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漢文帝元年，始用宋昌為衛將軍，位亞三司。後漢章帝建初三年，始使車騎將軍馬防班同三司。同三司之名，自此始也。殤帝延平元年，鄧騭為車騎將軍，儀同三司。儀同之名，自此始也。魏黃權以車騎將軍開府儀同三司。開府之名，自此始也。漢末奮威將軍，晉江右伏波、輔國將軍，並加大，而儀同三司。江左以來，將軍則中、鎮、撫、四鎮以上或加大，餘官則左右光祿大夫以上，並得儀同三司。齊開府儀同三司如公。梁開府儀同三司，位次三公。諸將軍、左右光祿大夫優者則加之，同三公置官屬。自晉以來，又有如開府同三司之儀者，自羊祜始焉。江左亦多有之。後魏亦有之。普泰初，特以尒朱世隆為儀同三司，位次上公。北齊亦有儀同三司者，又有開府儀同三司及儀同三司。後周建德四年，改開府儀同三司為開府儀同大將軍，仍增置上開府儀同大將軍。又改儀同三司為儀同大將軍，仍增置上儀同大將軍。隋文帝並以為散官。又諸衛各置開府，府置開府一人。又有儀同府，儀同以下置員與開府同。初開府儀同三司為四品散實官，至煬帝，又改為從一品，同漢魏之制，位次三公。大唐武德七年，改上開府儀同三司為上輕車都尉，開府儀同三司為輕車都尉，儀同三司為騎都尉。後又以開府儀同三司為文散官。開元以前舊例，開府特進雖不帶職事，皆給俸祿，得與朝會，班列依本品之次，皆崇官盛德、罷劇就閒者居之。 |
| | In the first year of Emperor Wen of Han's reign, Song Chang was first appointed as Wei Jiangjun, a position second only to that of the Three High Officials. In the third year of Jianchu reign period of Emperor Zhang of Later Han, Cheqi Jiangjun Ma Fang was first granted the status equivalent to that of the Three High Officers. The title "Tong Sansi" (equivalent to the Three High Officials) began from this time. In the first year of Yanping reign period of Emperor Shang, Deng Zhong was appointed as Cheqi Jiangjun with status equivalent to that of the three high officials. The title "Yitong" (equivalent in ceremonial rank) began from this time. Wei Huangquan was granted the title of Cheqi Jiangjun and Kai Fu Yitong Sansi. The title "Kai Fu" (establishing an official office) began from this time. At the end of Han, the title Fenwei Jiangjun was established; in Jin dynasty, Jiangyou Fubo and Fuguo Jiangjun were also granted higher ranks with ceremonial status equivalent to that of the Three high officials. Since the Jiangzuo period, generals such as Zhongjiangjun, Zhenjiangjun, Fuxiangjun, and those above Sizhen rank were sometimes granted higher ranks; for other officials, those ranked Youguanglu Dafu or higher could also attain ceremonial status equivalent to that of Three High Officials. In Qi dynasty, Kai Fu Yitong Sansi was treated as a Gong (prince). In Liang dynasty, the rank of Kai Fu Yitong Sanshi came next after that of San Gong. Outstanding generals and those ranked Youguanglu or Guolu Dafu were granted this title, allowing them to establish official subordinates just like the Three High Officials. Since the Jin dynasty, there were also those who enjoyed ceremonial status similar to Kai Fu Tong Sansi; this practice began with Yang Hu. There were also many such cases in the Jiangzuo region. Later Wei also had such cases. In the early years of Putai, Erzhu Shilong was specially granted Yitong Sansi with a rank next to that of Shanggong. Northern Qi also had officials holding the title Yitong Sansi, There were also titles of Kai Fu Yitong San Si and Yitong Sansi. In the fourth year of Jiande reign period of Later Zhou, Kai Fu Yitongsansi was changed to Kai Fu Yitong Dajiangjun, and a higher rank of Shangkai Fu Yitong Dajiagun was also added. The title Yitong Sansi was also changed to Yitong Dajianggun, and a higher rank of shangyitong dajiangjun was added. Emperor Wen of Sui combined them as San Guan (civilian official ranks). In addition, each of the various Wei (military units) established Kai Fu positions. Each Fu (military unit) was assigned one Kai Fu officer. There were also Yitong Fu, and the number of personnel appointed below Yitong was the same as that for Kai Fu. Initially, the rank of Kai Fu Yutong Sansi was a fourth-grade San Shi Guan (civil official with actual duties). By Emperor Yang's reign, it was changed to Grade 1, Class 2, following the Han and Wei systems, ranking next after the Three High Officials. In the seventh year of Wude reign period of Great Tang, Shang Kai Fu Yitong Sansi were changed to Shang Qingche Duyi, Kai Fu Yitong sansi to Qingche Duyi and Yitong sansi was changed to Qiduyi. Later, the title Kai Fu Yitong Sansui was also used as a civilian San Guan (civil official rank). Before Kaiyuan, according to the old precedent, even though Tejin of Kai Fu did not hold actual posts, they were still granted salaries and rations. They were allowed to attend court assemblies, with their rank determined by their original grade. These positions were usually held by those who had been honored for their high moral character or who had retired from busy official duties to a more leisurely life.
