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夏制九卿，殷亦九卿。周之九卿，即少師、少傅、少保、冢宰、司徒、宗伯、司馬、司寇、司空。漢以太常、光祿勳、衛尉、太僕、廷尉、大鴻臚、宗正、大司農、少府謂之九寺大卿。後漢九卿而分屬三司，多進為三公，各有署曹掾史，隨事為員。九卿有疾。使者臨問，加賜錢布。魏九卿與漢同。晉以太常等九卿兼將作大匠、太后三卿、大長秋皆為列卿，各置丞、功曹、主簿、五官等員。太康四年，增九卿禮秩。宋、齊及梁初，皆因舊制。梁武帝天監七年，以太常為太常卿，加置宗正卿，以大司農為司農卿，三卿是為春卿。加置太府卿，以少府為少府卿，加置太僕卿，三卿是為夏卿。以衛尉為衛尉卿，廷尉為廷尉卿，將作大匠為大匠卿，三卿是為秋卿。以光祿勳為光祿卿，大鴻臚為鴻臚卿，都水使者為大舟卿，三卿是為冬卿。凡十二卿，皆置丞及功曹、主簿。後魏又以太常、光祿勳、衛尉謂之三卿。太僕、廷尉、大鴻臚、宗正、大司農、少府為六卿，各有少卿。北齊以太常、光祿、衛尉、宗正、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府是為九寺，置卿、少卿、丞各一人，各有功曹、五官、主簿、錄事等員。隋九寺與北齊同，煬帝降光祿以下八寺卿階品於太常，而少卿各加置二人。大唐九寺與北齊同，卿各一人，少卿各二人，丞以下有差。龍朔二年，改九寺之名，凡卿皆加正，後各復舊。 |
| | The Xia dynasty established the position of Nine Ministers. The Yin dynasty also had Nine Ministers. The Nine Ministers of the Zhou dynasty were the Shaoshi, Shaofu, Shaobao, Zhongzai, Siku, Zongbo, Sima, Sikou, and Sikong. The Han dynasty regarded the Taichang, Guanglu Xun, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahanlu, Zongzheng, Dasi Nong, and Shaofu as the Nine Grand Ministers of major temples. In the Later Han, the Nine Ministers were divided among three departments. Many of them advanced to become Three Dukes, each having their own offices with clerks and officials, whose numbers varied according to the needs of the tasks. One of the Nine Ministers was ill. An envoy came to inquire about his condition and bestowed additional money and cloth as a gift. The Nine Ministers in the Wei dynasty were the same as those in the Han dynasty. The Jin dynasty regarded the Taichang and eight others as the Nine Ministers They also included the Jiangzuo Dajiang, the Three Ministers for the Empress Dowager, and the Dalichqiu as among the listed ministers, each of whom was assigned a Cheng (deputy), Gongcao, Zhubu, Wu Guan, and other officials. In the fourth year of Taikang, the ceremonial ranks for the Nine Ministers were increased. The Song, Qi, and early Liang dynasties all followed the existing system. In the seventh year of Tianjian during Emperor Wu's reign in the Liang dynasty, the Taichang was renamed as Tai Chang Qing (Minister of Rites), and a Zongzheng Qing (Minister for Ancestral Affairs) was newly established. The Dasi Nong was changed to Si Nong Qing (Ministry of Agriculture). These three ministers were collectively known as the Spring Ministers. The Taifu Qing (Minister of Finance) was added, and the Shaofu was renamed as Shao Fu Qing (Minister of Works). A new Tai Fu Qing (Ministry of Transport) was also established. These three ministers were known collectively as the Summer Ministers. The Weiwei was renamed Weiwei Qing (Minister of the Imperial Guards), the Tingwei became Tingwei Qing (Ministry of Justice), and the Jiangzuo Dajiang was changed to Da Jian Qing (Grand Artificer). These three ministers were referred to collectively as the Autumn Ministers. The Guanglu Xun was renamed Guanglu Qing (Minister of Ceremonies), the Dahanlu became Hanlu Qing (Ministry of Imperial Hospitality), and the Duishui Shizhe was changed to Dazhou Qing (Grand Minister of Waterways). These three ministers were called collectively as the Winter Ministers. In total, there were twelve ministers, each of whom had a Cheng (deputy) and officials such as Gongcao and Zhubu. The Later Wei dynasty also referred to the Taichang, Guangluxun, and Weiwei as the Three Ministers. The Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong, and Shaofu formed the Six Ministers, each of whom had an assistant minister (Shaoqing). The Northern Qi dynasty regarded the Taichang, Guānglù, Weiyi, Zongzheng, Taifu, Dali, Honglu, Sinong, and Taifu as the Nine Temples. Each position had one Qing (Minister), Shaoqing, and Cheng (deputy). Each also had officials such as Gongcao, Wu Guan, Zhubu, Lushi, and others. The Nine Temples of the Sui dynasty were the same as those under the Northern Qi. Emperor Yang reduced the rank classifications of the eight temple ministers below Guanglu to be subordinate to Taichang, and added two more Shaoqing positions for each. The Nine Temples of Great Tang were the same as those during the Northern Qi dynasty, with one Qing (Minister) for each temple and two Shaoqing. The number of Chengs and lower officials varied accordingly. In the second year of Longshuo, the names of the Nine Temples were changed. All Qing (Ministers) had the title "Zheng" added before their titles. Later, they all reverted to their original names.
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今太常者，亦唐虞伯夷為秩宗兼夔典樂之任也。周時曰宗伯，為春官，掌邦禮。秦改曰奉常，漢初曰太常，欲令國家盛大常存，故稱太常。惠帝更名奉常，景帝六年，更名太常。後漢秩與漢同。每祭祀，前奏其禮儀；及行事，贊天子。每選試博士，奏其能否。大射、養老、大喪，皆奏其儀。每月前晦，察行陵廟。助祭則平冕七旒。漢舊常以列侯忠敬孝慎者居之；後漢不必侯也。舊制陵縣悉屬，歲舉孝廉，後漢則否。建安中為奉常。魏黃初元年改為太常。魏晉皆銀章青綬，進賢兩梁冠，絳朝服，佩水蒼玉。宋、齊皆有之，舊用列曹尚書好遷選曹尚書領護。梁視金紫光祿大夫。陳因之。後魏為上卿，兼置少卿官。北齊曰太常寺，置卿及少卿、丞各一人，掌陵廟、群祀、禮樂、儀制、天文、術數、衣冠之屬。後周建六官，置大宗伯卿一人，是為春官。隋曰太常，與北齊同。煬帝加置少卿二人。大唐因之，龍朔二年改太常為奉常，咸亨元年復舊。光宅元年改太常為司禮，神龍初復舊。卿一人，掌禮儀祭祀，總判寺事；少卿二人，通判。領丞一人，主簿二人，博士四人，太祝三人，奉禮郎、協律郎各二人，齋郎五百五十二人。郊社、太公廟、太樂、鼓吹、太醫、太卜、廩犧等署，各有令。 |
| | The current Tai Chang is also responsible for the duties of Bo Yi in Tang and Yu, who served as Zhi Zong and concurrently managed music under Kuai. During the Zhou dynasty it was called Zongbo, serving as the official of spring, in charge of state rituals. The Qin dynasty changed it to Fengchang; during the early Han dynasty it was called Tai Chang, intending that the state would be great and ever-lasting, hence the name Tai Chang. Emperor Hui changed its name back to Fengchang; in the sixth year of Emperor Jing's reign, it was renamed Tai Chang again. The Later Han dynasty maintained the same ranks and titles as the Han dynasty. During each sacrifice, they would first present the rituals and ceremonies; and during the actual performance of rites, they assisted the Son of Heaven. Whenever selecting and testing Bohuo (doctors), they would report on their competence or lack thereof. For major archery ceremonies, honoring the elderly, and grand funerals, they all presented the proper rituals. On the last day of each month, they inspected the imperial tombs and temples. When assisting in sacrifices, they wore a headdress with seven pendants to signify rank. In the Han dynasty, it was customary to appoint marquises who were loyal, respectful, filial, and cautious to this position; the Later Han did not necessarily require a marquis. According to the old system, all counties near imperial tombs were under its jurisdiction and recommended filial and upright officials annually; this was not followed in the Later Han. During the Jian'an period he served as Fengchang. In the first year of Huangchu in Wei, it was changed back to Tai Chang. Both the Wei and Jin dynasties used silver seals with blue sashes, wore two-plate caps for scholars, red court robes, and pendants of green jade. The Song and Qi dynasties both had it; traditionally, officials who were former heads of various departments and well-versed in appointments would serve as heads overseeing the selection department. In the Liang dynasty, its rank was equivalent to Jinzi Guanglu Dafu (a high-ranking official with gold and purple insignia). The Chen dynasty followed this practice. In the Later Wei, it was considered an upper-level qing (high official), and concurrently established the position of Shaoqing (deputy). The Northern Qi dynasty called it the Tai Chang Si, and established one Qing (minister), one Shaoqing (deputy minister), and one Cheng (deputy) each, in charge of imperial tombs, temples, communal sacrifices, rituals, music, ceremonial regulations, astronomy, divination, and matters related to official attire. The Later Zhou established six officials, appointing one Da Zongbo Qing, This was known as the spring official. In the Sui dynasty, it was called Tai Chang and had the same structure as in the Northern Qi. Emperor Yang added two Shaoqing positions. The Great Tang dynasty followed this system; in the second year of Longshuo, Tai Chang was changed to Fengchang, In the first year of Xianheng, the old title was restored. In the first year of Guangzai, Tai Chang was renamed Sili; in the early years of Shenlong, it reverted to its original name. One Qing (minister) is responsible for rituals and sacrifices, overseeing all temple affairs; two Shaoqing (deputy ministers), who jointly handle the administration. It oversees one Cheng (deputy), two Zhubu, four Bohuo, three Taizhu, two Fenglilang and Xielvlang each, and 552 Zhilang. łoż The Jiaoshe, Taigong Miao, Tailve, Guchui, Taiyi, Taibu, Linxi bureaus each have their own directors.
