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穀水出弘農黽池縣南墦塚林穀陽谷， |
| | The Gu Shui River originates from Nanfanzhonglin Guyanggu in Minchi Xian, Hongnong.
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《山海經》曰：傅山之西有林焉，曰墦塚，穀水出焉，東流注于洛，其中多㻒玉。今穀水出千崤東馬頭山穀陽谷，東北流歷黽池川，本中鄉地也。漢景帝中二年，初城，徙萬戶為縣。因崤黽之池以目縣焉，亦或謂之彭池，故徐廣《史記音義》曰：黽，或作彭，穀水出處也。穀水又東逕秦、趙二城南，司馬彪《續漢書》曰：赤眉從黽池自利陽南，欲赴宜陽者也。世謂之俱利城。耆彥曰：昔秦、趙之會，各據一城，秦王使趙王鼓瑟，藺相如令秦王擊缶處也。馮異又破赤眉于是川矣。 |
| | The Shanhaijing says: To the west of Fushan Mountain there is a forest called Fanzhong, from which the Gu Shui River flows. It flows eastward and joins the Luo River; it contains much jade. Today, the Gu Shui River originates at Qiuxiaodong Matoushan Guyanggu and flows northeast through Minchi Chuan. This area was originally Zhongxiang territory. In the second year of the reign period Zhong (of Emperor Jing of Han), construction began on the city, and Wanhu was transferred to become a xian. The xian was named after the pools of Xiao and Min. It is also sometimes called Pengchi, so Xu Guang's "Shiji Yinyi" says: Min, or Peng, is where the Gu Shui River emerges. The Gu Shui River further flows east, passing to the south of the two cities Qin and Zhao. Sima Biao's "Xu Han Shu" says: The Chimei rebels moved from Minchi toward Naliyang, intending to proceed to Yiyang. The world calls it Julicheng. Shi Yan said: In the past, when Qin and Zhao met, each occupied a city. The King of Qin ordered the King of Zhao to play the se zither, but Lin Xiangru made the King of Qin strike the fou pottery drum; this is the place where that event occurred. Feng Yi again defeated the Chimei rebels in this valley.
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故光武《璽書》曰：始雖垂翅回溪，終能奮翼黽池，可謂失之東嵎，收之桑榆矣。穀水又東逕土崤北，所謂三崤也。穀水又東，左會北溪，溪水北出黽池山，東南流注于穀。疑即孔安國所謂澗水也。穀水又東逕新安縣故城南，北夾流而西接崤黽。昔項羽西入秦，坑降卒二十萬于此，國滅身亡，宜矣。穀水又東逕千秋亭南，其亭累石為垣，世謂之千秋城也。 |
| | Therefore, Emperor Guangwu's "Xi Shu" said: At first, although you seemed to falter at Huixi, ultimately you were able to spread your wings at Minchi. This can be called losing in the east but regaining it in the west. The Gu Shui River again flows east past Tu Xiao Bei, which is known as Sanxiao. The Gu Shui River continues eastward and merges on its left with Beixi Stream. The stream originates from the north of Minchi Shan, flows southeast, and joins the Gu Shui. It is likely the Jianshui mentioned by Kong Anguo. The Gu Shui River flows further east, passing to the south of Gaicheng Xian in Xin'an Xian. The river is flanked on both sides and connects westward with Xiao Min. In the past, when Xiang Yu marched west into Qin, he slaughtered 200,000 surrendered soldiers here. The state was destroyed and his own life ended; this was indeed fitting. The Gu Shui River further flows to the south of Qianqiuting, where the pavilion was built with stacked stones as walls; it is known in later generations as Qianqiu Cheng.
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潘岳《西征賦》曰：亭有千秋之號，子無七旬之期。謂是亭也。又東逕雍谷溪，回岫縈紆，石路阻峽，故亦有峽石之稱矣。穀水歷側，左與北川水合，水有二源，竝導北山，東南流合成一水，自乾注巽，入于穀。穀水又東逕缺門山，山阜之不接者里餘，故得是名矣。二壁爭高，斗聳相亂，西瞻雙阜，右望如砥。穀水自門而東，廣陽川水注之，水出廣陽北山，東南流注于穀。南望微山，雲峰相亂。穀水又逕白超壘南，戴延之《西征記》云：次至白超壘，去函谷十五里，築壘當大道，左右有山夾立，相去百餘步，從中出北，乃故關城，非所謂白超壘也。是壘在缺門東十五里，壘側舊有塢，故冶官所在。魏晉之日，引穀水為水治，以經國用，遺跡尚存。穀水又東，石默溪水出微山東麓石默溪，東北流入于穀。穀水又東，宋水北流注于穀。穀水又東逕魏將作大匠毌丘興墓南，二碑存焉。儉父也。 |
| | Pan Yue's "Xizheng Fu" says: The pavilion bears the name Qianqiu, yet you have no hope of living seventy days. This refers to that pavilion. Further east, it flows past Yonggu Xi. The winding hills and rocky paths through the narrow gorges have also given this place the name Xiaoshi. The Gu Shui flows along the side, merging on its left with Beichuan Shui. This stream has two sources, both originating from the northern mountains and flowing southeast to combine into one waterway, which then turns from Qian to Xun before entering the Gu Shui River. The Gu Shui further flows east past Quemen Shan, where there is a gap of more than one li between the hills; hence it received this name. Two cliffs rise in competition, towering and jumbled. Looking westward at the twin hills, they appear smooth as a grindstone to the right. The Gu Shui flows east from the gate, and Guangyang Chuan Shui joins it. This stream originates in the northern mountains of Guangyang, flows southeast, and enters the Gu Shui River. Looking southward at Weishan Mountain, cloud-capped peaks appear jumbled together. The Gu Shui again flows past the south of Baichao Lei. Dai Yanzhi's "Xizheng Ji" says: The next stop was Baichao Lei, fifteen li from Hangu Pass. A fortress was built to block the main road; on both sides there are mountains standing opposite each other, more than a hundred bu apart. Going north through this passage leads to the old pass city, which is not what is called Baichao Lei. This fortress lies fifteen li east of Quemen. On the side of this fortress there was an old wu, which was where the official smelting office was located. During the Wei and Jin periods, the Gu Shui was diverted for water management to serve state needs; traces of this still remain. The Gu Shui continues eastward, and the Shimo Xi Shui originates from Shimoxi at the eastern foot of Weishan Mountain. It flows northeast into the Gu Shui River. The Gu Shui further eastward, Song Shui flows north and joins it. The Gu Shui River once again flows to the south of the tomb of Wu Qiu Xing, a great craftsman under Wei's Ministry of Works; two steles remain there. He was also known as Jianfu.
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《管輅別傳》曰：輅嘗隨軍西征，過其墓而歎，謂士友曰：玄武藏頭，青龍無足，白虎銜尸，朱雀悲哭，四危已備，法應滅族。果如其言。穀水又東逕函谷關南，東北流，皁澗水注之，水出新安縣，東南流逕毌丘興墓東，又南逕函谷關西，關高嶮陿，路出廛郭。漢元鼎三年，樓船將軍楊僕數有大功，恥居關外，請以家僮七百人，築塞徙關于新安，即此處也。昔郭丹西入關，感慨于其下曰：不乘駟馬高車，終不出此關也。去家十二年，果如志焉。皁澗水又東流入于穀。穀水又東北逕函谷關城東，右合爽水。 |
| | The "Guang Lu Bie Zhuan" says: Lu once accompanied the army on a western campaign and passed by his tomb, where he sighed and said to his friends: The Black Tortoise hides its head; the Azure Dragon has no feet; the White Tiger bites the corpse; the Vermilion Bird weeps bitterly. All four dangers are present; according to the rules, this should result in the extermination of the entire clan. Indeed, as he had said. The Gu Shui River further east flows past the southern side of Hangu Pass, then northeastward. Zaojian Shui joins it; this stream originates from Xin'an Xian and flows southeast to pass by the eastern side of Wu Qiu Xing's tomb. It continues southward, passing west of Hangu Pass. The pass is high, perilous, and narrow, with a road winding through the walled city. In the third year of Yuanding (114 BC), Louchuan General Yang Pu had many great achievements. Ashamed to live outside the pass, he requested to use 700 family servants to build a barrier and relocate the pass to Xin'an; this is exactly that location. In the past, Guo Dan entered the pass from the west and expressed deep emotion beneath it, saying: "Unless I ride a four-horse carriage in high rank, I will never leave this pass." Twelve years after leaving home, he indeed fulfilled his aspiration. The Gu Shui further northeast flows past Hangu Pass city to its east, merging on the right with Shuang Shui.
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《山海經》曰：白石山西五十里曰穀山，其上多穀，其下多桑，爽水出焉。世謂之紵麻澗，北流注于穀。其中多碧緑。穀水又東，澗水注之。 |
| | The "Shanhaijing" says: Fifty li west of Baishi Mountain is Gu Shan. Its upper slopes are covered with gu, and its lower areas have many mulberry trees; Shuang Shui originates there. It is known in the world as Zhuma Jian, flowing northward into Gu Shui River. There are many emeralds in it. The Gu Shui further flows to the east, where Jian Shui joins it.
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《山海經》曰：婁涿山西四十里曰白石之山，澗水出焉，北流注于穀。摯仲治《三輔決録注》云：馬氏兄弟五人，共居澗、穀二水之交，作五門客，因舍以為名。今在河南西四十里。以《山海經》推校，里數不殊仲治所記，水會尚有故居處。斯則澗水也，即《周書》所謂我卜澗水東。言是水也。自下通謂澗水為穀水之兼稱焉。 |
| | The "Shanhaijing" says: Forty li west of Louduo Mountain is Baishi Shan. Jian Shui originates there, flowing northward and joining the Gu Shui River. Zhi Zhongzhi's "Sanfu Juelu Zhu" says: The Ma brothers, five in total, lived together at the confluence of Jian Shui and Gu Shui rivers. They were known as Wumen Ke, a name derived from their residence. Today it is located forty li west of Henan. Comparing with the "Shanhaijing," the distance recorded is not different from Zhongzhi's account, and there are still traces of their former residence where the waters converge. This is indeed Jian Shui; it is what the "Zhou Shu" refers to as "I divined east of Jian Shui." It refers to this stream. From below, the stream is commonly referred to as Jian Shui, which is also a secondary name for Gu Shui.
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故《尚書》曰：伊、洛、瀍、澗，既入于河。而無穀水之目，是名亦通稱矣。劉澄之云：新安有澗水，源出縣北，又有淵水，未知其源。余考諸地記，竝無淵水，但淵、澗字相似，時有字錯為淵也。 |
| | Therefore, the "Shangshu" says: The Yi, Luo, Chan, and Jian rivers have all flowed into the Yellow River. Yet there is no mention of Gu Shui specifically; this name is also used as a general term. Liu Chengzhi said: Xin'an has Jian Shui, whose source is in the north of the xian. There is also Yuanshui, but its origin remains unknown. I have examined various geographical records and found no mention of Yuanshui. It seems that the characters "yuan" and "jian" are similar, so at times the character has been mistakenly written as yuan.
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故闞駰《地理志》曰：《禹貢》之淵水。是以知傳寫書誤，字繆舛真，澄之不思所致耳。既無斯水，何源之可求乎？穀水又東，波水注之。 |
| | Therefore, Kan Yin's "Dili Zhi" says: The Yu Gong mentions Yuan Shui. This is why we know that during the copying of texts, errors occurred and characters were miswritten or confused; Liu Chengzhi simply did not consider this. Since there is no such river, how can one seek its source? The Gu Shui further flows eastward, where Boshui joins it.
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《山海經》曰：瞻諸山西三十里曰婁涿之山，無草木，多金玉，波水出于其陰。世謂之百答水，北流注于穀。其中多茈石、文石。穀水又東，少水注之。 |
| | The "Shanhaijing" says: Thirty li west of Zhanzhu Mountain is Louduo Shan. It has no grass or trees, but contains much gold and jade; Boshui originates from its southern side. It is known in the world as Bada Shui, flowing northward to join Gu Shui River. There are many cishi and wenshi stones within it. The Gu Shui further flows east, where Shaoshui joins it.
