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突厥之先，平涼雜胡也，蓋匈奴之別種，姓阿史那氏。後魏太武滅沮渠氏，阿史那以五百家奔蠕蠕，代居金山，狀如兜鍪，俗呼兜鍪為「突厥」，因以為號。或云，其先國於西海之上，為鄰國所滅，男女無少長，盡殺之。有一兒，年且十歲，以其小不忍殺之，乃刖足斷臂，棄於大澤中。有牝狼每銜肉至於兒處所，此兒因食之，得以不死。其後遂與狼交，狼有孕焉。負於西海之東，止於山上。其山在高昌西北，有洞穴，狼入其中，遇得平壤茂草，地方二百餘里。後狼生十男，長大外託妻孕，其後各為一姓，阿史那即其一也。子孫蕃育，漸至數百家。經數代，相與穴處而臣於蠕蠕。又云，先出於索國，在匈奴之北。其部落大人曰阿謗步，兄弟十七人，其一曰伊質泥師都，狼所生也。謗步等性並愚癡，國遂被滅。泥師都既別感異氣，能徵召風雨。娶二妻，云是夏神、冬神之女，一孕而生四男。其大兒名訥都六設，眾奉為主，號為突厥。都六所生子，皆以母族為姓，阿史那是其一也，號阿賢設。此說雖殊，然俱狼種也。 |
| | The ancestors of the Tujue were mixed Hu people from Pingliang , and they are considered a branch of the Xiongnu, bearing the surname Ashina. The Taiwu Emperor of the Later Wei dynasty destroyed the Juqu clan. Ashina fled with 500 families to the Ruru, and their descendants settled in the region of the Jinshan Mountains. The mountain resembles a doupao helmet; the local people called such helmets "Tujue," so they adopted this name as their designation. Some say that their ancestors had a state located on the western sea, but it was destroyed by neighboring states. All men and women, regardless of age, were killed. There was a boy who was nearly ten years old; because he was too young to be killed, they instead severed his feet and arms and abandoned him in a large marsh. A female wolf would often carry meat to the boy's location, so he ate it and thus survived. Later on, he mated with the wolf, who then became pregnant. She gave birth to offspring east of the western sea and stopped at a mountain. The mountain is located northwest of Gaochang, where there are caves; the wolf entered one and found a flat area with lush grass covering more than 200 li. Later, the wolf gave birth to ten sons, who grew up and married outside their family. Afterward, each of them became a separate surname; Ashina is one of these surnames. Their descendants multiplied gradually to several hundred families. Over several generations, they lived together in caves and became subjects of the Ruru. Another account says that they originally came from Suoguo, located to the north of the Xiongnu. The chieftain of their tribal group was named Abangbu, who had seventeen brothers. One of them was Yizhini Shidou, born from the wolf. The Abangbus were all foolish and ignorant, so their state was eventually destroyed. Nishidou, however, had a special nature and could summon winds and rains. He married two wives, who were said to be the daughters of the summer god and winter god; from one pregnancy she gave birth to four sons. Their eldest son, named Nedu Liu She, was honored by the people as their leader and given the title "Tujue." The sons of Liu She all took their mother's surname; Ashina was one of them, and he was called Axienshe. Although these accounts differ, they are all said to be descendants of wolves.
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後魏末，其酋帥土門，部落稍盛，始至塞上通中國。至西魏大統十二年，乃求婚於蠕蠕，蠕蠕主阿那瑰大怒，使人罵辱之曰：「爾是我鍛奴，何敢發是言也！」土門發兵擊蠕蠕，大破之於懷荒北，阿那瑰自殺。土門遂自號伊利可汗，猶古之單于也；號其妻為可賀敦，亦猶古之閼氏也。其子弟謂之特勤，別部領兵者謂之設，其大官屈律啜，次阿波，次頡利發，次吐屯，次俟斤。其初，國貴賤官號凡有十等，或以形體，或以老少，或以顏色、鬚髮，或以酒肉，或以獸名。其勇健者謂之始波羅，亦呼為英賀弗。肥麤者謂之大羅便。大羅便，酒器也，似角而麤短，體貌似之，故以為號。此官特貴，惟其子弟為之。又謂老為哥利，故有哥利達官。謂馬為賀蘭，故有賀蘭蘇尼闕，蘇尼，掌兵之官也。謂黑色者為珂羅便，故有珂羅啜，官甚高，耆年者為之。謂髮為索葛，故有索葛吐屯，此如州郡官也。謂酒為匐你熱汗，熱汗掌監察非違，釐整班次。謂肉為安禪，故有安禪具泥，掌家事如國官也。有時置附鄰可汗，附鄰，狼名也，取其貪殺為稱。亦有可汗位在葉護下者。或有居家大姓相呼為遺可汗者，突厥呼屋為遺，言屋可汗也。 |
| | At the end of the Later Wei dynasty, their chieftain Tumen gradually grew stronger in his tribal group and first came to the frontier regions to establish contact with China. In the twelfth year of Datong in the Western Wei dynasty, they sent a marriage proposal to the Ruru. The ruler of the Ruru, Ana Gui, became very angry and sent someone to scold them, saying: "You are my blacksmith slave; how dare you make such a statement!" Tumen raised an army to attack the Ruru and decisively defeated them north of Huaiguang. Ana Gui committed suicide. Tumen then declared himself Yili Khan. This was similar to the ancient Shanyu. He titled his wife "Kehedun," which is also analogous to the ancient Yishi. His sons and younger relatives were called Tekin; those who led separate military units were called She. The major officials included Qilve Chuo, followed by Abopo, then Jileifa, Tounun, and Sijin. Initially, the Tujue had ten ranks of official titles distinguishing nobility and commoners. These titles were sometimes based on physical characteristics, age, facial features or hair color, food such as meat and alcohol, or even animal names. The brave and strong were called Shibolo, also known as Yinghufu. Those who were fat and coarse were called Dalobian. Dalobian is a type of wine vessel, resembling a horn but coarser and shorter; since their bodies appeared similar to it, they adopted this term as a title. This position was especially prestigious and held exclusively by his descendants. They also referred to the elderly as Goli, hence there were officials called Golidaguan. They referred to horses as Helan, so there was an official named Hulan Suni Que; "Suni" was a military officer in charge of troops. Those with black features were called Kebolian, so there were officials named Kele Chuo; this was a very high-ranking position held by elderly individuals. They referred to hair as Suoge, so there were officials called Suoge Tounun; these positions were comparable to local state and commandery officials. They referred to alcohol as Funirehan, so the Rehan was responsible for overseeing violations and maintaining proper order in ranks and ceremonies. They referred to meat as Anchans, so there were officials called Anchans Juni, who managed household affairs in a manner similar to state officials. At times they appointed an Fulin Khan; "Fulin" was the name of a wolf, and this title was chosen for its connotation of greed and ferocity. There were also Khans whose positions ranked below that of Yehu. Some influential families at home would call each other Ye Khan; the Tujue called a house "Ye," so this meant "House Khan."
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木杆可汗狀貌奇異，面廣尺餘，其色甚赤，眼若琉璃，性剛暴而多智。西破蠕蠕、缁噠，東走契丹，北并契骨，威服塞外諸國。其地東自遼海以西，西至西海萬餘里，南自沙漠，北至北海五六千里，皆屬焉。 |
| | Mugan Khan He had an unusual appearance; his face was more than a chi wide, with a very red complexion and eyes like lapis lazuli. He was naturally fierce and violent but also highly intelligent. To the west, he defeated the Ruru and Zitda; to the east, he drove back the Qidan; to the north, he annexed the Qiegu. He imposed his authority on various states beyond the frontier. His territory extended from west of Liao Hai in the east to more than ten thousand li westward, and from the southern deserts northward to five or six thousand li reaching Bei Hai; all these regions were under his control.