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丞：秦置一人，漢多以博士、議郎為之。後漢凡諸丞，皆掌行禮及祭祀小事，總署曹事，舉廟中非法。皆銅印墨綬，進賢兩梁冠。歷代皆有。梁舊用員外郎遷尚書郎，天監七年，改視尚書郎。陳因之。後魏、北齊亦有之。隋有二人，大唐因之，分判寺事。 |
| | Cheng: One was appointed during the Qin dynasty; in Han times, it was often held by Bohuo or Yilang officials. In the Later Han dynasty, all Cheng officials were responsible for minor matters related to rituals and sacrifices, managed temple affairs, and reported any violations within the temples. They all used copper seals with black sashes and wore two-plate scholar caps. This position has existed in all dynasties. In the Liang dynasty it had previously used Yuwailang officials who were promoted to Shangshulang; in the seventh year of Tianjian, this was changed so that its rank corresponded to that of a Shangshulang. The Chen dynasty followed this precedent. The Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties also had such a position. In the Sui dynasty there were two Zhubu officials; the Great Tang followed this system, with them dividing responsibilities for temple affairs.
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主簿：漢有之，魏晉亦有焉。梁天監七年，十二卿各置主簿一人。陳因之。北齊有功曹、五官主簿二人，大唐置二人，掌付事句稽、省署抄目、監印、給紙筆等事。 |
| | Zhubu: This position existed during the Han dynasty, The Wei and Jin dynasties also had this position. In the seventh year of Tianjian in Liang, each of the twelve Qing officials was assigned one Zhubu. The Chen dynasty followed this system. In the Northern Qi, there were two Zhubu: Gongcao and Wuguan Zhubu. In the Great Tang, two Zhubu were appointed, responsible for handling official matters, reviewing documents, supervising seals, and providing stationery.
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博士：魏官也，魏文帝初置，晉因之，掌引導乘輿。王公以下應追諡者，則博士議定之。端委佩玉。朝之大典，必於詢度。歷代皆有。隋有四人。大唐因之。甚為清選，資位與補闕同，掌撰五禮儀注，導引乘輿，贊相祭祀，定誄諡及守祧廟，開閉埳室及祥瑞之事。 |
| | Bohuo: An official position established during the Wei dynasty, first set up by Emperor Wen of Wei and continued in the Jin dynasty. They were responsible for guiding the imperial carriage. When dukes and other officials below them were to be posthumously honored with a title, it was the Bohuo who deliberated and decided on the appropriate designation. They wore ceremonial robes and jade pendants. For major court ceremonies, their consultation was essential. This position has existed in every dynasty. In the Sui dynasty, there were four Bohuo officials. The Great Tang followed this system. This was a very prestigious and carefully selected position, with qualifications and rank equivalent to Buque. They were in charge of drafting ritual procedures for the Five Rites, guiding the imperial procession, assisting in sacrifices, determining posthumous titles and overseeing ancestral temples, managing the opening and closing of the tomb chamber, and handling matters related to auspicious omens.
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太祝：殷官，與太宰等官為六太。周官，太祝下大夫二人，上士四人，掌六祝之辭，以祈福祥。秦漢有太祝令、丞，後漢亦曰太祝令、丞。晉、宋、齊、梁、陳、後魏、北齊皆因之。後周依周官。至隋，置太祝署，太祝令、丞。煬帝罷署，太祝八人。大唐初有七人，後增為九人，開元二十三年減置三人。掌讀祝文，出納神主。 |
| | Taizhu: A Yin dynasty official, and one of the Six Taishi officials along with the Tai Zai. In Zhou dynasty regulations, there were two Taizhu officials of lower great officer rank and four Shangshi officials, who were in charge of the six types of blessings' words to pray for good fortune and auspicious signs. The Qin and Han dynasties had Taizhu Ling (Minister of Sacrifices) and Cheng (Deputy Minister); the Later Han also referred to them as Taizhu Ling and Cheng. The Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Later Wei, and Northern Qi dynasties all followed this system. The Later Zhou followed the Zhou dynasty regulations. By the Sui dynasty, a Taizhu Shu (Office of Sacrifices) was established, with positions for Taizhu Ling and Cheng (Minister and Deputy Minister of Sacrifices). Emperor Yang abolished the office, leaving eight Taizhu officials. In the early Tang dynasty there were seven Taizhu officials; later this was increased to nine, and in the 23rd year of Kaiyuan it was reduced by three. They were responsible for reading sacrificial texts and handling the offering and removal of ancestral tablets.
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奉禮郎：漢大鴻臚有理禮郎四十七人，晉理禮郎四人，屬大行令。後魏理禮郎四人，北齊有奉禮郎三十人，屬鴻臚寺之司儀署。後周有理禮中士、下士各一人。隋有奉禮郎十六人，屬太常寺，煬帝減置六人。大唐初有理禮郎四員，掌設板位，執儀行事。至永徽二年，以廟諱改為奉禮郎。開元二十三年減二員。 |
| | Fenglilang: In the Han dynasty, the Da Honglu had 47 Lili Lang officials; in the Jin dynasty there were four Lili Langs, who belonged to the Daxing Ling. In the Later Wei there were four Lili Lang officials, and in the Northern Qi dynasty there were 30 Fenglilang officials, who belonged to the Siyi Shu of Honglu Temple. In the Later Zhou, there was one Lili Zhongshi and one Lili Xiashi official each. The Sui dynasty had 16 Fenglilang officials, belonging to the Tai Chang Temple; Emperor Yang reduced this number to six. In the early Tang dynasty, there were four Lili Lang positions, responsible for setting up ceremonial boards and conducting rituals. In the second year of Yonghui, due to a temple name taboo, they were renamed Fenglilang. In the 23rd year of the Kaiyuan era, two positions were reduced.
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協律郎：漢曰協律都尉，李延年為之。後漢亦有之，魏杜夔亦為之。晉改為協律校尉。後魏有協律郎，又有協律中郎。北齊及隋協律郎皆二人。大唐因之。掌舉麾節樂，調和律呂，監試樂人典課。 |
| | Xielvlang: In the Han dynasty it was called Xielv Duyi; Li Yannian held this position. The Later Han also had such an official, and Wei's Du Kui also held the position. The Jin dynasty changed it to Xielv Jiao Wei. In the Later Wei, there were both Xielv Lang and Xielv Zhonglang officials. The Northern Qi and Sui dynastes each had two Xielv Lang officials. The Great Tang followed this practice. They were responsible for raising the ceremonial flags and regulating music, harmonizing pitch pipes, and supervising examinations of musicians and their performance assessments.
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兩京郊社署：周官有典祀，掌以時祭祀。秦漢有太祝令、丞，屬奉常，景帝改為祠祀，武帝更曰廟祀。後漢祠祀屬少府。魏晉有太祝令、丞。宋曰明堂令、丞，掌祀五帝之事。齊有太祝及明堂二令，梁有明堂、太社二令，並屬太常。北齊太廟令兼領郊祀、崇虛二丞。後周有司郊上士、中士，司社中士、下士。隋太常寺置郊社署，令、丞各一人。大唐因之。掌郊社、明堂、祠祀、祈禱及茅土、衣冠等事。 |
| | Liangjing Jiaoshe Shu: In Zhou dynasty regulations there was the Diansi official, who was in charge of conducting timely sacrifices. In the Qin and Han dynasties there were Taizhu Ling (Ministers of Sacrifices) and their deputies, who belonged to Fengchang; Emperor Jing changed this to Cisi, and Emperor Wu later renamed it Miaosi. In the Later Han, Cisi was under Shaofu. The Wei and Jin dynasties had Taizhu ling (Minister of Sacrifices), and their deputies. In the Song dynasty, they were called Mingtang Ling and Cheng, in charge of sacrifices to the Five Emperors. In the Qi dynasty there were two Taizhu and Mingtang Ling officials; in the Liang dynasty, there were Mingtang and Taisha Ling officials, all belonging to Tai Chang. In the Northern Qi, the Taitemiao Ling also oversaw two deputy positions for Jiaosi and Chongxu. In the Later Zhou there were Shijiao Zhongshi, Shijiao Xiashi, Sisha Zhongshi, and Sisha Xiashi officials. In the Sui dynasty's Tai Chang Temple, a Jiaoshe Shu was established with one Ling (Minister) and one Cheng (Deputy). The Great Tang followed this. They were in charge of suburban and ancestral temple sacrifices, Mingtang ceremonies, sacrificial rites, prayers for blessings, as well as matters related to land grants and ceremonial attire.