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特進：漢制，諸侯功德優盛、朝廷所敬異者，賜位特進，位在三公下。故成都侯王商以特進領城門兵，置幕府，得舉吏如將軍，是也。後漢皇后父兄，率為特進侯，朝會位次三公。而竇篤進位特進，得舉吏，見禮依三公。自二漢及魏晉以為加官，從本官車服，無吏卒。太僕羊琇遜位，拜特進，加散騎常侍，無餘官，故給吏卒車服。其餘加特進者，唯食其祿賜，列其班位而已，不別給特進吏卒車服。晉惠帝元康中定令，特進位次諸公，在開府、驃騎上，冠進賢兩梁冠，黑介幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉。無章綬。齊時位從公，陳因之。後魏北齊用人，皆以舊德就閒者居之。隋文帝以為散官，不理事。煬帝即位，廢特進官。大唐為文散官。 |
| | Tejin: According to Han dynasty regulations, marquises or dukes who had outstanding virtue and merit and were especially respected by the court would be granted the title Tejin, a rank below that of San Gong (Three High Officials). Thus, Chengdu Hou Wang Shang was granted Tejin and in charge of the city gate troops. He established a military office and had the authority to appoint officials just like a general; this is an example. In Later Han, fathers and brothers of empresses were generally granted the title Tejin Hou (Marquis with the rank of Tejin), and their positions in court assemblies ranked next after San Gong. However, Dou Du was promoted to Tejin and granted the authority to appoint officials. He received ceremonial treatment equivalent to that of San Gong. Since the Two Hans and through the Wei and Jin dynasties, Tejin was used as an honorary title added to one's official rank. It followed the original official's rank for ceremonial vehicles and attire but did not include subordinates or soldiers. When Taifu Yang Xiu resigned from his post, he was granted the title Tejin and added Sanqi Changshi. Since he held no other official positions, he was provided with subordinates, soldiers, ceremonial vehicles, and attire. Other officials who were granted the honorary title of Tejin only received its salary and benefits, as well as their rank in court assemblies; they did not receive separate subordinates, soldiers, vehicles, or ceremonial attire for the title. During the Yuankang period of Emperor Hui of Jin, regulations were established that placed Tejin next after Zhugong (various high-ranking officials), above Kai Fu and Biaoqi. The official headwear was Jinxian Liangliang Guan, with Heijie Zhi headdress, Wushi Chao Fu ceremonial robes, and Pei Shui Cang Yu (a type of jade). No official seals or sashes were granted. During the Qi dynasty, Tejin ranked as Shanggong; Chen dynasty followed this practice. In Later Wei and Northern Qi dynasties, those appointed to the title were usually retired officials of high virtue who had left active service. Emperor Wen of Sui used it as a San Guan (civil rank) without actual administrative duties. After Emperor Yang ascended the throne, he abolished the Tejin title. In Great Tang dynasty, it became a civilian San Guan rank.
