| 中國哲學書電子化計劃 |
《職官二》 | 英文翻譯：人工智能和中國哲學書電子化計劃用戶 [?] | 電子圖書館 |
《三老五更 - Three Elders and Five Officials 》 | 英文翻譯：人工智能和中國哲學書電子化計劃用戶 [?] | 電子圖書館 |
| 1 | 三老五更: | 三老五更，昔三代所尊也。三者，道成於三，謂天、地、人也。老者，舊也，壽也。詩云：「方叔元老。」書稱：「無遺我黃耇之言，則罔所愆。」五者，訓於五品。更者，更也，五世長久，更相代，言其能以善道改更己也。故三老五更，皆取有道、妻男女完具者為之。鄭玄曰：「老更互言之耳，皆老人更知三德五事者也。」蔡邕曰：「更，當為叟字之誤也。」天子父事三老，兄事五更，親袒割牲，執醬而饋，執爵而酳。三公設几，九卿正履，祝骾在前，祝饐在後。骾音鯁。饐音咽。使者安車狈輪，送迎至家，天子獨拜於屏。其明日，三老詣闕謝，以其禮遇泰尊故也。 |
| The Three Elders and Five Officials were respected during the three ancient dynasties. The "Three Elders" refer to the trinity of Dao, which consists of Heaven, Earth, and Humanity. Elders are those who have long experience and longevity. The Book of Poetry says: "Fang Shu, the prime elder." The Book of Documents states: "If we do not heed the words of my venerable elders, then there will be no avoiding mistakes." "The Five" refers to instruction among the five ranks. The "Five Officials" means succession; through five generations, they succeed one another, indicating their ability to improve themselves with virtuous ways. Therefore, the Three Elders and Five Officials are all selected from those who possess virtue and have complete families, including spouses and children. Zhang Huan said: "The terms 'Elders' and 'Officials' are used interchangeably; they all refer to elderly people who have greater knowledge of the Three Virtues and Five Affairs." Cai Yong said: "Geng should be a mistaken character for 'sou' (an old man)." The Son of Heaven treated the Three Elders as his father and the Five Officials as his elder brothers, personally exposing his upper body to slaughter sacrificial animals, holding sauce to offer food, and holding a wine cup for the rinsing ritual. The Three Dukes arranged the stools, the Nine Ministers adjusted their shoes properly, the priest holding the sacrificial knife stood in front, and the priest preventing food spoilage stood behind. Geng is pronounced Geng. Yi is pronounced Yan." The envoys used a comfortable carriage with padded wheels to escort them to and from their homes, and the Son of Heaven alone bowed before the screen. The following day, the Three Elders went to the palace gate to express their thanks, because they had been honored with an extremely respectful reception. | ||
| 2 | 三老五更: | 後漢明帝以李躬為三老，桓榮為五更。躬、榮皆以二千石祿，養終其身。安帝以魯丕、李充為三老，靈帝又以袁逢為三老，賜以玉杖。玉杖，長九尺，端以鳩為飾。鳩者，不咽之鳥，欲老人之不咽也。 |
| In the Later Han dynasty, Emperor Ming appointed Li Gong as one of the Three Elders and Huan Rong as one of the Five Officials. Gong and Rong were both granted a salary equivalent to that of an official with a rank of 2,000 dou, which sustained them for their entire lives. Emperor An appointed Lu Pi and Li Chong as Three Elders, and Emperor Ling later appointed Yuan Feng as a Three Elder, bestowing on him a jade staff. The jade staff was nine chi long, with a dove-shaped ornament at its top. The dove is a bird that does not choke, symbolizing the wish for elderly people to avoid choking. | ||
| 3 | 三老五更: | 魏高貴鄉公即位，幸太學，命王祥為三老，祥字休徵。鄭小同為五更。康成之孫。祥南面几杖，以師道自居，天子北面乞言。祥陳明王聖帝君臣政化之要以訓之，聞者莫不砥礪。 |
| When the Wei emperor Gao Gui Xianggong ascended the throne, he visited the Imperial Academy and appointed Wang Xiang as one of the Three Elders. Xiang's courtesy name was Xiuzheng. The grandson of Kang Cheng. Xiang sat facing south with a stool and staff, regarding himself as a teacher, while the emperor faced north to seek his advice. Xiang explained the essentials of wise emperors and virtuous ministers' governance and moral influence to instruct him, and those who heard it were all inspired to self-improvement. | ||
| 4 | 三老五更: | 後魏孝文養老於明堂，以尉元為三老，元字苟仁。游明根為五更。明根字遠志。帝再拜，三老肅拜。鄭眾云：「但俯下手，今時怀拜是也。」怀音於志反，即今之揖也。給三老上公之祿，五更元卿之祿。 |
| Later in the Wei dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen held an elder honoring ceremony at the Mingtang Hall and appointed Yu Yuan as one of the Three Elders Yuan's courtesy name was Gouran. You Minggen was appointed as one of the Five Official. Minggen's courtesy name was Yuanzhi. The emperor bowed twice, and the Three Elders performed a respectful bow in return. Zheng Zhong said: "It merely involves lowering one's hands; this is what is known as the modern 'huai' bow." "Huai" is pronounced Yu Zhi Fan, which is equivalent to today's "yi" (bow). The Three Elders were granted the salary of a Grand Official, and the Five Officials received the salary of an Imperial Minister. | ||
| 5 | 三老五更: | 後周武帝保定三年，詔以太傅、燕國公謹于謹為三老，賜延年杖。帝幸太學以食之。三老入門，皇帝迎拜門屏之間，三老答拜。有司設三老席於中楹，南向。太師、晉國公護升階，設几於席。三老升席，南面，憑几而坐。大司寇、楚國公寧升階，正舄。皇帝升，立於斧扆之前，西面。有司進饌，皇帝跪設醬豆，親自袒割。三老食訖，皇帝又親跪授爵以酳。有司徹訖，皇帝北面立，訪道。三老乃起，立於席後。皇帝曰：「猥當天下重任，自惟不才，不知政治之要，公其誨之。」三老答曰「木受繩則正，后從諫則聖。自古明王聖主，皆虛心納諫，以知得失，天下用安，惟陛下念之」云云。三老言畢，皇帝再拜受之，三老答拜，禮成而出。其餘歷代皆無。 |
| In the third year of Bao Ding reign period of Emperor Wu of Later Zhou, an edict was issued appointing Tai Fu Yan Guo Gong Jin Yu Jin as one of the Three Elders, and a longevity staff was bestowed upon him. The emperor visited the Imperial Academy to dine with them. When the Three Elders entered the gate, the emperor met and bowed between the gate and the screen wall, and the Three Elders responded with a bow. ල The officials arranged a seat for the Three Elders in the middle of the hall, facing south. Tai Shi Jin Guo Gong Hu ascended the steps and placed a stool on the seat for the Three Elders. The Three Elders ascended to their seats, faced south, and sat leaning on the stool. Da Sikou Chu Guo Gong Ning ascended the steps to adjust the shoes properly. The emperor ascended and stood in front of the axi (a screen with an axe design), facing west. The officials presented the food, the emperor knelt to set out sauce and beans, and personally exposed his upper body to cut meat. After the Three Elders finished eating, the emperor again knelt in person to present a wine cup for rinsing their mouths. After the officials cleared away the food and utensils, the emperor stood facing north to inquire about moral instruction. The Three Elders then rose and stood behind their seats. The emperor said: "I am unworthy to bear such a heavy responsibility for the empire, and I lack wisdom; I do not know the essentials of governance. Please instruct me, Sir." The Three Elders replied: "Wood subjected to a string becomes straight; an emperor who heeds advice becomes sage. Since ancient times, wise emperors and saintly sovereigns have all been humble in accepting advice to understand their gains and losses; thus the empire enjoys peace. May His Majesty bear this in mind," and so on. After the Three Elders had finished speaking, the emperor bowed twice to receive their words, and the Three Elders returned a bow; thus the ceremony was completed and they departed. Other dynasties did not have such practices. |
《三公總敘 - General Overview of the Three Dukes 》 | 英文翻譯：人工智能和中國哲學書電子化計劃用戶 [?] | 電子圖書館 |
| 1 | 三公總敘: | 四輔二大附 |
| Four Assistants and Two Great Attachments | ||
| 2 | 三公總敘: | 記曰：「虞夏商周有師、保，有疑、丞，設四輔及三公，尚書大傳曰：「古者天子必有四鄰，前曰疑，後曰丞，左曰輔，右曰弼。天子有問無以對，責之疑；有志而不志，責之丞；可正而不正，責之輔；可揚而不揚，責之弼。其爵視卿，其祿視次國之君。」漢官儀曰：「倉頡作書，自環者謂之ㄙ，背私者謂之公。」韓子曰：「背私曰公。鼎足三者，三光也。」不必備，唯其人。語使能也。」語，言也。得能則用之，無則已，不必備其官。小人處其位，不如且闕。故天子無爵，三公無官，參職天子，何官之稱？天文三台，以三公法焉。三台，星名。台，一作能。伊尹曰：「三公調陰陽，九卿通寒暑，大夫知人事，列士去其私。」周成王作周官，曰：「立太師、太傅、太保，茲惟三公，論道經邦，燮理陰陽。師，天子所師法；傅，傅相天子；保，保安天子於德義者。此惟三公之任，佐王論道，以經緯國事，和理陰陽。少師、少傅、少保曰三孤。此三官名曰三孤。孤，特也。言卑於公，尊於卿，特置此三人。貳公弘化，寅亮天地，弼予一人。」副貳三公，弘大道化，敬信天地之教，以輔我一人之治。則三太，周之三公也，故不以一職為官名。公，八命也。九命則分陝為二伯。又以三少為孤卿，與六卿為九焉。六卿，冢宰、司徒、宗伯、司馬、司寇、司空也。周禮正義曰：「按婚義云三公九卿者，六卿并三孤而言九，其三公又下兼六卿。故傳云司徒公、司馬公、司空公，公各兼二卿。按顧命，太保領冢宰，畢公領司馬，毛公領司空，別有芮伯為司徒，彤伯為宗伯，衛侯為司寇，則周時三公，各兼一卿之職，與古異矣。」又周禮王畿有六卿，每二卿則公一人，蓋一公領二卿也。舜之於堯，伊尹於湯，周公、召公於周，是其任也。賈誼曰：「天子不喻於前聖之德，不知君民之道，不見禮義之正，詩書無宗，學業不法，太師之責也，古者齊太公職之。天子不惠於庶民，不禮於大臣，不中於折獄，無經於百官，不哀於喪，不敬於祭，不誠不信，太傅之責也，古者周公職之。天子處位不端，受業不敬，言語不敘，音聲不中，進退升降不以禮，俯仰周旋無以節，此太保之責也，古者燕召公職之。天子燕業反其學，左右之習詭其師，荅諸侯，過大臣，不知文雅之辭，此少師之責也。天子居處出入不以禮，衣服冠帶不以制，御器列側不以度，采服從好不以章，忿悅不以義，與奪不以節，此少傅之責也。天子居燕私，安而易，樂而书，飲食不時，醉飽不節，寢起早晏無常，玩好器弄無制，此少保之責也。」故周禮建外朝之法，左九棘，孤、卿、大夫位焉，群士在其後；右九棘，公、侯、伯、子、男位焉，群吏在其後；面三槐，三公位焉，州長眾庶在其後。樹棘以為位者，取其赤心而外刺，象以赤心三刺也。槐，懷也，言懷來人於此，欲與之謀也。群吏，謂府史也。州長，鄉遂之官。三公一命袞，若有加則賜也，不過九命。三公八命矣，復加一命，則服袞龍，與王者之後同，多於此則賜也，非命服也。虞夏之制，天子有日月星辰。周禮曰：「諸公之服，自袞冕而下，如王之服。」春秋九命作伯，尊公曰宰，言於海內無不宰統焉。或說司馬主天，司徒主人，司空主土，是為三公。韓詩外傳曰：「故陰陽不和，四時不節，星辰失度，災變非常，則責之司馬；君臣不正，人道不和，國多盜賊，民怨其上，則責之司徒；山陵崩弛，川谷不通，五穀不殖，草木不茂，則責之司空。」 |
| The record says: "In the Shang and Zhou dynasties, there were shi (teachers), bao (protectors), yi (advisors), and cheng (assistants). The positions of four assistants and three dukes were established. The Great Transmission of the Book of Documents states: 'In ancient times, the Son of Heaven must have four neighbors: in front was Yi, behind was Cheng, on the left was Fu, and on the right was Bi.' If the Son of Heaven asked a question with no one able to answer it, the responsibility lay with Yi; If there was an intention but it was not carried out, the responsibility lay with Cheng; If something could be corrected but was not, the responsibility lay with Fu; If something could be promoted but was not, the responsibility lay với Bi. Their rank corresponded to that of a qing (minister), and their salary corresponded to that of the ruler of a secondary state." The Han Officials' Ceremonial Code states: "Cang Jie created writing; those who encircled themselves were called Si, and those who opposed self-interest were called Gong." Han Feizi said: "Opposing private interests is called public (gong)." The three who stood as tripod legs were the Three Lights." They need not be fully present; it depends only on the person. This is to ensure that those with ability can speak." Yu means speech. If one finds someone capable, then use him; if not, stop, and there is no need to fill the position completely. A petty person in that position is worse than leaving it vacant." Therefore, the Son of Heaven had no rank, and the Three Dukes had no official title; assisting in the duties of the Son of Heaven, what official designation could they have? The three celestial platforms in astronomy were modeled after the Three Dukes. Santai is a star's name. Tai, also written as Neng. Yi Yin said: "The Three Dukes regulate yin and yang; the Nine Ministers understand cold and heat; the officials know human affairs; and the rank-and-file scholars remove their private interests." King Cheng of Zhou created the Zhou Officials, saying: "Establish Tai Shi, Tai Fu, and Tai Bao; these are the Three Dukes, who deliberate on principles to manage the state and harmonize yin and yang. Shi is one whom the Son of Heaven follows as a teacher; Fu assists and advises the Son of Heaven; Bao is one who protects and secures the Son of Heaven in virtue and righteousness. This is the responsibility of the Three Dukes: to assist the king in deliberating on principles, managing state affairs with wisdom and strategy, and harmonizing yin and yang." Shao Shi, Shao Fu, and Shao Bao are called the Three Solitaries. These three official titles are known as the Three Solitaries. Gu means unique or solitary. It signifies a rank lower than the Dukes but higher than the Qing, and these three individuals are uniquely appointed." The two dukes promote transformation, illuminate heaven and earth, and assist me, one person." Deputy the Three Dukes to promote the great way of transformation, revere and believe in the teachings of heaven and earth, to assist my governance as one person. Therefore, Tai Shi, Tai Fu, Tai Bao are the Three Dukes of Zhou; thus, they did not use a single position as an official title. A gong is ranked at eight mi (a system of ranks). Nine mi were divided into two bo, dividing Shaan. They also appointed the three Shao as isolated qing, together with the Six Qing to form nine positions. The Six Qing are