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《山海經》曰：廆山西三十里曰瞻諸之山，其陽多金，其陰多文石，少水出于其陰。控引衆溪，積以成川，東流注于穀，世謂之慈澗也。穀水又東，俞隨之水注之。 |
| | The "Shanhaijing" says: Thirty li west of Huai Mountain is Zhanzhu Shan. Its southern side has much gold, and its northern side has many wenshi stones; Shaoshui originates from the northern side of this mountain. It controls and channels many streams, accumulating to form a river, flowing eastward into Gu Shui. It is known in the world as Cijian. The Gu Shui further flows east where Yusuishui joins it.
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《山海經》曰：平蓬山西十里曰廆山，其陽多㻬琈之玉，俞隨之水出于其陰，北流注于穀。世謂之孝水也。 |
| | The "Shanhaijing" says: Ten li west of Pingpeng Mountain is Huai Shan. Its southern side contains much tufu jade; Yusuishui originates from its northern side and flows northward into Gu Shui. It is known in the world as Xiaoshui.
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潘岳《西征賦》曰：澡孝水以濯纓，嘉美名之在茲。是水在河南城西十餘里，故呂忱曰：孝水在河南。而戴延之言在函谷關西。劉澄之又云出檀山。檀山在宜陽縣西，在穀水南，無南入之理。考尋茲說，當承緣生《述征》謬誌耳。緣生從戍行旅，征途訊訪，既非舊土，故無所究。今川瀾北注，澄映泥濘，何得言枯涸也。皆為疏僻矣。 |
| | Pan Yue's "Xizheng Fu" says: Wash one's tassels in Xiaoshui, for its fine reputation lies here. This stream is located more than ten li west of the city of Henan; therefore, Lü Chen said: Xiaoshui is in Henan. However, Dai Yanzhi stated it was to the west of Hangu Pass. Liu Chengzhi also said that it originates from Tanshan Mountain. Tanshan is located west of Yiyang Xian, to the south of Gu Shui River; it would be illogical for water from there to flow south into Gu Shui. Investigating these accounts, they must have inherited the mistaken records of Yuan Cheng's "Shu Zheng." Yuan Sheng was a traveler accompanying military service, inquiring along the journey; since he was not from the local area, he could not thoroughly investigate. Now the river flows northward with turbulent waves and clear reflections on muddy waters; how can it be said to have dried up? All these are erroneous accounts.
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東北過穀城縣北, |
| | It flows northeast past the north of Gu Cheng Xian,
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城西臨穀水，故縣取名焉。穀水又東逕穀城南，不歷其北。又東，洛水枝流入焉，今無水也。 |
| | The city lies west of Gu Shui River, so the xian took its name from this. The Gu Shui further flows past to the south of Gu Cheng and does not pass through its north. Further east, a branch of Luoshui River flows into it; however, there is no water here now.
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又東過河南縣北，東南入于洛。 |
| | It further flows northeast past the north side of Henan Xian and then turns southeast to join the Luo River.
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河南王城西北，穀水之右有石磧，磧南出為死穀，北出為湖溝。魏太和四年，暴水流高三丈，此地下停流以成湖渚，造溝以通水，東西十里，決湖以注水。穀水又逕河南王城北，所謂成周矣。 |
| | To the northwest of Wangcheng in Henan, on the right side of Gu Shui there is a stone shoal. To the south of this shoal flows the dead branch of Gu Shui known as Sigu; to its north flows Hugou. In the fourth year of Taihe (480 AD) under the Wei dynasty, a sudden flood rose three zhang high. The water in this area pooled and formed lakes and islets; ditches were dug to channel the water, stretching ten li from east to west, with levees built to control the flow into the channels. The Gu Shui further flows north of Wangcheng in Henan; this is what was known as Cheng Zhou.
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《公羊》曰：成周者何？東周也。何休曰：名為成周者，周道始成，王所都也。 |
| | "The Gongyang Zhuan" asks: What is Cheng Zhou? It refers to the Eastern Zhou. He Xiu said: It is called Cheng Zhou because it was where the Zhou dynasty's way first became established, and it was the capital of the king.
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《地理志》曰：河南河南縣，故郟、鄏地也。京相璠曰：郟，山名；鄏，邑名也。卜年定鼎，為王之東都，謂之新邑，是為王城。其城東南名曰鼎門，蓋九鼎所從入也。故謂是地為鼎中。楚子伐陸渾之戎，問鼎于此。 |
| | The "Dili Zhi" says: Henan Xian in Henan Prefecture is originally the land of Jia and Ru. Jing Xiangfan said: Jia is a mountain name; Ru is the name of a walled town. When the years were divined and the tripod was established, this became the eastern capital of the king; it was called Xinyi, hence known as Wangcheng. The southeast gate of the city is named Dingmen, for this was where the Nine Tripods entered. Therefore, this place is called Dingzhong. When the ruler of Chu attacked the Lu Hun Rong people, he inquired about the tripods here.
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《述征記》曰：穀、洛二水，本于王城東北合流，所謂穀、洛鬬也。今城之東南缺千步，世又謂之穀、洛鬬處。俱為非也。余按史傳，周靈王之時，穀、洛二水鬬，毀王宮。王將堨之，太子晉諫王，不聽，遺堰三堤尚存。《左傳·襄公二十四年》，齊人城郟，穆叔如周賀。韋昭曰：洛水在王城南，穀水在王城北，東入于瀍。至靈王時，穀水盛出于王城西，而南流合于洛，兩水相格，有似于鬬，而毀王城西南也。穎容著《春秋條例》言，西城梁門枯水處，世謂之死穀是也。始知緣生行中造次，人關經究，故事與實違矣。考王封周桓公于是為西周，及其孫惠公，封少子于鞏為東周，故有東、西之名矣。秦滅周，以為三川郡，項羽封申陽為河南王，漢以為河南郡，王莽又名之曰保忠信卿。光武都洛陽，以為尹。尹，正也，所以董正京畿，率先百郡也。穀水又東流逕乾祭門北，子朝之亂，晉所開也，東至千金堨。 |
| | The "Shu Zheng Ji" says: Originally, the Gu and Luo rivers converged northeast of Wangcheng; this is what is referred to as the "struggle between Gu and Luo." Now, there is a gap of one qianbu in the southeast part of the city; it is also known as the place where Gu and Luo "struggled." Both accounts are incorrect. I have examined historical records and learned that during the reign of King Ling of Zhou, the Gu and Luo Rivers "struggled," destroying royal palaces. The king planned to build a dam, but Crown Prince Jin advised against it; the king did not listen. The remains of three dikes from this project still exist today. In the twenty-fourth year of Duke Xiang's reign, as recorded in the "Zuo Zhuan," the people of Qi built a city at Jia, and Mu Shu went to Zhou to offer congratulations. Wei Zhao said: The Luo River is located south of Wangcheng, and the Gu River flows north of Wangcheng before turning east to join the Chan River. By the time of King Ling, the Gu River overflowed strongly from west of Wangcheng and flowed south to join the Luo River. The two rivers clashed against each other, resembling a "struggle," which caused damage to the southwest part of Wangcheng. Ying Rong, in his work "Chunqiu Tiaoli," stated that the dry water area at Liangmen of Xicheng is what people call "Si Gu." Only then did I realize that due to hasty travel and superficial observation, people have not thoroughly examined the facts, leading stories to deviate from reality. King Kao enfeoffed Duke Huan of Zhou here, establishing the Western Zhou. Later, during the reign of his grandson Duke Huigong, a younger son was granted fiefdom in Gong, founding the Eastern Zhou; thus arose the names "Eastern" and "Western." The Qin dynasty destroyed Zhou and established Sanchuan Commandery here. Xiang Yu enfeoffed Shen Yang as the King of Henan, and the Han dynasty later reestablished it as Henan Commandery. Wang Mang renamed it Baozhongxin Qing. Emperor Guangwu made Luoyang his capital and established an "Yin" administration there. The Yin was the chief official, responsible for overseeing and regulating the imperial capital region, setting a precedent for all other commanderies. The Gu River then flows eastward, passing north of Qianjia Men. This gate was constructed by the Jin during the rebellion of Zi Chao; it continues east to Qianjin Weir.
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《河南十二縣境簿》曰：河南縣城東十五里有千金堨。 |
| | The "Jiangnan Shier Xian Jing Bu" states: Fifteen li east of the city wall of Henan Xian is Qianjin Weir.
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《洛陽記》曰：千金堨舊堰穀水，魏時更脩此堰，謂之千金堨。積石為堨而開溝渠五所，謂之五龍渠。渠上立堨，堨之東首，立一石人，石人腹上刻勒云：太和五年二月八日庚戌造築此堨，更開溝渠，此水衡渠上其水，助其堅也，必經年歷世，是故部立石人以記之云爾。蓋魏明帝脩王、張故績也。堨是都水使者陳協所造。 |
| | The "Luoyang Ji" says: The old weir of Qianjin Weir regulated the Gu River. During the Wei dynasty, this weir was renovated and renamed Qianjin Weir. Five ditches were excavated by building a stone weir; these channels are collectively called Wulong Qu. A weir was built on the channel, and at its eastern end, a stone figure was erected. On the abdomen of this stone figure were inscribed these words: "On the Gengxu day of the eighth day in the second month of Taihe Year Five (April 21, 481 AD), this weir was constructed and new ditches excavated. This water balance channel ensures the stability of the flow; since it would last for many years and generations, a stone figure is placed here to record its construction." This was an extension of the achievements previously accomplished by Wang and Zhang during the reign of Emperor Ming of Wei. The weir was constructed by Chen Xie, the Du Shui Shizhe (Water Commissioner).