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光祿大夫以下：秦時，光祿勳屬官有中大夫。漢武帝太初元年，更名光祿大夫。銀章青綬。掌議論，屬光祿勳。門外特施行馬，以旌別之。無常事，唯顧問應對，詔命所使，無員。後漢光祿大夫三人。凡諸國嗣王之喪，則掌弔，多以為拜假賵贈之使及監護喪事。魏氏以來無員，轉優重，不復以為使命之官。其諸公告老，皆家拜此位；及在朝顯職，復用加之。及晉受命，置左右光祿大夫，假金章紫綬，而光祿大夫如故，加金章紫綬，並與卿同。進賢兩梁冠，黑介幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉。并祿賜、班位、吏卒皆與特進同。復以為優崇之制，而諸公遜位，不復加之。其以為加官者，唯假章綬、祿賜、班位而已，不別給車服、吏卒也。或更拜上公，或以本封食公祿。其諸卿尹中朝大官年老致仕者，及內外之職加此者，前後甚眾。由是或因得開府，或進加金章紫綬，又復以為禮贈之官。本已有卿官者，不復重給。其餘皆給。其假銀章青綬者，位在金紫將軍下，諸卿上。泰始中，唯太子詹事楊珧加給事中光祿大夫。加兵之制，諸所供給依三品將軍。其餘自如舊制，終武惠孝懷三世。宋氏因之。齊左右光祿大夫，皆據舊齒，位從公，開府置佐吏如公。年重加親信二十人。魏晉以來無員。以左右光祿大夫、光祿三大夫皆銀章青綬，其重者詔加金章紫綬，則謂之金紫光祿大夫。其重者既有金紫之號，故謂本光祿為銀青光祿大夫。樂安任遐為光祿，就王晏乞一片金，晏乃啟轉為金紫，是也。猶屬光祿勳。梁又有左右金紫光祿大夫，視吏部尚書，左右光祿大夫視諸曹，並養老病。陳因之。自晉以後多為兼官。後魏有光祿大夫，金紫、銀青光祿大夫。北齊皆以舊德就閒者居之，與特進同。後周有左右金紫、左右銀青四光祿大夫。隋有光祿大夫、左右光祿大夫，皆為散官，不理事。大唐初猶有左右之名。貞觀以後，唯曰光祿大夫、金紫光祿、銀青光祿，並為文散官。 |
| | Guanglu Dafu and below: In Qin dynasty, Zhongdafa was an official subordinate to Guangluxun. In the first year of Taichu reign period of Emperor Wu of Han, it was renamed Guanglu Dafu. Silver seal and green sash. Responsible for deliberation, subordinate to Guangluxun (Ministry of Ceremonies). A special stone horse was placed outside the gate to mark and distinguish their status. There were no fixed duties; they only served as advisors, answering questions and carrying out imperial edicts when summoned. There was no set number of appointments. In Later Han dynasty, there were three Guanglu Dafus. Whenever a marquis or duke of various states died, they were responsible for mourning condolences and often served as envoys to bestow posthumous honors and gifts, as well as overseeing funeral arrangements. Since the Wei dynasty, there was no fixed number of appointments; the position became more prestigious and was no longer used for diplomatic missions. When various officials retired due to old age, they were all granted this rank at home; And when holding prominent positions in court, it was also added as an honorary title. When Jin dynasty came to power, it established the positions of Youguanglu and Zuoguanglu Dafu, granting them golden seals and purple sashes. The original Guanglu Dafu remained unchanged but was also granted golden seals and purple sash, ranking equally with Qing (ministers). Jinxian Liangliangguan headwear, Heijie Zhi headdresses, Wushi Chaofu ceremonial robes, and Peishuicangyu (a type of jade) were worn. Their salaries, benefits, rank in court assemblies, subordinates, and soldiers were all the same as those for Tejin. This became a system of honor and respect; however, when high-ranking officials retired from office, this title was no longer granted to them. For those who received it as an honorary title, they only received the seal and sash, salary benefits, and rank in court assemblies; no separate ceremonial vehicles, attire, subordinates or soldiers were provided. Some might be further appointed as Shanggong, while others received the salary of a Gong based on their original fief. Among those who retired due to old age from important positions such as Qing, Yin, and Zhongchao Da Guan (high-ranking officials in the central court), as well as other civil and military officials granted this title, there were many cases both before and after. As a result, some received the right to establish an office (Kai Fu), others were further granted golden seals and purple sashes; it was also used as an honorary posthumous title. Those who already held the rank of Qing (minister) did not receive additional benefits. All others were granted these benefits. Those who held the honorary title with silver seal and green sash ranked below Jinzi Jiangjun but above various Qing (ministers). During Taishi period, only Tai Zi Zhan Shi Yang Yao was granted the additional title of Gegongzhong Guanglu Dafu. The system for granting military authority stipulated that all supplies and provisions were to be equivalent to those provided for a third-grade Jiangjun (general). The rest followed the old system as usual, throughout the reigns of Emperors Wu, Hui, Xiao, and Huai. Song dynasty followed this practice. In Qi dynasty, both Youguanglu and Zuoguianglu Dafu were appointed based on seniority. Their rank was equivalent to Shanggong (high official), and they could establish offices with assistants just like a Gong (prince or high-ranking noble). Each year, twenty trusted attendants were added. