is virtue; when expressed outwardly, it becomes conduct. Zhide refers to the virtue of balance and harmony—encompassing, nurturing, supporting, and containing all things. Minde means possessing benevolence and righteousness in accordance with the appropriate timing or circumstances. Xiaode refers to respecting ancestors and loving one's family, safeguarding what sustains life. Confucius said: King Wu of Zhou and the Duke of Zhou have truly achieved filial piety in its highest form. Filial piety means skillfully continuing others' aspirations and faithfully recounting their deeds. | ||
| 5 | 地官: | 保氏保氏旧无保氏字，补之，养国子以道，乃教之六艺，一曰五礼，二曰六乐，三曰五射，四曰五驭，五曰六书，六曰九数，乃教之六仪，一曰祭祀之容，二曰宾客之容，三曰朝廷之容，四曰丧纪之容，五曰军旅之容，六曰车马之容，养国子以道者，以师氏之德行审谕之，而后教之以艺仪也。五射，白矢，参运，剡注，襄尺，井仪也。五驭，鸣和銮，逐水曲，过君表，舞交衢，逐禽左也。六书，象形，会意，转注，指指作处事，假借，谐声也。九数，方田，粟米，差分，少广，商功，均输，赢不足，旁要，方程，今有重差，夕桀，句股也。祭祀之容，穆穆皇皇，宾客之容，严恪矜庄，朝廷之容，跻跻跻跻作济济跄跄，丧纪之容，累累颠颠，军旅之容，曁曁詻詻，车马之容，匪匪翼翼。 |
| Baoshi The characters "baoshi" were missing in the original text and are added here nurtured the sons of the state through moral instruction, teaching them the Six Arts: first, the Five Rites; second, the Six Musical Traditions; third, the Five Forms of Archery; fourth, the Five Principles of Chariot Driving; fifth, the Six Styles of Writing; sixth, the Nine Mathematical Methods. He also taught them the Six Etiquettes: first, the demeanor for sacrificial rites; second, the conduct for receiving guests; third, the decorum in court; fourth, the behavior during mourning ceremonies; fifth, the etiquette for military affairs; and sixth, the manner of handling carriages and horses. To nurture the sons of the state with moral instruction means to first teach them through the virtue and conduct of a teacher, then proceed to instruct them in the arts and rituals. The five forms of archery are: Bai shi (a clear shot), Can yun (three consecutive shots in motion), Yan zhu (a sharp and swift shot), Xiang chi (shooting with a bow held at arm's length), and Jing yi (precision shooting according to ritual standards). The five principles of chariot driving are: Ming he luan (the sound of the bells and chimes in harmony), Zhu shui qu (navigating winding waterways), Guo jun biao (passing by the ruler's standard without disturbance), Wu jiao qu (gracefully maneuvering through intersecting roads), and Zhu qin zuo (hunting game on the left side of the chariot). The Six Styles of Writing are: xiangxing (pictographic), hu yi (indicative), zhuan zhu (derivative cognates), zhi shi {{the original text says "zhi," which is corrected to "zhi" here (simple ideograms), jiajie (phonetic loan characters), and xie sheng (phonetic compounds). The Nine Mathematical Methods are: Fangtian (land measurement), Sumi (grain calculation), Chafen (differential distribution), Shaoguang (narrow extension), Shanggong (commercial labor), Junshu (equal transport), Ying buzu (excess and deficiency), Pangyao, Fangcheng (simultaneous equations), Jincou chongcha (double differences in current calculations), Xiejie, and Gougu (right triangles). The demeanor for sacrificial rites is respectful and dignified, with a solemn and majestic bearing. The conduct for receiving guests is serious, reverent, composed, and stately. In the court, one should appear orderly and decorous the original says "jiji," which is corrected to "jiji" here. During mourning ceremonies, one's demeanor should be somber and sorrowful. In military affairs, it should be resolute and disciplined. When handling carriages and horses, it should be graceful and orderly. | ||
| 6 | 地官: | 司救掌凡岁时有天患民病，则以节巡国中及郊野，而以王命施惠。天患，谓灾害也。节，旌节也。施惠，賙恤。 |
| The official of Sijiu was responsible for, whenever natural disasters or epidemics occurred at any time of the year, traveling through the capital and its outskirts in accordance with regulations to carry out royal decrees and provide relief. "Tianhuan" refers to natural disasters. Jie means a ceremonial flag or standard. Shihui refers to providing relief and compassion. |
URN: ctp:n416635