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《語林》曰：陳協數進阮步兵酒，後晉文王欲脩九龍堰，阮舉協，文王用之。掘地得古承水銅龍六枚，堰遂成。水歷堨東注，謂之千金渠。逮于晉世，大水暴注，溝瀆泄壞，又廣功焉，石人東脅下文云：太始七年六月二十三日，大水迸瀑，出常流上三丈，蕩壞二堨，五龍泄水，南注瀉下，加歲久漱齧，每澇即壞，歷載消棄大功，今故無令遏，更于西開泄，名曰代龍渠，地形正平，誠得瀉泄至理。千金不與水勢激爭，無緣當壞，由其卑下，水得踰上漱齧故也。今增高千金于舊一丈四尺，五龍自然必歷世無患。若五龍歲久復壞，可轉于西更開二碣。二渠合用二十三萬五千六百九十八功，以其年十月二十三日起作，功重人少，到八年四月二十日畢。代龍渠即九龍渠也。後張方入洛，破千金堨。永嘉初，汝陰太守李矩、汝南太守袁孚脩之，以利漕運，公私賴之。水積年，渠堨頹毀，石砌殆盡，遺基見存，朝廷太和中脩復故堨。按千金堨石人西脅下文云：若溝渠久疏，深引水者當于河南城北、石磧西，更開渠北出，使首狐丘。故溝東下，因故易就，磧堅便時，事業已訖，然後見之。加邊方多事，人力苦少，又渠堨新成，未患于水，是以不敢預脩通之。若于後當復興功者，宜就西磧，故書之于石，以遺後賢矣。雖石磧淪敗，故跡可憑，準之于文，北引渠東合舊瀆。舊瀆又東，晉惠帝造石梁于水上，按橋西門之南頰文，稱晉元康二年十一月二十日，改治石巷、水門，除豎枋，更為函枋，立作覆枋屋，前後辟級續石障，使南北入岸，築治漱處，破石以為殺矣。到三年三月十五日畢訖。并紀列門廣長深淺于左右巷，東西長七尺，南北龍尾廣十二丈，巷瀆口高三丈，謂之臯門橋。 |
| | The "Yu Lin" says: Chen Xie often provided wine to General Bian Ruanshi. Later, when the Duke of Jin wished to construct Jiulong Weir, Ruanshi recommended Chen Xie, and the Duke of Jin appointed him. Six ancient bronze dragons used for water conveyance were unearthed during construction, and thus the weir was completed. The water flowed eastward past the weir into a channel known as Qianjin Qu. By the time of the Jin dynasty, torrential rains caused severe flooding, damaging and eroding the ditches. Further efforts were made to expand the works. The inscription on the eastern side beneath the stone figure reads: "On the 23rd day of the sixth month in Tai Shi Year Seven (July 10, 269 AD), a sudden flood surged forth, rising three zhang above normal flow levels. It destroyed two weirs and caused the Five Dragons channel to overflow southward. Over time, erosion from annual flooding continued to damage these structures; for many years, great efforts were made in vain. Now, instead of blocking the water, new channels have been opened westward to relieve pressure, named Dailong Qu. The terrain is level, and this method truly achieves effective flood control." The Qianjin weir did not resist the force of the water, and thus had no reason to be damaged; however, because it was low-lying, the water could overflow and erode its structure. Now that Qianjin has been raised by one zhang and four chi above its original height, the Five Dragons channel will naturally remain free of problems for generations to come. If after many years the Five Dragons channel is damaged again, two new weirs can be constructed westward as an alternative. The combined labor required for the two channels amounted to 235,698 man-days. Construction began on the 23rd day of October in that year and was completed on the 20th day of April in the eighth year due to heavy workload and limited manpower. Dailong Qu is also known as Jiulong Qu. Later, Zhang Fang entered Luoyang and destroyed the Qianjin Weir. In the early Yongjia period, Li Ju, Tai Shou of Ruyin, and Yuan Fu, Tai Shou of Ru'nan, repaired it to facilitate canal transportation; both public and private sectors relied on this. After many years, the channel and weir deteriorated; stone masonry was nearly gone. Only remnants of its foundation remain today. During Taihe in the imperial court's reign, the original weir was restored. According to the inscription on the western side of the stone figure at Qianjin Weir: "If the ditches have long been neglected, those wishing to draw deep water should excavate a new channel northward from west of Shiqi in the northern part of Henan Cheng, leading it toward Shouhu Qiu." Thus, by following the existing eastern course and making necessary adjustments, construction was facilitated. The stone ridges were firm and convenient for work; only after the project was completed did these features become evident. Moreover, at that time the region faced many pressing matters and lacked sufficient labor; in addition, the newly completed channel and weir were not yet threatened by water damage. Therefore, no preemptive repairs or improvements were undertaken. If future generations wish to undertake new projects, they should focus on the western ridges; thus, this advice is inscribed in stone for the benefit of later wise officials. Even if the stone ridges have collapsed, their original traces can still be identified; by following these records, a new channel should be directed northward and then joined with the old ditch to the east. The old ditch continued eastward, and Emperor Hui of Jin constructed a stone bridge over the river. According to inscriptions on the southern side of the western gate of this bridge: "On the 20th day in the eleventh month of Yuan Kang Year Two (December 13, 292 AD), the stone passage and water gate were renovated; vertical beams were removed and replaced with arched beams. A covered beam house was built, steps were added at both ends, and stone barriers continued to be constructed along the north and south banks. The eroded areas were reinforced by breaking up stones for use in these works." The project was completed on the fifteenth day of the third month in that year (April 1, 293 AD). The dimensions of the gate, including its width and depth on both sides, were recorded in detail. The passage was seven chi wide from east to west, twelve zhang wide at the dragon tail section from north to south, and three zhang high at the entrance of the ditch; this structure is known as Gaomen Qiao.
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潘岳《西征賦》曰：駐馬臯門。即此處也。穀水又東，又結石梁，跨水制城，西梁也。穀水又東，左會金谷水，水出太白原，東南流歷金谷，謂之金谷水，東南流逕晉衛尉卿石崇之故居。 |
| | Pan Yue's "Xi Zheng Fu" says: "He halted his horse at Gaomen." This refers to this very place. The Gu River then flowed eastward again, where another stone bridge was built spanning the river and forming part of a city wall; this is known as Xiliang. The Gu River continued eastward and on its left converged with the Jinggu Shui. This stream originates from Taibai Yuan, flows southeast through Jinggu Valley, hence it is called Jinggu Shui; flowing further southeast, it passes by the former residence of Shi Chong, the Tai Wei Qing of Jin.
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石季倫《金谷詩集·叙》曰：余以元康七年，從太僕卿出為征虜將軍，有別盧在河南界金穀澗中，有清泉茂樹，衆果、竹、柏，藥草備具。金谷水又東南流入于穀。穀水又東逕金墉城北，魏明帝于洛陽城西北角築之，謂之金墉城。起層樓于東北隅，《晉宮閣名》曰：金墉有崇天堂。即此。地上架木為榭，故白樓矣。皇居創徙，宮極未就，止蹕于此。搆霄榭于故臺，所謂臺以停停者也。南曰乾光門，夾建兩觀，觀下列朱桁于塹，以為御路。東曰含春門，北有䢰門，城上西面列觀，五十步一睥睨，屋臺置一鍾以和漏鼓。西北連廡函蔭，墉比廣榭，炎夏之日，高祖常以避暑，為緑水池一所，在金墉者也。穀水逕洛陽小城北，因阿舊城，憑結金墉，故向城也。永嘉之亂，結以為壘，號洛陽壘。 |
| | Shi Jilun's "Jingu Shi Ji · Xu" states: "In the seventh year of Yuankang, I was transferred from Tai Pu Qing to serve as a general. There is an estate in Jinggu Jian within the borders of Henan; it features clear springs and lush trees, with abundant fruits, bamboo, cypress, medicinal herbs, and all necessities." The Jinggu Shui then flows southeast into the Gu River. The Gu River continues eastward, passing north of Jinyong Cheng. Emperor Ming of Wei constructed this city at the northwest corner of Luoyang; it is known as Jinyong Cheng. A multi-story pavilion was built in the northeast corner. According to "Jin Gong Ge Ming," Jinyong had a Chongtian Hall. This is that place. A wooden pavilion was constructed on the ground, hence it became known as Bailou. When the imperial palace was relocated and construction of its grand structures had not yet been completed, the emperor temporarily halted his procession here. A pavilion named Gouxiao Xie was built on an old platform; this is what is meant by "a platform for halting and resting." To the south was Qianguang Men, with two towers built on either side. Below each tower were red beams arranged along a moat to serve as an imperial road. To the east was Hanchun Men, and to the north was Yimen. On the western side of the city wall were a series of towers spaced fifty bu apart; each watchtower had a bell placed on its platform to harmonize with the drum used for timekeeping. To the northwest were connected eaves and shaded corridors, with walls extending alongside wide pavilions. On hot summer days, Emperor Gaozu often used this place for cooling off; it housed a green water pool located within Jinyong Cheng. The Gu River passes north of Xiaocheng in Luoyang, following the contours of an old city and relying on Jinyong for its structure; this was a previous walled settlement. During the chaos of Yongjia, it was reinforced as a fortress and named Luoyang Lei.
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故《洛陽記》曰：陵雲臺西有金市，金市北對洛陽壘者也。又東歷大夏門下，故夏門也。陸機《與弟書》云：門有三層，高百尺，魏明帝造。門內東側，際城有魏明帝所起景陽山，餘基尚存。 |
| | Hence the "Luoyang Ji" says: To the west of Lingyun Tai is Jin Shi, and directly north of Jin Shi lies Luoyang Lei. Further east, it passed beneath Daxia Men; this was the former Xia Men. Lu Ji's "Letter to His Brother" states: "The gate has three levels and is one hundred chi high; it was built by Emperor Ming of Wei." On the east side inside the gate, adjacent to the city wall, is Jingyang Shan, a hill constructed by Emperor Ming of Wei; its foundation remains today.
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孫盛《魏春秋》曰：景初元年，明帝愈崇宮殿，雕飾觀閣，取白石英及紫石英及五色大石于太行穀城之山，起景陽山于芳林園，樹松竹草木，捕禽獸以充其中。于時百役繁興，帝躬自掘土，率羣臣三公以下，莫不展力。山之東，舊有九江。 |
| | Sun Sheng's "Wei Chunqiu" states: In the first year of Jingchu, Emperor Ming became increasingly devoted to constructing palaces and adorning pavilions. He collected white shiyin, purple shiyin, and large multicolored stones from Taixing Gu Cheng Shan. Using these materials, he built Jingyang Shan within Fanglin Yuan, planting pines, bamboos, grasses, and trees, while capturing birds and beasts to populate the area. At that time, numerous construction projects were underway; the emperor personally dug soil and led ministers of the Three Excellencies and below in labor, all contributing their strength. To the east of this hill was an old Nine Jiang River.
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陸機《洛陽記》曰：九江直作圓水。水中作圓壇三破之，夾水得相逕通。 |
| | Lu Ji's "Luoyang Ji" says: The Nine Jiang flowed straight as a circular waterway. Three round altars were built in the water, each with a break through it; these allowed passage on both sides of the river to remain unobstructed.
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《東京賦》曰：濯龍芳林，九谷八溪，芙蓉覆水，秋蘭被涯。今也，山則塊阜獨立，江無復髣髴矣。穀水又東，枝分南入華林園，歷疏圃南，圃中有古玉井，井悉以珉玉為之，以緇石為口，工作精密，猶不變古，璨焉如新。又逕瑤華宮南，歷景陽山北，山有都亭，堂上結方湖，湖中起御坐石也。御坐前建蓬萊山，曲池接筵，飛沼拂席，南面射侯，夾席武峙。背山堂上則石路崎嶇，巖嶂峻險，雲臺風觀，纓巒帶阜，遊觀者升降阿閣，出入虹陛，望之狀鳧没鸞舉矣。其中引水飛臯，傾瀾瀑布，或枉渚聲溜，潺潺不斷，竹柏蔭于層石，繡薄叢于泉側，微飆暫拂，則芳溢于六空，寔為神居矣。其水東注天淵池，池中有魏文帝九華臺，殿基悉是洛中故碑累之，今造釣臺于其上。池南直魏文帝茅茨堂，前有《茅茨碑》，是黃初中所立也。其水自天淵池東出華林園，逕聽訟觀南，故平望觀也。魏明帝常言，獄，天下之命也，每斷大獄，恒幸觀聽之。以太和三年，更從今名。觀西北接華林隸簿，昔劉楨磨石處也。 |
| | The "Dongjing Fu" says: "Zhuolong and Fanglin, with nine valleys and eight streams; lotus flowers cover the water, autumn orchids line the banks." Now, however, the hill stands as a solitary mound, and there is no trace of the Nine Jiang River left. The Gu River then continued eastward, branching off to the south into Hualin Yuan. It passed through Shupu to the south; within this garden was an ancient Jade Well. The well was entirely constructed of minyu stone and had a mouth made of zishan stone. Its craftsmanship is precise and remains unchanged from antiquity, still shining as if newly built. It then passed south of Yaohua Gong and north of Jingyang Shan. On this hill stood a central pavilion, with a square lake formed on the hall's terrace; within the lake was an imperial seat made of stone. Before the imperial seat, a Penglai Shan was constructed; winding pools extended to the banquet area, with cascading water brushing against the seating. To the south were archery targets facing northward, and on both sides of the seats stood imposing military formations. On the back of the hill, above the hall, a rocky path winds steeply; rugged cliffs and towering peaks rise dramatically. Cloud pavilions and wind towers are adorned with mountain ridges and mounds like ribbons. Those touring this place ascend and descend through curved corridors and pass in and out of rainbow-like steps; viewed from afar, it resembles wild geese diving and phoenixes taking flight. Within this area, water is channeled through elevated paths and cascades down in torrents; some streams meander around rocky pools, producing a continuous murmur. Bamboo and cypress trees shade the layered rocks, while colorful vegetation clusters beside the springs. A gentle breeze briefly stirs the air, carrying fragrance that fills all directions—truly, this is a divine abode. This water flows east into Tianyuan Chi. In the center of this pool stood Emperor Wen of Wei's Jiuhua Tai, whose foundation was entirely composed of old stone steles from Luoyang; today, a fishing pavilion has been built on its site. Directly to the south of this pool was Miaoci Tang, a hall belonging to Emperor Wen of Wei; in front of it stood the "Miaoci Bei," which was erected during Huangchu. The water flows east from Tianyuan Chi through Hualin Yuan, passing south of Tingsong Guan; this was formerly Pingwang Guan. Emperor Ming of Wei often said, "The judiciary is the lifeblood of the empire." Whenever he rendered decisions on major cases, he would always come to this pavilion for deliberation. In Taihe Year Three (479 AD), it was renamed with its current title. To the northwest of this pavilion is Hualin Li Bu; in ancient times, this was where Liu Zhen ground stones.