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties there was no fixed quota. Since both Youguanglu Dafu and Zuoguianglu Daifu, as well as Guanglu San Daifu were granted silver seals with blue sashes, those of higher importance who received imperial decrees granting golden seals and purple sashes were called Jinzi Guanglu Dafu. Since those of higher rank already had the title of "Jinzi," the original Guanglu was thus called Yinqing Guanglu Dafu. Le'an Ren Xia was a Guanglu, and he asked Wang Yan for one piece of gold. As a result, Yan recommended him to be transferred to the title Jinzi, which is an example of this practice. They still belonged to the Guanglu Xun (Ministry of Ceremonies). In the Liang dynasty, there were also Youjinzi Guanglu Dafu and Zuojinzi Guanglu Dafu, whose status was equivalent to that of Shangshu of Lishu (Minister of Personnel). The rank of Youguanglu Dafui and Zuoguianglu Daifui corresponded to various departments. All these positions were for the purpose of providing care for the elderly or those with illnesses. The Chen dynasty followed this system. Since the Jin dynasty, these positions were mostly held concurrently with other official posts. The Northern Wei had Guanglu Dafu as well as Jinzi and Yinqing Guanglu Daifu. In the Northern Qi, these positions were all held by retired officials of high moral standing who lived in leisure; they were equivalent to Tejin (a special title for honored officials). The Northern Zhou had four Guanglu Dafus: Youjinzi, Zuojinzi, Youyinqing, and Zuoyinqing. In the Sui dynasty, there were Guanglu Dafu, Youguanglu Daifu and Zuoguianglu Daigu, all of which were honorary titles without administrative duties. At the beginning of the Great Tang dynasty, there was still the distinction between You (right) and Zuo (left). After the Zhenguan period, they were simply called Guanglu Dafu, Jinzi Guanglu and Yinqing Guanglu, all of which became honorary civil official ranks.
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正議大夫、通議大夫，皆隋置散官，蓋取秦大夫掌論議之義。大唐並因之。 |
| | Zhengyi Dafu and Tongyi Dafu were both honorary titles established during the Sui dynasty. These names were derived from the Qin dynasty practice where "dafa" (high officials) were responsible for deliberation and discussion. The Great Tang followed this system as well.
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太中大夫，秦官，亦掌論議。漢因之。後漢置二十人。魏以來無員。晉視中丞、吏部，絳朝服，進賢一梁冠，介幘。泰始末，詔除王覽為太中大夫，祿賜與卿同。梁、北齊皆有，大唐亦有之。 |
| | Taizhong Dafu was an official title in the Qin dynasty, also responsible for deliberation and discussion matters. The Han dynasty followed this practice. The Later Han dynasty established twenty such posts. Since the Wei dynasty there was no fixed quota for these positions. In the Jin dynasty, this rank corresponded to Zhongcheng (Grand Censor) and Lishu Shangshu (Minister of Personnel), wore red court robes, a single-beam Xian Guan (cap for scholars), and a jie zhi (a type of head covering). At the end of Taishi, an imperial decree appointed Wang Lan as Taizhong Dafui, with salary and gifts equal to those of a Qing (minister). The Liang dynasty and the Northern Qi both had this title; the Great Tang also retained it.
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中大夫，秦官。漢武改為光祿大夫。自後無聞。北齊有之，大唐又置之。 |
| | Zhong Dafu was a government post in the Qin dynasty. Emperor Wu of Han changed it to Guanglu Dafu (Doctor of Ceremonial Honor). After that, there is no further record. The Northern Qi had this title again, and the Great Tang re-established it as well.
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中散大夫，王莽所置。後漢因之，後置三十人。魏晉無員。齊梁視黃門侍郎，品服冠幘與太中同。陳亦有之，大唐又置之。 |
| | Zhongsan Dafu was established by Wang Mang. The Later Han followed this practice, and later established thirty such posts. The Wei and Jin dynasties did not have a fixed quota for this position. In the Qi and Liang dynasties, it was equivalent to Huangmen Shilang (Attendant of the Yellow Gate). The rank, official robes, caps, and head coverings were the same as those for Taizhong Dafu. The Chen dynasty also had this title, and the Great Tang reinstated it again.
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朝議大夫，隋置散官，以取漢諸大夫得上奉朝議為名。大唐因之。 |
| | Chaoyi Dafu was an honorary title established during the Sui dynasty, named after the Han dynasty practice in which officials of various ranks were granted special privileges to participate in court deliberations. The Great Tang followed this tradition.