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其俗如古之匈奴，其異者，其主初立，近侍重臣者舁之以氈，隨日轉九迴，每一迴，臣下皆拜，訖，乃扶令乘馬，以帛絞其頸，使纔不至絕，然後釋而急問之曰：「你能作幾年可汗？」其主既神情瞀亂，不能詳定多少。臣下等隨其所言，以驗修短之數。其後大官有葉護，次設，次特勤，次俟利發，次吐屯發，及餘小官凡二十八等，皆代襲焉。兵器有角弓、鳴鏑、甲、桕、刀、劍，其佩飾則兼有伏突。旗纛之上，施金狼頭。侍衛之士，謂之附離，夏言亦狼也。蓋本狼生，志不忘舊。其徵發兵馬及科稅雜畜，輒刻木為數，并一金鏃箭，蠟封印之，以為信契。候月將滿，輒為寇抄。其刑法：反叛、殺人者皆死，淫者割勢而腰斬之，鬥傷人目者償之以女，無女則輸婦，損折支體者輸馬，盜者則償贓十倍。有死者，停屍於帳，子孫及諸親屬男女，各殺羊馬，陳於帳前，以刀剺面且哭，血淚俱流，如此者七度，乃止。春夏死者候草木落，秋冬死者候華葉茂，然後始坎而瘞之。於墓所立石建標，其石多少，依平生所殺人數。是日，男女咸盛服飾，會於葬所。男有悅愛於女者，歸即遣人聘問，父母多不違也。雖遷徙無常，而各有地分。可汗處於都斤山，每歲率諸貴人，祭其先窟。又以五月中旬，集他人水，拜祭天神。又於都斤西五百里，有高山迥出，上無草樹，謂為绗登疑梨，夏言地神也。其書字類胡，而不知年曆，唯以草青為記。男子好樗蒲，女踏鞠，飲馬酪取醉，歌呼相對。敬鬼神。 |
| | Their customs were similar to those of the ancient Xiongnu, with one notable difference: when a new ruler was first enthroned, his close attendants and high-ranking ministers would carry him on felt while following the sun's movement in nine circles. At each circle, all subordinates would bow. After completing this ritual, they would support him onto a horse and use silk to strangle his neck until he was barely conscious but not yet dead. Then they would release him and immediately ask urgently: "How many years can you be khan?" The ruler, in a state of dazed confusion, could not clearly determine the number. His ministers would then follow whatever he said to predict the length of his reign. After that, the major officials included Yehu, followed by She, Tekin, Sileifa, Toununa, and other minor positions totaling twenty-eight ranks; all of these were hereditary. Their weapons included horned bows, whistling arrows, armor, leather shields, swords, and knives. Their ornaments also featured futo decorations. A golden wolf's head was placed on top of their banners. Their guards were called Fuli, which in the Xiongnu language also meant "wolf." This was because they originally descended from wolves and wished to remain mindful of their origins. Whenever they mobilized troops, horses, or levied taxes on livestock, they would carve wooden tally sticks to record the numbers and attach a golden-tipped arrow. They sealed it with wax and an imprint as proof of authenticity. They often launched raids just before the moon was full. Their legal system was as follows: those who committed treason or murder were executed; adulterers had their testicles removed and then were beheaded at the waist. Those who injured another's eye had to compensate with a daughter, or if they had no daughters, by providing a wife instead. For limb injuries, compensation was made in horses. Thieves had to repay ten times the value of what they stole. When someone died, the body was placed in a tent. The deceased's sons, daughters, and all relatives of both genders would each slaughter sheep and horses, placing them before the tent while cutting their faces with knives and wailing. Blood and tears flowed together; this ritual was repeated seven times before they ceased. If someone died in spring or summer, the burial would be delayed until the grass and trees withered; if they died in autumn or winter, it was postponed until flowers and leaves flourished. Only then would a pit be dug for interment. They erected stones and set up markers at the burial site, with the number of stones corresponding to the number of people the deceased had killed in life. On that day, both men and women wore their finest attire and gathered at the burial site. If a man had affection for a woman, upon returning home he would send someone to propose marriage; parents often did not object. Although they moved frequently without fixed patterns, each group still had its own designated territory. The Khan resided in the Dujin Mountains and annually led various nobles to perform sacrifices at their ancestral caves. Additionally, on the fifteenth day of the fifth lunar month, they gathered by a sacred water source and offered prayers and sacrifices to the heavenly gods. Five hundred li west of Dujin Mountain, there was a high and isolated mountain with no grass or trees on top; it was called Hangding Yili, which in Xiongnu meant the earth god. Their script resembled that of other Hu peoples, but they did not know about calendars or years; instead, they marked time only by the greening of grass. Men enjoyed playing cu pu (a dice game), while women played cuju (kickball). They drank mare's milk wine to get drunk and sang and shouted at each other in merriment. They revered ghosts and gods.
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俟斤既盛，使於西魏，請誅蠕蠕主。後周武帝納其女為后。至他缽可汗，以攝圖為爾伏可汗，統其東面；又以其弟但耨可汗子為步離可汗，居西方。控弦數十萬，中國憚之，周、齊爭結婚姻，傾府藏事之，仍歲給繒綵十萬段。突厥在京師者待以優禮，衣錦食肉者常以千數。他缽益驕，曰：「使我在南兩兒孝順，何患貧也！」後攝圖立為大可汗，號伊利俱盧設莫何始波羅可汗，一號沙缽略。理都斤山。以他缽之子菴羅降居獨洛水，稱第二可汗。木杆之子大邏便乃謂沙缽略曰：「我與你俱可汗子，各承父後。你今極尊，我獨無位，何也？」沙缽略以為阿波可汗，還鎮所部。沙缽略勇而得眾，北狄皆歸附之。 |
| | After Sijin grew powerful, he sent envoys to the Western Wei, requesting permission to kill the Ruru leader. The Wu Di Emperor of the Later Zhou dynasty took their daughter as his empress. When Tabo Khan he appointed She Tu as Erfu Khan to govern the eastern region; He also appointed the son of his younger brother Dan Nou Khan as Buli Khan, to reside in the west. They had tens of thousands of mounted warriors, and the Chinese feared them. Both the Zhou and Qi dynasties competed to form marital alliances with them, lavishing their treasuries on gifts and providing 100,000 bolts of silk and brocade annually. Those Tujue envoys in the capital were treated with great courtesy, and there were often thousands of them wearing brocade and eating meat. Tabo became increasingly arrogant, saying: "If I had two obedient sons in the south, how could I possibly worry about poverty!" Later, She Tu was enthroned as the Great Khan and took the title Yili Julu She Mohe Shibolo Khan; he was also known as Shabolie. He governed from Dujin Mountain. He placed Tabo's son Anluo in a subordinate position at Duluo River, where he was titled the Second Khan. Daluobian, the son of Mugan, said to Shabolie: "You and I are both sons of a khan and each inherited our father's legacy. Why do you now hold the highest rank, while I alone have no position?" Shabolie then appointed him Abopo Khan and returned to govern his own territory. Shabolie was brave and popular, so all the northern Di tribes submitted to him.
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周武帝之婚於木杆也，突厥錦衣肉食在長安者且以萬數。至隋初，並遣之，突厥大怨。俟斤賀敦周趙王招之女千金公主，聞周滅，故悉眾為寇，控弦四十萬，武威、天水、安定、金城、上郡，六畜咸盡。隋文帝以河閒王弘、高熲、虞慶則出塞擊之，沙缽略敗走。時虜飢甚，不得食，於是粉骨為糧，又多災疫，死者極眾。而沙缽略襲擊阿波，大破之，阿波西奔達頭可汗。達頭者，名玷厥，沙缽略之從父也，舊為西面可汗。既而大怒，遣阿波率兵而東，與沙缽略相攻，於是分為東西部，迭相侵掠。沙缽略因擊阿波，為阿拔國部落乘虛掠妻子。隋遣軍為擊阿拔，敗之，所獲悉與沙缽略。沙缽略大喜，乃立約，以磧為界，因上表曰：「大突厥伊利俱盧設始波羅莫何可汗臣攝圖言：突厥自天置以來，五十餘載，地過萬里，士馬億數，常力兼戎夷，抗禮華夏，在於北狄，莫之與大。今被霑德義，仁化所及，禮讓之風，自朝滿野。竊以天無二日，土無二主，豈敢阻兵，偷竊名號，今便歸心有道，永為藩附。謹遣男臣窟舍真奉表以聞。」後卒，帝為廢朝三日。 |
| | When the Wu Di Emperor of Zhou married into Mugan's family, there were nearly ten thousand Tujue people in Chang'an wearing brocade and eating meat at that time. At the beginning of the Sui dynasty, they were all sent away, which greatly angered the Tujue. Sijin Kehedun, the wife of Zhou's Zhao Wang Zhaowu and daughter-in-law of Princess Qianjin, upon hearing that the Zhou dynasty had been destroyed, led all her forces to raid. With forty thousand mounted warriors, they attacked Wuli, Tianshui, Anding, Jincheng, and Shang Jun They completely exhausted all livestock. Emperor Wen of Sui dispatched Hejian Wang Hong, Gao Jiong, and Yu Qingze to attack them beyond the frontier; Shabolie was defeated and fled. At that time, the enemy suffered from extreme hunger and could not find food; they resorted to grinding bones into flour for sustenance. In addition, there were frequent disasters and epidemics, resulting in an enormous number of deaths. Meanwhile, Shabolie launched a surprise attack on Abopo and decisively defeated him; Abopo fled westward to Dato Khan. Dato, whose name was Dianjue, was Shabolie's uncle and had previously been the western khan. Soon afterward, he became very angry and dispatched Abopo to lead troops eastward to attack Shabolie. Thus the Tujue split into eastern and western factions. They then began waging wars of mutual invasion and plundering against each other. While Shabolie was attacking Abopo, the tribal group of the Arab people took advantage of his absence to raid and seize his wife and children. The Sui dynasty sent troops to attack the Arab, defeated them, and gave all the captives and spoils to Shabolie. Shabolie was greatly pleased and thus made an agreement to take the desert as their boundary. He then submitted a memorial stating: "Great Tujue Yili Julusha Shiboluo Mohe Khan, my subject She Tu speaks: Since the Tujue were placed by Heaven, more than fifty years have passed; our territory spans over ten thousand li, and we number hundreds of millions in men and horses. We have always exerted force to unite both Chinese and non-Chinese peoples, maintaining equal status with the Huaxia civilization. Among the northern Di people, none can rival us." Now we have been touched by your virtue and benevolence; your kindness has reached us. The customs of courtesy and yielding, originating from the court, now permeate the countryside. I secretly believe that Heaven has but one sun, and the land has but one ruler. How dare I raise arms in defiance or secretly usurp a title? From now on, we shall wholeheartedly submit to your righteous rule and forever serve as vassals. With utmost care, I have sent my son, Minister Kueshenzhen, to present this memorial for Your Majesty's knowledge." After he died, the emperor ordered three days of court mourning.