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《文士傳》曰：文帝之在東宮也，宴諸文學，酒酣，命甄后出拜，坐者咸伏，惟劉楨平視之。太祖以為不敬，送徒隸簿。後太祖乘步牽車乘城，降閱簿作，諸徒咸敬，而楨拒坐，磨石不動。太祖曰：此非劉楨也，石如何性？楨曰：石出荊山玄巖之下，外炳五色之章，內秉堅貞之志，雕之不增文，磨之不加瑩，稟氣貞正，稟性自然。太祖曰：名豈虛哉？復為文學。池水又東流入洛陽縣之南池，池，即故翟泉也，南北百一十步，東西七十步，皇甫謐曰：悼王葬景王于翟泉，今洛陽太倉中大冢是也。《春秋·定公元年》，晉魏獻子合諸侯之大夫于翟泉，始盟城周。班固、服虔、皇甫謐咸言翟泉在洛陽東北，周之墓地。今案周威烈王葬洛陽城內東北隅，景王冢在洛陽太倉中，翟泉在兩冢之間，側廣莫門道東、建春門路北。路，即東宮街也，于洛陽為東北。後秦封呂不韋為洛陽十萬戶侯，大其城，并得景王冢矣，是其墓地也。及晉永嘉元年，洛陽東北步廣里地陷，有二鵝出，蒼色者飛翔沖天，白色者止焉。陳留孝廉董養曰：步廣，周之翟泉，盟會之地，今色蒼，胡象矣，其可盡言乎？後五年，劉曜、王彌入洛，帝居平陽。 |
| | The "Wen Shi Zhuan" says: When Emperor Wen was still the Crown Prince, he hosted a banquet for his literary scholars. After drinking heavily, he ordered Empress Zhen to appear and bow; all those present knelt down, but Liu Zhen alone looked at her straight ahead without lowering his gaze. The Taizu Emperor considered this disrespectful and exiled him to Li Bu as a laborer. Later, when Taizu rode into the city in a cart and inspected Li Bu's operations, all laborers showed respect; however, Liu Zhen refused to rise from his seat and continued grinding stones without moving. Taizu said: "This is not Liu Zhen—how can a stone have such character?" Zhen replied: "This stone comes from beneath the dark cliffs of Jing Shan. Its surface displays five-colored patterns, and within it lies a firm and loyal will. Carving does not add to its beauty, grinding does not increase its luster; it possesses an upright nature by birthright, with character that is natural." Taizu said: "Then the name of this stone must be no mere illusion?" He was once again appointed as a literary scholar. The pool water then flowed east into the southern pool of Luoyang Xian. This was the ancient Zhai Quan, measuring 110 bu from north to south and 70 bu from east to west. Huangfu Mi said: "Diao Wang buried Jing Wang at Zhai Quan; this is now a large tomb in the Taicang area of Luoyang." In the first year of Duke Ding's reign, as recorded in "Chunqiu," Wei Xianzi of Jin convened the ministers of various feudal lords at Zhai Quan and initiated an alliance to build a city for Zhou. Ban Gu, Fu Qian, and Huangfu Mi all stated that Zhai Quan was located in the northeast of Luoyang, serving as burial grounds for the Zhou dynasty. Now, according to examination, King Weilie of Zhou was buried in the northeast corner within Luoyang city; Jing Wang's tomb is located in Taicang. Zhai Quan lies between these two tombs, situated east of Guangmo Men Road and north of Jianchun Men Road. This road is the Donggong Street; in Luoyang, it lies to the northeast. Later, the Qin dynasty enfeoffed Lu Buwei as a marquis of ten thousand households in Luoyang. The city was expanded and included Jing Wang's tomb; this became his burial ground. In the first year of Yongjia during the Jin dynasty, a section in the northeast part of Luoyang named Buguang Li suddenly collapsed. Two geese emerged: one blue-gray in color flew upward into the sky, while the white one remained behind. Dong Yang, a scholar-official from Chenliu, said: "Buguang is Zhai Quan of the Zhou dynasty, where oaths and alliances were made. Now it appears blue-gray—this is an omen of Hu (barbarian) influence. Can we fully explain its meaning?" Five years later, Liu Yao and Wang Mi entered Luoyang, while the emperor resided in Pingyang.
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陸機《洛陽記》曰：步廣里在洛陽城內，宮東是翟泉所在，不得于太倉西南也。京相璠與裴司空彥季脩《晉輿地圖》，作《春秋地名》，亦言：今太倉西南池水名翟泉。又曰：舊說言翟泉本自在洛陽北萇弘城，成周乃繞之。杜預因其一證，謂必是翟泉，而即實非也。後遂為東宮池。 |
| | Lu Ji's "Luoyang Ji" states: Buguang Li is located within Luoyang city, and to the east of the palace lies Zhai Quan. It cannot be in the southwest of Taicang. Jing Xiangfan and Pei Sike Yanji Xiu compiled the "Jin Yudi Tu" (Map of Jin's Geography) and authored "Chunqiu Diming," which also states: The pool water southwest of Taicang is named Zhai Quan. It further says: "Old accounts state that the original Zhai Quan was naturally located in Zhanghong Cheng to the north of Luoyang; Chengzhou surrounded it." Du Yu, relying on this one piece of evidence, claimed that it must be Zhai Quan, but in reality, it is not. Later, it became the palace pool for the eastern quarters.
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《晉中州記》曰：惠帝為太子，出聞蝦蟇聲，問人為是官蝦蟇、私蝦蟇？侍臣賈胤對曰：在官地為官蝦蟇，在私地為私蝦蟇。令曰：若官蝦蟇，可給廪。先是有讖云：蝦蟇當貴。昔晉朝收憫懷太子于後池，即是池也。其一水自大夏門東逕宣武觀，憑城結構，不更增墉，左右夾列步廊，參差翼跂，南望天淵池，北矚宣武場。 |
| | The "Jin Zhongzhou Ji" states: When Emperor Huidi was the crown prince, he went out and heard the sound of toads. He asked someone whether they were official toads or private toads? The attending minister Jia Yin replied: "Those in government land are official toads, and those on private land are private toads." The prince said: "If they are official toads, then provisions may be given to them." Previously, there was a prophecy that stated: "Toads will become noble." In the past, during the Jin dynasty, Crown Prince Minhuai was detained in the rear pool; this is that very pool. One stream originates from the east of Daxia Men, passing through Xuanwu Guan. It follows the city's structure without additional walls; corridors are arranged on both sides in staggered rows, extending like wings. To the south one can see Tianyuan Chi, and to the north is a view of Xuanwu Chang.
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《竹林七賢論》曰：王戎幼而清秀，魏明帝于宣武場上為欄，苞虎牙，使力士袒裼，迭與之搏，縱百姓觀之。戎年七歲，亦往觀焉，虎乘間薄欄而吼，其聲震地，觀者無不辟易顛仆，戎亭然不動。帝于門上見之，使問姓名而異之。場西故賈充宅也。穀水又東逕廣莫門北，漢之穀門也。北對芒阜，連嶺脩亘，苞總衆山，始自洛口，西踰平陰。悉芒壠也。 |
| | The "Zhulin Qixian Lun" states: Wang Rong was clear-minded and refined from a young age. Emperor Ming of Wei built railings at Xuanwu Chang, set up tiger teeth barriers, ordered strongmen to wrestle bare-chested in turns, and allowed the common people to watch. Wang Rong was seven years old at the time and also went to watch. A tiger seized an opportunity, rushed toward the railing, roared loudly enough to shake the ground; all onlookers were startled and fell over in panic, but Wang Rong remained calm and unmoved. The emperor saw him from above the gate, had someone inquire about his name, and was greatly impressed by him. To the west of the field was the former residence of Jia Chong. The Gu Shui River then flowed east past Guangmo Men to the north, which was the Han dynasty's Gu Men. Facing north toward Mang Fu, a continuous range of hills stretched along the horizon, encompassing many mountains. It began at Luokou and extended westward beyond Pingyin. All were part of Manglong.
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《魏志》曰：明帝欲平北芒，令登臺見孟津。侍中辛毗諫曰：若九河溢涌，洪水為害，丘陵皆夷，何以禦之？帝乃止。穀水又東屈南，逕建春門石橋下，即上東門也。 |
| | The "Wei Zhi" states: Emperor Ming wanted to level the northern slope of Mang, ordering a platform built so that Mengjin could be seen from it. Shizhong Xin Pi advised: "If the Nine Rivers overflow and floods cause disasters, all hills and mounds will be flattened. How can we defend against them?" The emperor then abandoned the plan. The Gu Shui River turned eastward and south, passing under the stone bridge at Jianchun Men, which was also known as Shangdong Men.
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阮嗣宗《詠懷詩》曰：步出上東門者也。一曰上升門，晉曰建陽門。 |
| | Ruan Sizong's "Yonghuai Shi" says: "Stepping out of Shangdong Gate." It was also called Shengsheng Men, and during the Jin dynasty it was known as Jianyang Men.
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《百官志》曰：洛陽十二門，每門候一人，六百石。 |
| | The "Bai Guan Zhi" states: Luoyang had twelve gates, with one gatekeeper assigned to each gate, holding a rank of six hundred dan.