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朝請大夫，隋置散官，取漢將軍公卿年高德重者，以列侯就第特進奉朝請之義。大唐因之。 |
| | Chaqing Dafu was an honorary official title established during the Sui Dynasty, derived from the Han dynasty practice of granting retired high-ranking generals and ministers with noble titles to receive special honors for attending court audiences. The Great Tang followed this custom.
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朝散大夫，隋置散官。大唐因之。自正議以下，今並為文散官。 |
| | Chaosan Dafu was an honorary position established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang followed this practice. From Zhengyi Dafu downwards, all these ranks are now honorary civil official titles.
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朝議郎、承議郎，並隋置散官。大唐因之。 |
| | Chaoyi Lang and Chengyi Lang were both honorary official titles established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang followed this, with Chaoyi Lang ranked at the lower rank of sixth grade and Chengyi Lang at the upper rank of seventh grade. The Great Tang followed this.
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通議郎，隋置散官。大唐改通議為奉議郎。 |
| | Tongyi Lang was an honorary official position established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang followed this and placed it at the upper rank of eighth grade. In the Great Tang dynasty, Tongyi Lang was changed to Fengyi Lang.
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通直郎，隋置，三十人。蓋采晉宋以來諸官皆有通直，謂官高下而通為宿直者也，因此為名。大唐因之。 |
| | Tongzhi Lang was established during the Sui dynasty with thirty appointments. This title likely derived from the practice since the Jin and Song dynasties, where various officials all had Tongzhi posts. The term referred to those who served as night guards regardless of their official rank; thus it was named accordingly. The Great Tang followed this precedent.
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朝請郎，隋置散官。蓋采晉、宋、齊、梁、陳並有奉朝請員為名。大唐因之。 |
| | Chaqing Lang was an honorary official rank established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang retained it and placed it at lower rank of eighth grade. This title was likely derived from the Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties, all of which had officials designated to attend court audiences. The Great Tang followed this example.
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宣德郎、朝散郎，並隋置散官。大唐因之。 |
| | Xuande Lang and Chaosan Lang were both honorary official ranks established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang followed this with Xuande Lang ranked at lower grade of eighth rank, and Chaosan Lang at upper grade of ninth rank. The Great Tang continued this practice.
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游騎尉，隋置散官。大唐改為宣義郎。蓋取梁宣義將軍之名。 |
| | Youji Wei was an honorary military title established during the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang followed this and assigned it to lower grade of ninth rank. In the Great Tang, it was changed to Xuanyi Lang. This name likely derived from Liang dynasty's Xuanyi Jiangjun (General of Propagation and Righteousness).
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給事郎，徵事郎、承奉郎，並隋置散官。大唐因之。 |
| | Geishi Lang, Zhengshi Lang and Chengfeng Lang were all honorary official titles established during the Suj dynasty. The Great Tang followed this by placing Geishi Lang at lower grade of ninth rank, Zhengshi Lang at upper subordinate grade of tenth rank, and Chengfeng Lang at lower subordinate grade of tenth rank. The Great Tang continued with these ranks.
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承務郎，大唐置，蓋因隋尚書省二十四司承務郎之名也。 |
| | Chengwu Lang was established in the Great Tang; it likely derived its name from the twenty-four departments of the Shangshu Sheng (Ministry of Personnel) during the Sui dynasty that had Chengwu Lang posts.
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儒林郎，隋置散官，蓋取前史儒林傳之義。大唐因之。 |
| | Rulin Lang was an honorary title established in the Sui dynasty, likely derived from the historical "Rulin Zhuan" (Biographies of Literati) section found in earlier official histories. The Great Tang followed this convention.
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登仕郎，大唐置。 |
| | Dengshi Lang was established in the Great T'ang dynasty.
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文林郎，隋置散官，蓋取北齊文林館徵文學之士以充之義。大唐因之。 |
| | Wenlin Lang was an honorary title during the Sui dynasty; it likely derived from the Northern Qi dynasty's Wenlin Guan, which recruited scholars of literary talent to fill its ranks. The Great Tang followed this practice as well.
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將仕郎，隋置散官。大唐因之。自朝議郎以下，今並為文散官。 |
| | Jiangshi Lang was an honorary title in the Sui dynasty. The Great Tang continued to use it, placing it at lower grade of tenth rank. The Great Tang followed this as well. From Chaoyi Lang downwards, these ranks are now all honorary civil official positions.