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後葉護可汗西征阿波，生擒之。既而上書，請阿波死生之命。高熲進曰：「骨肉相殘，教之蠹也，宜存養以示寬大。」帝曰：「善。」 |
| | Hou Yehu Khan He launched a western campaign against Abopo and captured him alive. Soon afterward, he submitted a letter requesting the fate of Abopo—whether to be put to death or spared. Gao Jiong advised, "Brothers killing each other is a corruption of moral instruction; we should spare and nurture him to demonstrate our clemency." The emperor said, "Well spoken."
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頡伽施多那都藍可汗後與西面泥利可汗連結。時突利可汗居北方，遣使求婚，開皇中，帝妻以宗女安義公主。帝欲離閒北狄，故特厚禮，遣牛弘、蘇威、斛律孝卿相繼為使，突厥前後使入朝三百七十輩。突利本居北方，以尚主之故，南徙度斤舊鎮，錫賚優厚。雍虞閭怒曰：「我，大可汗也，反不如染干！」朝貢遂絕，數為邊患。雍虞閭與玷厥舉兵攻染干，盡殺其兄弟子姪，遂入蔚州。染干夜以五騎與隋使長孫晟歸朝，拜為意利珍豆啟人可汗，華言意智健也，於朔州築大利城以居之。安義公主死，又以宗女義成公主妻之，部落歸之甚眾。雍虞閭又擊之，帝復令入塞，遂於河南，在夏、勝二州之閒，發役掘塹數百里，東西距河，盡為啟人畜牧之地。詔楊素、史萬歲等擊雍虞閭，頻破之。雍虞閭旋為部下所殺。是歲，泥利可汗及葉護俱被鐵勒所敗，並奚、霫五部內徙，啟人遂有其眾。 |
| | Jieshia Shiduonadulan Khan Later, he formed an alliance with Nili Khan of the western region. At that time, Tuli Khan resided in the north; He sent envoys to request a marriage alliance; during the middle of Emperor Wen's Kaihuang era, the emperor married him to Princess Anyi, a princess from the imperial clan. The emperor wished to create discord among the northern Di peoples, so he treated them especially kindly. He sent Niuhong, Su Wei, and Hulu Liu Xiaoqing in succession as envoys; Tujue envoys visited the court a total of 370 times before and after this period. Tuli originally resided in the north, but because of his marriage to a princess, he moved south to the old town of Du Jin and was lavishly rewarded. Yongsuyu angrily said, "I am the great khan; how can I be worse than Rangan!" Thus, tribute missions to the court ceased, and they frequently became a border problem. Yongsuyu and Dianjue raised an army to attack Rangan, killing all his brothers, nephews, and other relatives, then proceeded into Weizhou. Rangan fled at night with five horsemen and returned to the Sui court together with the envoy Zhangsun Sheng. He was then enfeoffed as Yilizhendou Qiren Khan, whose Chinese name is Yizhi Jian. In Suozhou , a city named Dali Cheng was built for him to reside in. After Princess Anyi died, the emperor again married his daughter-in-law, Princess Yicheng from the imperial clan, to him; a great number of tribes flocked to him. Yongsuyu attacked him again, and the emperor once more ordered Rangan to enter within the frontier. Thus he settled in Henan, between Xia Zhou and Sheng Zhou They mobilized laborers to dig trenches hundreds of li long, stretching east-west across the river, making all this area grazing land for Qiren. The emperor issued an edict ordering Yang Su and Shi Wansui to attack Yongsuyu, who was repeatedly defeated. Soon afterward, Yongsuyu was killed by his own subordinates. In that year, Nili Khan and Yehu were both defeated by the Tiele. Along with five tribes of the Xi and Xianbei peoples, they all moved inward Qiren thus gained their followers.
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煬帝大業三年，幸榆林，啟人來朝，帝大悅，詔贊拜不名，位在諸侯王上，厚其部落酋長三千五百人，賜物二十萬段。帝親巡雲中，泝金河而東，北幸啟人所居。啟人奉觴上壽，跪伏甚恭。明年，朝於東都，禮賜益厚。 |
| | In the third year of Emperor Yang's Daye era, he visited Yulin. Qiren Khan came to pay homage, and the emperor was very pleased. He issued an edict allowing him to be addressed without his name in court ceremonies, placing him above all marquises and kings. The emperor also lavishly rewarded 3,500 tribal chieftains with a total of 200,000 bolts of silk as gifts. The emperor personally toured Yunzhong and traveled upstream along the Jinhe River He then went eastward, traveling north to Qiren's residence. Qiren presented a cup of wine to offer longevity wishes, kneeling and bowing with great respect. The following year, he paid homage at the Eastern Capital, where he was honored and rewarded even more generously.
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始畢可汗十一年，來朝於東都。其年，煬帝避暑汾陽宮，八月，始畢率其種落入寇，圍帝於雁門，詔諸郡發兵赴援，始畢引去。此後隋亂，中國人歸之者甚眾，又更強盛，勢陵中夏。迎蕭皇后，置於定襄。薛舉、竇建德、王充、劉武周、梁師都、李軌、高開道之徒，雖僭尊號，北面稱臣，受其可汗之號。東自契丹，西盡吐谷渾、高昌諸國，皆臣之。控弦百萬，戎狄之盛，近代未之有也。 |
| | Shibi Khan In the eleventh year, he came to pay homage at the Eastern Capital. In that year, Emperor Yang took refuge from the summer heat at Fenyang Gong. In August, Shibi led his tribes to launch an attack and encircled the emperor in Yanmen The emperor issued orders for all commanderies to send troops to provide relief, and Shibi withdrew his forces. After this, as the Sui dynasty fell into chaos, a great number of Chinese people defected to him; he became even stronger and more powerful, his influence overshadowing Central China. He welcomed Empress Xiao Hou and placed her in Dingxiang. Xue Ju, Dou Jiande, Wang Chong, Liu Wuzhou, Liang Shidu, Li Gui, and Gao Kaodao, although they usurped imperial titles, all submitted to him by bowing northward and accepting the title of khan from him. From the east among the Qidan people, to the west as far as Tuyuhun and Gaochang states, all became his subjects. With a hundred thousand mounted warriors under his command, the power of the Rongdi peoples reached an unprecedented height in recent times.
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大唐起義太原，劉文靜聘其國，引以為援。始畢遣特勤康稍利獻馬千匹，會於絳郡，又遣二千騎助軍，從平京城。及高祖受隋禪，以後賞賜不可勝紀。始畢使骨咄祿特勤來朝，賜宴於太極殿，奏九部樂，錫賚甚厚。二年春，始畢帥兵渡河，至夏州，賊帥梁師都出兵會之，謀入抄掠。四月，授馬邑賊帥劉武周兵五百餘騎，遣入句注，又追兵大集，欲侵太原。 |
| | When the Great Tang raised its banner of rebellion at Taiyuan, Liu Wenjing was sent as envoy to his country and sought him out as an ally. Shibi sent the Tegin Kang Shaoli to present a thousand horses, who met at Jiang Jun. He also dispatched two thousand cavalrymen to assist in military operations and joined forces in capturing the capital city of Chang'an. After Emperor Gaozu accepted the Sui abdication, he continued to bestow rewards and gifts upon him in amounts too numerous to record. Shibi sent Gudelu Tegin to pay homage; a banquet was held in the Taiji Hall, where music from nine tribes was performed, and he received lavish gifts. In spring of the second year, Shibi led troops across the Yellow River to Xia Zhou. The rebel commander Liang Shidu sent out forces to join him, plotting to raid and plunder inside. In April, more than 500 cavalrymen were given to Liu Wuzhou, the rebel commander of Mayi, and sent into Juzhu. Additionally, large numbers of troops gathered for pursuit, intending to invade Taiyuan.