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《東觀漢記》曰：郅惲為上東門候，光武嘗出，夜還，詔開門欲入，惲不內。上令從門間識面。惲曰：火明遼遠。遂拒不開，由是上益重之。亦袁本初掛節處也。橋首建兩石柱，橋之右柱銘云：陽嘉四年乙酉壬申，詔書以城下漕渠，東通河、濟，南引江、淮，方貢委輸，所由而至，使中謁者魏郡清淵馬憲監作石橋梁柱，敦敕工匠盡要妙之巧，攢立重石，累高周距，橋工路博，流通萬里云云。河南尹邳崇㠕、丞渤海重合雙福、水曹掾中牟任防、史王蔭、史趙興、將作吏睢陽申翔、道橋掾成臯卑國，洛陽令江雙、丞平陽降、監掾王騰之、主石作右北平山仲，三月起作，八月畢成。其水依柱，又自樂里道屈而東出陽渠。昔陸機為成都王穎入洛，敗北而返。水南即馬市，舊洛陽有三市，斯其一也。亦嵇叔夜為司馬昭所害處也。北則白社故里，昔孫子荊會董威輦于白社，謂此矣。以同載為榮，故有《威輦圖》。又東逕馬市石橋，橋南有二石柱，竝無文刻也。漢司空漁陽王梁之為河南也，將引穀水以溉京都，渠成而水不流，故以坐免。後張純堰洛以通漕，洛中公私穰贍。是渠今引穀水，蓋純之創也。按陸機《洛陽記》、劉澄之《永初記》言，城之四面有陽渠，周公制之也。昔周遷殷民于洛邑，城隍偪狹，卑陋之所耳。晉故城成周以居敬王，秦又廣之，以封不韋，以是推之，非專周公可知矣。亦謂之九曲瀆，《河南十二縣境簿》云：九曲瀆在河南鞏縣西，西至洛陽。又按傅暢《晉書》云：都水使者陳狼鑿運渠，從洛口入，注九曲，至東陽門。是以阮嗣宗《詠懷詩》所謂朝出上東門，遙望首陽岑；又言遙遙九曲間，裴徊欲何之者也。陽渠水南暨閶闔門，漢之上西門者也。 |
| | The "Dongguan Han Ji" states: Zhi Yun served as the gatekeeper of Shangdong Men. Once, Emperor Guangwu returned at night and ordered the gate to be opened for entry, but Yun refused to let him in. The emperor had someone recognize his face through a gap in the gate. Yun said: "The firelight is too dim and distant." He refused to open the gate, and thus the emperor valued him even more. It was also where Yuan Benchu hung up his official seal. At the front of the bridge were two stone pillars. The inscription on the right pillar reads: "In the year Yijia, fourth year, Bingyou Ren Shen, an imperial decree was issued to construct a canal beneath the city walls, connecting eastward to the He and Ji rivers, and southward to the Yangtze and Huai rivers. This would facilitate tribute transport from all directions. The middle official Ma Xian of Qingyuan, Wei Jun, supervised the construction of this stone bridge and its pillars. He strictly instructed artisans to employ their utmost skill in assembling massive stones, stacking them high with precise spacing. Thus, the bridge was broad and long, enabling water flow for thousands of miles." The governor of Henan, Pi Chongzhi; the deputy, Shuang Fu from Zhonghe, Bohai; the official in charge of water affairs, Ren Fang from Zhongmou; clerks Wang Yin and Zhao Xing; construction supervisors Shen Xiang from Suyang and Bi Guo from Chenggao, Daoqiao Yuan; Luoyang magistrate Jiang Shuang; deputy magistrate Jiang Pingyang; supervisor clerk Wang Tengzhi; chief stone artisan Shan Zhong from Youbeiping — the project began in March and was completed in August. The water followed the pillar, then turned eastward along Lao Li Dao to flow out into Yang Qu. In the past, Lu Ji served under Chengdu Wang Ying and entered Luoyang but was defeated and retreated northward. To the south of this waterway is Ma Shi (Horse Market). In ancient times, Luoyang had three markets, and this was one of them. It was also the place where Ji Shuyè was killed by Sima Zhao. To the north lies Baishi, an old neighborhood. In ancient times, Sun Zijing met Dong Wei Nian at Baishi; this refers to that place. To be carried in the same carriage was considered an honor, hence there is a "Weinian Tu" (Picture of Weinian). Further east it flows past Ma Shi Stone Bridge. To the south of the bridge are two stone pillars, both without inscriptions or carvings. During the Han dynasty, when Wang Liang of Yuyang served as Sikong (Minister of Works) in Henan, he planned to divert Gu Shui to irrigate the capital. However, after the canal was completed, water did not flow, and thus he was dismissed from office for this failure. Later, Zhang Chun built a dam on the Luo River to facilitate canal transport; as a result, both public and private sectors in Luoyang flourished. This canal now diverts Gu Shui; it was originally created by Zhang Chun. According to Lu Ji's "Luoyang Ji" and Liu Chengzhi's "Yongchu Ji," there were Yang Qu canals on all four sides of the city, constructed by Duke of Zhou. In ancient times, when the Zhou dynasty relocated Yin people to Luoyi, the city walls were narrow and cramped; it was merely a humble and lowly place. The Jin dynasty expanded the old Chengzhou city to house King Jing. The Qin dynasty further enlarged it to enfeoff Lu Buwei. From this, we can see that it was not exclusively built by Duke of Zhou. It is also called Jiouqu Du. According to the "Henan Shier Xian Jing Bu" (Register of Boundaries for Twelve Counties in Henan): "Jiuqu Du lies west of Gong Xian, Henan; it extends westward as far as Luoyang." According to Fu Chang's "Jin Shu": The official in charge of waterways, Chen Lang, excavated a transport canal from Luokou into Jiuqu and extended it as far as Dongyang Men. This is why Ruan Sizong, in his "Yonghuai Shi," wrote: "In the morning I leave Shangdong Men and gaze afar toward Shouyang 岑." He also said, "Far away in Jiuqu's winding path, I wander uncertain of where to go." The southern end of Yang Qu reaches Changhe Men, which was the western gate of Han dynasty.
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《漢宮記》曰：上西門所以不純白者，漢家厄于戌，故以丹鏤之。太和遷都，徙門南側，其水北乘高渠，枝分上下，歷故石橋東入城，逕望先寺，中有碑，碑側法《子丹碑》，作龍矩勢，于今作則佳，方古猶劣。渠水又東歷故金市南，直千秋門，宮門也。又枝流入石逗伏流，注靈芝九龍池。魏太和中，皇都遷洛陽，經構宮極，脩理街渠，務窮隱，發石視之，曾無毀壞，又石工細密，非今知所擬，亦奇為精至也，遂因用之。其一水自千秋門南流逕神虎門下，東對雲龍門，二門衡栿之上，皆刻雲龍風虎之狀，以火齊薄之。及其晨光初起，夕景斜輝，霜文翠照，陸離眩目。又南逕通門、掖門西，又南流東轉，逕閶闔門南。案《禮》，王有五門：謂臯門、庫門、雉門、應門、路門，路門一曰畢門，亦曰虎門也。魏明帝上法太極于洛陽南宮，起太極殿于漢崇德殿之故處，改雉門為閶闔門。昔在漢世，洛陽宮殿門題，多是大篆，言是蔡邕諸子。自董卓焚宮殿，魏太祖平荊州，漢吏部尚書安定梁孟皇善師宜官八分體，求以贖死。太祖善其法，常仰繫帳中愛翫之，以為勝宜官，北宮牓題，咸是鵠筆，南宮既建，明帝令侍中京兆韋誕以古篆書之。皇都遷洛，始令中書舍人沈含馨以隸書書之；景明、正始之年，又敕符節令江式以大篆易之。公諸桁榜題，皆是式書。《周官》：太宰以正月懸治法于象魏。 |
| | The "Han Gong Ji" states: The reason why the western gate is not purely white is because the Han dynasty was inauspicious with the Xū hour, so it was decorated with vermilion. During the Taihe relocation of the capital, the gate was moved to the southern side. The water then flowed northward through an elevated channel, branching into upper and lower streams. It passed through the old stone bridge, entered the city from the east, passed by Wangxian Temple, where there is a stele. The style of this stele resembles that of the "Zidan Bei," with dragon-shaped corners; compared to modern standards it is excellent, but when measured against ancient works, it still falls short. The canal water then flowed eastward past the old Jin Shi to the south and directly in front of Qianqiu Men, a palace gate. A branch of the water flows into stone-lined underground channels, eventually feeding Lanzhi Jiulong Chi (Nine Dragon Pool with Orchid). During the Taihe period of the Wei dynasty, when the imperial capital was moved to Luoyang, palaces and halls were constructed, streets and canals repaired. Officials made great efforts to investigate hidden structures, inspecting stones carefully; they found no damage at all. The stonework was so finely crafted that it could not be matched even by modern artisans. It was truly remarkable in its precision, and thus they decided to continue using these materials. One branch of the water flowed south from Qianqiu Men through Shenhu Men, facing Yunlong Men to the east. On the crossbeams above these two gates, carvings of clouds, dragons, wind, and tigers were made, with thin layers of fire agate applied over them. When the morning light first rose or when the evening glow slanted across, frost-like patterns and emerald reflections shimmered in dazzling colors. Then flowing south past Tong Men and Yè Men to the west, it turned eastward again as it flowed south, passing through the southern side of Changhe Men. According to the "Li Ji" (Book of Rites), a king had five gates: Gao Men, Ku Men, Zhi Men, Ying Men, and Lu Men. Lu Men was also known as Bi Men or Hu Men. Emperor Ming of Wei followed the model of Taiji in Luoyang's southern palace, constructing the Taiji Dian at the former site of Han Chongde Dian and renamed Zhi Men as Changhe Men. In ancient times during the Han dynasty, most of the inscriptions on palace and gate plaques in Luoyang were written in large seal script, said to be by Cai Yong or his descendants. After Dong Zhuo burned the palaces, when Wei Taizu pacified Jingzhou, Liang Menghuang of Anding, who was formerly Minister of Personnel under Han and skilled in Baifen Ti (a style of clerical script) as a disciple of Yiguan, requested to be allowed to write in exchange for his life. Taizu appreciated his skill and often hung his calligraphy on the canopy for admiration, considering it superior to Yiguan's. All inscriptions in the Northern Palace were written by Huang. After the Southern Palace was built, Emperor Ming ordered Shizhong Wei Dan of Jingzhao to write them in ancient seal script. When the imperial capital was relocated to Luoyang, they first ordered Shen Hanxin of Zhongshu She Ren to write them in clerical script; During the Jingming and Zhengshi years, they again ordered Jiang Shi, head of Fujie Ling, to replace them with large seal script. All public beam inscriptions and plaque titles were written by Shi. The "Zhou Guan" states: The Tai Zai (Minister of State) would hang the administrative laws on Xiangwei in the first month.
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《廣雅》曰：闕，謂之象魏。 |
| | The "Guang Ya" says: "Que is also called Xiangwei."
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《風俗通》曰：魯昭公設兩觀于門，是謂之闕，從門，欮聲。 |
| | "The Fengsu Tong" states: Duke Zhao of Lu set up two towers at the gate, which were called Que. The character is composed with the radical for "gate" and the phonetic component Qian.
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《爾雅》曰：觀謂之闕。 |
| | The "Er Ya" says: A tower is also called a Que.
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《說文》曰：闕，門觀也。 |
| | The "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" states: Que means a gate tower.
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《漢官典職》曰：偃師去洛四十五里，望朱雀闕，其上鬱然與天連，是明峻極矣。《洛陽故宮名》有朱雀闕、白虎闕、蒼龍闕、北闕、南宮闕也。 |
| | The "Han Guan Dian Zhi" states: Yanshi is forty-five li away from Luoyang. Looking toward Zhuque Que, its towering form appears to merge with the sky—this clearly demonstrates how grand and lofty it was. The "Luoyang Gu Gong Ming" lists the following gate towers: Zhuque Que, Baihu Que, Canglong Que, Bei Que, and Nan Gong Que.
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《東觀漢記》曰：更始發洛陽，李松奉引，車馬奔觸北闕鐵柱門，三馬皆死，即斯闕也。 |
| | The "Dongguan Han Ji" states: When Gengshi departed from Luoyang, Li Song led the way. The carriage and horses crashed into the iron pillar gate of Bei Que; three horses were killed—this was that very Que.
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《白虎通》曰：門必有闕者何？闕者，所以飾門，別尊卑也。今閶闔門外夾建巨闕，以應天宿，雖不如禮，猶象而魏之，上加復思，以易觀矣。 |
| | The "Baihu Tong" asks: Why must a gate have Que? Que is used to decorate the gate and distinguish between ranks of respect and inferiority. Now, massive Que towers are built on both sides outside Changhe Men to correspond with the constellations in the sky. Though they do not fully conform to ritual standards, they still resemble those of Wei. Additional structures were added above them for easier viewing and admiration.
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《廣雅》曰：復思謂之屏。 |
| | The "Guang Ya" says: "Fusi is also called Ping."
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《釋名》曰：屏，自障屏也；罦思在門外。罦，復也。臣將入，請事于此，復重思之也。漢末兵起，壞園陵罦思，曰無使民復思漢也。 |
| | The "Shiming" says: A screen, ping, is something that blocks and shields one's view. Fusi was located outside the gate. Fu means repetition or duplication. When a minister was about to enter, he would first present his matters here and carefully reconsider them again. At the end of the Han dynasty, when wars broke out, the ancestral tombs and Fusi were destroyed, with the intention that people should no longer think back to the Han.