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| | 武散官: |
驃騎將軍：漢武帝元狩二年，始用霍去病為驃騎將軍。定令，令驃騎將軍秩祿與大將軍等。光武中興，以景丹為驃騎大將軍，位在三公下。明帝初即位，以弟東平王蒼有賢才，以為驃騎將軍，以王故，位在公上。數年復罷。魏、晉、齊並有之。梁雜號中亦有。陳後主以蕭摩訶為侍中、驃騎大將軍，加左光祿大夫，特開黃閤，施行馬，聽事寢堂置鴟尾，如三公制。後魏初，加大則在三司上。太和中制，加大則在都督中外諸軍下。後周亦有之。隋開皇中，置驃騎將軍府，每府置驃騎、車騎將軍各二人。十七年，頒銅獸符於驃騎、車騎府。煬帝改驃騎為鷹揚郎將，改車騎為鷹揚副郎將。大唐復改為車騎、驃騎，其制如開皇而益復微矣。故武德元年詔，以軍頭為驃騎將軍，軍副為車騎將軍。後皆省之。顯慶元年，乃復置驃騎大將軍，為武散官。 |
| | The Biaoqi Jiangjun: In the second year of Yuanshou reign period of Emperor Wu of Han, Huo Qubing was first appointed as Biaoqi Jiangjun. The decree established that the rank and emoluments of the Biaoqi Jiangjun were equal to those of the Dajiangjun. During Emperor Guangwu's restoration, Jing Dan was appointed as Biaoqi Dajiangjun, a position ranking below the Three Excellencies. At the beginning of Emperor Ming's reign, because his younger brother Dongping Wang Cang was virtuous and talented, he was appointed as Biaoqi Jiangjun; due to his status as a prince, this position ranked above the Three Excellencies. The position was again abolished after a few years. The Wei, Jin, and Qi dynasties all had this position. It also existed among the miscellaneous titles of the Liang dynasty. Emperor Houzhu of Chen appointed Xiao Moke as Shizhong and Biaoqi Dajiangjun and conferred upon him the title Zu Guanglu Daifu. A special Huangge hall was opened for him, with a horse-shaped barrier installed at its entrance; he was also allowed to place chiwei (a mythical beast) on his audience hall and sleeping chamber, following the ceremonial standards of the Three Excellencies. In the early period of the Later Wei dynasty, when a title was added to this position, it ranked above the San Si (Three High Officials). During the middle of the Taihe period, regulations stipulated that when a title was added, this position would rank below the Dudu Zhongwai Zhu Jun (Supreme Commander of All Armies Inside and Outside). The Later Zhou dynasty also had this position. During the Kaihuang period of the Sui dynasty, a Biaoqi Jiangjun Fu (Biaoqi General Office) was established; each office had two Biaoqi Jiangjun and two Juqi Jiangjun. In the seventeenth year, bronze beast-shaped tokens were issued to the offices of Biaoqi and Juqi Jiangjun. Emperor Yang changed the title Biaoqi to Yingyang Langjiang and Juqi to Yingyang Fulingjiang. The great Tang dynasty restored the titles back to Juqi and Biaoqi, but its system was similar to that of Kaihuang, yet even more diminished. Therefore, in the first year of Wude, an imperial edict appointed the jun tou (military commander) as Biaoqi Jiangjun and the jun fu (deputy military commander) as Juqi Jiangjun. Later, all these posts were abolished. In the first year of Xianqing, the title Biaoqi Dajiangjun was once again established as a military non-official rank.
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| | 武散官: |
輔國將軍：後漢獻帝置輔國將軍，以伏完為之。晉王濬平吳後，拜輔國大將軍。有司奏輔國依比未為達官，不置司馬，不給官騎。詔依征、鎮給五百大車，增兵五百人為輔國營，給親騎百人，官騎十人，置司馬。宋明帝泰始四年，改為輔師將軍，後廢帝昱元徽二年復故。梁、後魏、後周、隋並有之。大唐輔國大將軍為武散官。 |
| | Fuguo Jiangjun: In the Later Han dynasty, Emperor Xian established the title Fuguo Jiangjun and appointed Fu Wan to it. After Wang Jun of Jin pacified Wu, he was conferred as Fuguo Dajiangjun. The relevant officials submitted that the title of Fuguo did not yet rank among high-ranking officials, so no Sima (military officer) was appointed and no official horses were provided. An imperial edict ordered that, following the standards of Zhengjiangjun (General of Pacification) and Zhenjiangjun (General of Inspection), 500 large carts be provided for Fuguo, with an additional 500 soldiers forming a Fuguo ying (camp). One hundred personal cavalrymen and ten official horses were to be given, along with the appointment of a Sima. In the fourth year of Taishi reign period of Emperor Ming of Song, it was changed to Fushi Jiangjun; in the second year of Yuanhui reign period of later emperor Yu, the original title was restored. The Liang, Later Wei, Later Zhou, and Sui dynasties all had this title. In the great Tang dynasty, Fuguo Dajiangjun was a military non-official rank (wushan guan).