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是月，始畢卒，其子什缽苾以年幼不堪嗣位，立為泥步設，使居東偏，直幽州之北。立其弟俟利弗設，是為處羅可汗，又以隋義成公主為妻，使人入朝告喪。高祖為之舉哀，廢朝三日，詔百官就館弔其使者，遣內史舍人鄭德挺往弔處羅，賻物三萬段。先是，隋煬帝蕭后及齊王暕之子政道陷於竇建德，三年春，處羅迎之，至於牙所，立政道為隋主，其中國人在虜庭者悉隸之，行隋正朔，置百官，居於定襄城，有徒萬餘。時太宗奉詔討劉武周，師次太原，處羅遣其弟步利設率二千騎與官軍會。六月，處羅至并州，總管李仲文出迎勞之，留三日，城中美婦人多為所掠，仲文不能制。 |
| | In this month, Shibi died. His son Shibobi was too young to succeed him; instead, he was installed as Nibu She and stationed in the eastern region, directly north of You Zhou. His younger brother Sili Foshe was enthroned as Chuluo Khan; He also married the former Sui dynasty Princess Yicheng and sent envoys into court to report his father's death. Emperor Gaozu mourned for him, suspending court sessions for three days. He ordered all officials to go to the guest quarters and console his envoys, and dispatched Neishi Shiren Zheng Deting to pay respects to Chuluo Khan, bestowing 30,000 bolts of fabric as a funeral gift. Previously, Empress Xiao Hou of Emperor Yang and the son of Qi Wang Jian, Zhengdao, had been captured by Dou Jiande. In spring of the third year, Chuluo Khan rescued them, bringing them to his headquarters, where he installed Zhengdao as ruler of Sui. All Chinese people in captivity under the Tujue court were placed under his jurisdiction; they continued to use the Sui calendar and established a full bureaucracy, residing in Dingxiang Cheng with more than ten thousand followers. At that time, Taizong was ordered to campaign against Liu Wuzhou. His army halted at Taiyuan when Chuluo sent his younger brother Buli She with 2,000 cavalrymen to join the imperial forces. In June, Chuluo arrived at Bing Zhou. Zongguan Li Zhongwen went out to greet and entertain him; after staying for three days, many beautiful women in the city were captured by his forces, which Li Zhongwen could not prevent.
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俄而處羅死，義成公主以其子奧射設醜弱，廢不立之，遂立處羅之弟咄苾，是為頡利可汗，又納隋義成公主為妻，以始畢之子什缽苾為突利可汗。遣使入朝，告處羅死，高祖為之罷朝一日，遣百官就館弔其使。 |
| | Soon afterward, Chuluo died. Princess Yicheng considered his son Aoshe She to be weak and ugly, so she deposed him from succession and instead enthroned Chuluo's younger brother Duobi, who became Jiali Khan; He also took the former Sui dynasty's Princess Yicheng as his wife, and appointed Shibobi, Shibi's son, as Tuli Khan. He sent envoys into the court to announce Chuluo's death; Emperor Gaozu suspended court for one day and ordered all officials to visit the guest quarters to console his envoys.
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咄苾初為莫賀咄設，牙直五原之北。時薛舉猶據隴右，遣其將宗羅赊攻陷平涼郡，北與頡利結連。高祖遣光祿卿宇文歆齎金帛以賂頡利，歆說之，令與薛舉絕。初，隋五原太守張長遜因亂以其所部五城隸於突厥，歆又說頡利遣長遜入朝，以五原地歸於我。頡利並從之，因發突厥兵及長遜之眾，並會於太宗軍所。 |
| | Initially, Duobi was known as Moge Dushe, with his headquarters located north of Wuyuan. At that time, Xue Ju still held control over Longyou; he sent his general Zong Luo she to capture Pingliang Jun and formed an alliance with Jiali in the north. Emperor Gaozu sent Guanglu Qing Yuwen Xin to carry gold and silk as bribes for Jiali. Xin persuaded him to sever ties with Xue Ju. Initially, Zhang Changsun, the Sui dynasty's Tai Shou of Wuyuan, had submitted his five cities to the Tujue during the chaos. Xin also persuaded Jiali to send Zhang Changsun into court and return the territory of Wuyuan to Tang rule. Jiali followed both suggestions, thus mobilizing Tujue troops and Zhang Changsun's forces to join Taizong's army.
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頡利承父兄之資，兵馬強盛，有憑陵中夏之志。高祖以中原初定，未遑外略，每優容之，賜與不可勝計。頡利言辭悖傲，求請無厭。四年四月，頡利自率萬餘騎，與馬邑賊苑君璋將兵六千人共攻雁門，定襄王李大恩擊走之，於是大懼，更請和好，獻魚膠數十斤，令二國同於此膠。 |
| | Jiali inherited the resources of his father and elder brother, with strong armies and horses; he harbored ambitions to dominate Central China. Emperor Gaozu, preoccupied with stabilizing the newly unified central plains, did not have time for external campaigns. He therefore treated Jiali generously and lavished him with gifts beyond count. Jiali spoke in disrespectful and arrogant terms, making endless demands without satisfaction. In April of the fourth year, Jiali personally led more than 10,000 horsemen together with six thousand troops from Mayi rebel leader Yuan Junzhang to attack Yanmen. Duke Dingxiang Li Daen defeated and drove them away; thus greatly frightened, he requested peace again, presenting dozens of jin of fish glue, requesting that the two states be as inseparable as this glue.
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高祖五年春，李大恩奏言突厥飢荒，馬邑可圖。詔大恩與殿內少監獨孤晟帥兵討苑君璋，期以二月會於馬邑，晟後期不至，大恩不能獨進，頓兵新城以待之。頡利遣數萬騎與劉黑闥合軍進圍之，大恩敗績，沒於陣。六月，劉黑闥又引突厥萬餘騎入鈔河北，頡利復自率五萬騎南侵，至於并州，太宗帥師出蒲州道以討之。時頡利攻圍并州，又分兵入汾、潞等州，掠男女五千餘口，聞太宗兵至蒲州，乃引兵出塞。 |
| | In spring of Emperor Gaozu's fifth year, Li Daen reported that the Tujue were suffering from famine and that Mayi was vulnerable to attack. The emperor issued an order for Li Daen and Dugu Sheng, the Shaiguan of the Inner Palace, to lead troops in attacking Yuan Junzhang. They were scheduled to meet at Mayi in February; however, Sheng arrived late and did not appear, so Li Daen could not advance alone and halted his forces in Xincheng to await him. Jiali dispatched tens of thousands of cavalrymen, joining forces with Liu Heita to encircle them. Li Daen suffered a crushing defeat and was killed in battle. In June, Liu Heita once again led more than 10,090 Tujue cavalrymen to raid the north of the Yellow River. Jiali also personally led 50,000 riders in a southern invasion, reaching Bing Zhou; Taizong led his troops out via the Puzhou route to attack them. At that time, Jiali was besieging Bing Zhou and had also sent detachments into Fen Zhou, Lu Zhou, and other states, capturing more than 5,000 men and women. Upon hearing that Taizong's forces had arrived at Puzhou, he withdrew his troops beyond the frontier.
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七年八月，頡利、突利二可汗又入寇原州，連營南上。太宗北討，頓兵於豳州。頡利率萬餘騎奄至城西，乘高而陣，將士大駭。太宗乃親率百騎馳詣虜陣，告之曰：「國家與可汗誓不相負，何為背約深入吾地？我秦王也，故來一決。可汗若自來，我當與可汗兩人獨戰；若欲兵馬總來，我惟百騎相禦耳。」頡利弗之測，笑而不對。太宗又前，令騎告突利曰：「爾往與我盟，急難相救。爾今將兵來，何無香火之情也？亦宜早出，一決勝負。」突利亦不對。太宗因縱反閒於突利，突利悅而歸心焉。其叔姪內離，頡利因遣使請和，許之。 |
| | In August of the seventh year, Jiali and Tuli Khans once again invaded Yuan Zhou, setting up continuous camps advancing southward. Taizong marched north to suppress them, halting his forces at Bin Zhou. Jiali suddenly arrived with more than 10,900 cavalrymen west of the city, occupying a high position and forming an array, causing great alarm among the troops. Taizong then personally led a hundred horsemen to gallop toward the enemy formation and told them, "The state has sworn with Khan not to betray each other. Why have you violated this pact by deeply entering our territory? "I am Prince Qin; thus I come to settle this matter once and for all." "If Khan comes in person, I shall fight you one-on-one." "But if you wish to bring your entire army, then I will only face them with my hundred horsemen." Jiali could not gauge his intentions and merely laughed without responding. Taizong advanced further, ordering a rider to tell Tuli Khan: "You once made an oath with me; in times of crisis, we vowed to come to each other's aid. Why have you now brought your troops and shown no sense of kinship?" "You should also come out soon to decide the outcome once and for all." Tuli Khan did not respond either. Taizong then sent spies to sow discord among Tuli's forces, and Tuli was pleased and began to be loyal to him. With his uncles and nephews internally divided, Jiali thus sent envoys to request peace, which was granted.