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故《鹽鐵論》曰：垣闕罦思。言樹屏隅角所架也。穎容又曰：闕者，上有所失，下得書之于闕，所以求論譽于人，故謂之闕矣。今闕前水南道右，置登聞鼓以納諫。昔黃帝立明堂之議，堯有衢室之問，舜有告善之旌，禹有立鼓之訊，湯有總街之誹，武王有靈臺之復，皆所以廣設過誤之備也。渠水又枝分，夾路南出，逕太尉、司徒兩坊間，謂之銅駝街。舊魏明帝置銅駝諸獸于閶闔南街。陸機云：駝高九尺，脊出太尉坊者也。水西有永寧寺，熙平中始創也，作九層浮圖，浮圖下基方十四丈，自金露槃下至地四十九丈，取法代都七級，而又高廣之。雖二京之盛，五都之富，利刹靈圖，未有若斯之構。按《釋法顯行傳》，西域有爵離浮圖，其高與此相狀，東都西域，俱為莊妙矣。其地是曹爽故宅，經始之日，于寺院西南隅得爽窟室，下入土可丈許，地壁悉纍方石砌之，石作細密，都無所毀，其石悉入法用，自非曹爽，庸匠亦難復制此。桓氏有言，曹子丹先此豚犢，信矣。渠左是魏、晉故廟地，今悉民居，無復遺墉也。渠水又西歷廟社之間，南注南渠。廟社各以物色辨方。《周禮》，廟及路寢，皆如明堂，而有燕寢焉。惟祧廟則無，後代通為一廟，列正室于下，無復燕寢之制。《禮》：天子建國，左廟右社，以石為主，祭則希冕。今多王公攝事，王者不親拜焉。咸寧元年，洛陽大風，帝社樹折，青氣屬天，元王東渡，魏社代昌矣。渠水自銅駝街東逕司馬門南，魏明帝始築，闕崩，壓殺數百人，遂不復築，故無闕門。南屏中舊有置銅翁仲處，金狄既淪，故處亦褫，惟壞石存焉。自此南直宣陽門，經緯通達，皆列馳道，往來之禁，一同兩漢。曹子建嘗行御街，犯門禁，以此見薄。渠水又東逕杜元凱所謂翟泉北，今無水。坎主九丈六尺，深二丈餘，似是人功而不類于泉陂，是驗非之一證也。又皇甫謐《帝王世紀》云：王室定，遂徙居，成周小，不受王都，故壞翟泉而廣之。泉源既塞，明無故處，是驗非之二證也。杜預言：翟泉在太倉西南。既言西南，于洛陽不得為東北，是驗非之三證也。稽之地說，事幾明矣，不得為翟泉也。渠水歷司空府前，逕太倉南，出東陽門石橋下，注陽渠。穀水自閶闔門而南逕土山東，水西三里有坂，坂上有土山，漢大將軍梁冀所成，築土為山，植木成苑。 |
| | Hence, the "Yantie Lun" says: "Walls and Que Fusi." It refers to screens or barriers placed at the corners of walls. Ying Rong also said: "Que means that if the superior has a mistake, the subordinate may write about it at Que. This is done to seek discussion and reputation from others; hence, it is called Que." Now, on the right side of the southern road in front of Que, a Dungun drum was placed to receive remonstrances. In the past, Emperor Huangdi proposed the construction of Mingtang to deliberate on state affairs; Yao had Qu Shi for public discussion; Shun established a banner to encourage people to report good deeds; Yu set up drums to receive reports and messages; Tang had Zongjie where criticisms could be posted; King Wu of Zhou had Lingtai for repeated deliberation. All these were measures taken to widely provide means for correcting mistakes. The Qu Shui River branches off again, flowing south along both sides of the road, passing through Taiwei and Situ Liangfang, known as Tongtuo Street. In former times, Emperor Ming of Wei placed bronze camels and various beasts on the southern street of Changhe. Lu Ji said: "The camel is nine chi tall, with its hump extending from Taiwei Fang." To the west of the river is Yongning Temple, which was first built during Xiping. A nine-story pagoda was constructed; its square base measured fourteen zhang on each side, and from the bottom of the golden nub to the ground it was forty-nine zhang high. It followed the model of the seven-tiered pagodas in the former capital but was taller and broader. Though the two capitals were prosperous and the five major cities wealthy, no Buddhist temples or sacred pagodas could rival this in grandeur. According to the "Shi Faxian Xing Zhuan," in the Western Regions there was a pagoda called Jueli, whose height and appearance were similar to this one. Thus, both the Eastern Capital and the Western Regions are truly magnificent. This site was the former residence of Cao Shuang. On the day construction began, a cave chamber belonging to Shuang was discovered in the southwest corner of the temple grounds. It descended into the earth by about one zhang; the walls were entirely built with neatly stacked square stones. The stonework was finely crafted and completely intact. All the stone materials conformed to standard specifications. Unless it was Cao Shuang himself, an ordinary craftsman would find it extremely difficult to replicate such work. Huan Shi once said: "Cao Zidan raised piglets and calves before this," which is indeed true. To the left of the channel lies the site of old temples from the Wei and Jin dynasties; today, it is entirely occupied by civilian dwellings, with no remaining walls. The Qu Shui River then flows westward through the area between temples and ancestral shrines, turning south to flow into Nanqu. Each temple and ancestral shrine was distinguished by its specific location and characteristics. The "Rites of Zhou" states that temples and the road 寝 (road qin) were all like Mingtang, with also a banquet 寝 (banquet qin). Only the tiao temple did not have this, and later generations generally combined them into one temple, arranging the main halls below without restoring the banquet 寝 system. The "Rites" state: When a Son of Heaven establishes a state, he places the temple on the left and the ancestral shrine on the right. Stone is used as the main offering, and when making sacrifices, he wears the xi mian (a ceremonial cap). Nowadays, many marquises and ministers perform rituals on behalf of the king; the monarch does not personally offer sacrifices. In the first year of Xinning, a great wind blew in Luoyang; trees at the imperial ancestral shrine were broken, and green vapor reached the sky. The Yuan king crossed eastward, and Wei's ancestral shrine flourished instead. The Qu Shui River flows east from Tongtuo Street, passing south of Sima Men. Emperor Ming of Wei first built it; however, the Que collapsed and killed hundreds of people, so no further construction was undertaken, hence there are no Que gates. In the southern screen area, there used to be a place where bronze Wengzhong statues were placed. After the Jin Di statues had been lost, this site was also abandoned; only broken stones remain now. From here south to Xuanyang Men, the roads run straight and intersect freely; all are lined with expressways. The restrictions on passage were identical to those of the two Han dynasties. Cao Zijian once walked along the imperial street, violating gate regulations, and was thus looked down upon for this offense. The Qu Shui River again flows eastward past what Du Yu Kai referred to as Zhaiquan to the north; there is no water here now. The ditch was six zhang and nine chi long, over two zhang deep; it appears to be man-made but does not resemble a spring or reservoir. This is one piece of evidence confirming its authenticity. Also, Huangfu Mi's "Shiji of Emperors and Kings" states: When the royal court was established, they moved in. Since Chengzhou was too small to accommodate a capital city, they destroyed Zhaiquan and expanded it. With the spring's source blocked, there is clearly no trace of its original location; this is the second piece of evidence proving its inauthenticity. Du Yu said: Zhaiquan was located to the southwest of Taicang. If it is stated as being in the southwest, then within Luoyang it cannot be located to the northeast; this constitutes the third piece of evidence proving its falsity. Investigating the geographical description, the matter is almost clear—it cannot be Zhaiquan. The Qu Shui River passes in front of Sikong Fu, flows south past Taicang, exits beneath the Shiqiao at Dongyang Men, and joins Yangqu. The Gu Shui flows south from Changhe Men, passing the east of Tushan. Three li west of the river lies a slope; on this slope is Tushan, which was constructed by Liang Ji, the great general of the Han dynasty. He built an artificial hill and planted trees to create a garden.
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張璠《漢記》曰：山多峭坂，以象二崤，積金玉，採捕禽獸，以充其中，有人殺苑兔者，迭相尋逐，死者十三人。南出逕西陽門，舊漢氏之西明門也，亦曰雍門矣。舊門在南，太和中以故門邪出，故徙是門，東對東陽門。穀水又南逕白馬寺東，昔漢明帝夢見大人，金色，項佩白光。以問羣臣，或對曰：西方有神名曰佛，形如陛下所夢，得無是乎？于是發使天竺，寫致經像。始以榆欓盛經，白馬負圖，表之中夏，故以白馬為寺名。此榆欓後移在城內愍懷太子浮圖中，近世復遷此寺。然金光流照，法輪東轉，創自此矣。穀水又南逕平樂觀東。 |
| | Zhang Fan's "Han Ji" states: The hill had many steep slopes, resembling the two Xiao Passes. It was filled with accumulated gold and jade, as well as captured birds and beasts. Once a man killed a rabbit in the park; people chased after him one after another, resulting in thirteen deaths. Flowing southward past Xiyang Men, this was the former Xi Ming Men of the Han dynasty; it was also called Yongmen. The original gate was to the south, but during Taihe, since the old gate deviated from a straight line, it was moved. This new gate faces east toward Dongyang Men. The Gu Shui River flows southward past the eastern side of Baima Temple. In ancient times, Emperor Ming of Han dreamed of a tall man with golden skin and a white light around his neck. He asked the ministers, and one replied: "There is a deity in the West named Buddha. His form resembles what Your Majesty dreamed of; could this be him?" Thus, he sent envoys to Tianzhu (India) to obtain and bring back Buddhist scriptures and images. Initially, the scriptures were placed in a yulang (a type of container), carried by a white horse with a map; to mark its arrival in China, the temple was named Baima Si after the white horse. This yulang was later moved to the pagoda of Prince Minhuai within the city, and in recent times it has been relocated again to this temple. Nevertheless, with golden light shining forth and the Dharma wheel turning eastward, Buddhism began its spread from here. The Gu Shui River then flows south past the eastern side of Pinglueguan.
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李尤《平樂觀賦》曰：乃設平樂之顯觀，章秘偉之奇珍。 |
| | Li You's "Fu on Pingle Guan" says: "Thus was established the magnificent Pingle Pavilion, displaying rare and wondrous treasures."
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華嶠《後漢書》曰：靈帝于平樂觀下起大壇，上建十二重，五采華蓋高十丈。壇東北為小壇，復建九重，華蓋高九丈，列奇兵騎士數萬人，天子住大蓋下。禮畢，天子躬擐甲，稱無上將軍，行陣三帀而還，設秘戲以示遠人。 |
| | Hua Qiao's "Book of the Later Han" says: Emperor Ling built a large altar beneath Pingle Guan, with twelve tiers on top and a colorful ornamental canopy ten zhang high. To the northeast of the altar was a smaller one, with nine tiers built on it and an ornamental canopy nine zhang high. Tens of thousands of unusual troops and cavalry were arranged there; the emperor resided beneath the large canopy. After the ceremony, the emperor personally donned armor and declared himself "Wushang General," marching three times around the formation before returning. Secret performances were arranged to impress distant visitors.
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故《東京賦》曰：其西則有平樂都場，示遠之觀，龍雀蟠蜿，天馬半漢。應劭曰：飛廉神禽，能致風氣，古人以良金鑄其象。明帝永平五年，長安迎取飛廉并銅馬，置上西門外平樂觀。今于上西門外無他基觀，惟西明門外獨有此臺，巍然廣秀，疑即平樂觀也。又言皇女稚殤，埋于臺側，故復名之曰皇女臺。晉灼曰：飛廉，鹿身頭如雀，有角而蛇尾豹文。董卓銷為金用，銅馬徙于建始殿東階下，胡軍喪亂，此象遂淪。穀水又南逕西明門，故廣陽門也。門左枝渠東派入城，逕太社前，又東逕太廟南，又東于青陽門右下涇陽渠。穀水又南，東屈逕津陽門南，故津門也。昔洛水泛泆漂害者衆，津陽城門校尉將築以遏水，諫議大夫陳宣止之曰：王尊臣也，水絶其足，朝廷中興，必不入矣。水乃造門而退。穀水又東逕宣陽門南，故苑門也。皇都遷洛，移置于此，對閶闔門南，直洛水浮桁。 |
| | Hence, the "Dongjing Fu" says: To its west lies Pingle Douchang, a spectacle for showing off to distant peoples; there are coiling dragon-creatures and Tianma (heavenly horses) spanning half the sky. Ying Shao said: Feilian is a divine bird, capable of summoning winds and weather; in ancient times, people cast its image from fine metal. In the fifth year of Yongping reign period of Emperor Ming, bronze Feilian and a bronze horse were fetched from Chang'an and placed outside Shangxi Men at Pingle Guan. Now, there are no other notable structures outside Shangxi Men; only outside Ximing Men is this platform still standing, towering and grand. It is likely the Pingle Guan. It was also said that a young princess of the imperial family died in infancy and was buried by the side of the platform, so it was renamed Huangnu Tai. Jin Zhuo said: Feilian has a deer-like body with the head of a sparrow, horns, and a snake's tail covered in leopard-like patterns. Dong Zhuo melted them down for gold, and the bronze horse was moved to beneath the eastern steps of Jianshi Dian. During the turmoil caused by the Hu army, these images were eventually lost. The Gu Shui River again flows south past Ximing Men, which was formerly Guangyang Men. A branch channel on the left side of the gate flows eastward into the city, passing in front of Taishen; it then continues east past Taomiào to the south and further east merges with Jingyang Qu at the right side of Qingyang Men. The Gu Shui River continues southward, then turns eastward to flow past Jinyang Men on the southern side; this was formerly known as Jinmen. In the past, when the Luo Shui River overflowed and caused widespread damage, a Jinyang Chengmen Jiao Wei (a military officer in charge of the city gate) planned to build a barrier to block the water. Censor-in-Attendance Chen Xuan stopped him, saying: "Wang is a minister; if you cut off its flow at the feet, when the court revives and prospers, it will certainly not enter." The water then approached the gate but receded. The Gu Shui River turns eastward again, flowing past Xuyang Men to the south; this was formerly a garden gate. When the imperial capital moved to Luoyang, it was relocated here, facing south of Changhe Men and directly opposite the Luo Shui floating bridge.