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太樂署：周官有大司樂，掌成均之法，亦謂之樂尹，以樂舞教國子。秦漢奉常屬官有太樂令及丞，又少府屬官并有樂府令、丞。後漢永平三年，改太樂為大予樂令，掌伎樂人，凡國祭饗，掌諸奏樂。魏復曰太樂令、丞，晉亦有之。齊銅印墨綬，進賢一梁冠，絳朝服。梁、陳因之。後魏置太樂博士。北齊曰太樂令、丞。後周有大司樂，掌成均之法。後改為樂部，有上士、中士。隋有太樂令、丞各一人。大唐因之。掌習音樂、樂人簿籍。 |
| | Tailve Shu: In Zhou dynasty regulations, the Da Siyue was responsible for the laws of Chengjun, also known as Yue Yin, and taught music and dance to the sons of nobles. In the Qin and Han dynastes, Fengchang's subordinate officials included Tai Le Ling (Minister of Music) and Cheng; additionally, Shaofu's subordinate officials also had Yuefu Ling and Cheng. In the third year of Yongping in the Later Han, Tai Le was changed to Dayu Yue Ling. They were responsible for musicians and performers; during all national sacrifices and banquets, they oversaw musical performances. In the Wei dynasty it was once again called Tai Le Ling and Cheng; the Jin also had these positions. The Qi dynasty used copper seals with black silk sashes, wore one-beam caps for scholars, and red court robes. The Liang and Chen dynasties followed this system. In the Later Wei dynasty, Tai Le Bohuo (Music Doctor) positions were established. In the Northern Qi dynasty it was called Tai Le Ling and Cheng. In the Later Zhou, there were Da Siyue officials in charge of laws related to Chengjun. Later it was changed to Yuebu (Music Department), with Zhongshi and Xiashi positions. In the Sui dynasty there were one Tai Le Ling and one Cheng each. The Great Tang followed this arrangement. They were in charge of training musicians and maintaining records of musical personnel.
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鼓吹署：周禮有鼓人，掌六鼓四金之音。後漢有承華令，典黃門鼓吹，屬少府。晉置鼓吹令、丞，屬太常。元帝省太樂并鼓吹，哀帝復省鼓吹而存太樂。梁有鼓吹令、丞，又有清商署。北齊鼓吹令、丞及清商部並屬太常。隋有鼓吹、清商二令、丞，至煬帝，罷清商署。大唐鼓吹署令、丞各一人，所掌頗與太樂同。 |
| | Guchui Shu: In the Zhou Li, there was a Gu Ren official in charge of six types of drums and four kinds of metallic instruments. In the Later Han dynasty there was a Chenghua Ling, who oversaw Huangmen Guchui (Imperial Drum and Trumpet Ensemble), belonging to Shaofu. In the Jin dynasty, positions for Guchui Ling and Cheng were established, under Tai Chang. Emperor Yuandi merged Tai Le with Guchui and abolished it; Emperor Aidi later abolished Guchui again but retained Tai Le. In the Liang dynasty there were Guchui Ling, Cheng officials, as well as a Qingshang Shu (Clear Merchant Office). In the Northern Qi dynasty, Guchui Ling and Cheng officials, along with the Qingshang Bu, were all under Tai Chang. In the Sui dynasty there was Guchui and Qingshang Ling and Cheng officials; by Emperor Yang, the Qingshang Shu was abolished. In the Great Tang dynasty, there were one Guchui Shu Ling and one Cheng each; their responsibilities were quite similar to those of Tai Le.
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太醫署：周官有醫師上士、下士，掌醫之政令。秦、兩漢有太醫令、丞，亦主醫藥，屬少府。魏因之。晉銅印墨綬，進賢一梁冠，絳朝服，而屬宗正；過江省宗正，而屬門下省。宋、齊隸侍中，梁、陳因之。後魏有太醫博士、助教。北齊又曰太醫令、丞。後周太醫下大夫。隋太醫署令二人。大唐因之。主醫藥，凡領醫、針灸、按摩、祝禁，各有博士。 |
| | Taiyi Shu: In Zhou dynasty regulations, there was a Yishi Zhongshi and Xiashi official in charge of medical administration. In the Qin and two Han dynasties, there were Taiyi Ling (Minister of Medicine) and Cheng officials who also oversaw medicine, belonging to Shaofu. The Wei dynasty followed this system. In the Jin dynasty, copper seals with black sashes were used, along with one-beam scholar caps and red court robes, but they belonged to Zongzheng; After crossing the river (referring to moving south), Zongzheng was abolished, and it came under Menxia Sheng. In the Song and Qi dynasties it was subordinate to the Shizhong (Attendant-in-Ordinary), and the Liang and Chen followed this. The Later Wei had Taiyi Bohuo (Medical Doctor) and Zhujiao (Assistant Teacher). In the Northern Qi it was also called Taiyi Ling and Cheng. In the Later Zhou, Taiyi officials were of lower great officer rank. The Sui dynasty had two Taiyi Shu Ling (Ministers of Medicine). The Great Tang followed this example. They were in charge of medicine, overseeing doctors, acupuncture, massage, and ritual prohibitions, each with their own Bohuo (doctor) positions.
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太卜署：殷官太卜為六太。周官太卜掌三兆之法。秦漢有太卜令，後漢并於太史，自後無聞。後魏有太卜博士。北齊有太卜局丞。後周有太卜大夫、小卜上士、龜占中士。隋曰太卜，令、丞二人。大唐因之。 |
| | Taibu Shu: In the Yin dynasty, the Taibu official was one of the Six Tai (high-ranking officials). In the Zhou dynasty, the Taibu was in charge of the methods of the Three Zhaos. The Qin and Han dynasties had a Tai Bu Ling (Officer of Divination), but in the Later Han it was merged with the Taishi, and after that there is no further record. The Northern Wei dynasty had Bohuo (doctors) under the Tai Bu office. The Northern Qi dynasty had a Cheng (deputy official) of the Taibu Ju (Office of Divination). The Later Zhou dynasty had Tai Bu Dafu (Great Doctor of Divination), Xiao Bu Shangshi (Junior Officer of Minor Divination), and Gui Zhan Zhongshi (Middle Official of Tortoise Divination). In the Sui dynasty, it was called Tai Bu, with two officials: a Ling (commander) and a Cheng (deputy). The Great Tang followed this system.
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| | 太常卿: |
廩犧署：周禮有牧人，掌牧六牲，以供祭祀。秦漢內史左馮翊屬官有廩犧令、丞，並掌犧牲鴈鶩，後屬大司農。後漢河南尹屬官有廩犧丞。魏、晉、宋、齊、梁、陳、後魏、北齊、隋皆有之。大唐令、丞各一人，掌犧牲、粢盛之事。 |
| | Linxi Shu: According to the Rites of Zhou, there were Muren (pastoral officers) in charge of raising the six sacrificial animals for use in rituals. During the Qin and Han dynasties, under the Neishi Zuo Fengyi (an administrative division), there were Linxi Ling (commanders) and Cheng (deputies) who jointly oversaw sacrificial animals such as geese and ducks; later these officials came under the Da Siniang (Ministry of Agriculture). In the Later Han dynasty, among the subordinates of the Henan Yin (governor) there was a Linxi Cheng (deputy officer). The Wei, Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Northern Wei, Northern Qi, and Sui dynasties all had such positions. In the Great Tang dynasty, there was one Ling (commander) and one Cheng (deputy), who were in charge of sacrificial animals and ritual grains.
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| | 太常卿: |
汾祠署、齊太公廟署，並有令、丞各一人，大唐開元中置。 |
| | The Fenci Shu and Qi Taigong Miao Shu both had one Ling (commander) each and one Cheng (deputy) each, established during the Kaiyuan period of the Great Tang dynasty.
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| | 光祿卿: |
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| | 光祿卿: |
秦有郎中令，掌宮殿掖門戶，漢因之。至武帝太初元年，更名光祿勳。後漢曰光祿勳，所掌同，典三署郎更直執戟宿衛，考其德行而進退之。郊祀之事，掌三獻。光祿勳居禁中。有獄在殿門外，謂之光祿外部。兩漢自光祿、太中、中散、諫議等大夫，及謁者僕射、羽林郎、郎中、侍郎，五官、武賁、左右等中郎將，奉車、駙馬二都尉，車、戶、騎三將，並屬光祿勳。建安末，復改光祿勳為郎中令。魏黃初元年，復為光祿勳。東晉哀帝興寧二年，省光祿勳，併司徒。孝武寧康元年，復置。自魏晉以後，無復三署郎，而光祿不復居禁中，唯外官朝會，則以名到焉。二臺奏劾，則符光祿加禁止，解禁止亦如之。其宮殿門戶，至宋文猶屬焉。梁除勳字，謂之光祿卿。卿舊視列曹尚書，天監中，視中庶子，職與漢同。後魏又置少卿。北齊曰光祿寺，置卿、少卿，兼掌諸膳食、帳幕。隋文帝開皇三年，廢光祿寺入司農，十二年復置。初有卿及少卿各一人，煬帝加置二少卿。大唐龍朔二年，改光祿寺為司宰寺，咸亨初復舊。光宅元年為司膳，神龍初復舊。卿一人，掌終獻行事；少卿二人，領太官、珍羞、良醞、掌醢等四署，署各有令、丞。 |
| | The Qin dynasty had the Langzhongling, He was responsible for the palace gatehouses and side doors; the Han dynasty followed this practice. In the first year of Taichu during Emperor Wu's reign, it was renamed Guanglu Xun. In the Later Han dynasty, it was still called Guanglu Xun, and its responsibilities were the same. It oversaw three departments of Lang officials who took turns guarding the palace with halberds, and evaluated their moral conduct to decide promotions or demotions. In matters concerning sacrifices at the suburbs, it was responsible for making three offerings. The Guanglu Xun resided within the palace grounds. There was a prison outside the palace gate, known as Guanglu Wai Bu. In the Western and Eastern Han dynasties, from officials such as Guanglu Daifu, Taizhong Daifu, Zhongsan Daifu, Jianyi Daifu, Yezhe Puye, Yulin Lang, Langzhong, Shilang, Wuguan, Wuben, Zuoyou Zhonglangjiang, Fengche, Huma Er Duwei, Che, Hu, Qi San Jiang, All these officials belonged to Guanglu Xun. At the end of the Jian'an era, Guanglu Xun was once again changed back to Langzhongling. In the first year of Huangchu during the Wei dynasty, it was reverted back to Guanglu Xun. In the second year of Xingning during Emperor Ai's reign in the Eastern Jin dynasty, Guanglu Xun was abolished and merged into Siku. In the first year of Ningkang during Emperor Xiao Wu's reign, it was reestablished. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, there were no longer three departments of Lang officials; Guanglu Xun no longer resided within the palace. Only when external officials attended court assemblies would their names be recorded. When the two Tai offices submitted impeachment reports, they issued a warrant to Guanglu for prohibition; lifting the prohibition followed the same procedure. Its responsibility for palace gatehouses continued until Emperor Wenshu of the Song dynasty, who still belonged to this office. The Liang dynasty removed the character "Xun" from its title and called it Guanglu Qing. Previously, the rank of Qing was equivalent to that of a Shangshu in various departments; during the Tianjian period, it ranked equal to Zhongshuzi. Its duties were the same as those under the Han dynasty. The Later Wei dynasty also established a Shaoqing (Deputy Qing). In the Northern Qi dynasty, it was called Guanglu Si; positions of Qing and Shaoqing were established, who jointly managed various food supplies, tents, and canopies. In the third year of Kaihuang during Emperor Wen's reign in the Sui dynasty, Guanglu Si was abolished and incorporated into Sinong; it was reestablished twelve years later. Initially, there were one Qing and one Shaoqing each; Emperor Yang added two more Shaoqing positions. In the second year of Longshuo during the Tang dynasty, Guanglu Si was renamed Sizai Si; it reverted to its original name at the beginning of Xianheng. In the first year of Guangzhe, it became Sishan; in the early years of Shenlong, it reverted to its original title. One Qing was responsible for overseeing sacrificial ceremonies and related affairs; two Shaoqing, who oversaw Tai Guan, Zhenxiu, Liangyun, and Zhanghai departments; each department had its own Ling (Director) and Cheng (Deputy Director).