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| | 武散官: |
鎮軍將軍以下：鎮軍大將軍，魏置，文帝以陳群為之。晉則楊駿、胡奮並領鎮軍將軍。齊、後周、隋亦有之。大唐因之。 |
| | Zhenjun Jiangjun and below: Zhenjun Dajiangjun was established in the Wei dynasty; Emperor Wen appointed Chen Qun to this title. In the Jin dynasty, Yang Jun and Hu Fen both held the position of Zhenjun Jiangjun. The Qi, Later Zhou, and Sui Dynasties also had this title. The great Tang dynasty followed the precedent.
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| | 武散官: |
冠軍將軍，魏置，以文欽為之。蓋因史記楚義帝以宋義為卿子冠軍、漢武帝以霍去病功冠三軍封冠軍侯之義也。晉亦有之。金章紫綬，給五時朝服，武冠，佩水蒼玉。歷代並有。大唐因之。 |
| | Guanjun Jiangjun was established in the Wei Dynasty, and Wen Qin was appointed to this title. This likely derived from the Records of the Grand Historian, where King Yi of Chu appointed Song Yi as Qingzi Guanjun; and Emperor Wu of Han conferred the title Guanjun Hou on Huo Qubing for his meritorious service that surpassed all three armies. The Jin dynasty also had this title. Gold insignia and purple sash were awarded, along with five-style court robes for morning audiences, a military headdress, and the wearing of shui cang yu (a type of jade). This title existed in various dynasties. The great Tang dynasty followed this practice.
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| | 武散官: |
雲麾將軍，梁置雜號。陳及大唐並有之。 |
| | Yunhui Jiangjun was a miscellaneous title established in the Liang Dynasty. The Chen dynasty and the great Tang dynasty both had this title.
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| | 武散官: |
忠武將軍，梁置雜號。陳有之，大唐因之。 |
| | Zhongwu Jiangjun was a miscellaneous military title established in the Liang dynasty. The Chen dynasty had this title, and the great Tang dynasty followed suit.
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| | 武散官: |
壯武將軍，梁置雜號。陳有之，大唐因之。 |
| | Zhuangwu Jiangjun was a miscellaneous rank established in the Liang dynasty. The Chen dynasty also had it, and the great Tang Dynasty continued this practice. The Chen dynasty had it, and the Great Tang dynasty followed accordingly.
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| | 武散官: |
宣威將軍，大唐置。 |
| | Xuanwei Jiangjun was established by the great Tang dynasty.
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| | 武散官: |
明威將軍，梁置雜號。後魏亦有之。大唐因之。 |
| | Mingwei Jiangjun was a miscellaneous title first established in the Liang dynasty, and it continued to exist in the Chen dynasty as well as being adopted by the great Tang dynasty. The Great Tang Dynasty followed this practice. The Later Wei dynasty also had this title. The great Tang dynasty continued the tradition.
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| | 武散官: |
定遠將軍，梁置雜號。大唐因之。 |
| | Dingyuan Jiangjun was a miscellaneous title in the Liang dynasty; it also existed in the Chen dynasty, and the great Tang followed suit. The Great Tang Dynasty adopted this practice as well. The great Tang dynasty continued to use it.
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| | 武散官: |
寧遠將軍，晉置。大唐因之。 |
| | Ningyuan Jiangjun was established during the Jin dynasty. The great Tang dynasty adopted it as well.
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| | 武散官: |
游騎將軍，魏置。陳有之。大唐因之。 |
| | Youqi Jiangjun was established in the Wei dynasty. It existed during the Chen dynasty as well. The great Tang dynasty also adopted it.
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| | 武散官: |
游擊將軍，漢置。武帝以蘇建、韓說為之。後漢鄧晨亦為之。晉及陳並有之。大唐因之。又置懷化大將軍、歸德將軍以授蕃官。 |
| | Youji Jiangjun was established in the Han dynasty. Emperor Wu appointed Su Jian and Han Yue to this title. In the Later Han, Deng Chen also held this position. The Jin and Chen dynasties both had it as well. The great Tang dynasty followed in this tradition. In addition, the titles Huaihua Dajiangjun and Guide Jiangjun were established to be conferred upon officials of foreign ethnic groups (fan guan).