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八年七月，頡利領十餘萬騎，大掠朔州，又襲將軍張瑾於太原，瑾全軍沒，脫身奔於李靖。靖出師拒戰，頡利不得進，屯於并州。太宗率師討之，次蒲州，頡利引去。 |
| | In the seventh month of the eighth year, Jiali led more than 100,000 cavalrymen to heavily raid Shuozhou, and then launched a surprise attack on General Zhang Jin at Taiyuan. Jin lost his entire army and managed to escape to Li Jing. Jing led an expeditionary force to resist the attack, and Jiali could not advance further, so he stationed his troops in Bingzhou. Taizong led an army to campaign against him, and when the imperial forces arrived at Puzhou, Jiali withdrew his troops.
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九年七月，頡利又率十餘萬騎進寇武功，京師戒嚴。己卯，進寇高陵，行軍總管、左武候大將軍尉遲敬德與之戰於涇陽，大破之，獲俟斤阿史德烏沒啜，斬首千餘級。癸未，頡利遣其腹心執失思力來朝，自張形勢，云「兵百萬今至矣」。太宗誚之曰：「我與突厥面自和親，汝則背之，我實無愧。又義軍入京之初，爾父子並親從我，賜爾玉帛，前後極多，何故全忘大恩，自誇強盛，我當先戮爾矣。」思力懼而請命，太宗縶之於門下省。太宗與侍中高士廉、中書令房玄齡、將軍周範馳六騎，幸渭水之上，與頡利隔津而語，責以負約。其酋帥大驚，皆下馬羅拜，而眾軍徑至。頡利見軍容大盛，又知思力就拘，由是大懼。太宗獨與頡利臨水交言，麾諸軍卻而陣焉。蕭瑀以輕敵固諫於馬前，上曰：「吾已籌之矣，突厥所以掃其境內，直入渭濱，應是聞我國家初有內難，我新登九五，將謂不敢拒之。今若閉門，虜必大掠，強弱之勢，在今一策。我故獨出，一以示輕之，又曜軍容，使知必戰。事出不意，乘其不圖，虜入既深，理當自懼。與戰則必剋，與和則必固，制服北狄，自茲始矣。」是日，頡利請和，詔許之。乙酉，又幸城西，刑白馬，與頡利同盟於便橋之上，頡利引兵而退。蕭瑀進曰：「初頡利之未和也，謀臣猛將各欲戰，而陛下不納，臣以為疑，既而虜自退，其策安在？」上曰：「我觀突厥之兵，雖眾而不整。可汗獨在水西，酋帥皆來謁我，因而襲擊其眾，勢同拉朽。然我所以不戰者，即位日淺，為國之道，安靜為務，一與虜戰，必有死傷；又兇虜一敗，或當懼而修德，結怨於我，為患不細。我今卷甲韜戈，啗以玉帛，頑虜驕恣，必自此始，破亡之漸，其在茲乎？」九月，頡利獻馬三千匹，羊萬口，上不受，詔頡利所掠中國戶口者令歸之。 |
| | In the seventh month of the ninth year, Jiali once again led more than 100 thousand cavalrymen to invade Wugong, prompting a state of heightened alert in Chang'an. On the Jimao day, they advanced to attack Gaoling. Xingjun Zongguan and Zuo Wuhou Dajiangjun Yuchi Jingde fought them at Jingyang, achieving a decisive victory, capturing Sijin Ashide Wumeichuo, and beheading more than 1,000 enemy soldiers. On the Kuwei day, Jiali sent his trusted aide Zhishi Sili to pay homage to the imperial court. He exaggerated the situation, claiming, "An army of a million troops is coming now." Taizong rebuked him, saying: "I have personally made peace and marriage alliances with the Tujue, yet you betray them. I truly feel no shame." "When my loyal forces first entered the capital, both you and your father personally followed me. I bestowed upon you jade and silk on many occasions in great quantities. Why have you completely forgotten this great kindness? You boast of your strength, but I should execute you first." Sili was frightened and begged for his life. Taizong had him imprisoned in the Menxia Sheng (Office of the Door-Down). Taizong, together with Shizhong Gao Shilian, Zhongshu Ling Fang Xuanling, and General Zhou Fan, galloped on six horsemen to the banks of Weishui. Facing Jiali across the river, he rebuked him for breaking their agreement. The tribal chieftains were greatly alarmed and all dismounted to prostrate themselves in a circle, while the imperial troops arrived directly at the scene. Jiali saw that the military forces were greatly reinforced and learned that Sili had been captured, so he became extremely frightened. Taizong alone met with Jiali by the river to exchange words, while directing his troops to withdraw and form an array. Xiao Yu advised urgently before the horse, warning against underestimating the enemy. The emperor said: "I have already made my calculations. The Tujue swept their entire territory and directly entered Weibin; this must be because they heard that our state was initially experiencing internal difficulties and I had just ascended to the throne as Son of Heaven. They probably thought we would not dare to resist them." "Now, if I were to shut myself in the city gates, the enemy will certainly carry out a large-scale raid. The balance of strength and weakness depends entirely on our decision today." "That is why I have personally come out alone, partly to show that we are not afraid of them and also to display our military strength so they know a battle is inevitable." "This unexpected move will take them by surprise, catching them unprepared. Since the enemy has already advanced so deeply into our territory, they should naturally be afraid." "If we fight them, we will surely defeat them; if we make peace, it will certainly be firm. Subduing the northern Di people begins with this." On that day, Jiali requested peace, and an imperial edict was issued granting it. On the Yiyou day, he again went to the western part of the city, sacrificed a white horse, and formed an alliance with Jiali on the banks of Bianqiao. Thereafter, Jiali withdrew his forces. Xiao Yu said: "Initially, before Jiali made peace, the strategists and brave generals all wanted to fight, but Your Majesty did not accept their advice. I was doubtful at that time. Now that the enemy has withdrawn on its own, where is our strategy?" The emperor said: "I observed the Tujue troops; although numerous, they are not well-organized. "The Khan was alone on the western bank of the river while his chieftains all came to pay homage. If we had launched a surprise attack, their forces would have been as easily defeated as rotten wood." "However, the reason I did not fight was because my reign is still in its early days. The way to govern a country lies in peace and tranquility. If we had engaged in battle with the enemy, there would certainly have been deaths and injuries; "Moreover, if these wicked enemies had suffered a defeat, they might become fearful and mend their ways, but instead, we would have incurred their resentment. This could lead to future troubles of great consequence." "Now, by sheathing our armor and weapons and offering them jade and silk, I believe these stubborn enemies will grow arrogant. Their downfall may well begin from this moment." In the ninth month, Jiali presented 3,000 horses and 10,000 sheep. The emperor did not accept them and issued an imperial decree ordering Jiali to return all Chinese households and people he had plundered.
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貞觀元年，陰山以北薛延陀、迴紇、拔也古等十餘部皆相率叛之，擊走其欲谷設。頡利遣突利討之，師又敗績，輕騎奔還。頡利怒，拘之十餘日，突利由是怨憾，內欲背之。二年，突利遣使奏言與頡利有隙，奏請擊之。詔秦武通以并州兵馬隨便應接。 |
| | In the first year of Zhen Guan, more than ten tribes north of Yingshan—including Xueyantuo, Huige, and Bayegu—united in rebellion against him, defeating and driving out his Yugu She. Jiali sent Tuli to campaign against them, but the expedition suffered another defeat, with light cavalry fleeing back in haste. Jiali was furious and detained Tuli for more than ten days. As a result, Tuli bore resentment and secretly intended to betray him. In the second year, Tuli sent envoys who reported that there was a rift between himself and Jiali, requesting permission to attack him. An imperial decree ordered Qin Wutong to lead the troops of Bingzhou to provide support as needed.
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三年，薛延陀自稱可汗於漠北，遣使來貢方物。頡利稱臣，求尚公主。頡利每委任諸胡，疏遠族類，胡人貪冒，性多翻覆，以故法令滋章，兵革歲動，國人患之，諸部攜貳。頻年大雪，六畜多死，國中大餒。頡利用度不給，復重斂諸部，由是下不堪命，內外多叛之。上以其請和，後復援梁師都，令兵部尚書李靖、代州都督張公謹出定襄道，并州都督李勣、右武衛將軍丘行恭出通漢道，左衛大將軍柴紹出金河道，衛孝節出恆安道，薛萬徹出暢武道，並受靖節度以討之。十二月，突利可汗及郁射設、蔭柰特勤等並率所部來奔。 |
| | In the third year, Xueyantuo declared himself khan in the northern steppes and sent envoys to present tribute of rare goods. Jiali submitted as a vassal and requested permission to marry a princess. Jiali often entrusted various Hu people with important positions, while alienating his own clan. The Hu people were greedy and prone to treachery; as a result, laws and decrees became increasingly numerous, military campaigns occurred every year, and the people of the state suffered from this situation, leading many tribes to become disloyal and divided. Heavy snows in successive years caused the death of much livestock, resulting in widespread famine within the country. Jiali's expenditures exceeded his revenues and he imposed heavy levies on various tribes, causing widespread suffering among the people. As a result, many both within and outside the state rebelled against him. The emperor, although Jiali had requested peace, later learned of his support for Liang Shidu and ordered Peishushangshu Li Jing and Daizhou Dudou Zhang Gongjin to march via the Dingxiang route; Bingzhou Dudou Li Ji and You Wushi Jiangjun Qiu Xinggong were assigned to proceed along the Tonghan route; Zuowei Dajiangjun Chai Shao was ordered to take the Jinhe route, Weixiaojie the Hengan route, and Xue Want 彻 the Changwu route. All these forces were placed under Li Jing's command for a campaign against Jiali. In the twelfth month, Tuli Khan and Yueshe She, Yinnaite Qin, and others all led their subordinates to defect.