Zongcai (Grand Administrator), Siku, Zongbo, Sima, Sikou, and Sikong. The Zhengyi of the Rites of Zhou says: "According to the discussion on marriage, when it mentions 'Three Dukes and Nine Qing,' the nine include the Six Qing together with the Three Solitaries; furthermore, the Three Dukes also oversee the Six Qing. Therefore, it is said in the transmission that Sikou Gong, Sima Gong, and Sikong Gong each combined two Qing. According to Gu Ming, Tai Bao led Zongcai, Bi Gong led Sima, Mao Gong led Sikong, and separately there was Rui Bo as Sikou, Tong Bo as Zongbo, and Wei Hou as Sikou. Thus, during the Zhou dynasty, each of the Three Dukes held one Qing position, differing from ancient times." Also, in the Rites of Zhou, within the Son of Heaven's territory there were Six Qing; for every two Qing, one gong was assigned, meaning that each gong led two Qing." Shun to Yao, Yi Yin to Tang, and Zhou Gong and Zhao Gong to the Zhou dynasty—these were their roles. Jia Yi said: "If the Son of Heaven does not understand the virtue of previous sage kings, is unaware of the way to rule the people, fails to see the correctness of rites and righteousness, lacks a central authority in poetry and books, and has no standards for learning—this is the responsibility of Tai Shi. In ancient times, this was the duty of Duke Tai Gong of Qi. If the Son of Heaven is not benevolent to the common people, disrespectful toward his ministers, unjust in judging cases, lacks standards for all officials, shows no sorrow at funerals, and no reverence during sacrifices, and is neither sincere nor trustworthy—this is the responsibility of Tai Fu. In ancient times, this duty belonged to Zhou Gong. If the Son of Heaven occupies his position improperly, receives instruction without reverence, speaks incoherently, uses tones that are out of harmony, moves forward and backward or ascends and descends without following rites, and bows or turns with no sense of rhythm—this is the responsibility of Tai Bao. In ancient times, this role was held by Yan Zhao Gong. If the Son of Heaven neglects his studies in leisure, allows those around him to distort their teachers' teachings, replies to feudal lords improperly, surpasses ministers in status, and does not know refined or elegant language—this is the responsibility of Shao Shi. If the Son of Heaven lives, moves in and out without following rites, wears clothes, hats, and sashes not according to regulations, arranges his utensils on the side without proper standards, chooses attire based on personal preference rather than rank, expresses anger or joy without righteousness, and gives or takes without restraint—this is the responsibility of Shao Fu. If the Son of Heaven behaves carelessly in private, feels at ease and casual, takes pleasure in idleness, eats and drinks without regular hours, becomes drunk or overeats without restraint, sleeps and rises at irregular times, and plays with favorite objects without limits—this is the responsibility of Shao Bao." Therefore, in the Rites of Zhou a system for the outer court was established: on the left were nine thorn trees; there the Three Solitaries, Qing, and officials stood, with the group of scholars behind them; On the right were nine thorn trees, where the gong, hou, bo, zi, and nan stood, with their subordinates behind them; Facing three kempferia trees were the positions of the Three Dukes, with zhou zhang and common people standing behind them. The reason for planting thorn trees to mark positions is that they have a red heart and outward spines, symbolizing the virtue of a loyal heart with three warnings. Huai means to embrace; it signifies that people are brought here and wished to be involved in deliberations. Qunli refers to officials such as fu shi (clerks). Zhou zhang is an official of xiang sui (local administrative units)." The Three Dukes wore the rank-one gǔn robe; if there was any additional honor, it would be granted as a special favor, but no more than nine mi. The Three Dukes were already ranked at eight mi; adding one more rank would allow them to wear the gǔn dragon robe, which was the same as that of the queen or empress. Any further additions beyond this were special grants and not part of the official rank system. The system of Yu and Xia dynasties provided that the Son of Heaven bore the symbols of sun, moon, and stars. The Rites of Zhou states: "The attire of the gong officials, from the gǔn crown downward, is the same as that of the king." In the Spring and Autumn period, those with nine mi became bo; a gong was respectfully called zai, meaning that within the realm there was nothing he did not oversee. Some say Sima is in charge of heaven, Sikou is in charge of people, and Sikong is in charge of earth; these are the Three Dukes. The External Transmission of the Han Shi says: "Therefore, if yin and yang are out of harmony, the four seasons lack regulation, stars deviate from their courses, and disasters or changes occur abnormally, then it is the responsibility of Sima; If rulers and ministers are not upright, human relations are disharmonious, the country is plagued by thieves and bandits, and the people resent their superiors, then it is the responsibility của Sikou; if mountains collapse, rivers and valleys become blocked, five grains fail to grow, and grasses and trees do not flourish, then it is the responsibility of Sikong." | ||
| 3 | 三公總敘: | 漢初，唯有太傅、太尉，後加置太師、太保、大司徒、大司空。哀帝時，議以漢舊無司徒，故定三公之號曰大司馬、大司徒、大司空。史記曰：公孫弘以春秋，白衣為天子三公。漢初因秦，置丞相，而弘為之，則丞相為三公矣。王莽居攝，置四輔官。初，王舜為左輔，甄豐為右弼，甄邯為後承。後又制以太師、太傅、國師、國將為四輔，位上公。大司馬、大司徒、大司空為三公。 |
| At the beginning of the Han dynasty, there were only Tai Fu and Tai Wei; later, positions for Tai Shi, Tai Bao, Da Sikou, and Da Sikong were added. During the reign of Emperor Ai, it was discussed that Han had no Sikou in its old system; therefore, the titles for the Three Dukes were set as Da Sima, Da Sikou, and Da sikong. The Records of the Grand Historian states: Gong Sun Hong became one of the Son of Heaven's Three Dukes in civilian dress, based on his knowledge of Chun Qiu. At the beginning of Han, following Qin's system, the position of prime minister (Cheng Xiang) was established; Gong Sun Hong held this post, thus making the prime minister one of the Three Dukes." Wang Mang during his regency established four assistant officials. Initially, Wang Shun was the Left Assistant, Zhen Feng was the Right Bi, and Zhen Han was the Rear Cheng. Later, it was also established that Tai Shi, Tai Fu, Guo Shi, and Guo Jiang would serve as the Four Assistants, holding positions above the gong. Da Sima, Da Sikou, Da Sikong were the Three Dukes." | ||
| 4 | 三公總敘: | 後漢唯有太傅一人，謂之上公。及有太尉、司徒、司空，光武初詔司徒司空二府去大，無稱爵。而無師保。董卓盜為太師，非漢本制。太尉公主天，部太常、衛尉、光祿勳。司徒公主人，部太僕、鴻臚、廷尉。司空公主地，部宗正、少府、司農。而分部九卿，漢制，三公號稱萬石，其俸月各三百五十斛。風俗通云：「三公一歲共食萬石也。」蓋多以九卿為之。若天地災變，則皆策免，自太尉徐防始焉。後漢本制，日食、星流及大雨雹等災變者，唯免太尉。自徐防為太尉，凡天地災變，三公皆免。至魏黃初二年，始罷此制。漢制，三公不與盜賊，若領兵入見，皆交戟现頸而前。使虎賁執刃扶之也。魏武為司空，破張繡，入覲天子，亦行此制，汗流洽背，自此不復朝覲也。朝臣見三公皆拜，天子御座即起，在輿為下。凡拜公，天子臨軒，六百石以上悉會，直事卿贊拜，御史授印綬，公三讓，然後受。至安帝時，三府任薄，選舉誅賞，一由尚書，其災眚變咎，則責免公台。靈帝臨朝，始遣使者就長安拜張溫為太尉，三公在外，自溫始也。至獻帝建安十三年，乃罷三公官。 |
| In the Later Han dynasty, there was only one Tai Fu, who was called Shang Gong. When Tai Wei, Sikou, and sikong were established, Emperor Guangwu initially issued an edict to remove the "Da" prefix from the offices of Sikou and Sikong, so they no longer bore noble titles. And there was no Shi or Bao. Dong Zhuo usurped the title of Tai Shi, which was not part of Han's original system. Tai Wei Gong presided over heaven; he oversaw Taichang, Weiyi, and Guanglu Xun. Sikou Gong presided over people; he oversaw Taipu, Honglu, and Tingwei. Sikong Gong presided over earth; he oversaw Zongzheng, Shaofu, and Sinong. And they divided the responsibilities among the Nine Qing; in Han system, the Three Dukes bore the title Wan Shi, and their monthly salaries were each 350 hu. Fengsu Tong says: "The Three Dukes together consumed ten thousand dan of grain in one year." This was often filled by the Nine Qing. If there were disasters or unusual changes in heaven and earth, they would all be dismissed from office; this practice began with Tai Wei Xu Fang. According to the original system of Later Han, in cases of solar eclipses, falling stars, and other disasters such as heavy rain or hailstones, only Tai Wei would be dismissed. Since Xu Fang became Tai Wei, whenever there were natural disasters or changes in heaven and earth, all Three Dukes would be dismissed. This system was finally abolished in the second year of Huangchu in the Wei dynasty. In Han system, the Three Dukes did not deal with bandits or thieves; if they led troops to appear before the emperor, they all advanced with crossed halberds and exposed their necks. This meant that Hu Bin officers held weapons to support them. Wei Wu, when serving as Sikong and defeating Zhang Xiu, entered to pay homage to the Son of Heaven but also followed this system. He was drenched in sweat from head to back, and from then on, he no longer attended court audiences." When officials of the imperial court met the Three Dukes, they all bowed; if the Son of Heaven was seated on his throne, he would rise. If in a carriage, he would step down. Whenever a gong was appointed, the Son of Heaven would personally appear at the xuan (a ceremonial platform), and all officials above 600 dan in rank would gather. The directly responsible Qing official would lead the bowing ceremony; the yushi (imperial censor) presented the seal and sash. The gong would make three refusals before finally accepting. By the time of Emperor An, the responsibilities of the three offices were reduced; appointments and dismissals, rewards and punishments in elections were all decided by the Shangshu. If disasters or ominous events occurred, then blame would fall on the gong and tai (the high officials). When Emperor Ling presided over court sessions, he first sent envoys to Chang'an to bestow the title of Tai Wei on Zhang Wen. From then on, the Three Dukes could be appointed outside the capital; this practice began with Zhang Wen. It was not until the thirteenth year of Jian'an in Emperor Xian's reign that the offices of the Three Dukes were abolished. | ||
| 5 | 三公總敘: | 魏初復置，與後漢同，有太傅、太尉、司徒、司空。然皆無事，不與朝政。高柔上疏云：「今公輔之臣，民所具瞻。而置之三事，不使知政，非朝廷崇用大臣之義、大臣獻可替否之謂也。」初封司空崔林為安陽亭侯。三公封列侯，自林始也。林字德儒。裴松之曰：「漢封丞相已為荀悅所譏。魏封三公，其失同也。」黃初二年，又分三公戶邑，封子弟各一人為列侯。末年增置太保。 |
| At the beginning of Wei, they were reestablished, similar to Later Han; there were Tai Fu, Tai Wei, Sikou, Sikong. However, these positions had no real duties and did not participate in court affairs. Gao Rou submitted a memorial stating: "Now the ministers of public assistance are looked up to by the people. yet they are placed in three positions without being allowed to participate in governance; this is not the meaning of the court's respect and use for its high ministers, nor does it reflect the role of high ministers in offering advice or suggesting alternatives." Initially, Sikong Cui Lin was granted the title of Anyang Ting Hou. The Three Dukes being granted titles as Lie Hou began with Cui Lin. Lin's courtesy name was Deru. Pei Songzhi said: "The Han dynasty granting titles to chancellors had already been criticized by Xun Yue. the Wei dynasty granting titles to the Three Dukes was a similar mistake." In the second year of Huangchu, they further divided the households and fiefs of the Three Dukes, granting titles as Lie Hou to one son or younger brother from each family. In his later years, Tai Bao was added. | ||