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| | 光祿卿: |
丞：漢二人，多以博士、議郎為之。後漢一人。魏晉因之，銅印黃綬。梁、陳視員外郎。後魏、北齊並有之。隋有三人。大唐置二人。 |
| | Cheng: In the Han dynasty there were two, often appointed from among the Bohu or Yilang officials. In the Later Han there was one person. The Wei and Jin dynasties followed this practice, using copper seals with yellow silk sashes. In the Liang and Chen dynasties, it was ranked equivalent to a Yuanwai Lang (extraordinary Lang official). Both the Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties had this position. The Sui dynasty had three such officials. The Tang dynasty established two positions.
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主簿：漢置。晉、宋、齊、梁、陳並有之。北齊曰功曹、五官主簿。隋二人。大唐因之。 |
| | Zhubu: Established in the Han dynasty. The Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties all had this position as well. In the Northern Qi dynasty it was called Gongcao or Wuguan Zhu Bu. The Sui had two such officials. The Tang dynasty followed this practice.
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| | 光祿卿: |
太官署令、丞：於周官為膳夫、庖人、外饔中士、下士，蓋其任也。秦為太官令、丞，屬少府。兩漢因之，桓帝延熹元年，使太官令得補二千石。魏亦屬少府。晉屬光祿勳。宋、齊屬侍中。梁門下省領太官，陳因之。後魏分太官為尚食、中尚食，知御膳，隸門下省；而太官掌百官之饌，屬光祿卿。北齊因之。後周有典庖中士、內膳中士。隋如北齊。大唐因之，各一人。 |
| | Tai Guanshu Ling and Cheng: In the Zhou Li (Rites of Zhou), they corresponded to Shanfu, Paoren, Waiong Zhongshi, Xiaoshi; these were their responsibilities. In the Qin dynasty, Tai Guan Ling and Cheng belonged to Shaofu. The Western and Eastern Han dynasties followed this system; in the first year of Yanxi during Emperor Huan's reign, Tai Guan Ling was allowed to be appointed as an Erqianshi (a rank equivalent to 2000 dan). In the Wei dynasty it also belonged to Shaofu. In the Jin dynasty, it was under Guanglu Xun's jurisdiction. In the Song and Qi dynasties, they belonged to the Shizhong (Attendant-in-Ordinary). In the Liang dynasty, the Menxia Sheng oversaw Tai Guan; the Chen dynasty followed this. The Later Wei divided Tai Guan into Shangshi and Zhongshangshi, responsible for imperial meals, under the Menxia Sheng; while Tai Guan was in charge of food supplies for all officials and belonged to Guanglu Qing. The Northern Qi dynasty followed this system. In the Later Zhou, there were Zhian Zhongshi and Neishan Zhongshi (Middle Officials in charge of kitchens and imperial meals). The Sui dynasty followed the system of the Northern Qi. The Tang dynasty adopted this, with one person each for these positions.
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| | 光祿卿: |
珍羞署令、丞：於周官有籩人，蓋其任也。後漢少府屬官有甘丞，主膳具。晉太官令有坛官、果官吏各二人，自後無聞。北齊餚藏令屬光祿寺。後周有餚藏中士、下士。隋如北齊。大唐因之。長安中改為珍羞，神龍初復舊，開元初又改之，有令、丞各一人。 |
| | Zhenxiushu Ling and Cheng: In the Zhou Li there was Bianren, This was their responsibility. In the Later Han, Shaofu had a subordinate official called Gancheng, who managed food supplies and utensils. During the Jin dynasty, Tai Guan Ling had two officers each for Tan Guan (wine official) and Guo Guan (fruit official), but this practice was not recorded afterward. In the Northern Qi, Xiaocang Ling belonged to Guanglu Si. The Later Zhou had Xiaocang Zhongshi and Xiaoshi (Middle and Lower Officials in charge of delicacies). The Sui dynasty followed the Northern Qi system. The Tang dynasty adopted this practice. During the Chang'an period, it was changed to Zhenxiu; in the early Shenlong era, the old name was restored. In the early Kaiyuan era, it was again changed, with one Ling and one Cheng each.
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| | 光祿卿: |
良醞署令、丞：於周官有酒正中士、下士，掌酒之政令。後漢湯官丞主酒，屬少府。晉有酒丞一人。齊食官局有酒吏。梁曰酒庫丞。北齊有清漳令、丞，主酒。後周如古周之制。隋曰良醞署，令、丞各一人。大唐因之。 |
| | Liangyunshu Ling and Cheng: In the Zhou Li, there were Jiuzheng Zhongshi and Xiaoshi, who oversaw regulations concerning wine. In the Later Han, Tangguan Cheng was in charge of wine and belonged to Shaofu. The Jin dynasty had one Jiucheng (Wine Official). In the Qi dynasty, Shiguan Ju had wine officials. The Liang dynasty called it Jiuku Cheng (Wine Warehouse Official). In the Northern Qi, there was Qingzhang Ling and Cheng in charge of wine. The Later Zhou followed the ancient Zhou dynasty system. In the Sui dynasty, it was called Liangyunshu, with one Ling and one Cheng respectively. The Tang dynasty followed this system.
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| | 光祿卿: |
掌醢署令、丞：於周官有醢人，掌四豆之實。自後無聞。至齊，諸公府有釀食典軍二人。後周有掌醢中士、下士。隋曰掌醢署，令、丞各一人。大唐因之。 |
| | Zhanghaishu Ling and Cheng: In the Zhou Li, there was Hairen in charge of the contents of four dou (ritual food vessels). This practice was not recorded afterward. By the Qi dynasty, various Gongfu (military offices of high officials) had two Niangshi Dianjun officers in charge of brewing and food. The Later Zhou had Zhanghai Zhongshi and Xiaoshi. In the Sui dynasty it was called Zhanghaishu, with one Ling and Cheng each. The Tang dynasty followed this practice.
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| | 衛尉卿: |
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| | 衛尉卿: |
衛尉，秦官，掌門衛屯兵。漢因之。景帝初，更名中大夫令，後元年復為衛尉。又有長樂、建章、甘泉衛尉，皆掌其宮，其職略同，而不常置。後漢有衛尉卿一人，職與漢同。晉銀章青綬，五時朝服，武冠，佩水蒼玉，掌冶鑄，領冶令三十九。晉江左不置衛尉。宋孝武復置。南齊掌宮城管鑰。梁衛尉卿位視侍中，職與漢同。卿每月、丞每旬行宮徼，糾察不法。陳因之。後魏亦有之。北齊為衛尉寺，有卿及少卿各一人。隋文帝開皇三年，廢衛尉寺，入太常及尚書省。十三年復置，掌軍器、儀仗、帳幕之事，而以監門衛掌宮門屯兵。大唐因之。龍朔二年，改衛尉為司衛，咸亨初復舊。光宅元年又改為司衛，神龍初復舊。卿一人，少卿二人，領武庫、武器、守宮三署，署各有令。 |
| | Weiyi was an official post established during the Qin dynasty, responsible for commanding troops stationed at palace gates. The Han dynasty followed this system. At the beginning of Emperor Jingdi's reign, it was renamed Zhongdafa Ling; in the first year of the Houyuan era, it reverted to Weiyi. There were also Changle, Jianzhang, and Ganquan Weiyis, each responsible for their respective palaces. Their duties were roughly the same but these positions were not permanently established. The Later Han dynasty had one Weiyi Qing, whose duties were the same as those in the Han dynasty. During the Jin dynasty, he wore silver seals and green silk tassels, five-style court robes, a military hat, and was adorned with blue jade. He was in charge of smelting and casting, overseeing thirty-nine Ye Ling officials. During the Jin dynasty's southern regime (Jiangzuo), the position of Weiyi was not established. Emperor Xiaowu of the Song dynasty reinstated it. During the Southern Qi dynasty, he was in charge of palace gate keys and locks. During the Liang dynasty, the Weiyi Qing held a rank equivalent to that of Shizhong, and his duties were the same as in the Han dynasty. The Qing conducted inspections around the palace every month, while the Cheng did so every ten days, to investigate and correct illegal activities. The Chen dynasty followed this practice. The Later Wei also had such a position. During the Northern Qi dynasty, it became the Weiyi Temple, with one Qing and one Shaoqing each. In the third year of Kaihuang era during Emperor Wen's reign in the Sui dynasty, the Weiyi Temple was abolished and its functions were transferred to Taichang and the Shangshu Province. In the thirteenth year, it was reinstated, overseeing military equipment, ceremonial guards, and tents, while the Jianmen Wei was responsible for troops stationed at palace gates. The Great Tang dynasty followed this system. In the second year of Longshuo, Weiyi was renamed Siwei; in the early years of Xianheng, it reverted to its original name. In the first year of Guangzai, it was again renamed Siwei; in the initial years of Shenlong, it reverted to its former name. There were one Qing and two Shaoqing; It oversaw three offices: Wuku, Wuqi, and Shougong; each office had its own Ling (director).