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四年正月，李靖進屯惡陽嶺，夜襲定襄，頡利驚擾，因徙牙於磧口，胡酋康蘇密等遂以隋蕭后及楊政道來降。二月，頡利計窘，竄於鐵山，兵尚數萬，使執失思力入朝謝罪，請舉國內附。太宗遣鴻臚卿唐儉、將軍安修仁等持節安撫之，頡利稍自安。靖乘閒襲擊，大破之，遂滅其國，復定襄、恆安之地，斥土界至於大漠。頡利乘千里馬，獨騎奔於從姪沙缽羅部落。三月，行軍副總管張寶相率眾掩至沙缽羅營，生擒頡利，送於京師。太宗赦之，令還其家口，館於太僕，廩食之。頡利鬱鬱不得志，與其家人或相對悲歌而泣。上見其羸憊，授虢州刺史，以彼土多獐鹿，縱其畋獵，庶不失物性。頡利辭不願往，遂授右衛大將軍，賜以田宅。八年卒，令其國人葬之，從其俗禮，焚屍灞水之東，贈歸義王，諡曰荒。其舊臣胡祿達官吐谷渾邪自刎以殉。渾邪者，頡利之母婆施氏之媵臣也，頡利初誕，以付渾邪，至是感義而死。太宗聞而異之，贈中郎將，乃葬於頡利墓側，令中書侍郎岑文本制頡利及渾邪之碑以紀之。 |
| | In the first month of the fourth year, Li Jing advanced and stationed his troops at Eyangling. At night he launched a surprise attack on Dingxiang, causing Jiali to be greatly alarmed. As a result, Jiali moved his headquarters to Qikou. The Hu chieftain Kang Sumi and others then surrendered with Sui's Xiao Hou and Yang Zhengdao. In the second month, Jiali, cornered and desperate, fled to Tieshan. He still had more than 10 thousand troops left, but he sent Zhishi Sili into court to apologize for his crimes and requested that all of his territory be submitted as vassals under imperial rule. Taizong sent Honglu Qing Tang Jian, General An Xiuren and others to carry the imperial token of authority to pacify him. Jiali gradually felt more at ease. Jing took the opportunity to launch a surprise attack, achieving a decisive victory and thus annihilated Jiali's state. He then recovered Dingxiang and Hengan territories, extending the imperial frontier all the way to the Great Desert. Jiali rode a thousand-mile horse alone and fled to his nephew's tribe, Shaboluobo. In the third month, Xingjun Futonguan Zhang Baoxiang led his troops to suddenly attack Shaboluobo's camp and captured Jiali alive, sending him to Chang'an. Taizong pardoned him, ordered that his family be returned to him, and housed Jiali in the Taifu (Imperial Stables Office), providing food and supplies. Jiali was dejected and frustrated, often sitting with his family singing sorrowful songs or weeping together. The emperor saw that Jiali was weak and exhausted, so he appointed him as the Cishi of Guozhou. Since this region had many hares and deer, it allowed him to hunt freely, hoping thus to preserve his nature as a nomadic hunter. Jiali declined the appointment and expressed unwillingness to go, so he was instead appointed Zuowei Dajiangjun (Grand General of the Left Guard) and granted land and a residence. He died in the eighth year, and an imperial order was given for his countrymen to bury him according to their customs. His body was cremated east of Bashi River. He was posthumously honored as Prince Guiyi, with the temple name "Huang." His former minister Hulu Daguang Tu Yuhun Xie committed suicide by self-inflicted beheading to follow him in death. Xie was a retainer of Jiali's mother, Boshi Shi. When Jiali was born, he was entrusted to Xie for care; thus, moved by loyalty and righteousness, Xie chose death at this time. Taizong heard of this and was deeply moved. He posthumously honored Xie as Zhonglangjiang, ordered his burial next to Jiali's tomb, and instructed Zhongshu Shilang Cen Wenben to compose the stele inscriptions for both Jiali and Xie in commemoration.
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突利可汗什缽苾者，頡利之姪也。隋大業中，突利年數歲，始畢遣領其東牙之兵，號為泥步設，隋淮南公主之入北也，遂妻之。頡利嗣位，以為突利可汗，牙直幽州之北，管奚、霫等數十部，徵稅無度，諸部多怨之。貞觀初，奚等並來歸附，頡利怒其失眾，遣北征薛延陀，又喪師旅，遂囚而撻焉。 |
| | Tuli Khan Shibibi was He was also the nephew of Jiali. During the Daye period of the Sui dynasty, when Tuli was only several years old, Shibi sent him to command troops at the eastern headquarters and gave him the title Nibu She. When Princess Huainan of the Sui entered the northern region, she married him. After Jiali succeeded to the chieftainship, he appointed Tuli as Khan. His headquarters was directly north of Youzhou, overseeing more than ten tribes including Xi and Shi. He levied taxes without restraint, causing widespread resentment among these tribes. In the early years of Zhen Guan, tribes such as Xi all submitted to the Tang. Jiali was angry at Tuli's loss of influence and sent him on a northern campaign against Xueyantuo. When he suffered another military defeat, Jiali imprisoned and beat him.
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突利初自武德時，深自結託，太宗亦以恩義撫之，結為兄弟，與盟而去。後頡利政亂，驟徵兵於突利，突利拒之不與。尋為頡利所攻，遣使來乞師，太宗因令將軍周範屯太原以圖進取。突利乃率其眾來奔，太宗禮之甚厚，頻賜以御膳。四年，授右衛大將軍，封北平郡王，食實封七百戶，以其下兵眾置順州都督府，仍拜為順州都督，遣率部落還蕃。太宗謂曰：「昔爾祖啟人亡失兵馬，一身投隋，隋家豎立，遂至強盛，荷隋之恩，未嘗報德。至爾父始畢，反為隋家之患。自爾以後，無歲不侵擾中國。天實禍淫，大降災變，爾眾散亂，死亡略盡。既事窮後乃投我，我今所以不立爾為可汗者，正為啟人前事故也。改變前法，欲中國久安，爾宗族永固，是以授爾都督。當須依我國法，齊整所部，如違，當獲重罪。」五年，徵入朝，至并州，道病卒，年二十九。太宗為之舉哀，令中書侍郎岑文本為其碑文。子賀邏鶻嗣。 |
| | From the Wude period onward, Tuli had deeply cultivated close ties with the imperial court. Taizongo also treated him kindly and in accordance with righteousness, forming a brotherhood with him and parting ways after making an oath of allegiance. Later, when Jiali's rule became chaotic, he suddenly demanded troops from Tuli, who refused to provide them. Soon after being attacked by Jiali, Tuli sent envoys to beg for military aid. Taizong therefore ordered General Zhou Fan to station troops in Taiyuan with the intention of advancing and taking action. Tuli then led his followers to defect, and Taizong received him with great courtesy, frequently bestowing imperial meals upon him. In the fourth year, he was appointed Zuowei Dajiang jun (Grand General of the Right Guard), granted the title Gong of Beiping Jun, and given a hereditary fief for 700 households. A Dudoufu (commandery governor's office) was established in Shunzhou to oversee his followers, and he was also appointed Dudou of Shunzhou, ordered to lead his tribe back to their homeland. Taizong said to him: "In the past, your ancestor Qiren lost his troops and fled alone to the Sui dynasty. The Sui raised him up, which led to great strength and prosperity. Yet he never repaid their kindness or expressed gratitude for their favor." "Later, your father Shibi turned against the Sui and became a source of trouble for them. "Ever since you came to power, there has been no year without invasions and disturbances in our Chinese territory." "Heaven indeed punishes the wicked; great calamities have befallen you. Your people are scattered and in chaos, with most of them perishing." "You have only come to me after your situation had reached its lowest point. The reason I am not now appointing you as khan is precisely because of the precedent set by Qiren." "I wish to change previous policies, ensuring lasting peace for China and eternal stability for your clan. Therefore, I have appointed you as Dudou." "You must abide by our national laws and properly organize your subordinates. If you disobey, you will face severe punishment." In the fifth year, he was summoned to court but died along the way in Bingzhou due to illness at the age of twenty-nine. Taizong mourned for him and ordered Zhongshu Shilan Cen Wenben to write the inscription for his stele. His son Heluo Hu succeeded him.