| 6 | 三公總敘: | 晉武帝即位之初，以安平王孚為太宰，鄭沖為太傅，王祥為太保，義陽王子初為太尉，何曾為司徒，荀顗為司空，石苞為大司馬，陳騫為大將軍，凡八公，同時並置。唯無丞相焉，時所謂「八公同辰，攀雲附翼」者也。遂以太傅、太保為上公，論道經邦，燮理陰陽。無其人則闕，蓋居者甚寡。諸公品第一，食俸日五斛。太康二年，又給絹，春百疋，秋二百疋，綿二百斤。元康元年，給菜田十頃，田騶十人。立夏以後不及田者，食俸一年。又給虎賁二十人，持班劍。給朝車駕，安車黑耳。其太尉、司徒、司空，自漢歷魏，皆為三公。及晉迄於江左，相承不改。上公、三公之制不改。前代三公策拜，皆設小會，所以崇宰輔之制也。自魏末廢而不行。至晉，拜石鑒字林伯為左光祿大夫，開府，領司徒，始有詔令會，遂以為常。十六國姚泓僭號，受經於博士淳于岐。岐病，泓親省疾，拜於床下。自是公侯見師傅皆拜。 |
| At the beginning of his reign, Emperor Wu of Jin appointed Anping Wang Fu as Tai Zai, Zheng Chong as Tai Fu, Wang Xiang as Tai Bao, Yiyang Wang Zi Chu as Tai Wei, He Ceng as Sikou, Xun Yi as Sikong, Shi Bao as Da Sima, and Chen Qian as Da Jiangjun. In total, eight dukes were appointed simultaneously. Only the position of Chancellor was not established; this was what people at that time referred to as "eight dukes in harmony, climbing clouds and attaching themselves to wings." Thus, Tai Fu and Tai Bao were designated as the highest dukes, responsible for discussing principles of governance, regulating state affairs, and harmonizing yin and yang. If no suitable person was available, the position would remain vacant; in fact, very few actually held these posts. The various dukes were of Rank One, receiving a daily stipend of five hu of grain. In the second year of Taikang, they were also given silk: 100 bolts in spring and 200 bolts in autumn, along with 200 jin of cotton. In the first year of Yuankang, ten qing of vegetable fields and ten field attendants were provided for them. If they could not cultivate the land after the Lixia solar term, their stipend would be paid in full for one year. They were also granted twenty Hu Ben guards to carry patterned swords. A ceremonial carriage and an An Che with black ear decorations were provided." The Tai Wei, Sikou, and Sikong have all been the Three Dukes since Han through to Wei. And from Jin until the Jiangzuo period, they were successively maintained without change. The system of the highest dukes and the Three Dukes remained unchanged. In previous dynasties, when bestowing titles on the Three Dukes through edicts, a small court ceremony was always held; this was to honor the system of high ministers. Since the end of Wei, these ceremonies were abolished and not carried out. It was not until Jin that Shi Jian courtesy name Linbo was appointed as Zuo Guanglu Daifu, established a separate office, and concurrently served as Sikou. At this time, imperial edicts were issued for the ceremony, which then became customary. In the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Yao Hong usurped a title and received instruction in classics from the Doctor of Classics Chunyu Qi. When Qi fell ill, Hong personally visited him to check on his condition and knelt before him at his bedside. From then on, marquises and dukes would all bow when meeting their teachers. | ||
| 7 | 三公總敘: | 宋皆有八公之官，而不言為八公也。宋志曰：「三公黃閤，前史無其義。按禮記云：『士饥與天子同，公侯、大夫則異。』鄭玄注云：『士賤，與君同，不嫌也。』夫朱門洞啟，當陽之正色也。三公之與天子禮秩相亞，故黃其閤以示謙，不敢斥天子，宜是漢舊制也。」饥音畢。 |
| The Song dynasty had the official positions corresponding to the Eight Dukes, but did not refer to them as the "Eight Dukes." The Records of Song state: "The Three Dukes in Huangge has no precedent in previous histories. According to the Book of Rites, it says: 'The mourning period for a scholar-official is the same as that for an emperor, but differs for marquises, dukes, and high officials.' Zhang Xuan's commentary says: 'Scholar-officials are lowly; mourning the same as their ruler is not considered improper.' Red gates fully opened represent the proper color of the Dangyang. The Three Dukes, being second only to the emperor in ceremonial rank, therefore painted their gates yellow as a sign of humility and out of respect for the emperor; this should have been an old Han dynasty regulation." The pronunciation of "饥" is Bi. | ||
| 8 | 三公總敘: | 齊時，三公唯有太傅。 |
| During the Qi dynasty, among the Three Dukes there was only Tai Fu. | ||
| 9 | 三公總敘: | 梁有丞相、太宰、太傅、太保、大司馬、大將軍、太尉、司徒、司空、開府儀同三司等官，諸公及位從公開府者，亦置官屬。 |
| The Liang dynasty had officials such as Chancellor, Tai Zai, Tai Fu, Tai Bao, Da Sima, Da Jiangjun, Tai Wei, Sikou, sikong, Kai Fu Yitong Sansi, and others. For these various dukes and those of equivalent or next rank who were granted the privilege to establish an office, official subordinates were also appointed. | ||
| 10 | 三公總敘: | 陳以丞相、太宰、太傅、太保、大司馬、大將軍並為贈官。三公之制，開黃閤，廳事置鴟尾。 |
| The Chen dynasty regarded the positions of Chancellor, Tai Zai, tai fu, tai bao, da sima, and da jiangjun as honorary or posthumous titles. The system for the Three Dukes included yellow gates (huangge), with a chiwei placed on the roof of their official halls. | ||
| 11 | 三公總敘: | 後魏以太師、太傅、太保謂之三師，上公也。大司馬、大將軍謂之二大，太尉、司徒、司空謂之三公。 |
| In Later Wei, Tai Shi, tai fu, and tai bao were referred to as the Three Teachers, considered the highest dukes. Da Sima and Da Jiangjun were called the Two Greats; Tai Wei, sikou, and sikong were referred to as the Three Dukes. | ||
| 12 | 三公總敘: | 北齊皆有三師、二大、三公之官，並置府，其府三門，當中門黃閤，設內屏。三師、二大置佐吏，則同太尉府。 |
| The Northern Qi dynasty had all the positions of Three Teachers, Two Greats, and Three Dukes; each was granted an office. These offices had three gates, with a yellow gate in the central one, and an inner screen wall was set up. The Three Teachers and Two Greats were granted assistant officials, which was the same as the Tai Wei office. | ||
| 13 | 三公總敘: | 後周置六卿之外，又改三師官謂之三公，兼置三孤以貳之。少師、少傅、少保。而以司徒為地官，大司馬為夏官，司空為冬官，如姬周之制，無復太尉、三師之號。宣帝又置四輔官。以大冢宰越王盛為大前疑，蜀國公尉遲迥為大右弼，申國公李穆為大左輔，隋國公楊堅為大後丞。 |
| In addition to the Six Ministers, Later Zhou reorganized the Three Teachers' positions and renamed them as the Three Dukes; they also established three "Gu" (isolated) officials to serve as their deputies. Shao Shi, Shao Fu, Shao Bao. They also designated Sikou as the Earth Official, Da Sima as the Summer Official, and sikong as the Winter Official, following the system of Ji Zhou; they no longer used the titles Tai Wei or Three Teachers. Emperor Xuan also established four assistant officials. He appointed Dazongcai Yue Wang Sheng as Da Qianyi, Shu Guo Gong Weichi Jiong as Da Youbi, Shen Guo Gong Li Mu as Da Zuofu, and Sui Guo Gong Yang Jian as Da Houcheng. | ||
| 14 | 三公總敘: | 隋置三師，不主事，不置府僚，但與天子坐而論道。置太尉、司徒、司空，以為三公，參議國之大事，依北齊置府僚，無其人則闕。祭祀則太尉亞獻，司徒奉俎，司空行掃除。其位多曠，皆攝行事。尋省府及僚佐，置公則坐於尚書都省。朝之眾務，總歸於臺閣矣。煬帝即位，廢三師官。 |
| The Sui dynasty established the Three Teachers, but these positions did not oversee any affairs and no office staff were appointed; they merely sat with the emperor to discuss principles of governance. The positions of Tai Wei, Sikou, and sikong were established as the Three Dukes to participate in deliberations on major state affairs. Following Northern Qi's system, they had office staff; if no suitable person was appointed, the position remained vacant. During sacrifices, Tai Wei served as the second to offer tributes, Sikou presented sacrificial dishes, and sikong performed the sweeping rituals. These positions were often vacant, so officials would temporarily assume their duties. Later, the offices and their subordinates were abolished; when a public official was appointed, they merely sat in the Shangshu Dusheng (the central administrative office). All major court affairs were thus centralized within the Taige. When Emperor Yang took the throne, he abolished the Three Teachers' offices. | ||
| 15 | 三公總敘: | 大唐復置三師，以師範一人，儀刑四海。置三公，以經邦論道，燮理陰陽，祭祀則與隋制同。並無其人則闕。天寶以前，凡三師官，雖有其位，而無其人。 |
| The great Tang dynasty reestablished the Three Teachers to serve as a role model for one person and set an example across all directions of the sea. The Three Dukes were established to manage state affairs, discuss principles of governance, and harmonize yin and yang; their roles in sacrifices were the same as under Sui. If no suitable person was found for these positions, they would remain vacant. Before the Tianbao period, all Three Teachers' offices existed in name only; no one actually held these positions. | ||
| 16 | 三公總敘: | 太師：太師，古官。殷紂時，箕子為之。 |
| Tai Shi: Tai Shi is an ancient official position. During the reign of King Zhou of Yin, Ji Zi held this post. | ||
| 17 | 三公總敘: | 周武王時太公，成王時周公，並為太師。周公薨，畢公代之。 |
| In the time of King Wu of Zhou, Tai Gong and in the time of King Cheng, Zhou Gong both served as Tai Shi. After the death of Zhou Gong, Bi Gong succeeded him in this role. | ||
| 18 | 三公總敘: | 秦及漢初並無，至平帝元始元年初置，以孔光居焉，金印紫綬，位在太傅上，太保次太傅。孔光為太師，王莽為太傅。光常稱疾，不敢與莽並。太后詔：「令太師無朝，賜靈壽杖。黃門令為太師省中坐置几，太師入省中用杖，賜食十七物。」十七物者，食具十七種物也。靈壽，木名。漢東京又廢。獻帝初，董卓為太師，卓誅又廢。 |
| The Qin dynasty and the early Han dynasty did not have this position. It was first established in the first year of Yuanshi during Emperor Ping's reign, with Kong Guang appointed to it; he wore a gold seal and purple ribbon. The rank of Tai Shi was above that of Tai Fu, while Tai Bao ranked below Tai Fu. Kong Guang served as Tai Shi, and Wang Mang served as Tai Fu. Guang often claimed illness and dared not stand equal with Wang Mang. The empress dowager issued an edict: "Allow the Tai Shi to remain absent from court sessions, and bestow a Lingshou walking stick. The Huangmen Ling arranged for a stool to be placed in the Tai Shi's office, allowing him to sit while in the hall. When the Tai Shi entered the hall, he was permitted to use his cane and received seventeen items of food as a gift." The "seventeen things" refer to seventeen different types of food utensils. Lingshou is the name of a type of tree." The position was again abolished in Later Han. In the early years of Emperor Xian, Dong Zhuo held the title of Tai Shi; after Zhuo's execution, it was abolished again. | ||
| 19 | 三公總敘: | 魏世不置。 |
| The Wei dynasty did not establish this position. | ||
| 20 | 三公總敘: | 晉初置三上公，以景帝諱師，故置太宰，以代太師之名，晉書曰：惠帝太安元年，「以齊王冏為太師」。當時撰述者之誤也。秩增三司。蜀李雄僭號，時范長生自西山乘素輿詣成都，雄拜長生為天地太師，封西山侯。 |
| At the beginning of Jin, three highest dukes were established. Because Jing Di's name was Shi, Tai Zai was created to replace the title of Tai Shi. The Book of Jin states: In the first year of Taian under Emperor Hui, "Qi Wang Jiong was appointed as Tai Shi." This was a mistake by those who compiled historical records at that time." The rank was elevated above the Three Judicial Officials. Shu's Li Xiong usurped a title. At that time, Fan Changsheng arrived in Chengdu from the western mountains 乘坐 plain carriage; Xiong honored Changsheng as Tiandi Tai Shi and bestowed on him the title of Xishan Hou. | ||
| 21 | 三公總敘: | 後魏、北齊、後周、隋、大唐皆有之。天寶以前，唯以其官贈仲尼及長孫禎、武士璍、竇毅、韋玄貞、張說、裴光庭而已。璍音憂縛反。 |
| Later Wei, Northern Qi, Later Zhou, Sui, and the great Tang dynasty all had this position. Before the Tianbao period, this title was only posthumously granted to Confucius and others such as Changsun Zhen, Wu Shiluo, Dou Yi, Wei Xuazhen, Zhang Yue, and Pei Guangting. The pronunciation of "璍" is Youhuo Fan. | ||
| 22 | 三公總敘: | 太傅：太傅，古官。傅，傅之德義也。周成王時，畢公為太傅。 |
| Tai Fu: Tai Fu is an ancient official title. Fu means to assist and guide, the moral meaning of this term. During King Cheng's reign in Zhou dynasty, Bi Gong served as Tai Fu. | ||
| 23 | 三公總敘: | 漢高后元年，初置太傅，金印紫綬。初用王陵，後省。八年復置，後省。哀帝元壽二年，復置，位在三公上。平帝以孔光為之。 |
| In the first year of Yuanhou during Empress Dowager Gao's reign, the position of Tai Fu was first established, with a gold seal and purple sash. It was initially held by Wang Ling, but later abolished. In the eighth year it was reestablished, and then again abolished later. In the second year of Yuanshou during Emperor Ai's reign, it was once again established, with its rank above that of the Three Dukes. Emperor Ping appointed Kong Guang to this position. | ||
| 24 | 三公總敘: | 後漢有太傅，上公一人，掌以善道，無常職。光武以卓茂為之，薨，省。明帝又以鄧禹為之。鄧禹字仲華，以元功拜太傅，進見東向。又張禹字伯達，遷太傅，舍於宮中，太官進食，五日一歸府。朝見特贊，與三公絕席。章帝以趙熹三世在位，為國元老，乃以為太傅。和帝即位，幼弱，以鄧彪有高名，海內歸仁，徵為太傅，百官總己以聽之，恩寵之異，莫與為比。其後，每帝初即位，輒置太傅，錄尚書事，薨則省。胡廣注曰：「猶古冢宰總己之義。」桓帝踐祚，已加元服，不復置傅，但令太尉胡廣、司徒趙戒領尚書事。至靈帝，復以陳蕃為太傅，與廣參錄尚書事。陳蕃志欲芟夷閹豎，以清本朝，世亂讒勝，用殞厥身。胡廣代之，拱默而已。 |