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丞：秦漢多以博士、議郎為之。後漢一人，魏晉並同。宋孝武增置一人。梁亦有之，後魏、北齊並有。隋因之。大唐置二人。 |
| | Cheng: In the Qin and Han dynasties, this position was often held by Bohus or Yilangs. The Later Han had one person in this role; the Wei and Jin dynasties were the same. Emperor Xiaowu of Song added another position for one person. The Liang dynasty also had this post, and the Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties both had it as well. The Sui dynasty followed this system. The Great Tang dynasty established two positions for this role.
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| | 衛尉卿: |
主簿一人，漢衛尉駕四馬，主簿前車以乘。晉有衛尉主簿二人，宋齊梁陳因之。北齊、隋亦有二人。大唐因之。 |
| | There was one Zhubu. In the Han dynasty, Weiyi's carriage was drawn by four horses; the Zhubu rode in a preceding carriage. During the Jin dynasty there were two Weiyi Zhubus, and this system was followed by the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties. The Northern Qi and Sui dynasties also had two positions for this role. The Great Tang dynasty followed suit.
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| | 衛尉卿: |
武庫令、丞：於周官司甲、司弓矢等下大夫，司戈盾等中士、下士，蓋其任也。兩漢曰武庫令，屬執金吾。後漢又有考工令、丞，屬太僕，主造兵器，成，付武庫令。魏晉因之，晉後屬衛尉。宋齊武庫令丞屬尚書庫部，梁陳屬衛尉卿。北齊亦有。後周如周官。隋如北齊。大唐因之，各一人。天寶六年四月，敕改儀制令，廟社門、宮門每門各二十戟；東宮每門各十八戟；一品門十六戟；嗣王、郡王若上柱國帶職事二品、散官光祿大夫以上、鎮國大將軍以上各同職事品及京兆、河南、太原府大都督、大都護，門十四戟；上柱國帶職事三品、上護軍帶職事二品若中都督、上都護，門十二戟；國公及上護軍帶職事三品若下都督諸州，門各十戟：並官給。貞元五年十二月，中書門下奏：「應請列戟官，準儀制令，正一品、開府儀同三司、嗣王、郡王并勳官上柱國、柱國等帶職事三品以上，並許列戟。準天寶六載四月敕文：『加散官光祿大夫、鎮國大將軍以上，各同職事品。』近日，散、試官便帶高階者眾，恐須商量者。伏請準舊制令本文，取帶三品以上正員職事為定。」敕旨依。 |
| | Wuku Ling and Cheng: In the Zhou dynasty, these roles corresponded to lower-level officials such as Guoshi Jia, Guishi Gongshi, and mid- or low-ranking officers responsible for halberds and shields; this was essentially their duty. During the Western and Eastern Han dynasties it was known as Wuku Ling, belonging to Zhijinwu. The Later Han also had Kaogong Ling and Cheng, who belonged to Taifu and were responsible for manufacturing weapons; once completed, the weapons were handed over to Wuku Ling. The Wei and Jin dynasties followed this system, but after the Jin dynasty it came under Weiyi. During the Song and Qi dynasties, Wuku Ling and Cheng belonged to the Shangshu Kubu; during the Liang and Chen dynasties they were under Weiyi Qing. The Northern Qi dynasty also had this position. The Later Zhou followed the system of the Zhou dynasty's officials. The Sui dynasty was like the Northern Qi. The Great Tang followed this system, with one person each for these roles. In the fourth month of the sixth year of Tianbao, an imperial decree was issued to revise the Yizhi Ling: twenty halberds were placed at each gate of temple altars and palace gates; eighteen halberds at each gate of the eastern palace; sixteen halberds for first-rank officials' gates; heirs to the throne, marquises, or those holding the title Shangzhuguo with second-rank official posts, or civilian officials of Guanglu Dafu and above, or generals of Zhenguo Dajiangjun and above were each entitled to ceremonial halberds according to their ranks; the gates of Da Dudu, Da Dunhu in Jingzhao, Henan, and Taiyuan Fu also had fourteen halberds; Shangzhuguo holding third-rank posts, Shang Hujun with second-rank positions or Zhong Dudu and Shang Dunhu had twelve halberds at their gates; Gong ranks, or Shang Hujun holding third-rank positions such as Xia Dudu in various states had ten halberds at their respective gates: all were provided by the government. In the twelfth month of the fifth year of Zhenyuan, Zhongshu Menxia presented a memorial: "Officials requesting halberds should follow the Yizhi Ling. Those holding first-rank posts or equivalent ranks such as Kai Fu Yitong Sansi, heirs to the throne, marquises and those with military titles Shangzhuguo and Zhu guo who hold third-rank positions and above are all permitted to display halberds. According to the imperial decree of April in the sixth year of Tianbao: 'Those with civilian titles Guanglu Dafu or military ranks Zhenguo Dajiangjun and higher shall be treated according to their official posts.' Recently, many civilian and trial officials have been holding high ranks; this matter requires further discussion. We respectfully request that the old regulations be followed, using only those with third-rank or higher official posts as the standard." The imperial decree approved this.
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武器署令、丞：隋行臺尚書省有武器監令。大唐永徽中，始置各一人，掌祭祀及朝會、巡幸及公卿婚葬鹵簿之事。 |
| | Wuqi Shu Ling and Cheng: In the Sui dynasty, there was a Wuqi Jian Ling in the Xingtai Shangshu Sheng. In the middle of Yonghui era in the Great Tang dynasty, one Wuqi Shu Ling and one Cheng were first established, responsible for matters related to sacrifices, court assemblies, imperial tours, as well as the ceremonial processions for high-ranking officials' weddings and funerals.
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守宮署：漢有守宮令、丞，掌御紙筆墨及諸財用并封泥之事，屬少府。晉及北齊屬光祿勳，北齊守宮令掌張設之事。梁陳屬大匠卿。隋屬衛尉寺。大唐置令一人，掌諸鋪設帳幕、观褥、床薦、几席之事。 |
| | Shougong Shu: In the Han dynasty there were Shougong Ling and Cheng, responsible for imperial paper, brushes, ink, various supplies, and matters related to sealing clay; they belonged to Shaofu. During the Jin dynasty and Northern Qi, it was under Guanglu Xun; in the Northern Qi, Shougong Ling was responsible for setting up arrangements. In the Liang and Chen dynastes, it belonged to Dajiang Qing. During the Sui dynasty it was under Weiyi Temple. In the Great Tang, one Ling was established to oversee matters related to setting up tents, mats, beds, cushions, tables, and seats.
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公車司馬令：秦屬衛尉，漢因之，掌殿司馬門，夜徼宮中，天下上章、四方貢獻及闕下凡所徵召公車者，皆總領之。後漢有丞二人，丞選曉諱，掌知非法。尉主闕門兵禁，戒非常。晉江左以來，直曰公車令。宋以後屬侍中。隋有公車署，置令、丞。大唐無。 |
| | Gongche Sima Ling: In the Qin dynasty it belonged to Weiyi, and the Han dynasty followed this. It was responsible for the Diansima Gate, night patrols within the palace, and all matters concerning official documents submitted by officials from across the empire, tributes from various regions, and public carriages used for summoning individuals at the imperial gates; these were all under its jurisdiction. The Later Han had two Chengs, whose duty it was to know taboos and identify illegalities. Weis were responsible for guarding the palace gates and controlling troop access, warning against any unusual occurrences. Since the Jin dynasty's Jiangzuo period, it was directly called Gongche Ling. After the Song dynasty, it came under Shizhong. During the Sui dynasty there was a Gongche Shu, with Ling and Cheng positions established. The Great Tang had none.
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| | 衛尉卿: |
左、右都候：後漢各一人，主劍戟士，徼循宮及天子有所收考。屬衛尉。後無。 |
| | Left and Right Duhou: In the Later Han, there was one person each for Left and Right Duhou, responsible for sword and halberd guards, patrolling the palace and overseeing imperial arrests or examinations. Belonged to Weiyi. Later, this position was abolished.