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突利弟結社率，貞觀初入朝，歷位中郎將。十三年，從幸九成宮，陰結部落，得四十餘人，并擁賀邏鶻，相與夜犯御營，踰第四重幕，引弓亂發，殺衛士數十人。折衝孫武開率兵奮擊，乃退，北走渡渭水，欲奔其部落，尋皆捕斬之。詔原賀邏鶻，流於嶺表。 |
| | Jieshe Lüe, the younger brother of Tuli, came to court in the early years of Zhen Guang and served as Zhonglangjiang. In the thirteenth year, he followed the emperor on a visit to Jiucheng Gong. Secretly uniting with his tribe, he gathered more than forty men and led them in an attack at night along with Heluo Hu, breaking into the imperial camp past four layers of tents, shooting arrows wildly and killing dozens of guards. Zhechong Sun Wukai led his troops in a fierce counterattack, forcing the attackers to retreat. They fled north across Weishui River, intending to reach their tribe, but were soon captured and executed. An imperial decree pardoned Heluo Hu and exiled him to the southern frontier beyond Ling Mountains.
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頡利之敗也，其部落或走薛延陀，或走西域，而來降者甚眾。酋豪首領至者皆拜將軍，布列朝廷，五品以上百餘人，殆與朝士相半，惟柘羯不至，詔使招慰之。涼州都督李大亮以為於事無益，徒費中國，因上疏曰：「臣聞欲綏遠者，必先安近。中國百姓，天下本根；四夷之人，猶於枝葉。擾於根本，以厚枝附，而求久安，未之有也。今者招致突厥，雖入提封，臣愚稍覺其費，未悟其益也。然河西人庶，積禦蕃夷，州縣蕭條，戶口失少，加因隋亂，減耗尤多。若更勞役，恐致妨損。以臣愚誠，請停招慰。且謂之荒服者，故臣而不內。隋室早得伊吾，兼統鄯善、且末，既得之後，勞費日甚，虛內致外，竟無所益。遠尋秦漢，近觀隋室，動靜安危，昭然備矣。伊吾雖曰臣附，遠在蕃磧，人非夏人，地多沙鹵。其自豎立稱藩附庸者，請羈縻受之，使居塞外，必畏威懷德，永為藩臣，蓋行虛惠而收實福矣。近日突厥傾國入朝，既不能俘之江淮以變其俗，乃置於內地，去京不遠，雖則寬仁之義，亦非久安之計也。每見一人初降，賜物五匹，袍一領。酋帥悉受大官，祿厚位尊，理多縻費。以中國之租賦，供積惡之兇虜，其眾益多，非國之利也。」 |
| | After Jiali's defeat, some of his tribes fled to Xueyantuo or the Western Regions, while a large number surrendered. The tribal chieftains and leaders who came were all appointed as generals, filling the imperial court. More than a hundred of them held ranks above the fifth grade, nearly equaling the number of officials in the Tang court. Only Zhejia did not come; thus an imperial envoy was sent to pacify and recruit them. Liangzhou Dudou Li Daliang believed that this was of no benefit and only wasted resources from the Chinese state. Therefore, he submitted a memorial stating: "I have heard that to pacify distant regions, one must first stabilize nearby areas. "The people of China are the root and foundation of the empire; "the four Yi peoples are like branches and leaves. "If the roots and trunk are disturbed to enrich the branches, yet one seeks lasting peace, such a thing has never existed." "Now that we have recruited the Tujue into our territory, although they are within our borders, I humbly feel this is costly and do not yet see any tangible benefits." "Moreover, the people of Hexi have long been defending against border tribes. The state and counties are desolate, with a significant decline in population due to the chaos of the Sui dynasty." "If we impose further labor duties on them, I fear it will cause even greater harm and damage." "Out of my humble sincerity, I respectfully request that the recruitment and pacification efforts be halted." "Moreover, these regions are called 'huangfu,' meaning they should remain as vassal territories without being incorporated into our direct rule. "The Sui dynasty had early control over Yiwu "and also controlled Shanshan and Qiemu. After gaining these regions, the labor and expenses increased daily, draining internal resources to satisfy external demands, yet ultimately yielding no benefit." "Looking far back at the Qin and Han dynasties, and recently at the Sui dynasty, their actions and outcomes regarding stability or danger are clearly evident." "Although Yiwu is said to have submitted, it lies far in the frontier deserts. Its people are not Han Chinese, and its land is mostly sandy and saline." "As for those who voluntarily establish themselves as vassals and submit, I request that we loosely control them and allow them to reside beyond the frontier. They will surely fear our power and cherish our virtue, remaining forever as loyal vassal subjects—this would be an act of symbolic benevolence yielding substantial benefits." "Recently, the entire Tujue nation came to court. Since we are unable to relocate them to the lower Yangtze region to change their customs, placing them in the interior near the capital is indeed an act of leniency and benevolence, but it is not a long-term strategy for stability." "Each time one person surrenders initially, he is granted five bolts of cloth and one robe." "The tribal chieftains all receive high-ranking official positions with generous salaries and esteemed status, which naturally leads to excessive expenses." "Using the taxes of China to support a band of wicked and violent enemies, whose numbers will only grow more numerous, is not in the interest of the state."
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時降突厥多在朔方之地，其入居京師者近萬家，詔議安邊之術。朝士多言突厥恃強，擾亂中國，為弊日久。今天實喪之，窮來歸我，本非慕義之心。因其歸命，分其種落，俘之兗、徐之地，散屬州縣，各使耕織，百萬胡虜可得化為百姓，則中國有加戶之利，塞北可常空虛矣。惟中書令溫彥博議請准漢建武時置降匈奴於河南五原塞下，全其部落，得為捍蔽，又不離其土俗，因而撫之，一則實空虛之地，二則示無猜心。若遣向徐、兗，則乖物性，非含育之道。祕書監魏徵奏言：「北狄自古至今，未有如斯之破敗者也。且其代寇中國，百姓怨讎，若以其降伏，不能誅滅，即宜遣還河北，居其本土。此人面獸心，非我族類，強必寇盜，弱則卑服，不顧恩義，其本情也。秦漢患其若是，故發猛將以擊之，收取河南，以為郡縣，奈何以內地居之。且今降者幾至十萬，數年之閒，孳息日倍，居我肘腋，甫邇王畿，心腹之疾，將為後患。彥博又曰：「天子於物也，如天地覆載，有歸者則必養之。今突厥破滅之餘，歸心降附。若不加憐念，棄而不納，非天地之道，阻四夷之意，臣愚甚謂不可。遣居河南，初無所患，所謂死而生之，亡而存之，懷我德惠，終無背叛。」徵又曰：「晉代有魏時胡落，分居近郡，平吳以後，郭欽、江統勸武帝逐出塞外，不用欽等言，數年之後，遂傾广、洛。前代覆車，殷鑒不遠。必遣居河南，所謂養獸自遺患也。」彥博又曰：「臣聞聖人之道，無所不通，古先哲王，有教無類。突厥餘魂，以命歸我，援之護之，收居內地。我指麾之，教以禮法，數載之後，盡為農人，選其酋首，遣居宿衛，畏威懷德，何患之有？光武居南單于於內郡，為漢藩翰，終乎一代，不有叛逆。」太宗竟用其計，於朔方之地，幽州至靈州置順、祐、化、長四州都督府，又分頡利之地六州，左置定襄都督府，右置雲中都督府，以統其眾。自結社率之反也，太宗始患之，上書者多云處突厥於中國殊謂非便，乃徙於河北，立右武候大將軍、化州都督、懷化郡王思摩為乙彌泥孰俟利苾可汗，賜姓李氏，率所部建牙於河北。 |
| | At that time, many surrendered Tujue people were settled in the Shuofang region. Those who moved to reside in Chang'an numbered nearly ten thousand households, and an imperial edict was issued seeking advice on strategies for border stability. Many officials at court argued that the Tujue relied on their strength to disturb and disrupt China, causing long-standing problems. "Now they have truly lost their power and come in desperation to seek refuge with us; this is not out of genuine admiration for our virtue." "We should take advantage of their submission, divide their tribes, and settle them in Yanzhou and Xuzhou regions. Distribute them among the state and county administrations, assigning each to farming and weaving. A million Hu bandits could thus be transformed into ordinary subjects; this would bring increased population benefits for China, while the northern frontier could remain permanently depopulated." Only Zhongshu Ling Wen Yanbo proposed a plan, suggesting that we follow the precedent of the Eastern Han Jianwu period by resettling surrendered Xiongnu people in the area south of the Yellow River near Wuyuan. This would preserve their tribal structure and allow them to serve as a defensive barrier; at the same time, they would not be removed from their native customs. By doing so, we could both populate an otherwise empty region and demonstrate that we harbor no suspicions toward them. "If they are sent to Xuzhou or Yanzhou, it would go against their nature and is not the way of nurturing and accommodating them." Mi Shujian Weizheng submitted a memorial stating: "The northern Di people, from ancient times to the present, have never suffered such complete defeat as they do now. "Moreover, since these northern tribes have long been raiding China and the people harbor resentment toward them, if we cannot exterminate those who surrender, it would be better to send them back across the Yellow River to their native lands." "These people have human faces but beastly hearts; they are not of our race. When strong, they will become raiders and thieves; when weak, they submit humbly. They do not value kindness or righteousness—this is their nature." "The Qin and Han dynasties were troubled by them in this way, so they dispatched strong generals to attack them, seizing the area south of the Yellow River and establishing commanderies and counties there. How then can we allow them to settle within our interior territories?" "Moreover, the