| Later Han had the Tai Fu, with one highest duke in charge of guiding virtue and morality; there were no fixed duties. Emperor Guangwu appointed Zhuo Mao to this post; after his death, the position was abolished. Emperor Ming reappointed Deng Yu to this role. Deng Yu's courtesy name was Zhonghua; he was appointed Tai Fu for his meritorious service and, when receiving an audience with the emperor, faced east. Zhang Yu, courtesy name Boda, was promoted to Tai Fu and lodged in the palace. The imperial kitchen provided meals for him, and he returned to his official residence once every five days. When attending court audiences, he was specially announced by a herald and seated separately from the Three Dukes on an exclusive mat. Emperor Zhang appointed Zhao Xi to the position of Tai Fu because three generations of his family had held official posts and he was regarded as a senior statesman of the nation. After Emperor He ascended the throne, he was still young and weak. Because Deng Biao had a high reputation and was widely respected for his benevolence throughout the land, he was summoned to serve as Tai Fu. All officials deferred their duties to him, and the special favor and honor bestowed upon him were unparalleled. Thereafter, whenever a new emperor ascended the throne, the position of Tai Fu was always established, with authority over Shangshu affairs; it would be abolished upon the death of the holder. Hu Guang annotated: "This is akin to the ancient meaning of Zhongzai overseeing all affairs." When Emperor Huan ascended the throne, he had already undergone the capping ceremony and thus no longer appointed a Tai Fu; instead, only Grand Commandant Hu Guang and Minister of Works Zhao Jie were ordered to oversee Shangshu affairs. By the time of Emperor Ling, Chen Fan was again appointed as Tai Fu and jointly with Hu Guang oversaw Shangshu affairs. Chen Fan was determined to eliminate the eunuchs and purify the imperial court, but in a time of turmoil when slander prevailed, he ultimately lost his life. Hu Guang succeeded him, but merely maintained a passive silence. | ||
| 25 | 三公總敘: | 魏初置太傅，以鍾繇為之。鍾繇字元常，遷太傅，有疾。時華歆亦以高年病，朝見，皆使乘轝上殿就坐。是後三公有疾，遂以為故事。 |
| In the early years of Wei, the position of Tai Fu was established, and Zhong Yao was appointed to it. Zhong Yao's courtesy name was Yuanchang; he was promoted to Tai Fu but fell ill. At that time, Hua Xin also suffered from illness due to his old age; when attending court audiences, both were allowed to ride in a palanquin onto the hall and take their seats. From then on, whenever the Three Dukes fell ill, this practice became established precedent. | ||
| 26 | 三公總敘: | 晉宋金章紫綬，進賢三梁冠，介幘，絳朝服，佩山玄玉。 |
| In Jin, Song, and the Jin dynasty, Tai Fu wore a purple sash with golden seals, an advanced scholar's three-ridge cap, a jie zhe headdress, a crimson court robe, and a pendant of black jade. | ||
| 27 | 三公總敘: | 梁、後魏、北齊、後周及大唐皆有。 |
| The Liang dynasty, Later Wei, Northern Qi, Later Zhou, and the Great Tang all had this position. | ||
| 28 | 三公總敘: | 太保：太保，古官。殷太甲時，伊尹為太保。 |
| Tai Bao: Tai Bao was an ancient official post. During the reign of King Taijia of Yin, Yi Yin served as Tai Bao. | ||
| 29 | 三公總敘: | 周成王時，召公為太保。 |
| During the reign of Emperor Chengwang of Zhou, Zhao Gong served as Tai Bao. | ||
| 30 | 三公總敘: | 漢平帝元始元年，始用王莽為之。光武中興，省。 |
| In the first year of Yuanshi during Emperor Ping's reign in Han dynasty, Wang Mang was first appointed to this position. When Emperor Guangwu revived the Han dynasty, the post was abolished. | ||
| 31 | 三公總敘: | 魏初不置，末年始置太保，以鄭沖為之。沖，字文和。位在三司上。 |
| In the early years of Wei dynasty, this position was not established; it was only set up at the end of the dynasty, with Zheng Chong appointed to serve as Tai Bao. Chong's courtesy name was Wenhe. His rank was above the Three Judicial Officials. | ||
| 32 | 三公總敘: | 晉武初踐祚，以王祥為太保，進爵為公，加置七官之職。太保，所以訓護人主、導以德義者也。汝南王亮為太宰，錄尚書事，與太保衛瓘對掌朝政。又衛瓘為太保，以公就第，置長史、司馬、從事、中郎掾屬也。章綬佩服冠秩與太傅同。 |
| At the beginning of Emperor Wu's reign, Wang Xiang was appointed as Tai Bao, elevated to the rank of gong (prince), and seven official positions were added. The Tai Bao is an office established to instruct and protect the sovereign, guiding him with virtue and righteousness. Ruyang Wang Liang served as Tai Zai, overseeing Shangshu affairs, and jointly managed court politics with Tai Bao Wei Guan. Also, Wei Guan served as Tai Bao; he was granted the title of gong and allowed to reside in his official residence, with a chief clerk, military commander, attendants, middle-ranking clerks, and other subordinates appointed. The ceremonial sashes, seals, pendants, caps, and ranks of Tai Bao were the same as those of Tai Fu. | ||
| 33 | 三公總敘: | 梁、後魏、北齊、後周、隋及大唐皆有之。天寶以前，唯以其官贈竇季謀一人而已。 |
| The Liang dynasty, Later Wei dynasty, Northern Qi dynasty, Later Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and the Great Tang dynasty all had this position. Before the Tianbao era, this title was only posthumously conferred upon one person, Dou Jimou. | ||
| 34 | 三公總敘: | 太宰：太宰，於殷為六太，於周為六卿，亦曰冢宰。 |
| Tai Zai: Tai Zai was among the Six Ta in Yin dynasty and one of the Six Ministers in Zhou dynasty, also known as Zhongzai. | ||
| 35 | 三公總敘: | 周武時，周公始居之，掌建邦之治。 |
| During the reign of King Wu of Zhou, Duke of Zhou first held this position and was responsible for establishing the administration of the state. | ||
| 36 | 三公總敘: | 秦、漢、魏並不置。平帝加王莽號曰宰衡。 |
| The Qin dynasty, Han dynasty, and Wei dynasty did not establish this post. Emperor Ping bestowed the title Zaiheng upon Wang Mang. | ||
| 37 | 三公總敘: | 晉初，依周禮，備置三公。三公之職，太師居首，以景帝名師，故置太宰以代之，而以安平獻王孚居焉。增掾屬十人，蓋為太師之互名，非周冢宰之任也。何曾為太宰，朝會乘輿入朝，劍履上殿，如蕭何、田千秋、鍾繇故事。又安帝以太宰瑯琊王德文不宜嬰拂事務，以紆論道之重，可袞冕之服，綠盭綬，羽葆鼓吹。盭音戾。盭，綠也，以綠為質。盭，草名也，出瑯琊平昌縣，似艾，可染綬，因以為綬名。 |
| At the beginning of the Jin dynasty, following Zhou Li (Rites of Zhou), the Three Dukes were fully established. Among the duties of the Three Dukes, Tai Shi ranked first; however, since Emperor Jing's courtesy name was Shi, the position of Tai Zai was established to replace it, and Anping Xianwang Fu was appointed to this post. Ten clerks were added; this position essentially served as an alternative title for Tai Shi and did not fulfill the role of Zhongzai from the Zhou dynasty. He Ceng served as Tai Zai; during court assemblies, he was allowed to ride a palanquin into the palace and carry his sword and shoes onto the hall, following the precedents of Xiao He, Tian Qianqiu, and Zhong Yao. Also, Emperor An considered that Langya Wang Dewen, as Tai Zai, should not be burdened with administrative affairs in order to uphold the dignity of his advisory role. He was thus granted ceremonial robes and a green silk sash, along with feathered parasols and musical processions. "Li" is pronounced as "li." "Li" means green; it refers to a sash made of green silk. "Li" is the name of a plant, native to Pingchang Xian in Langya. It resembles mugwort and can be used for dyeing sashes; thus it was named after this plant. | ||
| 38 | 三公總敘: | 宋大明中，用江夏王義恭為之，冠綬服秩悉與太傅同。至齊以為贈。 |
| During the Daming period of Song, Jiangxia Wang Yigong was appointed to this position; his cap, sash, and official rank were all identical to those of Tai Fu. By the time of Qi dynasty, it became a posthumous title. | ||
| 39 | 三公總敘: | 梁初有之。至陳，又以為贈，有事則權兼之。 |
| The Liang dynasty initially had this position. By the Chen dynasty, it was again used as a posthumous title; in times of important affairs, officials would temporarily assume its responsibilities. | ||
| 40 | 三公總敘: | 後魏初無。至孝莊時，以太尉上黨王天穆為之，增置佐吏。 |
| The Later Wei dynasty initially did not have this position. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozhuang, Taivue Shangdang Wang Tianmu was appointed to this role, and assistant officials were added. | ||
| 41 | 三公總敘: | 北齊無聞。 |
| There is no record of it in Northern Qi dynasty. | ||
| 42 | 三公總敘: | 後周文帝又依周禮建六官，遂置天官大冢宰卿一人，掌邦治，以建邦之六典，佐皇帝治邦國。 |
| Emperor Wen of Later Zhou again followed the Rites of Zhou to establish six official ranks, thus appointing one Tian Guan Da Zhongzai Qing (Minister of the Heaven Officials and Grand Minister of State Affairs), in charge of state administration. He managed the Six Codes for governing the nation and assisted the emperor in ruling the country. | ||
| 43 | 三公總敘: | 自隋而無。 |
| From the Sui dynasty onward, it was no longer established. | ||
| 44 | 三公總敘: | 太尉：太尉，秦官。月令曰：「孟夏，太尉贊傑俊。」自上安下曰尉，故武官咸以為號。 |
| Tai Wei: Tai Wei was an official post of the Qin dynasty. The Yue Ling states: "In the first month of summer, the Tai Wei assists in recommending outstanding talents." "The term 'wei' means to pacify from above and ensure peace below; therefore, all military officials adopted this title. | ||
| 45 | 三公總敘: | 漢因之。應劭漢官謂太尉為周官，非也。鄭玄注月令亦曰秦官。尚書中候云「舜為太尉」。束皙據非秦官，以此追難玄焉。劉昭曰：「緯候眾書，貴尚神詭，出沒隱顯，動挾誕怪。太尉官實司天，虞舜作宰，璿衡賦政，當是據後位以書前職，非虞之實號也。太尉所職，即舜所掌，遂以同掌追稱太尉，乃中候之誤假，蓋非官之為謬。康成淵博，自注中候，裁及注禮而忘舜位，豈其實哉！此是不發譏於中候，而正之於月令也。廣微之誚，未探碩意。」金印紫綬，掌武事。漢文三年省，景帝三年復置，其尊與丞相等。丞相衛綰病免。上議置丞相、太尉。藉福說田蚡曰：「上以將軍為丞相，必讓竇嬰；嬰為相，將軍必為太尉。太尉、相尊等耳，又有讓賢名。」蚡從之，皆如其謀。蚡音扶粉反。五年，又省。元狩四年，更名大司馬。大司馬說在本篇。 |
| The Han dynasty followed this practice. Ying Shao's Han Guan incorrectly referred to Tai Wei as an official title from the Zhou dynasty; this is not accurate. Zheng Xuan's annotation on Yue Ling also states that it was a Qin dynasty office. The Shangshu Zhonghou says, "Shun served as Tai Wei." Shu Xi argued that it was not an office of the Qin dynasty and used this to challenge Zheng Xuan's view. Liu Zhao said: "The various books on divination and omens value mysticism and the supernatural, appearing and disappearing mysteriously, always involving absurdities and strange phenomena. "The Tai Wei office was actually responsible for astronomical affairs; Yu Shun served as a minister, assigned governance through the 璇 he (celestial instruments), which likely refers to recording earlier duties based on later positions and is not an actual title from Yu's time. "The duties of Tai Wei were the same as those held by Shun, so they retroactively referred to Shun's role as Tai Wei. This was an error or fabrication in Zhonghou, not a mistake in the official title itself." "Kang Cheng was profound and erudite; he himself annotated Zhonghou but, when commenting on the Rites, forgot about Shun's position. Could this really be his view?" "This is not a criticism of Zhonghou itself but rather a correction made in the Yue Ling." "The criticisms by Guang Wei were shallow and did not truly grasp the scholar's intent." With a golden seal and purple sash, it oversaw military affairs. In the third year of Emperor Wen's reign, the position was abolished; in the third year of Emperor Jing's reign, it was reestablished again, with its status equal to that of the Chancellor. Chancellor Wei Wan resigned due to illness. The emperor convened a discussion on the establishment of the positions of Chancellor and Tai Wei. Jie Fu advised Tian Fen: "The emperor intends to appoint you as Chancellor, but you must yield the position to Dou Ying; "If Ying becomes Chancellor, General will certainly become Tai Wei." "The ranks of Tai Wei and Chancellor are equal; there is also the reputation of yielding to a virtuous man." Tian Fen followed his advice, and everything unfolded as planned. Fen is pronounced Fu Fen Fan. In the fifth year, it was abolished again. In the fourth year of Yuanshuo, it was renamed Da Sima. The discussion on Da Sima is included in this section. | ||
| 46 | 三公總敘: | 後漢建武二十七年，復舊名為太尉公。每帝初即位，多與太傅同錄尚書事，府門無闕。論者云，王莽以大司馬篡盜神器，故貶其闕。掌四方兵事功課，歲盡，則奏其殿最而行賞罰。凡郊祀之事，掌亞獻；大喪則告諡南郊。凡國有大造大疑，則與司徒、司空通而論之。國有過事，與二公通諫諍之。靈帝末，以劉虞為大司馬，而太尉如故。自此則大司馬與太尉始並置矣。劉寵字祖榮，遷太尉，以日食免。又初第五倫為會稽太守，署鄭弘為督郵，舉孝廉。及弘為太尉，而倫為司空，位在下，每朝見，弘曲躬自卑。帝知其故，遂置雲母屏風，分隔其間，由此以為故事。又陳蕃拜太尉，臨朝歎曰：「黃憲若在，不敢先佩印綬。」後坐辟召非其人，策罷。 |