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故《東京賦》曰：溯洛背河，左伊右瀍者也。夫洛陽考之中土，卜惟洛食，寔為神也。門左即洛陽池處也。池東，舊平城門所在矣，今塞。北對洛陽南宮，故蔡邕曰：平城門，正陽之門，與宮連屬，郊祀法駕所由從出，門之最尊者。 |
| | Hence, the "Dongjing Fu" says: "Tracing back along the Luo River and facing the Yellow River, with Yi to the left and Chan to the right." Luoyang is at the center of Zhongtu (the Central Land). Divination indicated that Luoyang was suitable for settlement; it is truly a divine choice. To the left of this gate lies the former site of Luoyang Chi. To the east of the pool was the location of the old Pingcheng Men; it is now blocked up. Facing north toward the southern palace of Luoyang, hence Cai Yong said: "Pingcheng Men is the Zhengyang Gate. It connects directly to the palace and was the route taken by the imperial procession during sacrifices in the suburbs; it is the most honored gate."
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《洛陽諸宮名》曰：南宮有謻臺、臨照臺。 |
| | The "Names of Palaces in Luoyang" says: The Nan Gong had Yitai and Linzhao Tai.
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《東京賦》曰：其南則有謻門曲榭，邪阻城洫。《注》云：謻門，冰室門也；阻，依也；洫，城下池也；皆屈曲邪行，依城池為道。 |
| | The "Dongjing Fu" states: To the south were Yimen Quxia, a curved pavilion at an oblique angle blocking the city moat. The "Zhu" says: Yimen is the door to the ice house; zhu means leaning against or supporting; xu refers to the moat beneath the city walls; All these paths were winding and oblique, following the city wall and moat as their route.
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故《說文》曰：隍，城池也。有水曰池，無水曰隍矣。謻門即宣陽門也，門內有宣陽冰室，《周禮》有冰人，日在北陸而藏之，西陸朝覿而出之。冰室舊在宣陽門內，故得是名，門既擁塞，冰室又罷。穀水又逕靈臺，北望雲物也。漢光武所築，高六丈，方二十步。世祖嘗宴于此臺，得鼮鼠于臺上。亦諫議大夫第五子陵之所居，倫少子也，以清正，洛陽無主人，鄉里無田宅，寄止靈臺，或十日不炊，司隸校尉南陽左雄、尚書廬江朱孟興等，皆倫故孝廉功曹，各致禮餉，竝辭不受，永建中卒。穀水又東逕平昌門南，故平門也。又逕明堂北，漢光武中元元年立。尋其基構，上圓下方，九室重隅十二堂。蔡邕《月令章句》同之，故引水于其下為辟雝也。穀水又東逕開陽門南，《晉宮閣名》曰：故建陽門也。 |
| | Hence, the "Shuowen Jiezi" says: Huang means a city's moat or defensive ditch. A moat with water is called chi; one without water is called huang. Yimen is the same as Xuyang Men. Inside the gate was the Xuyang Bing Shi (ice house). According to the "Rites of Zhou," there were officials called Bing Ren who stored ice during the days when the sun was in the northern constellation, and retrieved it for use on days when the sun moved into the western constellation. The ice house was originally located inside Xuyang Men, hence its name; however, since the gate became blocked and impassable, the ice house was also abandoned. The Gu Shui River passes by Lingtai, where one can look northward to see clouds and celestial phenomena. It was built by Emperor Guangwu of Han, with a height of six zhang and a square base twenty bu on each side. Emperor Shizu once held a banquet at this platform and caught a shi shu (a kind of rodent) on the terrace. It was also the residence of Di Wuzi, a Censor-in-Attendance and the youngest son of Lun. He lived with integrity; there were no properties or fields in Luoyang or his hometown, so he stayed at Lingtai. Sometimes ten days would pass without cooking food. Shi Li Jiao Wei Nan Yang Zuo Xiong, Shangshu Lujiang Zhu Mengxing and others, who had all been appointed as Xiaolian officials by Lun's office of Gongcao, each sent gifts to him, but he declined them all. He died during the Yongjian period. The Gu Shui River further flows eastward past Pingchang Men to the south, which was formerly known as Pingmen. It then passes north of Mingtang, established in the first year of Zhongyuan reign period by Emperor Guangwu of Han. Examining its foundation and structure, it was circular on top and square at the base, with nine rooms, multiple corners, and twelve halls. Cai Yong's "Yue Ling Zhangju" agrees with this description; therefore, water was channeled beneath it to form Biyong. The Gu Shui River flows further eastward past Kaiyang Men to the south. The "Names of Palaces and Pavilions in Jin" says: This was formerly known as Jianyang Men.
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《漢官》曰：開陽門始成，未有名宿，昔有一柱來，在樓上。琅琊開陽縣上言：縣南城門，一柱飛去。光武皇帝使來，識視良是，遂堅縛之，因刻記年、月、日以名焉。何湯字仲弓，嘗為門候，上微行夜還，湯閉門不內，朝廷嘉之。又東逕國子太學《石經》北，《周禮》有國學，教成均之法。 |
| | The "Han Guan" states: When Kaiyang Men was first completed, it had no name yet; in the past, there was a single column here on the upper floor. Langya Kaiyang Xian submitted an official report: "A pillar from the southern city gate of our county flew away." Emperor Guangwu sent someone to investigate, who confirmed it was genuine. They then firmly fastened the pillar and carved a record of the year, month, and day on it, thus naming it Kaiyang Men. He Tang, courtesy name Zhonggong, once served as a gate officer. When the emperor made an incognito visit and returned at night, He Tang refused to open the gate, and his integrity was praised by the court. Further east it flows past the northern side of the Guizi Taixue and its "Shijing" (Stone Classics). According to the "Rites of Zhou," there was a national school, where the laws of Chengjun were taught.
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《學記》曰：古者，家有塾，黨有庠，遂有序，國有學。亦有虞氏之上庠、下庠，夏后氏之東序、西序，殷人之左學、左學，周人之東膠、虞庠。《王制》云：養國老于上庠，養庶老于下庠，故有太學、小學，教國之子弟焉，謂之國子。漢魏以來，置太學于國子堂。東漢靈帝光和六年，刻石鏤碑載《五經》，立于太學講堂前，悉在東側。蔡邕以熹平四年，與五官中郎將堂谿典，光祿大夫楊賜，諫議大夫馬日磾、議郎張馴、韓說，太史令單颺等，奏求正定《六經》文字。靈帝許之。邕乃自書丹于碑，使工鐫刻，立于太學門外。于是後儒晚學，咸取正焉。及碑始立，其觀視及筆寫者，車乘日千餘輛，填塞街陌矣。今碑上悉銘刻蔡邕等名。魏正始中，又立古、篆、隸《三字石經》。古文出于黃帝之世，倉頡本鳥跡為字，取其孳乳相生，故文字有六義焉。自秦用篆書，焚燒先典，古文絶矣。魯恭王得孔子宅書，不知有古文，謂之科斗書。蓋因科斗之名，遂效其形耳。言大篆出于周宣之時，史籀創著。平王東遷，文字乖錯，秦之李斯及胡母敬，又改籀書，謂之小篆，故有大篆、小篆焉。然許氏《字說》專釋于篆，而不本古文，言古隸之書起于秦代，而篆字文繁，無會劇務。故用隸人之省，謂之隸書。或云即程邈于雲陽增損者，是言隸者，篆捷也。孫暢之嘗見青州刺史傅弘仁說臨淄人發古冢，得銅棺，前和外隱起為隸字，言齊太公六世孫胡公之棺也。惟三字是古，餘同今書，證知隸自出古，非始于秦。魏初，傳古文出邯鄲淳，《石經》古文，轉失淳法，樹之于堂西，石長八尺，廣四尺，列石于其下，碑石四十八枚，廣三十丈。魏明帝又刊《典論》六碑，附于其次。陸機言：《太學贊》別一碑，在講堂西，下列《石龜碑》，載蔡邕、韓說、堂谿典等名。《太學弟子贊》復一碑，在外門中。今二碑竝無。《石經》東有一碑，是漢順帝陽嘉元年立，碑文云：建武二十七年造太學，年積毀壞。永建六年九月，詔書脩太學，刻石記年，用作工徒十一萬二千人，陽嘉元年八月作畢。碑南面刻頌，表裏鏤字，猶存不破。《漢石經》北有晉《辟雝雍行禮碑》，是太始二年立。其碑中折，但世代不同，物不停故，《石經》淪缺，存半毀幾，駕言永久，諒用憮焉。考古有三雍之文，今靈臺太學，竝無辟雝處。晉永嘉中，王彌、劉曜入洛，焚毀二學，尚髣髴前基矣。穀水于城東南隅枝分北注，逕青陽門東，故清明門也，亦曰稅門，亦曰芒門。又北逕東陽門東，故中東門也。又北逕故太倉西，《洛陽地記》曰：大城東有太倉，倉下運船常有千計。即是處也。又北入洛陽溝。穀水又東，左迆為池。又東，右出為方湖，東西百九十步，南北七十步，故水衡署之所在也。穀水又東南轉屈而東注，謂之阮曲，云阮嗣宗之故居也。穀水又東注鴻池陂，《百官志》曰：鴻池，池名也，在洛陽東二十里，丞一人，二百石。池東西千步，南北千一百步，四周有塘池，中又有東西橫塘，水溜徑通，故李尤《鴻池陂銘》曰：鴻澤之陂，聖王所規，開源東注，出自城池也。其水又東，左合七里澗，《晉後畧》曰：成都王穎使吳人陸機為前鋒都督，伐京師，輕進，為洛軍所乘，大敗于鹿苑，人相登躡，死于塹中及七里澗，澗為之滿，即是澗也。澗有石梁，即旅人橋也。昔孫登不欲久居洛陽，知楊氏榮不保終，思欲遁跡林鄉，隱淪妄死，楊駿埋之于此橋之東，駿後尋亡矣。 |
| | The "Xue Ji" says: In ancient times, there were schools at the family level called Shu, at the party level called Xiang, at the regional level called Xu, and at the national level called Xue. There were also the Shangxiang and Xiaoxiang of You Shi, the Dongxu and Xixu of Xia Hou Shi, the Zuoxue and Zuoxue of Yin people, and the Dongjiao and Yuxiang of Zhou people. The "Wang Zhi" says: The upper Xiang housed the elderly of noble families, while the lower Xiang housed common elders. Thus there were Taixue (great schools) and Xiaoxue (primary schools), where the sons and grandsons of the state were educated; they were called Guizi. Since the Han and Wei dynasties, Taixue was established in the Guizi Tang (Hall of National Sons). In the sixth year of Guanghe reign period under Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han, stone tablets inscribed with the "Five Classics" were carved and erected in front of the lecture hall at Taixue; they were all located on the eastern side. In the fourth year of Xiping, Cai Yong, together with Guanwanchonglangjiang Tangxi Dian, Guanglu 大夫 Yang Ci, Jianyi Daifu Ma Ridi, Yilang Zhang Xun and Han Yue, Taishi Ling Shan Yang, etc., submitted a memorial requesting to correct and standardize the texts of the "Six Classics." Emperor Ling approved it. Cai Yong then personally inscribed the vermilion script on stone tablets, had artisans carve them, and erected them outside the Taixue gate. From then on, later Confucian scholars and students all referred to these inscriptions for standardization. When the stone tablets were first erected, those who came to view or copy them filled the streets with over a thousand carts each day, clogging the roads. Now all the names of Cai Yong and others are inscribed on the stone tablets. During the Zhengshi period of the Wei dynasty, ancient script, seal script, and clerical script "Three-Script Stone Classics" were also erected. Ancient script originated in the era of Emperor Huangdi, when Cangjie created characters based on bird tracks. He took inspiration from their patterns and how they reproduced and evolved; thus, there are six principles governing Chinese characters. Since the Qin dynasty adopted seal script and burned earlier classics, ancient script was lost. Prince Gongwang of Lu discovered books from Confucius's former residence but did not recognize the existence of ancient script; he called it "Kedou Shu." It was probably because they took the name "Kedou" and thus imitated its form. The large seal script is said to have originated in the time of King Xuan of Zhou, created by Shi Zhou. When King Ping moved the capital eastward, written characters became inconsistent. In the Qin dynasty, Li Si and Huhou Jing revised Zhou Shu once more, calling it small seal script; thus there were both large and small seal scripts. However, Xu Shen's "Zishuo" focused exclusively on explaining seal script without referring to ancient script. He claimed that clerical script originated in the Qin dynasty because the complexity of seal script characters made it unsuitable for handling urgent official business. Therefore, they adopted a simplified form used by clerks and called it "clerical script." Some say this was the style improved or modified by Cheng Miao in Yunyang; thus, it is said that clerical script is a swift form of seal script. Sun Changzhi once saw Qingzhou Cishi Fu Hongren, who said that people from Linzi had unearthed an ancient tomb and found a bronze coffin. On the front of its lid were clerical script characters subtly raised; it was claimed to be the coffin of King Hu Gong, the sixth-generation descendant of Tai Gong of Qi. Only three characters were in ancient script; the rest were identical to modern writing, proving that clerical script originated from ancient times and did not begin in the Qin dynasty. At