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| | 宗正卿: |
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| | 宗正卿: |
周官，小宗伯掌三族之別，以辨其親疏。秦置宗正，掌親屬。漢因之，更以敘九族。平帝元始四年，更名宗伯。五年，又於郡國置宗師，以糾皇室親族世氏，致教訓焉，選有德義者為之。有冤失職者，宗師得因郵亭上書宗伯，請以聞。常以正月賜宗伯帛十疋。王莽併宗伯於秩宗。後漢曰宗正，卿一人，掌序錄王國嫡庶之次，及諸皇室親屬遠近，郡國歲因計上皇族名籍。若有犯法當髡以上，先上諸宗正，宗正以聞，乃報決。兩漢皆以皇族為之，不以他族。魏亦然。晉兼以庶姓。咸寧三年，又置宗師，以扶風王亮為之，使皇室戚屬奉率德義，所有施行，必令誥之。東晉省之，屬太常。宋齊不置宗正。梁天監七年，復置之，視列曹尚書，主皇室外戚之籍，以皇族為之。陳因之。後魏有宗正卿、少卿。北齊亦然。後周有宗師中大夫，屬大冢宰。隋如北齊之制。大唐龍朔二年，改為司宗，咸亨元年復舊。光宅元年，改為司屬，神龍初復舊。卿一人，少卿二人，掌皇族、外戚簿籍及邑司名帳，領崇玄署及諸陵太廟。開元二十五年制，宗正等寺官屬皆以皇族為之。 |
| | The Zhou Officials, the minor Son of Heaven's Minister was in charge of distinguishing among three categories of clans to differentiate their closeness or distance. The Qin dynasty established the Zongzheng office, which was responsible for overseeing relatives. The Han dynasty followed this system and further used it to regulate the nine clans. In the fourth year of Yuanshi reign period of Emperor Ping, it was renamed Zongbo. In the fifth year [of Yuanshi], Zongshi were also established in commanderies and states to supervise the royal family's relatives and clans, delivering instruction and discipline; those selected for these positions were individuals of virtue and righteousness. Those who suffered unjustly or lost their posts could have the Zongshi submit a petition through post stations to the Zongbo, requesting that it be brought to the emperor's attention. Ten bolts of silk were regularly granted to the Minister of Rites in the first month. Wang Mang merged the Zongbo office into Zhizong. In the Later Han dynasty, it was called Zongzheng. One qing (minister) was appointed to oversee the order and records of the legitimate and collateral lines within the kingdoms, as well as the royal relatives near and far; commanderies and states submitted the names and registers of the imperial clan annually along with their annual reports. If any member of the royal family committed a crime punishable by shaving the head or more severe punishment, it had to be first reported to Zongzheng; Zongzheng would then report it upward, and only after receiving approval could the case be decided. Both the Western and Eastern Han dynasties appointed members of the imperial family to hold this office; they did not appoint people from other clans. The Wei dynasty followed the same practice. The Jin dynasty also appointed commoners to this office. In the third year of Xanning, Zongshi was reestablished, and Fu Feng Wang Liang was appointed to this position. He was tasked with ensuring that royal relatives adhered to moral conduct; all actions taken had to be approved by him through edicts. 隆重 The Eastern Jin dynasty abolished it, transferring its responsibilities to the Taichang. The Song and Qi dynasties did not establish the Zongzheng position. In the seventh year of Tianjian period in the Liang dynasty, it was reestablished. The Zongzheng ranked equal to a Shangshu of the various departments and was responsible for maintaining records of the emperor's extended family; members of the imperial clan were appointed to this office. The Chen dynasty followed this practice. The Later Wei dynasty had the posts of Zongzheng Qing and Shaoqing. The Northern Qi dynasty followed suit. The Later Zhou had the position of Zhongdafa Zongshi, It was subordinate to the Dazongcai (Minister of Rites). The Sui dynasty followed the system of the Northern Qi. In the second year of Longshuo period in the Great Tang dynasty, it was changed to Sizong; in the first year of Xianheng, its original name was restored. In the first year of Guangzhe, it was changed to Sishu; in the early years of Shenlong, its original name was restored again. One Qing (minister), two Shaoqing (deputy ministers). The office is responsible for the records and registers of the imperial family and in-laws, as well as the names and accounts of the local officials; it oversees the Chongxuan Shu and the various mausoleums and the Taomiao (Imperial Ancestral Temple). In the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, an edict was issued stipulating that all officials and subordinates in the Zongzheng Temple were to be appointed from among the imperial clan.
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| | 宗正卿: |
丞：漢亦用皇族，後漢一人。歷代皆有之，至隋有二人，大唐因之。 |
| | Cheng: The Han dynasty also used members of the royal family for this position; one person was appointed in the Later Han. This position existed in all subsequent dynasties; by the Sui dynasty, there were two such officials, and the Great Tang followed this practice.
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| | 宗正卿: |
主簿：梁置，陳、北齊、隋皆有，大唐因之，置一人。 |
| | Zhubu: Established in the Liang dynasty; it existed during the Chen, Northern Qi, and Sui dynasties as well. The Great Tang followed suit and established one such official.
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| | 宗正卿: |
崇玄署：令一人。初，後魏天興二年，置仙人博士，掌煮鍊百藥。北齊置昭玄等寺，掌諸佛教，有大統一人，都維那三人，兼置功曹、主簿等員，以管諸州縣沙門之法。後周置司寂上士、中士，掌法門之政。又置司玄中士、下士，掌道門之政。隋初，置崇玄署令、丞，至煬帝，改郡縣佛寺為道場，置道場監一人；改觀為玄壇，監一人。大唐復置崇玄署，初又每寺觀各置監一人，屬鴻臚，貞觀中省。開元中，以崇玄署隸宗正寺，掌觀及道士、女冠簿籍齋醮之事。 |
| | Chongxuan Shu: One Ling (director). Initially, in the second year of Tianxing period of the Later Wei dynasty, Xianren Bohu was established, responsible for boiling and refining a hundred kinds of medicines. The Northern Qi dynasty established the Zhaoxuan Temple and others, in charge of various Buddhist affairs. It had one Dashu, three Duweina, as well as combined positions such as Gongcao and Zhubu, to oversee monastic discipline across all states and counties. The Later Zhou dynasty established the posts of Siji Shangshi and Zhongshi, in charge of Buddhist administrative affairs. It also established the positions of Sixuan Zhongshi and Xiashi, responsible for Daoist administrative affairs. In the early Sui dynasty, the posts of Ling and Cheng of Chongxuan Shu were established. By Emperor Yangdi's reign, Buddhist temples in commanderies and counties were renamed Daochang (Daoist places), with one Daochang Jian appointed to oversee them; Temples of the Daoist faith were renamed Xuantan, each supervised by one Jian. The Great Tang reestablished the Chongxuan Shu; initially, each temple and monastery was also assigned one Jian, who reported to Honglu. This system was abolished during the Zhenguan period. In the Kaiyuan period, the Chongxuan Shu was placed under the Zongzheng Si and responsible for records of monasteries, monks, female nuns, as well as matters related to purification rituals and sacrificial ceremonies.
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| | 宗正卿: |
諸陵署：漢有諸陵園寢官，屬太常。元帝永光元年，分諸陵邑屬三輔。後漢每陵園令各一人，掌按行掃除，丞及校長各一人。晉宋皆曰令，而梁初為監，後亦改為令。梁以下皆有之。大唐每陵令、丞各一人，初屬太常，開元二十五年，並屬宗正寺。 |
| | Zhulingshu: In the Han dynasty, there were officials in charge of mausoleum courtyards and ancestral halls for various emperors, who belonged to the Taichang (Ministry of Rites). In the first year of Yongguang period under Emperor Yuan, the administrative jurisdictions of various mausoleum towns were divided and assigned to Sanfu. In the Later Han dynasty, each mausoleum had one Yuanling to oversee inspections and cleaning, as well as one Cheng (deputy) and one Xiaozhang. Both the Jin and Song dynasties used the title Ling, while in the early Liang dynasty it was called Jian; later, it was also changed to Ling. Subsequent dynasties after the Liang all had this position. In the Great Tang, each mausoleum was assigned one Ling and one Cheng; initially they were subordinate to Taichang, but in the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, they were all transferred under Zongzhengsi.
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| | 宗正卿: |
太廟令：漢有諸廟寢園令、長、丞。晉有太廟令。宋太廟令領齋郎二十四人。齊梁以下皆有。舊屬太常，大唐開元二十五年二月敕：「宗廟所奉，尊敬之極，因以名署，情所未安，宜令禮官詳擇所宜奏聞。」至五月，太常少卿韋縚奏曰：「謹詳經典，兼尋令式，宗廟享薦，皆主奉常，別置署司，事非稽古。其太廟署請廢省，本司專奉其事。」許之。二十五年敕：「宗正設官，實司屬籍。而陵寢崇敬，宗廟惟嚴，割隸太常，殊乖本系奉先之旨，深所未委。自今已後，諸廟置並隸宗正寺。」 |
| | Taomiao Ling: In the Han dynasty there were officials such as Yuanling, Zhang, and Cheng for various temple ancestral halls and courtyards. The Jin dynasty had Taomiao Ling. In the Song dynasty, Taomiao Ling was in charge of twenty-four Zhai Lang (attendants for purification rituals). The Qi and Liang dynasties and those that followed all had this position. Originally subordinate to Taichang, in the second month of the twenty-fifth year of Kaihuang, an imperial edict from the Great Tang stated: "The ancestral temples that are honored represent the highest respect. Therefore, naming the office after them is emotionally unsettling; it should be left to the ritual officials to carefully select a more appropriate name and report it upward." By May, Wei Zhen, the Taichang Shaoqing, submitted a memorial stating: "After carefully examining classical texts and also consulting established regulations, ancestral temple offerings are all presided over by the Taichang; establishing a separate office for this purpose is not in accordance with ancient precedents. Therefore, I respectfully request that the Taomiao Shu be abolished and its duties returned to this department for exclusive management." The proposal was approved. In the twenty-fifth year, an imperial decree stated: "Establishing officials for Zongzheng is indeed to manage clan records. However, the reverence for mausoleums and ancestral temples is of utmost importance; assigning them to Taichang disrupts their original connection with Zongzheng's responsibility of honoring ancestors. This arrangement remains deeply unclear to me. From now on, all temple offices should be established and placed under the Zongzhengsi."