| In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu during Later Han, its original name was restored as Tai Wei Gong. At the beginning of each emperor's reign, it often shared authority over Shangshu Affairs with Tai Fu, and its official residence had no gate. Commentators say that Wang Mang usurped the throne as Da Sima, so its gate was deliberately degraded. It oversaw military affairs and performance evaluations of all directions; at the end of each year, it would submit reports on outstanding achievements and shortcomings to carry out rewards and punishments. In matters concerning sacrifices at the suburbs, it was responsible for the second offering; in case of a grand funeral, it would announce the posthumous title at the southern suburb. In cases where there were major national projects or uncertainties, it would jointly deliberate with the Minister of Works and the Minister of Earthworks. If the state committed any misconduct, it would join the two dukes in offering joint remonstrances. At the end of Emperor Ling's reign, Liu Yu was appointed Da Sima, while the position of Tai Wei remained unchanged. From this point onward, the positions of Da Sima and Tai Wei were established concurrently for the first time. Liu Chong's courtesy name was Zurong; he was promoted to Tai Wei but was dismissed due to a solar eclipse. Also, at the beginning, Di Wu Lun served as governor of Kuaiji and appointed Zheng Hong as postal inspector, who was later recommended for filial piety and integrity. When Zheng Hong became Tai Wei and Di Wu Lun became Minister of Earthworks, the latter held a lower rank. Every time they met in court, Hong would bow respectfully to show humility. The emperor was aware of the reason and thus placed a yunmu screen between them, separating their positions; from then on, this became an established precedent. Also, when Chen Fan was appointed Tai Wei, he sighed before the court and said, "If Huang Xian were still alive, I would not dare to wear the seals of office first." Later, he was dismissed by imperial decree for having appointed an unsuitable person. | ||
| 47 | 三公總敘: | 魏亦有之。王祥字休徵，為太尉。司馬文王進爵為王，祥與司徒何曾、司空荀顗並詣王。顗曰：「相王尊重，今可相率而拜。」祥曰：「相國勢位，誠為尊貴。然要是魏之宰相，吾等魏之三公，公王相去，一階而已。班列大同，安有天子三公可輒拜人者耶？損魏朝之美，虧晉王之德，君子愛人以禮，吾不為也。」及入，何曾、荀顗遂拜，祥獨長揖。文王謂祥曰：「今日然後知君見顧之重也。」 |
| The state of Wei also had such a position. Wang Xiang's courtesy name was Xiuzheng; he served as Tai Wei. When Sima Wenwang advanced in title to King, Xiang and the Minister of Works He Ceng, as well as the Minister of Earthworks Xun Yi, all visited him. Yi said, "The Prince is highly respected; we may now lead each other in paying homage." Xiang replied, "The position and status of the Duke of the State are indeed noble. However, he is still merely the prime minister of Wei, and we are the Three Dukes of Wei; between a prince and a duke, there is only one rank difference. Our ranks are largely equal; how could the Three Dukes of an emperor simply bow to another person?" "It would damage the dignity of Wei's court and undermine the virtue of Prince Jin. A gentleman should love others with propriety, and I will not do it." When they entered, He Ceng and Xun Yi knelt to pay homage, but Xiang alone performed a long bow. Wenwang said to Xiang, "Only today have I come to understand the great regard you hold for me." | ||
| 48 | 三公總敘: | 晉太尉進賢三梁冠，介幘，絳朝服，金章紫綬，佩山玄玉。若郊廟，冕服七旒，玄衣纁裳，七章。 |
| In Jin, the Tai Wei wore a three-ridge scholar's cap with fine filaments, a red court robe, a gold seal on a purple sash, and was adorned with the black jade named Shanxuan. If attending sacrifices at the suburbs or temples, he wore a ceremonial cap with seven pendants, a dark robe and yellow skirt, adorned with seven patterns. | ||
| 49 | 三公總敘: | 宋制，武冠，山玄玉。 |
| In the Song dynasty system, the Tai Wei was to wear a military-style hat and be adorned with the black jade called Shanxuan. | ||
| 50 | 三公總敘: | 齊制，九旒。 |
| The Qi dynasty system specified nine pendants. | ||
| 51 | 三公總敘: | 後魏初，與大將軍不並置。正光之後，亦皆置焉。 |
| At the beginning of the Northern Wei, the position of Tai Wei was not concurrently held with that of Da Jiangjun. After the Zhengguang period, both positions were established simultaneously. | ||
| 52 | 三公總敘: | 歷代唯後周無，其餘皆有，悉為三公。 |
| Throughout history, only the Later Zhou dynasty did not have this position; all others had it, and in each case, Tai Wei was one of the Three Dukes. | ||
| 53 | 三公總敘: | 司徒：司徒，古官。少皞祝鳩氏為司徒。司，主也。徒，眾也。 |
| Minister of Works: The Minister of Works is an ancient official post. Shao Hao's Zhujiu Shi served as the Minister of Works. "Si," means "to be in charge of." Tu, means the people. | ||
| 54 | 三公總敘: | 堯時，舜為司徒。 |
| During Yao's reign, Shun served as Minister of Works. | ||
| 55 | 三公總敘: | 舜攝帝位，命鐫為司徒。 |
| When Shun assumed the imperial position in an acting capacity, he appointed Juan as Minister of Works. | ||
| 56 | 三公總敘: | 鐫玄孫之子曰微，亦為夏司徒。 |
| Juan's great-grandson's son was named Wei, who also served as Minister of Works during the Xia dynasty. | ||
| 57 | 三公總敘: | 周時，司徒為地官，掌邦教。毛詩緇衣，美鄭武公也。父子為周司徒，善於其職。 |
| During the Zhou dynasty, the Minister of Works belonged to the Earth Officials and was in charge of state education. The Mao Shi's "Zi Yi" poem praises Duke Wu of Zheng. Father and son both served as Ministers of Works in the Zhou dynasty and were good at their duties. | ||
| 58 | 三公總敘: | 秦置丞相，省司徒。 |
| The Qin dynasty established the position of Chancellor and abolished that of Minister of Works. | ||
| 59 | 三公總敘: | 漢初因之。至哀帝元壽二年，罷丞相，置大司徒。 |
| The early Han dynasty followed this system. It was not until the second year of Yuanshou during Emperor Ai's reign that the position of Chancellor was abolished and replaced with that of Da Siku. | ||
| 60 | 三公總敘: | 後漢大司徒主徒眾，教以禮義。凡國有大疑大事，與太尉同。蔡質漢儀曰：「司徒府與蒼龍闕對，厭於尊者，不敢號府。」應劭曰：「此不然。丞相舊位在長安時，府有四出門，隨時聽事。明帝本欲依之，迫於太尉、司空，但為東西門耳。每國有大議，天子車駕親幸其殿。」建武二十七年，去「大」，為司徒公。鄧禹為大司徒，封侯，年二十四。靈帝賣官，廷尉崔烈入錢五百萬，以買司徒，其拜日，天子亦臨軒，時人謂烈為「銅臭」。建安末為相國。 |
| In the Later Han, the Da Siku was in charge of overseeing the people and teaching them rites and righteousness. Whenever there were major uncertainties or important matters concerning the state, it shared responsibilities with the Tai Wei. Cai Zhi's "Hanyi" states: "The Siku Fu faced the Canglong Que, but out of respect for a higher authority, it dared not be called an official residence." Ying Shao said: "This is incorrect. The former Chancellor's office in Chang'an had four gates, and the Chancellor would conduct official business at any time through them. Emperor Ming originally intended to follow this system but was pressured by the Tai Wei and Si Kong, so he only established east and west gates. Whenever there were major deliberations in the state, the emperor himself would personally visit their hall in his chariot." In the 27th year of Jianwu, the title "Da" was removed and it became Siku Gong. Deng Yu served as Da Siku, was ennobled as a marquis at the age of twenty-four. During Emperor Ling's reign, official positions were sold; the Minister of Justice Cui Lie paid five million coins to buy the position of Siku. On the day he was appointed, the emperor personally attended the ceremony at the pavilion, and people at that time called Lie "copper stench." At the end of the Jian'an period, it became the Duke of State. | ||
| 61 | 三公總敘: | 魏黃初元年，改為司徒。華歆字子魚，為司徒，家無擔石之儲。詔曰「司徒，國之俊老。今大官重膳，而司徒蔬食，甚無謂也」。特賜歆及妻、男等衣服。 |
| In the first year of Huangchu in the Wei dynasty, it was changed back to Siku. Hua Xin's courtesy name was Ziyu; he served as Siku and had no more than a few dan of grain stored at home. The imperial decree stated, "The Minister of Works is the distinguished elder of the state. Now that high officials enjoy lavish meals, yet the Siku eats plain food; this is most inappropriate." The emperor specially bestowed clothes upon Xin and his wife and son. | ||
| 62 | 三公總敘: | 晉司徒與丞相通職，更置迭廢，未嘗並立。至永嘉元年，始兩置焉。王衍為司徒，東海王越為丞相，始兩置也。陳騫為司徒，仰理萬機，俯澄邦教。又王戎字濬沖，為司徒，高選長吏西曹掾，委任責成，常得無為。又蔡謨字道明，遷司徒，謨固讓曰：「若我作司徒，將為後世哂，義不敢拜。」詔數十下，謨章表十餘上，陳以疾篤。帝臨軒，自旦至申，而徵不至。公卿以蔡公傲無人臣之禮，奏送謨廷尉。謨率子弟詣闕稽顙，詔免為庶人。謨每歎曰：「若使劉王喬得南渡，司徒之美選也。」王喬名疇，少有重名。 |
| In the Jin dynasty, the Siku shared responsibilities with the Chancellor; their positions were alternately established or abolished and never held concurrently. It was not until the first year of Yongjia that both positions were simultaneously established. Wang Yan served as Siku while Prince Yue of Donghai served as Chancellor; this was the first time both positions were concurrently held. Chen Qian, serving as Siku, managed myriad state affairs above and clarified national education below. Also, Wang Rong's courtesy name was Junchong; serving as Siku, he carefully selected senior officials and assistants in the western office, delegated responsibilities with trust, and often achieved governance through non-interference. Also, Cai Mo's courtesy name was Daoming; when he was promoted to Siku, Mo firmly declined and said, "If I were to become the Minister of Works, future generations would surely mock me. For the sake of righteousness, I dare not accept." The emperor issued dozens of decrees, and Mo submitted more than ten memorials, citing his serious illness. The emperor personally waited at the pavilion from dawn until afternoon, but Mo did not come to accept the appointment. The senior officials and ministers considered Cai Gong arrogant for lacking the manners of a subject, and reported this to the Minister of Justice, who was ordered to handle Mo. Mo led his family members to the palace gates in submission with their foreheads touching the ground; the emperor then issued an edict to demote him to a commoner. Mo often sighed and said, "If Liu Wang Qiao had crossed south, it would have been an excellent choice for the position of Siku." Wang Qiao's name was Chou; he gained great renown at a young age. | ||
| 63 | 三公總敘: | 宋制：司徒金章紫綬，進賢三梁冠，佩山玄玉。掌治民事，郊祀則省牲，視滌濯，大喪安梓宮。凡四方功課，歲盡則奏其殿最而行賞罰，亦與丞相並置。 |
| Song dynasty system: the Siku wore a gold seal on a purple ribbon, a three-ridge scholar's cap, and was adorned with Shanxuan jade. It oversaw civil administration; during sacrifices at the suburbs it inspected sacrificial animals, checked their cleansing and preparation, and in grand funerals ensured the safety of the coffin. Whenever there were annual performance evaluations from all directions, at year's end it would submit a report on the best and worst performers to carry out rewards or punishments; this function was also shared with the Chancellor. | ||
| 64 | 三公總敘: | 齊司徒之府，領天下州郡名數，戶口簿籍。 |
| The Siku's office in Qi oversaw the records of all states and commanderies across the land, including population registers and household censuses. | ||
| 65 | 三公總敘: | 梁罷丞相，置司徒，歷代皆有。 |
| The Liang dynasty abolished the Chancellor position and established that of Siku; this system existed in all subsequent dynasties. | ||
| 66 | 三公總敘: | 至後周，以司徒為地官，謂之大司徒卿，掌邦教，職如周禮。 |
| In the Later Zhou, the position of Siku was designated as a "Di Guan" and titled Da Siku Qing; it oversaw state education, with duties corresponding to those described in the Rites of Zhou. | ||
| 67 | 三公總敘: | 隋及大唐復為三公。 |
| The Sui dynasty and the Great Tang restored it as one of the Three Dukes (San Gong). | ||
| 68 | 三公總敘: | 司空：司空，古官。孔安國曰：「司空，主空土以居人。」空，穴也。古者穿土為穴以居人。 |
| Minister of Earthworks: The Minister of Earthworks is an ancient official position. Kong Anguo said, "The Minister of Earthworks was in charge of managing land to provide for the people's habitation." "Kong," means a cave or hollow. In ancient times, people dug into the earth to create caves for habitation." | ||