the beginning of the Wei dynasty, it was said that ancient script had been transmitted by Handan Chun. However, the "Shijing" (Stone Classics) in ancient script gradually lost the style of Handan Chun. They were erected on the western side of the hall; each stone tablet was eight chi long and four chi wide. Stone slabs were arranged beneath them, with a total of forty-eight stone tablets covering thirty zhang in width. Emperor Ming of Wei also carved six stone tablets inscribed with "Dian Lun," placing them adjacent to the others. Lu Ji said: A separate stone tablet inscribed with "Tai Xue Zan" is located to the west of the lecture hall, beneath which are the "Shigu Bei" (Stone Turtle Stele), recording the names of Cai Yong, Han Yue, Tangxi Dian and others. Another stone tablet inscribed with "Tai Xue Disciples' Zan" is located in the central part of the outer gate. Now both steles are missing. To the east of the "Shijing" is one stone tablet, erected in the first year of Yangjia under Emperor Shun of Han. The inscription on it reads: In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, Taixue was built; over time, it deteriorated and was damaged. In the ninth month of the sixth year of Yongjian, an imperial edict ordered repairs to Taixue. Stone tablets were carved with the date, and 112,000 laborers were employed; construction was completed in the eighth month of the first year of Yangjia. The southern side of the stele is inscribed with a eulogy, and characters are carved on both sides; it still remains intact. To the north of the "Han Shijing" is a Jin dynasty stele titled "Bi Yong Yong Xing Li Bei," which was erected in the second year of Taishi. The stele is broken in the middle, but since times and generations differ, things do not remain unchanged. The "Shijing" has suffered damage and loss; only half remains while most are destroyed. To claim it will last forever is surely a delusion. Ancient records mention the "Three Yongs," but today, at Lingtai Taixue, there is no place for Bi Yong. During the middle of the Yongjia period in the Jin dynasty, Wang Mi and Liu Yao entered Luoyang and burned down both schools; only faint traces of their former foundations remain. The Gu Shui River branches off to the north from the southeast corner of the city, flowing past Qingyang Men to the east. This was formerly known as Qingsheng Men, also called Shuimen or Mangmen. Further north it flows past Dongyang Men to the east; this was formerly known as Zhongdong Men. Further north it flows past the western side of Gu Taicang. The "Luoyang Diji" says: To the east of the great city was Taicang, and there were often thousands of transport ships moored beneath its warehouses. This is that location. Further north, it flows into Luoyang Gou (Luoyang Trench). The Gu Shui River then turns eastward again and forms a pond on its left bank. Further to the east, it branches off to form Fanghu Lake, which is 190 bu wide from east to west and 70 bu long from north to south. This was the location of the Shuiheng Shu (Office of Water Management). The Gu Shui River turns southeastward, then bends eastward again; this section is called Ruangu Qu. It is said to be the former residence of Ruan Sizong. The Gu Shui River further flows eastward into Hongchi Bei. The "Banguan Zhi" says: Hongchi is the name of a pond, located twenty li to the east of Luoyang; it had one chief officer with an annual salary rank of 200 dan. The pond was 1,000 bu wide from east to west, and 1,100 bu long from north to south; it had dikes surrounding it on all sides. Inside were also crosswise canals running east-west, with water channels directly connecting them. Hence, Li You's "Hongchi Bei Ming" says: The Hongze Bei pond was planned by a sage king; its source opened in the east and flowed from within the city walls. The water then flows further east, merging with Qili Jian on its left. The "Jin Hou Lue" says: Chengdu Wang Ying sent Wu native Lu Ji as the vanguard commander to attack the capital. Advancing recklessly, he was ambushed by Luoyang forces and suffered a crushing defeat at Luyuan. Troops trampled each other in panic; many died in ditches or Qili Jian, filling it up completely—this is that ravine. There was a stone bridge over the ravine, known as Lüren Qiao (Bridge of Travelers). In the past, Sun Deng did not wish to remain in Luoyang for long. Knowing that Yang Shi's glory could not last forever, he wished to retreat into the mountains and forests, vanishing from public life or even faking his death. Yang Jun buried him east of this bridge; soon after, Yang Jun himself died.
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《搜神記》曰：太康末，京洛始為《折楊之歌》，有兵革辛苦之辭。駿後被誅，太后幽死，折楊之應也。凡是數橋，皆纍石為之，亦高壯矣。制作甚佳，雖以時往損功，而不廢行旅。《朱超石與兄書》云：橋去洛陽宮六七里，悉用大石，下圓以通水，可受大舫過也。題其上云：太康三年十一月初就功，日用七萬五千人，至四月末止。此橋經破落，復更脩補，今無復文字。陽渠水又東流逕漢廣野君酈食其廟南，廟在北山上，成公綏所謂偃師西山也。山上舊基尚存，廟宇東向，門有兩石人對倚，北石人胸前銘云：門亭長。石人西有二石闕，雖經頹毀，猶高丈餘。闕西，即廟故基也，基前有碑，文字剥缺，不復可識。子安仰澄芬于萬古，讚清徽于廟像，文字厥集矣。陽渠水又東逕毫殷南，昔盤庚所遷，改商曰殷此始也。班固曰：尸鄉，故殷湯所都者也。故亦曰湯亭。薛瓚《漢書注》、皇甫謐《帝王世紀》，竝以為非，以為帝嚳都矣。《晉太康記》、《地道記》，竝言田橫死于是亭，故改曰尸鄉。非也。余按司馬彪《郡國志》，以為《春秋》之尸氏也，其澤，野負原，夾郭多墳隴焉。即陸士衡會王輔嗣處也。袁氏《王陸詩叙》，機初入洛，次河南之偃師，時忽結陰，望道左若有民居者，因往逗宿，見一少年，姿神端遠，與機言玄，機服其能而無以酬折，前致一辯，機題緯古今，綜檢名實，此少年不甚欣解。將曉，去，稅駕逆旅，嫗曰：君何宿而來？自東數十里無村落，止有山陽王家墓。機乃怪悵，還睇昨路，空野霾雲，攢木蔽日，知所遇者，審王弼也。此山即祝雞翁之故居也。 |
| | The "Sou Shen Ji" says: In the final years of Taikang, the capital Luoyang began to sing the song "Zheyang Zhi Ge," which contained lyrics lamenting the hardships and sufferings of war. After Yang Jun was executed, the Empress Dowager was imprisoned to death—this was the fulfillment of the "Zheyang" prophecy. All these bridges were constructed by piling stones, and they were also tall and sturdy. Their construction was excellent; although some damage occurred over time, they never ceased to serve travelers. Zhu Chaoshi's letter to his elder brother says: The bridge is six or seven li away from the Luoyang palace. It was entirely built with large stones, and its lower part was rounded to allow water passage; it could accommodate the passage of large boats. An inscription on its upper part reads: Construction was completed in the first month of the third year of Taikang. Each day, 75,000 workers were employed, and it lasted until the end of the fourth month. This bridge has since fallen into disrepair and was later repaired; now there are no inscriptions remaining on it. The Yangqu Shui flows further eastward, passing to the south of the temple of Han Guangye Jun Li Shi Ji. The temple is located on the northern mountain; this was what Cheng Gong Sui referred to as the western mountains of Yanshi. The old foundation on the mountain still remains; the temple faces east, and two stone figures stand facing each other at its gate. The inscription on the chest of the northern stone figure reads: "Menting Chang." To the west of the stone figures are two stone wuque (gate towers). Though partially collapsed, they still stand more than one zhang high. To the west of these wuque is the former foundation of the temple; in front of it stands a stele, but its inscriptions are weathered and incomplete, no longer legible. Zi An extols the enduring fragrance of Chenge Fen through all ages and praises the clear virtues depicted in the temple images; thus, his writings are collected. The Yangqu Shui further flows eastward past Mao Yin Nan. In ancient times, this was where Pangeng relocated and changed the name of the dynasty from "Shang" to "Yin," marking its beginning. Ban Gu said: Shixiang was where King Tang of Yin once established his capital. Therefore, it is also called Tangting. Xue Zan's "Han Shu Zhu," Huangfu Mi's "Dishang Shiji," and others all disagree, believing it to have been the capital of Emperor Ku instead. The "Jin Taikang Ji" and "Didaoji Ji" both state that Tian Heng died in this town, hence it was renamed Shixiang. This is incorrect. Upon examining Sima Biao's "Jun Guo Zhi," I believe this refers to the Shi Shi mentioned in the "Chunqiu." Its marshes and plains are surrounded by hills, with many burial mounds clustered near the city walls. This is where Lu Shiheng met Wang Fusi. Yuan Shi's "Wang Lu Shi Xu" records that when Lu Ji first arrived in Luoyang, he stopped at Yanshi in Henan. At the time, it suddenly became overcast; looking to his left along the road, he saw what seemed like a civilian house and went there for lodging. There, he met a young man of dignified bearing who spoke with him about profound philosophical topics. Lu Ji was impressed by the youth's ability but could not find words to challenge or respond to him. The youth presented an argument first; Lu Ji then composed a discourse weaving together ancient and modern ideas while examining names and realities thoroughly, yet this young man did not seem particularly pleased or convinced. As dawn approached, the youth left. Lu Ji stopped at an inn and asked a woman there: "Whom did you host last night?" She said that for ten li to the east, there were no villages; only the tomb of Wangjia in Shanyang existed. Lu Ji was startled and melancholy; he returned to look at the road from yesterday, but it was now an empty field shrouded in clouds, with dense trees blocking out the sun. He realized that the person he had met was indeed Wang Bi. This mountain is where Zhu Ji Weng once lived.
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《搜神記》曰：祝雞翁者，洛陽人也，居尸鄉北山下，養雞百年餘，雞至千餘頭，皆有名字，欲取，呼之名，則種別而至。後之吳山，莫知所去矣。穀水又東逕偃師城南，皇甫謐曰：帝嚳作都于毫，偃師是也。王莽之所謂師氏者也。穀水又東流注于洛水矣。 |
| | The "Sou Shen Ji" says: Zhu Ji Weng was a native of Luoyang who lived at the foot of the northern mountain in Shixiang. He raised chickens for over one hundred years, and his flock grew to more than 1,000 birds, each with its own name. When he wanted to take some, he would call their names, and they would come according to their breeds. Later, he went to Wushan, but no one knows where he went after that. The Gu Shui River again flows eastward past the southern side of Yanshi Cheng. Huangfu Mi said: Emperor Ku established his capital at Mao, which is Yanshi. This was what Wang Mang referred to as "Shishi." The Gu Shui River continues eastward and flows into the Luo Shui.
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