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| | 太僕卿: |
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| | 太僕卿: |
周官有太僕下大夫，掌正王之服位，出入王之大命，似今太僕之職。一云周穆王置太僕正，以伯冏為之，掌輿馬。秦因之，在周官則校人掌馬，巾車掌車，及置太僕，兼其任也。漢初，夏侯嬰常為之，領五監、六廄，皆有令。王莽改太僕為太御。後漢太僕與漢同，亦掌車馬，天子每出，奏駕上鹵簿用，大駕則執馭。魏因之。晉初有之，銀章青綬，五時朝服，進賢兩梁冠，佩水蒼玉，領典牧、乘黃、驊騮、龍馬等廄令。自元帝過江之後，或置或省。太僕既省，故驊騮廄為門下之職。晉、宋以來，不常置，郊祀則權置太僕執轡，事畢則省。齊亦然。梁太僕卿位視黃門侍郎，統南牧、左右牧、龍廄、內外廄。陳因之。後魏兼置少卿。北齊太僕寺統驊騮、左右龍、左右牝、乘黃、車府署，卿及少卿各一人。後周如古周。隋如北齊，煬帝加署少卿一人。大唐龍朔二年，改太僕為司馭，咸亨初復舊。光宅元年改為司僕，神龍初復舊。卿一人，掌馭五輅。少卿本一員，景雲元年加一員，領乘黃、典廄、典牧、車府等四署，署各有令。天下監牧置八使、五十六監。 |
| | The Zhou dynasty had the position of Taifu Xia Dafu, who was in charge of regulating the king's ceremonial attire and status, as well as issuing major royal decrees. This role resembles that of today's Taifu. One account says that King Mu of Zhou established the position of Taifu Zheng and appointed Bo Jiong to it. He was in charge of carriages and horses. The Qin dynasty followed this system. In the Zhou system, the Jiao Ren was in charge of horses and the Jin Che was responsible for carriages; when the position of Taifu was established, it combined these duties. In the early Han dynasty, Xiahou Ying often held this position. It oversaw five monasteries: Six stables, each of which had a director. Wang Mang changed the title of Taifu to Taiyu. In the Later Han, Taifu had the same duties as in the Former Han; it was also responsible for carriages and horses. Whenever the emperor went out, they would submit a list of vehicles and attendants to be used. For grand processions, they personally guided the carriage. The Wei dynasty followed this system. In the early Jin dynasty, this position existed. The official wore a silver seal and blue silk sash, donned formal court robes for five types of audiences, wore a Guan with two beams symbolizing scholarly virtue, and was adorned with a belt ornament made of cangyu jade; he also oversaw directors of stables such as Dianmu, Chenghuang, Huailiu, Longma, etc. After Emperor Yuan crossed the Yangtze River, this office was sometimes established and sometimes abolished. When the position of Taifu was abolished, the Huailiu Ju became part of the duties of the Menxia Province. Since the Jin and Song dynasties, this position was not regularly established; during sacrifices at the suburbs, a Taifu would be temporarily appointed to hold the reins of the ceremonial carriage, and after the ceremony, the office was abolished. The Qi dynasty followed the same practice. In the Liang dynasty, the Taifu Qing held a rank equivalent to Huangmen Shilang and oversaw Nanmu, Zuobu Youbu, Longjiu, Neiwa jiu. The Chen dynasty followed this system. The Later Wei also established the position of Shaoqing concurrently. In the Northern Qi dynasty, the Taifu Si oversaw the Huailiu, Zuoyou Long, Zuoyou Pin, Chenghuang, and Chufu Shus. The position of Qing and Shaoqing each had one official. The Later Zhou followed the system of ancient Zhou dynasty. The Sui dynasty followed the Northern Qi system, and Emperor Yang added one Shaoqing to each office. In the second year of Longshuo in the Great Tang dynasty, Taifu was changed to Siyu; at the beginning of Xianheng, it reverted to its original name. In the first year of Guangzai, it was changed again to Sipu; in the early Shenzong period, it reverted once more to its original name. One Qing, responsible for overseeing five ceremonial carriages. Originally there was one Shaoqing, but in the first year of Jingyun an additional post was added. The office oversaw four departments: Chenghuang, Dianjiu, Dianmu, and Chufu; each department had its own director. Across the empire, eight supervisors and fifty-six monasteries were established for imperial horse breeding.
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| | 太僕卿: |
丞：秦漢有兩人，後漢一人。魏晉因之。東晉或省或置。梁有丞，陳因之。後魏、北齊丞一人。隋三人，大唐因之。 |
| | Cheng: In the Qin and Han dynasties there were two officials; in the Later Han dynasty, only one was appointed. The Wei and Jin dynasties followed this system. During the Eastern Jin dynasty, it was sometimes abolished or reestablished. The Liang dynasty had a Cheng; the Chen dynasty followed this practice. In the Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties, there was one Cheng. The Sui dynasty had three officials; the Great Tang followed this system.
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| | 太僕卿: |
主簿：梁置一人，北齊亦一人。隋二人，大唐因之。 |
| | Zhubu: The Liang dynasty established one official, and the Northern Qi also had one. The Sui dynasty had two officials; the Great Tang followed suit.
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| | 太僕卿: |
乘黃署：後漢太僕有未央廄令。魏改為乘黃廄。乘黃，古之神馬，因以為名。晉以下因之。宋屬太常，銅印墨綬，進賢二梁冠，絳朝服。歷代皆有，悉掌乘輿。大唐令、丞各一人，掌乘輿車輅。 |
| | Chenghuang Shu: In the Later Han, Taifu included a director of Weiyang Jiu. The Wei dynasty changed it to Chenghuang Jiu. Chenghuang was an ancient name for a divine horse, and the title was adopted accordingly. The Jin dynasty and those that followed adopted this system. In the Song dynasty, it belonged to Taichang; officials wore a copper seal and black silk sash, donning a Guan with two beams for scholarly virtue and 绛 court robes. All dynasties had this office, which was responsible for imperial carriages. In the Great Tang dynasty, one Ling and one Cheng were appointed to oversee imperial carriages and ceremonial wagons.
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| | 太僕卿: |
典廄署：於周官有校人、圉師、趣馬，掌十二閑之馬。漢西京太僕有龍馬長，東京有未央廄令，掌乘輿及宮中之馬。魏為驊騮廄，晉有驊騮、龍馬二廄。自宋以後，分驊騮廄屬門下。梁太僕有龍廄及內外等廄，陳因之。北齊有驊騮、左右龍等署。後周有左右廄，各上士一人。隋如北齊。大唐改龍廄為典廄署，令二人，丞四人，掌在廄繫飼馬牛及雜畜事。 |
| | Dianjiu Shu: In the Zhou dynasty, there were Jiao Ren, Yu Shi, and Qu Ma, who oversaw horses in twelve stables. In the Western Han capital, Taifu had a Longma Chang; in the Eastern Han capital, there was a Weiyang Jiu Ling who oversaw imperial carriages and horses within the palace. In the Wei dynasty, it became Huailiu Jiu; in the Jin dynasty, there were two stables: Huailiu and Longma. After the Song dynasty, the Huailiu Jiu was transferred to the Menxia department. In the Liang dynasty, Taifu had Longjiu and Neiwa jiu; the Chen dynasty followed suit. The Northern Qi dynasty had departments such as Huailiu, Zuoyong Long, etc. The Later Zhou dynasty had left and right stables, each with one Shangshi official. The Sui dynasty followed the system of the Northern Qi. In the Great Tang, Longjiu was changed to Dianjiu Shu. It had two Lings and four Chengs, who were responsible for feeding and managing horses, oxen, and other livestock in the stables.
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| | 太僕卿: |
典牧署：於周官牧師下士四人，掌牧馬而頒之。秦漢邊郡置六牧師令，魏晉以下因之。隋有典牧、牛羊等署，各置令、丞。大唐有乘黃等四署，令、丞各四人，掌外牧及造酥酪脯腊之事。 |
| | Dianmu Shu: In the Zhou dynasty system, there were four Xiaoshi officials under Mushi who managed horse breeding and distributed them. In the Qin and Han dynasties, six Mushi Lings were established in border commanderies. The Wei, Jin, and subsequent dynasties followed this practice. In the Sui dynasty, there were Dianmu and Niuyang departments, each with Lings and Chengs appointed. In the Great Tang dynasty, there were four departments including Chenghuang; each had four Lings and four Chengs who oversaw external pastures as well as the production of butter, cheese, dried meat, and preserved pork.
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車府署：秦有車府令，以趙高為之。歷代皆有。漢魏屬太僕，宋、齊以後屬尚書駕部，北齊以下又屬太僕。大唐置令、丞各一人，掌王公以下車輅。 |
| | Chufu Shu: In the Qin dynasty, there was a Chufu Ling; Zhao Gao held this position. All subsequent dynasties maintained this office. In the Han and Wei dynasties, it belonged to Taifu; after the Song and Qi dynasties, it was transferred to Shangshu Jia Bu. From the Northern Qi dynasty onward, it again fell under Taifu. In the Great Tang dynasty, a Ling and a Cheng were appointed to oversee carriages for princes and officials of lower ranks.