| 69 | 三公總敘: | 少皞鳲鳩氏為司空。 |
| Shao Hao's Shiji Shi served as Minister of Earthworks. | ||
| 70 | 三公總敘: | 舜攝帝位，以禹為司空。周禮正義曰：「禹自司空總百揆，乃分司空之職為共工。」虞書曰「垂作共工，益作朕虞」是也。 |
| When Shun assumed the imperial throne in an acting capacity, Yu was appointed as Minister of Earthworks. The Zhengyi commentary on the Rites of Zhou states: "Yu, while serving as Minister of Earthworks and overseeing all state affairs, divided the duties of the Minister of Earthworks into those of Gonggong." This is what is referred to in the Yu Shu as "Chui was appointed Gonggong, and Yi was appointed Zhenyu." | ||
| 71 | 三公總敘: | 鐫玄孫之子曰冥，亦為夏司空。 |
| Juan's great-grandson's son named Ming also served as Minister of Earthworks during the Xia dynasty. | ||
| 72 | 三公總敘: | 殷湯以咎單為司空。 |
| King Tang of Yin appointed Jiu Dan as Minister of Earthworks. | ||
| 73 | 三公總敘: | 周禮，司空為冬官，掌邦事。凡營城起邑、復溝洫、修墳防之事，則議其利，建其功。四方水土功課，歲盡則奏其殿最而行賞罰。凡國有大造大疑，諫諍，與太尉同。 |
| In the Rites of Zhou, the Minister of Earthworks belonged to the Winter Officials and was responsible for state affairs. Whenever matters such as constructing cities, building towns, restoring ditches, or repairing embankments arose, he would deliberate on their benefits and oversee the implementation of these projects. The annual performance evaluations for water management and land development in all directions were submitted at year's end, with rewards or punishments administered accordingly. In cases of major national projects or uncertainties, he would offer remonstrances and deliberations together with the Tai Wei. | ||
| 74 | 三公總敘: | 秦無司空，置御史大夫。 |
| The Qin dynasty did not have a Minister of Earthworks; instead, it established the position of Grand Censor-in-Chief (Yushi Daifu). | ||
| 75 | 三公總敘: | 漢初因之。至成帝綏和元年，始更名御史大夫曰大司空。初改為司空，議者又以縣道官獄有司空，故復加為大司空，亦所以別小大之文也。金印紫綬，祿比丞相。哀帝建平二年，復為御史大夫。元壽二年，復為大司空。何武字君卿，為司空。事後母不篤，詔以其「舉措煩碎，不合眾心，孝聲不聞，惡名流行。其上大司空印綬」。遂策免之。又彭宣字子佩，為大司空。而王莽為大司馬，專權。宣上書曰：「三公鼎足承君，一足不任，則覆亂矣。臣老病，願上印綬。」 |
| The early Han dynasty followed this practice. It was not until the first year Suhe of Emperor Cheng's reign that the title Grand Censor-in-Chief was changed to Da Sikong. Initially, when the title was changed to Sikong, some argued that there were already local officials named Sikong in charge of prisons and legal matters. Therefore, it was renamed Da Sikong to distinguish between the higher and lower ranks with this terminology. It bore a golden seal on a purple ribbon and received emoluments equal to that of the Chancellor. In the second year of Jianping during Emperor Ai's reign, it was reverted back to Grand Censor-in-Chief. In the second year of Yuanshou, it was once again changed back to Da Sikong. He Wu, courtesy name Junqing, served as Sikong. His treatment of his stepmother was not sincere; the imperial edict criticized him for "excessive and trivial actions that did not align with public sentiment, no reputation for filial piety, but instead a widespread bad name." Therefore, he was ordered to return the seal and ribbon of the Grand Minister of Earthworks." He was thus dismissed from office through an imperial decree. Also, Peng Xuan, courtesy name Zipei, served as Da Sikong. Meanwhile Wang Mang held the position of Da Sima and monopolized power. Xuan submitted a memorial stating, "The Three Dukes support the Son of Heaven on three legs like a tripod; if one leg is not properly placed, then it will collapse and cause chaos. I am old and ill, I wish to return my seal and sash." | ||
| 76 | 三公總敘: | 後漢初為大司空。建武二十七年，去「大」，為司空公。第五倫字伯魚，為司空。奉公不撓，言議果決，以貞白稱。又張敏字伯達，為司空。行大射禮，陪位頓仆，策免。又陳寵為司空，府故事，以計吏至，時自公以下督屬籍，不通賓客，以防交關。寵去籍通客，以明無所不受，論者大之。荀氏家傳曰：「荀爽字慈明。董卓秉政，徵之，起巖穴，九十五日而為司空，時號為白衣登三公。」獻帝建安十三年，又罷司空，置御史大夫。御史大夫郤慮免，不復補。荀綽百官注曰：「獻帝置御史大夫，職如司空，不領侍御史。」 |
| In the early Eastern Han dynasty, it was again known as Da Sikong. In the 27th year of Jianwu, the title "Da" was removed and it became Sikong Gong. Di Wu, courtesy name Boyu, served as Sikong. He was resolute in public service and unyielding, his words and deliberations decisive, and he was renowned for his integrity and purity. Also Zhang Min, courtesy name Boda, served as Sikong. During the performance of the grand archery ceremony, he fell down while in attendance and was dismissed by imperial decree. Also Chen Chong served as Sikong; according to the established practice of the office, when officials responsible for submitting reports arrived, all subordinates from the chief down were required to register and no guests were allowed in, in order to prevent undue social interactions. Chong abolished the registration system and permitted guest visits, thereby demonstrating that he accepted no bribes; this action was greatly praised by public opinion. The Xun family tradition says: "Xun Shuang, courtesy name Ciming." Dong Zhuo held power and summoned him; he was appointed from obscurity, attaining the position of Sikong within ninety-five days. At that time, he was called "a commoner ascending to the Three Dukes."" The Grand Censor-in-Chief Xi Lü was dismissed from office, and the position was not refilled thereafter. Xun Chuo's Annotations on Officials said: "Emperor Xian established the position of Grand Censor, whose duties were similar to those of Sikong, but did not oversee the Attending Censors." | ||
| 77 | 三公總敘: | 魏初，又置司空，冠綬及郊廟之服與太尉同。鄭袤字林叔，為司空。天子臨軒，遣就第拜授。袤謂使曰：「魏以徐景山為司空，徐公曰：『三公當上應天心，苟非其人，實傷和氣。』」固辭，見許。袤，莫侯反。 |
| In the early Wei dynasty, the position of Sikong was reestablished; its official headdress, sash, and ceremonial attire for sacrifices at ancestral temples were identical to those of the Taiwei. Zheng Mao, courtesy name Linshu, served as Sikong. The Son of Heaven personally stood at the xuan pavilion and sent envoys to bestow his appointment in his residence. Mao said to the envoy, "The Wei dynasty appointed Xu Jingshan as Sikong. Master Xu remarked: 'The Three Dukes should correspond with the center of Heaven above; if they are not the right people, it will actually harm harmony.'" He firmly declined and was granted permission to do so. Mao, pronounced Mo Houfan. | ||
| 78 | 三公總敘: | 宋制：進賢三梁冠，佩山玄玉。掌治水土，祠祀掌掃除樂器，大喪掌將校復土。 |
| Song dynasty regulations: the official wore a three-ribboned scholar's cap and was adorned with a black jade mountain-shaped pendant. He was in charge of managing water and land; during sacrifices, he oversaw the cleaning of ritual instruments; during major funerals, he directed the restoration of soil for burial. | ||
| 79 | 三公總敘: | 歷代皆有之。至後周為冬官，謂之大司空卿。掌邦事，以五材九範之徒，佐皇帝，富邦國。大祭祀行洒掃，廟社四望則奉豕牲。 |
| This position existed in all dynasties. It was not until the Later Zhou dynasty that it became part of the Department of Winter Officials, known as Da Sikong Qing. In charge of state affairs, he assisted the emperor in enriching the nation by employing officials skilled in the five materials and nine patterns. During major sacrifices, he performed sweeping and cleaning; for temple and ancestral rites at the four directions, he presented pigs as sacrificial offerings." | ||
| 80 | 三公總敘: | 隋及大唐復為三公。天寶十三年，策拜楊國忠為司空，其日雨土。 |
| In the Sui dynasty and the Great Tang dynasty, it was once again designated as one of the Three Dukes. In the thirteenth year of Tianbao, Yang Guozhong was conferred the title of Sikong by imperial decree; on that day, dust fell from the sky." | ||
| 81 | 三公總敘: | 大司馬：大司馬，古官也，掌武事。司，主也。馬，武也。 |
| Da Sima: Da Sima is an ancient official position, in charge of military affairs. "Si," means "to preside over." "Mǎ," refers to military affairs. | ||
| 82 | 三公總敘: | 少皞有●鳩氏為司馬。●音雎。 |
| The Xiaohao clan had the ●jiao Shi as Sima. ● is pronounced Ju. | ||
| 83 | 三公總敘: | 堯時，棄為后稷，兼掌司馬。 |
| During the time of Yao, Qi served as Houji and also concurrently oversaw Sima affairs. | ||
| 84 | 三公總敘: | 周時，司馬為夏官，掌邦政。 |
| In the Zhou dynasty, Sima was part of the Summer Officials, in charge of state administration. | ||
| 85 | 三公總敘: | 項羽以曹咎、周殷並為大司馬。楚大司馬景舍帥軍伐蔡，蔡侯奉社稷而歸之。楚發其賞，舍辭曰：「發誠布令而敵退，是王威也；相攻而敵退，是將威也，戰而敵退，是眾威也。臣不宜以眾威受賞。」又司馬穰苴本姓田，齊威王以古司馬法而附穰苴，因號為司馬穰苴。 |
| Xiang Yu appointed Cao Gou and Zhou Yin as Da Sima concurrently. The Chu Da Sima Jing She led an army to attack Cai, and the Marquis of Cai surrendered his ancestral temple and state to him. The Chu court wanted to reward him, but She declined, saying: "If the enemy withdrew after we genuinely issued our orders, it is due to the king's authority; if they retreated after a mutual attack, it would be due to the general's authority, and if they withdrew after battle, it would reflect the might of our troops. I should not receive rewards for the might of the people." Also, Sima Rangju originally bore the surname Tian; King Wei of Qi associated him with the ancient Sima laws and thus he was given the title Sima Rangju." | ||
| 86 | 三公總敘: | 漢初不置。武帝元狩四年，初罷太尉，置大司馬，以冠將軍之號。冠者，加於其上為一官也。霍光以大司馬大將軍輔政。武帝又令大將軍、驃騎將軍皆有大司馬之號。宣帝地節三年，置大司馬，不冠將軍，亦無印綬、官屬。霍禹為大司馬，冠小冠，無印綬。成帝綏和元年，初賜大司馬金印紫綬，置官屬，祿比丞相，去將軍。哀帝建平二年，復去大司馬印綬、官屬，冠軍如故。元壽二年，復賜大司馬印綬，置官屬，去將軍，位在司徒上。漢律：丞相、大司馬、大將軍，俸錢月六萬。始直云司馬，議者以漢有軍候千人司馬官，故加「大」。王莽居攝，以漢乃無小司徒，而定司馬、司徒、司空之號，並加「大」。 |
| The early Han dynasty did not establish this position. In the fourth year of Yuanshuo during Emperor Wu's reign, the office of Taiwei was first abolished and replaced with Da Sima, which became a title prefixed to generals. "Guan," means adding it above another title as an official position. Huo Guang served as Da Sima and Da Jiangjun, assisting in governance. Emperor Wu also decreed that the Grand General and the Biaoqi General both bore the title of Da Sima." In the third year of Dijie during Emperor Xuan's reign, the position Da Sima was established without being prefixed to a general and also did not include an official seal, sash or subordinates. Huo Yu served as Da Sima; he wore a small cap and did not possess an official seal or sash." In the first year of Suhe during Emperor Cheng's reign, Da Sima was first granted a golden seal with a purple sash and assigned subordinates; its emoluments were equal to those of the Chancellor, and it no longer bore the title of general. In the second year of Jianping under Emperor Ai's reign, the golden seal and sash as well as the subordinates for Da Sima were once again removed; however, its title as a general remained unchanged. In the second year of Yuanshu, Da Sima was once again granted a golden seal and purple sash with subordinates assigned; it no longer bore the general title, and its rank was placed above that of Siku. Han dynasty law: The Chancellor, Da Sima, and Grand General received a monthly salary of 60,000 coins. Initially it was simply called Sima; however, since the Han dynasty already had military officials such as Junhou Qianren and Sima officers, "Da" (Great) was added to distinguish it. When Wang Mang assumed regency, since the Han dynasty had no position of Xiao Siku (Junior Minister of Earthworks), he established titles for Sima, Siku, and Sikong and added "Da" to all three. | ||
| 87 | 三公總敘: | 後漢光武建武二十七年，省大司馬，以太尉代之，故常與太尉迭置，不並列。吳漢為大司馬，封無陽侯。至靈帝末始置焉。 |
| In the 27th year Jianwu of Emperor Guangwu in the Eastern Han dynasty, Da Sima was abolished and replaced by Taiwei; therefore, it was commonly alternated with Taiwei rather than being concurrently established. Wu Han served as Da Sima and was enfeoffed as Hou of Wuyang." It was not until the end of Emperor Ling's reign that this position was once again established. | ||
| 88 | 三公總敘: | 魏文帝黃初二年，復置大司馬，以曹仁居之，而太尉如故。則太尉、大司馬、大將軍各自為官，位在三司上。吳有左、右大司馬。 |
| In the second year of Huangchu during Emperor Wen of Wei's reign, Da Sima was reestablished and Cao Ren was appointed to it, while Taiwei remained as before. Thus, the positions of Taiwei, Da Sima, and Da Jiangjun were separate offices, each holding a rank above the Three Departments. The Wu state had Left and Right Da Sima." | ||