number of surrendered Tujue has already reached nearly 100,000. Within a few years, their population will double daily. Settling them near our very heartland, so close to the imperial capital, is like harboring an illness in one's chest and abdomen—it will become a future disaster." Yanbo added: "The Son of Heaven treats all things like the heavens and earth, which shelter and support everything. If people come to submit, they must be nurtured." "Now that the Tujue have been defeated, their remaining people are sincerely seeking refuge by submitting." "If we do not show compassion and refuse to accept them, it would contradict the way of heaven and earth and hinder our efforts to win over the four Yi peoples. I humbly believe this is most unwise." "Settling them in the region south of the Yellow River would initially cause no problems. This is what is meant by 'giving life to those who are dying, preserving those on the verge of destruction.' They will cherish our virtue and benevolence and ultimately remain loyal without betraying us." Zheng added: "During the Jin dynasty, when Wei was in power, there were Hu tribes settled near the commanderies. After the conquest of Wu, Guo Qin and Jiang Tong advised Emperor Wu to expel them beyond the frontier; but he did not follow their advice. A few years later, they caused great turmoil in Guang and Lu." "The collapse of previous dynasties serves as a recent warning." "It is certain that resettling them south of the Yellow River will be like raising beasts and inviting disaster for ourselves." Yanbo replied: "I have heard that the way of a sage is all-encompassing; ancient wise kings taught without discrimination. "The remaining Tujue, having surrendered their lives to us, should be supported and protected, and settled within our interior." "We can command them, teach them our rites and laws. After several years, they will all become farmers. Choosing their chieftains to serve in the imperial guard, they would fear our power and cherish our virtues—what cause for concern could there be?" "Emperor Guangwu settled the Southern Chanyu within interior commanderies, where they served as a buffer for Han. Throughout that dynasty, there was no rebellion." Emperor Taizong ultimately adopted his plan. In the Shuofang area, from Youzhou to Lingzhou, he established four Dudou Fu (commandery governorates): Shun, Yu, Hua, and Chang. He also divided the former territory of Qiele into six states, setting up Dingxiang Dudou Fu on the left side and Yunzhong Dudou Fu on the right side to oversee their people. After the rebellion of Jieshulv, Emperor Taizong began to worry about them. Many officials who submitted memorials argued that it was unwise to place the Tujue within China's interior. The emperor then relocated them to Hebei and appointed You Wuhou Dajiangjun, Huazhou Dudou, and Hua Hua Junwang Simo as Yimi Nishu Sili Bi Khan, bestowing on him the surname Li. He led his people in establishing a headquarters in Hebei.
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思摩者，頡利族人也。始畢、處羅以其貌似胡人，不類突厥，疑非阿史那族類，故歷處羅、頡利代，常為夾畢特勤，終不得典兵為設。武德初，數來朝貢，封為和順郡王。及其國亂，諸部多歸中國，惟思摩隨逐頡利，竟與同擒。太宗嘉其忠，令統頡利舊部落，居於河南之地，勝兵四萬，馬萬匹，錫其土，南至於大河，北至白道川，以北接薛延陀。為種落初集，憚薛延陀，不肯出。太宗遣司農卿郭嗣本賜延陀璽書曰：「前破突厥，止為頡利一人，除百姓之害，所以廢而黜之，實不貪其土地、利其人馬也。自黜廢頡利以後，恆欲更立可汗，是以所降部落等並置河南，任其放牧。今戶口羊馬日向孳多，元許冊立，不可失信。至秋閒，即欲遣突厥渡河，復其國土。我冊爾延陀日月在前，今突厥理是居後，後者為小，前者為大。爾在磧北，突厥居磧南，各守土境。若其踰越，故相抄掠，我即將兵各問其罪。此約既定，非但有便爾身，貽厥子孫，長守富貴也。」於是命禮部尚書趙郡王孝恭齎冊書就思摩部落，築壇於河上以拜之，并賜之鼓纛。突厥及胡在諸州安置者，並令渡河北，還其舊部。又以左屯衛將軍阿史那忠為左賢王，左武衛將軍阿史那泥熟為右賢王以貳之。 |
| | Simo was a relative of Qiele. Shibi and Chuluo considered him to resemble a Hu person rather than a Tujue, suspecting that he was not of the Ashina clan. Therefore, throughout the reigns of Chuluo and Qiele, he remained merely as Jiabi Teqin (a title) and never attained command over troops or became a Shie (military leader). In the early years of Wude, he visited the court several times to pay tribute and was conferred the title of Heshun Junwang. When his country fell into chaos, many of its tribes submitted to China; only Simo followed and pursued Qiele, eventually being captured together with him. Emperor Taizong praised his loyalty and ordered him to lead the former Qiele tribes, settling them in the area south of the Yellow River. They had 40,000 able-bodied soldiers and 10,000 horses. The land granted to them extended from the southern bank of the great river up to Baidaochuan, with territory to the north bordering Yuetu. At first, when their tribes were newly gathered, they feared Yuetu and refused to leave. Emperor Taizong sent Si Nong Qing Guo Siben to deliver an imperial decree to Yuetu, saying: "Previously, we defeated the Tujue solely because of Qiele alone, in order to remove a threat from the people. Therefore, we deposed and expelled him; indeed, we did not covet their land or desire their people and horses." "Ever since Qiele was deposed, we have always intended to establish a new khan. Therefore, the surrendered tribes were all settled south of the Yellow River, where they could graze freely." "Now their population and livestock are growing daily. We originally promised to appoint a khan; we cannot break our word now." "By the autumn, I will send the Tujue across the river to restore their homeland." "I have already conferred upon you, Yuetu, a title with the sun and moon before it. Now the Tujue should naturally come after you; those who follow are lesser, while those who lead are greater." "You shall remain in the northern desert, and the Tujue will reside in the southern desert; each shall guard its own territory." "If they cross boundaries and plunder one another, I shall personally lead troops to hold them accountable for their crimes." "This agreement once established will not only benefit you, but also leave a legacy for your descendants to enjoy lasting wealth and honor." Thus, he ordered Li Bu Shangshu Zhaojun Wang Xiaogong to carry the imperial decree and confer the title upon Simo's tribe. A ceremonial platform was built by the river for the ceremony, during which a drum and banner were bestowed upon him. All Tujue and Hu people settled in various states were ordered to cross the Yellow River northward, returning them to their former tribes. He also appointed Zuotun Wei Jiangjun Ashina Zhong as Zuxian Wang and Zuowu Wei Jiangjun Ashina Nishu as Youxian Wang to serve as his subordinates.
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薛延陀聞思摩渡河北，慮其部落翻附磧北，先蓄輕騎，伺至而擊之。太宗遣使敕止之。時思摩下部眾渡河者凡十萬，勝兵四萬人，思摩不能撫眾，皆不愜服。至十七年，相率叛之，南渡河，請分處於勝、夏二州之閒，詔許之。思摩遂輕騎入朝，尋授右武衛將軍，從征遼東，為流矢所中，太宗親為吮血，其見顧遇如此。未幾，卒於京師，贈兵部尚書、夏州都督，陪葬昭陵，立墳以象白道山，詔立碑於化州。 |
| | Yuetu heard that Simo had crossed the river northward and feared that his tribe might switch allegiance to the northern desert. He therefore stationed light cavalry in advance, waiting for their arrival to attack them. Emperor Taizong dispatched envoys with imperial orders to stop this action. At that time, the number of Simo's people who crossed the river totaled 100,000, with 40,000 combat-ready soldiers. However, Simo was unable to properly manage his followers, and they were all dissatisfied and unwilling to submit. In the seventeenth year, they rebelled together, crossed the river southward again, and requested to be settled between Shengzhou and Xiaozhou. The imperial decree granted their request. Simo then rode in lightly armed to pay a court visit. Soon after, he was appointed as Zuowu Wei Jiangjun and accompanied the emperor on an expedition against Liaodong, where he was struck by a stray arrow. Emperor Taizong personally sucked out the blood from his wound; such was the regard shown to him. Not long after, he died in the capital. He was posthumously conferred as Bingbu Shangshu and Xiadou Dudou, buried alongside Emperor Taizong at Zhaoling Mausoleum. A tomb was built to resemble Baidao Mountain, and an imperial decree ordered a stele to be erected in Huazhou.
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