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諸牧監：漢太僕有牧師諸苑三十六所，在北邊、西邊，以郎為苑監官。魏置牧官都尉，晉因之，自後無聞。北齊有左右牝牡、駝牛、羊等署令。後周曰典牝、典牡上士中士，又有典駝、典羊、典牛中士。隋曰典牧署、牛羊署令丞。大唐初因之，分曰牧監、置監、副監、丞、主簿。 |
| | Zhumu Jian: In the Han dynasty, Taifu established thirty-six Mushi Yuans (pasture enclosures) in the northern and western borders, with Lang officials serving as Yuanjian officers. In the Wei dynasty, a Mu Guan Duwei was established; the Jin dynasty followed this system, but after that there is no further record. The Northern Qi had directors of departments such as Zuoyou Pinmu, Tu Niu, and Yang. The Later Zhou had Dianpin, Dianmu Shangshi Zhongshi, as well as Diantuo, Dianyang, and Dianniu Zhongshi. In the Sui dynasty, it was known as Dianmu Shu, Niuyang Shu Ling Cheng. Initially in the Great Tang dynasty this system was followed; it was later divided into Mu Jian, with positions of Jian, Fujian, Cheng, and Zhubu established.
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| | 大理卿: |
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今大理者，亦舜攝帝位，皋繇作士，正五刑，周秋官之任。秦為廷尉，漢因之，掌刑辟，凡獄必質之朝廷，與眾共之之義也。兵獄同制，故曰廷尉。景帝中六年，更名大理；武帝建元四年，復為廷尉；哀帝元壽二年，復為大理。後漢廷尉卿，凡郡國讞疑，皆處當以報。皆以世家為之，而郭氏尤盛。建安中，復為大理。魏黃初元年，改為廷尉。歷代皆為廷尉。梁國初建，曰大理；天監元年，復改為廷尉。舊用黃門，後視祕書監。有正、監、平三人。元會，廷尉三官與建康三官，皆法冠玄衣朝服，以監東、西、中華門，手執方木，長三尺，方一寸，謂之「執方」。陳因之。後魏亦曰廷尉。北齊曰大理寺，置卿、少卿各一人。後周有刑部中大夫，掌五刑之法，附萬人之罪，屬大司寇，亦其任也。隋初與北齊同，至煬帝，加置少卿二人。大唐龍朔二年，改大理為詳刑，咸亨元年復舊。光宅元年改為司刑，神龍元年復舊。卿一人，掌鞫獄，定刑名，決諸疑讞。少卿二人，正二人，丞六人，主簿二人，司直六人，評事十二人。 |
| | The current Dali [office] is also where Shun assumed the imperial position, Gao Yao was appointed as a judicial official, regulated the five punishments, and served as the Autumn Official of the Zhou dynasty. The Qin dynasty established the position of Tingwei, and the Han dynasty followed this system. The Tingwei was in charge of criminal law; all cases had to be reviewed by the court, embodying the principle of shared deliberation with the public. Since military and judicial systems were under the same structure, it was called Tingwei. In the sixth year of the Zhong period of Emperor Jingdi's reign, it was renamed Dali; in the fourth year of Jianyuan during Emperor Wu's reign, it reverted to Tingwei; In the second year of Yuanshou during Emperor Ai's reign, it was again renamed Dali. In the Later Han dynasty, the Tingwei Qing handled all doubtful cases from commanderies and states for review. All such cases were adjudicated and reported accordingly. All were filled by members of aristocratic families, and the Guo family in particular was especially prominent. During the Jian'an period, it was once again renamed Dali. In the first year of Huangchu during the Wei dynasty, it was changed back to Tingwei. Throughout later dynasties, the position continued as Tingwei. At the beginning of the Liang dynasty's establishment, it was called Dali; in the first year of Tianjian, it was changed back to Tingwei. Initially staffed by Huangmen officials, later it came under the supervision of the Mishi Jian (Secretariat). It had three positions: Zheng, Jian, and Ping. During the Yuan Hui ceremony, the three officials of Tingwei and the three officials from Jiankang all wore black robes with dark blue caps as court attire. They were responsible for supervising the eastern, western, and central gates of Huamen (the Flower Gate), holding square wooden blocks measuring three feet in length and one inch on each side; this was known as "Zhi Fang." The Chen dynasty followed this practice. The Later Wei also called it Tingwei. The Northern Qi dynasty referred to it as Dali Si, and established one Qing (Minister) and one Shaoqing (Deputy Minister). The Later Zhou dynasty had the Xingbu Zhong Dafu, who was in charge of the five punishments and responsible for adjudicating crimes among ten thousand people. This office belonged to the Da Sikou (Grand Judicial Magistrate), which also fulfilled a similar role. At the beginning of the Sui dynasty, it was the same as in the Northern Qi. It was not until Emperor Yangdi's reign that two Shaoqing (Deputy Ministers) were added. In the second year of Longshuo during the Tang dynasty, Dali was renamed Xiangxing; in the first year of Xianheng, it reverted to its original name. In the first year of Guangzai, it was changed to Sikxing; in the first year of Shenlong, it returned to its original title. One Qing. They were in charge of interrogating prisoners, determining the names and types of punishments, and resolving doubtful cases. Two Shaoqing. Two Zheng, six Cheng, two Zhubu, six Sizhi, and twelve Pingshi.
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正：秦置廷尉正，漢因之，後漢一人。魏晉謂正、監、平為廷尉三官，其後皆有。隋開皇三年，增為四員，煬帝增為六員。大唐二人，通判寺事。龍朔二年，改為詳刑大夫，咸亨初復舊。 |
| | Zheng: The Qin dynasty established Tingwei Zheng; the Han dynasty followed this system, with one person in office during the Later Han. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, Zheng, Jian, and Ping were known as the three officials of Tingwei. Later dynasties all had similar systems. In the third year of Kaihuang during the Sui dynasty, four posts were added; Emperor Yang increased it to six posts. During the Tang dynasty there were two Zheng, who jointly adjudicated matters in the temple. In the second year of Longshu, it was changed to Xiangxing Dafu; at the beginning of Xianheng it reverted to its former title.
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丞：自晉武咸寧中，曹志上表請廷尉置丞。宋、齊、梁並因之，後魏亦然。北齊曰大理，丞一人。隋初二人，至煬帝改為勾檢官，增為十六人，分判獄事。大唐又曰丞，置六人。 |
| | Cheng: Since the middle of Xiane during Emperor Wu's reign in the Jin dynasty, Cao Zhi submitted a memorial requesting that Tingwei establish a Cheng. The Song, Qi, and Liang dynasties all followed this system; the Later Wei did as well. In the Northern Qi dynasty it was called Dali, with one Cheng. At the beginning of the Sui dynasty there were two Cheng; by Emperor Yang's reign, they were changed to Goujian officials and increased to sixteen people, who divided responsibilities for prison affairs. In the Tang dynasty it was again called Cheng, with six posts established.
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主簿：自魏、晉、宋、齊、梁、陳皆有，大唐置二人。 |
| | Zhubu: Since the Wei, Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties there were always Zhubus; in the Tang dynasty two posts were established.
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獄丞：晉有左右丞各一人，宋、齊因之，梁、陳置二人，後魏、北齊亦然。隋有獄掾八人。大唐曰丞，有四人。 |
| | Yucheng: In the Jin dynasty there was one Left and one Right Yucheng; the Song and Qi dynasties followed this system. The Liang and Chen dynasties established two posts, as did the Later Wei and Northern Qi. In the Sui dynasty there were eight Yuyuan. In the Tang dynasty they were called Cheng, with four posts.
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司直：後魏永安二年，置司直十人，視五品，隸廷尉，位在正、監上，不署曹事，唯覆理御吏檢劾事。北齊、隋因之。隋初置十人，煬帝置十六人。大唐置六人。掌承制出使推覆，若寺有疑獄，則參議之。 |
| | Sizhi: In the second year of Yongan during the Later Wei dynasty, ten Sizhi were established; They were ranked as fifth grade officials, subordinate to Tingwei, and held a position above Zheng and Jian. They did not oversee departmental affairs but only reviewed cases investigated by Yuli officials. The Northern Qi and Sui dynasties followed this system. At the beginning of the Sui, ten posts were established; Emperor Yang increased them to sixteen. In the Tang dynasty six posts were established. They were responsible for carrying out imperial decrees, going on missions to investigate and review cases; if the temple had doubtful cases, they would participate in deliberations.
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評事：漢宣帝地節三年，初於廷尉置左、右平，員四人。後漢光武省右平，唯有左平一人，掌平決詔獄，冠法冠。魏晉以來，無左右而直謂之廷尉評。後魏、北齊及隋，廷尉評各一人，開皇三年，罷。至煬帝，乃置評事四十八人，掌與司直同，其後官廢。大唐貞觀二十二年，褚遂良議重法官，復奏置評事十員，掌出使推覆，後加二人，為十二員。 |
| | Pingshi: In the third year of Dijie during Emperor Xuan's reign of the Han dynasty, the posts of Zuo Ping and You Ping were first established at Tingwei with four officials. In the Later Han, Emperor Guangwu abolished You Ping, leaving only one Zuo Ping, who was responsible for adjudicating imperial cases and wore the legal official's cap. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties onward, there were no Left or Right designations; they were simply called Tingwei Ping. In the Later Wei, Northern Qi, and Sui dynasties, there was one Tingwei Ping each; in the third year of Kaihuang, this post was abolished. It was not until Emperor Yang's reign that 48 Pingshi were established, with responsibilities identical to those of Sizhi; later this office was abolished. In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan during the Tang dynasty, Chu Suiliang proposed restoring a major judicial official and recommended re-establishing ten Pingshi to oversee missions for investigations and reviews. Later two more were added, making twelve posts in total.
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監：秦置廷尉監。漢有左、右監，光武省右監，唯有左監一人。魏晉以來無左右，而直云廷尉監。隋開皇三年，罷大理監。 |
| | Jian: The Qin dynasty established Tingwei Jian. The Han dynasty had Zuo Jian and You Jian; Emperor Guangwu abolished the Right Jian, leaving only one Left Jian. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties there were no Left or Right distinctions, and it was simply called Tingwei Jian. In the third year of Kaihuang in the Sui dynasty, the post of Dali Jian was abolished.
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