| 89 | 三公總敘: | 晉定令，亦在三司上。晉諸公贊曰：「義陽王為太尉、大司馬時，父孚為太宰，父子居上公，中代以來，未之有也。」又汝南王亮為大司馬，正旦大會，乘車入殿。又陳騫為大司馬，賜袞冕之服。武冠，絳朝服，金章紫綬，佩山玄玉，與大將軍同。 |
| The Jin dynasty established regulations, also placing it above the Three Departments. The Commentary on the Jin Princes said: "When Prince Yiyang served as Taiwei and Da Sima, his father Fu was Taicai; father and son both held positions of Supreme Dukes. Since the middle dynasties, there had never been such a case." Also, Prince Runan Liang served as Da Sima. During the New Year's Day grand assembly, he entered the palace in a carriage. Also Chen Qian served as Da Sima and was granted ceremonial robes of the gǔn crown. He wore a military headdress, crimson court attire, bore a golden emblem on a purple sash, and was adorned with black jade mountain-shaped pendants, the same as for Da Jiangjun. | ||
| 90 | 三公總敘: | 宋時唯元嘉中用彭城王義康為之，冠玉與晉同。 |
| During the Song dynasty, only in the middle of Yuankai was Pengcheng Wang Yikang appointed to this position; his jade headdress and regulations were the same as those of the Jin dynasty. | ||
| 91 | 三公總敘: | 至齊以為贈。 |
| It was not until the Qi dynasty that it became a posthumous title. | ||
| 92 | 三公總敘: | 梁時置官屬。 |
| The Liang dynasty established subordinates for this office. | ||
| 93 | 三公總敘: | 陳以為贈。 |
| The Chen dynasty used it as a posthumous title. | ||
| 94 | 三公總敘: | 後魏、北齊與大將軍為二大，位居三師之下，三公之上。 |
| In the Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties, Da Sima was one of the Two Greats, ranking below the Three Teachers but above the Three Dukes. | ||
| 95 | 三公總敘: | 後周以為夏官，謂之大司馬卿。掌邦政，以建邦國之九法，佐皇帝，平邦國，大祭祀掌其宿衛，廟社則奉羊牲。自隋而無。 |
| In the Later Zhou dynasty, it became part of the Summer Officials and was called Da Sima Qing. In charge of state governance, he assisted the emperor by implementing the nine laws for establishing a nation and maintaining national stability. During major sacrifices, he was responsible for security arrangements; at temple and ancestral rites, he presented sheep as sacrificial offerings." It ceased to exist from the Sui dynasty onward. | ||
| 96 | 三公總敘: | 總敘三師三公以下官屬：三師、太師、太傅、太保，歷代多有之。一太、殷建官有六太，其一曰太宰。自周以後，亦常有之。餘五太則無。三公、太尉、司徒、司空，歷代有之。二大、大司馬、大將軍，歷代亦有之。諸位從公諸將軍及光祿大夫開府者，歷代亦時有之。官屬等。歷代有置有省，亦多同說，所以不更各具本府，但依時代都言之。其大將軍，自具本篇。 |
| A general summary of officials below the Three Teachers and Three Dukes: The Three Teachers, Taishi, Taifu, Taibao, existed in many dynasties. One Tai, The Yin dynasty established six Tais; one of them was Taicai. Since the Zhou dynasty, it has also frequently existed. The remaining five Tais no longer existed." Three Dukes, Taiwei, Siku, Sikong, have existed in all dynasties. Two Greats, Da Sima and Da Jiangjun; these also existed in various dynasties. Other officials of the rank of Gong, various generals and Guanglu Dafu who established their own offices also existed in different dynasties from time to time. and so on for their subordinates and ranks. Throughout history, the establishment or abolition of these offices varied from dynasty to dynasty; many had similar explanations. Therefore, they are not detailed individually for each office, but rather summarized by era. The Da Jiangjun is discussed in its own section. | ||
| 97 | 三公總敘: | 漢有三師，而不見官屬。以丞相為公，置司直、長史。後改丞相為司徒，則曰司徒司直、長史。具宰相篇。其太尉後改為大司馬。綏和初，始置長史一人，掾屬二十四人，御屬一人，令史二十四人。改御史大夫為大司空，置長史，如中丞。具御史大夫篇。 |
| The Han dynasty had the Three Teachers, but no records of their subordinates exist. They appointed the Chancellor as Gong and established posts for Sizhi and Zhangshi. Later, when the title of Chancellor was changed to Sikong, it became known as Sikong Sizhi and Sikong Zhangshi. See the section on chancellors. The Taiwei was later changed to Da Sima. In the beginning of Suíhuó, one Zhangshi was first appointed, twenty-four yuanshu, one Yushu, and twenty-four Lingshi. The title of Yushi Daifu was changed to Dashikong, and a Zhangshi was appointed as in the Zhongcheng system. See the section on Yushi Daifu. | ||
| 98 | 三公總敘: | 後漢初，唯置太傅，有長史一人，掾屬十人，御屬一人。不知何曹。後置太師，董卓嘗居之，蓋自為也，而不見官屬。太尉屬官有長史一人，署諸曹事。盧植禮注曰：「如周小宰。」掾史屬二十四人、分主二千石長吏遷除、民戶、祠祀、農桑、奏議、辭訟、郵驛、轉運、盜賊、罪法、兵、貨幣、鹽鐵、倉穀等事。黃閤主簿、省錄眾事，掌閤下威儀。記室令史、掌上章奏報。後漢末，陳琳、阮瑀皆為曹公記室，軍國書檄皆所作。御屬。掌為公卿閤下威儀。司徒屬官有長史一人，掾屬三十一人，令史及御屬三十六人。正曰掾，副曰史。陳寵辟司徒鮑昱府。是時三府掾屬專尚交遊，以不肯親事為高。寵獨勤心物務，轉為辭曹，專掌天下獄訟。時司徒辭訟，久者數十年，事類溷錯，易為輕重。寵為昱撰辭訟比七卷，決事科條，皆以事相從。昱奏上之，其後公府奉以為法。司空屬官：長史一人，掾屬二十九人，令史及御屬三十二人。正曰掾，副曰屬。漢書注云：公府掾比古元士三命者也。或曰：漢初，掾史辟皆上言之，故有秩，皆比命士。其所不言，則為百石屬，其後皆自辟除，故通為百石云。其大司馬屬官並同前漢。 |
| In the early Later Han, only Taifu was established, with one Zhangshi, ten yuanshu, and one Yushu. It is unknown which department this belonged to. Later, the position of Taishi was established; Dong Zhuo once held it, but apparently he created it himself, and no records of its subordinates exist. The Taiwei's subordinate officials included one Zhangshi who oversaw the affairs of various departments. Lu Zhi's Li Zhu said: "Like the Xiaozai of the Zhou dynasty." twenty-four yuanshi subordinates, who were responsible for various matters including the appointments and dismissals of officials ranked at two thousand dan, civil registration, religious ceremonies, agriculture and sericulture, memorials and proposals, litigation, postal services, transportation, bandits, criminal law, military affairs, currency, salt and iron industries, granaries and grain. Huangge Zhubu, responsible for reviewing various matters and overseeing the etiquette and ceremonies under the office. Jishi Lingshi, in charge of submitting memorials and reports to superiors. At the end of the Later Han dynasty, Chen Lin and Ruan Yu both served as Jishi for Cao Gong; all military and state proclamations were written by them. Yushu. Responsible for the etiquette and ceremonies of the offices of the gongqing (high officials). The Sikong's subordinate officials included one Zhangshi, thirty-one yuanshu, and thirty-six Lingshi and Yushu. The main officers were called Yuan, while the assistants were called Shi. Chen Chong was appointed to serve in Sikong Bao Yu's office. At that time, the yuanshu of the three offices specialized in socializing and considered it prestigious to refuse to personally handle affairs. Chong alone diligently attended to official duties, was later transferred to the Ci Cao department, and exclusively managed lawsuits from across the country. At that time, cases of litigation under Sikong had been pending for as long as several decades; their details were confused and mixed up, making it easy to misjudge the severity. Chong compiled seven volumes of litigation precedents for Yu, organizing legal provisions and rulings according to their subject matters. Yu submitted it to the throne; afterward, the offices followed these as law." Subordinate officials of Dashikong: one Zhangshi, twenty-nine yuanshu, thirty-two Lingshi and Yushu officers. The main officer was called Yuan; the assistant was called Shu. Notes to Records of the Han dynasty state: Officials in a gongfu (high official's office) were comparable to ancient Yuanshi with three ranks. Some say: In the early Han dynasty, appointments of yuanshi and shi were reported to superiors; therefore, they had official ranks and were compared to officials with noble titles. Those not mentioned held positions of the rank Baishi, and later on they were all directly appointed by their superiors; thus, it is commonly said that they were ranked as Baishi." The subordinate officials of Da Sima were the same as in the Former Han dynasty. | ||
| 99 | 三公總敘: | 魏置太傅、太保，而不見官屬。太尉、司徒、司空有長史、司馬、從事中郎、正行參軍。大司馬亦有正行參軍也。 |
| The Wei dynasty established Taifu and Taibao, but no records of their subordinate officials exist. Taiwei, Sikong, and Dashikong had Zhangshi, Sima, Congshi Zhonglang, Zhengxing Canjun. Da Sima also had Zhengxing Canjun officers. | ||
| 100 | 三公總敘: | 晉有太宰、太傅、太保。唯楊駿為太傅，增祭酒為四人，掾屬二十人，兵曹為左右也。楊駿輔政，引潘岳為太傅主簿。初，譙人公孫宏客於河陽，岳待之甚厚。及駿誅，宏為楚王瑋長史，凡駿綱紀皆從坐，同署主簿已被戮。宏言於瑋，謂岳為假吏，故得免。太宰、太保官屬不見。太尉、司徒、司空並有長史、司馬。太尉雖不加兵者，吏屬皆絳服。泰始三年，又置太尉軍參軍六人，騎司馬五人，官騎十人。而司徒加置左長史，掌差次九品，銓衡人倫，冠綬與丞相長史同。主簿、左右東西曹掾各一人，若有所循行者，增置掾屬十人。武帝時，司徒奏州郡農桑未有賞罰之制，宜遣掾屬循行。詔遂使司徒督察州郡播殖。若有所循者，增掾屬十人。又溫嶠請司徒置田曹掾，州一人，勸課農桑。初，王渾字玄沖遷司徒，仍加兵。渾以司徒文官，主吏不持兵，持兵乃吏屬絳衣，自以非是舊典，皆令皁服，論者美其謙而識禮。司空府加置導橋掾一人，餘略同後漢。咸寧初，詔以前太尉府為大司馬府，增置祭酒二人，帳下司馬、官騎、大車、鼓吹，左右光祿、光祿三大夫。開府者皆為位從公，品秩、俸賜、儀制與諸公同。加兵者增置司馬一人，從事中郎二人，劉琨為司空，以盧諶為從事中郎。主簿、記室督各一人，舍人四人，兵、鎧、士曹，營軍、刺姦、帳下都督、外都督、令史各一人。主簿以下、令史以上皆絳服。司馬給吏卒如長史，從事中郎給侍二人，主簿、記室督各給侍一人。其餘臨時增崇者，則褒加各因其時為節文，不為定制。其祭酒掾屬，白蓋小車七乘，軺車施耳後戶、皁輪犢車各一乘。自祭酒以下、令史以上皆皁零辟朝服。其為持節都督者，增參軍為六人，其餘如常加兵公制。孫楚字子荊，為佐著作郎，參石苞驃騎軍事。楚既負其才氣，頗侮易苞。初至，揖曰：「天子命我參卿軍事。」初，參軍不敬府主，楚既輕苞，遂制施敬，自楚始也。 |
| The Jin dynasty had Taicai, Taifu, and Taibao. Only Yang Jun served as Taifu; he increased the number of Jiu to four, yuanshu to twenty, and divided Bingcao into left and right departments. Yang Jun assisted in governance and appointed Pan Yue as Taifu Zhubu. Initially, Qiao native Gongsun Hong was a guest in Heyang; Yue treated him very kindly. After Jun was executed, Hong became Zhangshi of Prince Chu Wei; all officials who had served under Jun were implicated and punished accordingly. The fellow Zhubu officer had already been killed. Hong told Wei that Yue was a temporary official, so he was spared." The subordinate officials of Taicai and Taibao are not recorded. Taiwei, Sikong, Dashikong all had Zhangshi and Sima officers. Even if Taiwei did not hold military authority, his subordinates wore crimson robes. In the third year of Taishi (267 AD), six Taiwei Jun Canjun, five Qisima, and ten Guanqi were also established. Meanwhile, Sikong added a Zuozhangshi to oversee the ranking of officials into nine grades and to evaluate personnel; his rank and insignia were equal to those of the Chancellor's Zhangshi. Zhubu, one Zuoyou Dongxi Cao Yuan each; if there were any inspections or tours, ten additional yuanshu would be added. During the reign of Emperor Wu, Sikong submitted a memorial stating that there was no system for rewarding or punishing agricultural and sericultural efforts in the states and commanderies; it was recommended to send yuanshu officials on an inspection tour. The emperor issued an edict ordering Sikong to supervise agricultural activities in the states and commanderies. If there were inspections, ten additional yuanshu officers would be added. Wen Qiao also requested that Sikong establish a Tiancao Yuan, one per state, to encourage agriculture and sericulture." Initially, Wang Hun zi Xuanchong was transferred to Sikong and still held military authority. Hun considered Sikong a civilian post, where officials did not carry weapons; those who carried weapons were subordinate officers in crimson robes. He believed this was contrary to established tradition and ordered them all to wear black robes instead. Scholars praised his humility and knowledge of propriety. The Dashikong office added one Daoqiao Yuan, with the rest being roughly similar to the Later Han dynasty. In the early Xinning era, an edict was issued to rename the former Taiwei office as Da Sima Fu, adding two Jiu, Zhangxia Sima, Guanqi, Dache, Guchui, Zuoguanglu and Guanglu San Dafu. Those who established their own offices were all ranked as Gong, with the same rank, salary, gifts, and ceremonial protocols as other high-ranking officials. Those who held military authority added one Sima, two Congshi Zhonglang. Liu Kun served as Dashikong and appointed Lu Chen as Congshi Zhonglang. Zhubu, Jishi Du each one person; Siren four people; Bingcao, Kaicao, Shicao, Yingjun, Cijian, Zhangxia Dudu, Waidudu, Lingshi each one person. All officials from Zhubu downwards to Lingshi upwards wore crimson robes. Sima was provided with clerks and soldiers as Zhangshi; Congshi Zhonglang had two attendants each, while Zhubu and Jishi Du were given one attendant each. Other temporary enhancements or honors were granted according to the circumstances of their time, and did not form a fixed regulation. The Jiu Yuanshu were granted seven white-roofed small carts, one xiaoche with side doors and a rear door, and one black-wheeled ox cart. From Jiu downwards to Lingshi upwards, all wore black robes with official insignia for court appearances." Those who held the title of Chi Jie Dudu added six Canjun, with all other appointments following the usual regulations for military officials. Sun Chu (zi Zijing) served as a Zuo Zuozhuang Lang and participated in the military affairs of Shi Bao's Piaoqi. Chu, proud of his talent and charisma, often looked down on Bao with contempt. When he first arrived, he bowed and said, "The Son of Heaven has appointed me to advise you in military affairs." Originally, Canjun did not show respect to their superior. Since Chu looked down on Bao, he established the practice of showing respect; this custom began with Chu." | ||
| 101 | 三公總敘: | 宋有太傅、太保、太宰、太尉、司徒、司空、大司馬，諸府皆有長史一人，將軍一人。又各置司馬一人，而太傅不置。長史、掾屬亦與後漢略同。自江左以來，諸公置長史、倉曹掾、戶曹屬、東西閤祭酒各一人，主簿、舍人二人，御屬二人，令史無定員。領兵者置司馬一人，從事中郎二人，參軍無定員；加崇者置左右長史、司馬、從事中郎四人，掾屬四人，則倉曹增置屬，戶曹置掾。加崇極於此也。其司徒府若無公，唯省舍人，其府常置，其職僚異於餘府，有左、右長史，東、西曹掾屬，餘則同矣。餘府有公即置，無則省。 |
| The Song dynasty had Taifu, Taibao, Taicai, Taiwei, Sikong, Dashikang, and Da Sima; all these offices were staffed with one Zhangshi and one Jiangjun. Each also had one Sima officer, except for Taifu who did not have one. The Zhangshi and Yuanshu were roughly the same as in the Later Han dynasty. Since the Jiangzuo period, all high officials established one Zhangshi, Cangcao Yuan, Hucao Shu, Dongxi Ge Jiu each; two Zhubu and Siren, two Yushu, with no fixed number of Lingshi. Those in command of troops appointed one Sima, two Zhonglang, and an unspecified number of Canjun; Those granted additional honors appointed two Zuozhangshi, Sima, and four Zhonglang; four Yuanshu. In this case, Cangcao added more Shu officers, while Hucao added Yuan officers. This was the highest level of additional honors granted. If the Sikong office did not have a high-ranking official, only Siren were reduced; otherwise, its establishment was permanent. Its staff differed from other offices in that it had Zuozhangshi and Youzhangshi as well as Dongcao and Xicao Yuanshu; the rest were the same. Other offices established these positions when a high-ranking official was in charge, but they would be reduced otherwise. | ||
| 102 | 三公總敘: | 齊有太宰、大司馬，並為贈官，無僚屬。太尉、司徒、司空，是為三公。特進，位從公。諸開府儀同三司，位從公。開府儀同，如公。凡公督府置佐：長史、司馬各一人，諮議參軍二人。諸曹有錄事，功曹，記室，戶曹，倉曹，中、直兵，外兵，騎兵，長流，賊曹，城局，法曹，田曹，水曹，鎧曹，集曹，右戶十八曹。城局曹以上署正參軍，法曹以下署行參軍，各一人。其行參軍無署者，為長兼員。其公府佐吏，則從事中郎二人，倉曹掾、戶曹屬、東西閤祭酒各一人，主簿、舍人、御屬二人。加崇者，則左右長史四人，中郎、掾屬並增數。其未及開府，則置府亦有佐吏，其數有減。小府無長流，置禁防參軍。初，晉令公府長史著朝服，自宋大明以來著朱衣。齊王儉為司徒左長史，請依晉令復舊制，不著朱衣，時議不許。又曰：王秀之常云：「位至司徒左長史，可以知止足矣。」又陸慧曉為司徒右長史，謝朏為左長史，府公竟陵王子良謂王融曰：「我府二上佐，前代誰可比？」融曰：「兩賢同時，未有前例。」朏，滂佩反。 |
| The Qi dynasty had Taicai and Da Sima, both of which were honorary titles; neither had subordinates or staff. Taiwei, Sikong, Sikong — these three positions constituted the Three Dukes. Tejin was a title of rank equivalent to Gong. All officials who established their own offices and were granted the same ceremonial status as the Three Dukes held ranks equal to Gong. Kai Fu Yitong was treated with the same ceremony as a Gong. All offices of Gong and Dudu established assistants: one Zhangshi, one Sima, and two Ziyi Canjun. The various departments included Luoshi, Gongcao, Jishi, Hucang Cao, Zhongzhibing, Waibing, Qijing, Changliu, Zecao, Chengju, Fachao, Tiancao, Shui Cao, Kaicao, Jicao, and Youhu — a total of eighteen departments. For the departments above Chengju Cao, one Zhengcanjun was appointed; for those below Fachao, one Xingcanjun was assigned. Each department had one officer. If a Xingcanjun did not have an assigned department, they served as acting officers in multiple roles. The assistants of the Gongfu included two Congshi Zhonglang, one Cangcao Yuan and Hucao Shu each, as well as one Dongxi Ge Jiu; Zhubu, Siren, and Yushu with two officers. For those granted additional honor, there were four Zuo You Zhangshi; the number of Zhonglang and Yuanshu was also increased. For those who had not yet established their own office, if an office was still set up, assistants were also appointed, though in smaller numbers. Small offices did not have Changliu; instead, they appointed a Jinfang Canjun. Initially, according to Jin dynasty regulations, the Zhangshi of Gongfu wore court robes; since the Da Ming period of the Song dynasty, they wore red robes. Qi Wang Jian served as Zuo Zhangshi of Sikong, and requested to follow the Jin dynasty regulations and restore the old system by not wearing red robes; at that time, officials debated but did not approve. It is also said: Wang Xiuzhi often remarked, "Reaching the position of Zuo Zhangshi in Sikong is enough for one to know when to stop." Also, Lu Huixiao served as You Zhangshi of Sikong and Xie Fei as Zuo Zhangshi. The head of the office, Jingling Wang Ziliang, said to Wang Rong: "The two senior assistants in my office — who among previous generations could compare?" Rong replied, "Two virtuous men serving at the same time has no precedent." Fei, pangpei fan. | ||
| 103 | 三公總敘: | 梁武受命之初，官班多同宋齊之舊。有丞相、太宰、太傅、太保、大司馬、太尉、司徒、司空、開府儀同三司等官。諸公及位從公開府者置官屬，有長史、司馬、諮議參軍、掾屬、從事中郎、記室、建安王為雍州刺史，表求管記，乃以江革為征北記室參軍。革弟觀又為參軍兼記室。任昉曰：「文房之任，總卿兄弟。」故歷代皆為文士之華選云。主簿、列曹參軍、行參軍、舍人等官。其司徒則有左、右二長史，褚球字仲寶，為司徒右長史，加貂。台佐加貂，自球始也。又增置左西掾一人，自餘僚佐，同於二府。有公則置，無則省。而司徒無公，唯省舍人，餘官常置。開府儀同三司，位次三公，左右光祿大夫優者則加之，同三公，置官屬。 |
| At the beginning of Emperor Liang Wu's reign, most official ranks were similar to those in the Song and Qi dynasties. There were officials such as Chengxiang, Taizai, Taifu, Taibao, Daisima, Taiwei, Siku, Sikong, Kai Fu Yitong Sandu, and others. Officials of the rank of Gong or those with ranks equivalent to Gong who established their own offices were assigned subordinates, including Zhangshi, Sima, Ziyi Canjun, Yuanshu, Congshi Zhonglang, Jishi. Jian'an Wang served as Yuzhou Zhushi and submitted a memorial requesting an official in charge of records; thus, Jiang Ge was appointed as the Zhengbei Jishi Canjun. Ge's younger brother Guan also served as Canjun and concurrently held the position of Jishi. Ren Fang said, "The responsibility for literary affairs is entirely entrusted to your brothers." Therefore, throughout history, this has been considered a prestigious appointment for scholars. Zhubu, Liecao Canjun, Xingcanjun, Siren and other officials. The Sikong had two Zuo and You Zhangshi. Chu Qiu, courtesy name Zhongbao, served as the You Zhangshi of Sikong; he was granted a furred sash. The practice of granting furred sashes to assistants in central government offices began with Qiu. Additionally, one Zuoxi Yuan was added; the rest of the staff were the same as in the two offices. These positions were established when there was a Gong and abolished when there was none. However, since Sikong did not hold the rank of Gong, only Siren were reduced; other officials remained in regular service. Kai Fu Yitong Sandu ranked just below the Three Dukes; those who were especially distinguished among Zuo You Guanglu Dafu could be granted this title, which was equal to that of the Three Dukes and entitled them to have their own staff. | ||
| 104 | 三公總敘: | 陳三師、二大並為贈官，而無僚屬。其三公有府長史、司馬、諮議參軍、從事中郎、掾曹屬、主簿、祭酒、錄事、記室、正參軍、板正參軍。 |
| In Chen dynasty, the three Shī (teachers) and two Dà (high officials) were all honorary titles posthumously granted; they did not have subordinates. The Three Dukes had offices with Zhangshi, Sima, Zhiyi Canjun, Congshi Zhonglang, Yuancang Shu, Zhubu, Jiu, Luoshi, Jishi, Zhengcanjun, and Ban Zhengcanjun. | ||
| 105 | 三公總敘: | 後魏三師無官屬。後又置太宰，以元天穆為之，增置佐吏。三公及二大並有長史，司馬，諮議參軍，從事中郎，掾屬，主簿，錄事參軍，功曹，記室、戶曹、中兵等參軍，諸曹行參軍，祭酒，參軍事，長兼行參軍，督護。其太尉、司徒與二大屬官階同。唯司空府官每降一階。 |
| In the Later Wei dynasty, the Three Shī did not have subordinate officials. Later, Taizai was also established; Yuan Tianmu held this position and additional assistants were added. The Three Dukes and the two Dà all had Zhangshi, Sima, Zhyi Canjun, Congshi Zhonlang, Yuanshu, Zhubu, Luoshi Canjun, Gongcao, Jishi Cao, Hucang, Zhongbing Canjun, various Xingcanjun of different departments, Jiu, Canjun Shi, Changjian Xingcanjun, and Duhu. The subordinate officials of Taiwei and Sikong were the same in rank as those under the two Dà. Only the officials in the Sikong's office ranked one level lower each time. | ||
| 106 | 三公總敘: | 北齊三師、二大、三公各置長史，司馬，諮議參軍，從事中郎，掾屬，主簿，錄事，功曹，記室、戶曹、倉曹、中兵、外兵、騎兵、長流、城局、刑獄等參軍事，東西閤祭酒及參軍事，法、墨、田、水、鎧、集、士等曹行參軍，兼左戶右戶行參軍，長兼行參軍，參軍，督護等員。司徒則加左、右長史。長史、主吏。司馬、主將。舍人，主閤內事。皆自秦官也。從事中郎、從事中郎，漢末官也。陳湯為大將軍王鳳從事中郎，在主簿上，所掌秩與長史同。掾屬、主諸曹事。主簿、所主與舍人同，祭酒所主亦同。令史，主諸曹文書。此皆自漢官也。陳湯為大將軍王鳳從事中郎是也。御屬、參軍自後漢也。孫堅參驃騎軍事是也。參軍所主與掾屬同。其儀同三司加開府者，亦置長史以下官屬，而減記室、倉、城局、田、水、鎧、士等七曹，各一人。其品亦下三公府一階。其三師、二大佐吏，則同太尉府也。 |
| In the Northern Qi dynasty, each of the Three Shī, two Dà, and Three Dukes had their own Zhangshi, Sima, Zuiyi Canjun, Cong Shi Zhonglang, Yuanshu, Zhu Bu, Luoshi, Gong Cao, Jishi, Hucao, Cangcao, Zhongbing, Waibing, Qijun, Changliu, Chengju, Xingyu and other Canjunshi; Dongxi Ge Jiu and Canjunshi; various departments such as Fa, Mo, Tian, Shui, Kai, Ji, Shi, etc., had Xingcanjun; also included were combined Zuo Hu You Hu Xingcanjun, Changjian Xingcan jun, Canjun, Duhu, and other positions. Sikong added both Zuo and You Zhangshi as well. Zhangshi, head official. Sima, commander-in-chief. Siren, in charge of matters within the office. All these positions originated from the Qin dynasty's official system. Congshi Zhonglang, Congshi Zhonglang was an office established at the end of the Han dynasty. Chen Tang served as Congshi Zhonglang for Grand General Wang Feng, a position above Zhubu; the rank and responsibilities were equal to those of Zhangshi. Yuanshu, in charge of various departmental affairs. Zhubu, the duties were the same as those of Siren; Jiu also had similar responsibilities. Lingshi, in charge of official documents for various departments. These all originated from Han dynasty offices. This refers to Chen Tang serving as Congshi Zhonglang under Grand General Wang Feng. lords Yushu, Canjun originated from the Later Han dynasty. This refers to Sun Jian serving as a military advisor under Biaoqi General. The duties of Canjun were the same as those of Yuanshu. Those granted the title Yitong Sandu and authorized to establish their own offices also appointed subordinates including Zhangshi and officials below, but reduced by one each for seven departments: Jishi, Cangcao, Chengju, Tiancao, Shuicao, Kaicao, and Shicai. Their rank was also one level lower than that of the Three Dukes' offices. The assistants to the Three Shī and two Dà were the same as those in the Taiwei's office. | ||
| 107 | 三公總敘: | 後周以太師、太傅、太保為三公，而不見僚屬。 |
| In the Later Zhou dynasty, Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao were considered the Three Dukes, but no subordinates are recorded. | ||
| 108 | 三公總敘: | 隋三師亦不見官屬。而三公依北齊置府僚，後省府及僚佐。置公則坐於尚書都省。朝之眾務，總歸於臺閣。 |
| The Three Shī in the Sui dynasty also did not have subordinate officials listed. However, the Three Dukes followed the Northern Qi system by establishing an office and staff; later, both the offices and their assistants were abolished. When a Gong was appointed, he would sit in the Shangshu Dusheng (the central administrative office). All major affairs of court were ultimately handled by the Taige. | ||
| 109 | 三公總敘: | 大唐三師、三公並無官屬。 |
| In the Great Tang dynasty, both the Three Shī and the Three Dukes had no subordinate officials. |
URN: ctp:tongdian/20