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| | 武散官: |
諸校尉：漢武帝初置中壘、屯騎、步兵、越騎、長水、胡騎、射聲、虎賁等校尉為八校，各有司馬。後漢以屯騎、越騎、步兵、長水、射聲為五校，皆掌宿衛兵，各有司馬，並屬北軍中候。時五校官顯職閒而府寺寬敞，輿服光麗，伎巧必給，故多以皇族肺腑居之。至靈帝，又置西園八校尉。自魏晉以下，五校之名與後漢同。唯後魏五校各置二十人。 |
| | Various Xiao Wei (military officers): In the early reign of Emperor Wu of Han, eight xiao wei were established: Zhonglei, Tunqi, Bubing, Yueqi, Changshui, Huqi, Shesheng, and Huben. Each had a Sima officer in charge. In the Later Han dynasty, Tunqi, Yueqi, Bubing, Changshui, and Shesheng were designated as the Five Xiao Wei. They all commanded palace guards. Each had their own Sima officer. They were all subordinate to the Zhonghou (Central Warden) of the Northern Army. At that time, these Five Xiao Wei positions were prestigious posts with relatively light duties and spacious offices. Their carriages and official attire were splendid, and they had access to all necessary artisans and resources; therefore, many imperial relatives or close confidants of the emperor held these roles. During Emperor Ling's reign, eight additional xiao wei were established at the Xiyuan (Western Garden). From the Wei and Jin dynasties onward, the names of the Five Xiao remained the same as in the Later Han. Only in the Later Wei did each of the five xiao have twenty officers appointed.
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| | 武散官: |
中壘校尉，屯騎校尉，步兵校尉，越騎校尉，長水校尉，胡騎校尉，射聲校尉，虎賁校尉，城門校尉，驃姚校尉，護烏桓校尉，戊己校尉，護羌校尉，儒林校尉，南蠻校尉，南夷校尉，西戎校尉，寧蠻校尉，護三巴校尉。 |
| | Zhonglei Xiao Wei, Tunqi Xiao Wei, Bubing Xiao Wei, Yueqi Xiao Wei, Changshui Xiao Wei, łoży Huqi Xiao Wei, Shesheng Xiao Wei, Huben Xiao Wei, Chengmen Xiao Wei, Biaoyao Xiao Wei, Hu Wuhuan Xiao Wei, Wuji Xiao Wei, Hu Qiang Xiao Wei, Rulin Xiao Wei, Nanman Xiao Wei, Nanyi Xiao Wei, Xirong Xiao Wei, Ningman Xiao Wei, Hu Sanba Xiao Wei.
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| | 武散官: |
武騎尉、屯騎尉、驍騎尉、游騎尉、飛騎尉、旅騎尉、雲騎尉、羽騎尉、建節尉、奮武尉、宣惠尉、綏德尉、懷仁尉、守義尉、奉誠尉、立信尉，都十六尉，並隋置，以為武散官。 |
| | Wuqi Wei, Tunqi Wei, Xiaoqi Wei, Youqi Wei, Feiqi Wei, Lüqi Wei, Yunqi Wei, Yuqi Wei, Jianjie Wei, Fenwu Wei, Xuanhui Wei, Suide Wei, Huiren Wei, Shouyi Wei, Fengcheng Wei, Lixin Wei—these sixteen ranks of Wei were all established in the Sui dynasty and served as military non-civil appointments.
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| | 武散官: |
昭武、振威、致果、翊衛、宣節、禦侮、仁勇、倍戎八校尉，各有副尉，並大唐采前代諸校尉以下舊名置。自鎮軍將軍以下為武散官。 |
| | Zhao Wu, Zhen Wei, Zhiguo, Yiwei, Xuanjie, Yuwu, Renyong, Bei Rong—these eight Xiao Wei each had a deputy Wei. All were established by the Tang dynasty, adopting old titles from previous dynasties below various Xiao Wei ranks. From Zhenjun Jiangjun downwards, these positions served as military non-civil posts.
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| | 勳官: |
上柱國、柱國，皆楚之寵官。楚懷王使柱國昭陽將兵攻齊。陳軫問楚國之法，破軍殺將者何以貴之，昭陽曰「其官為上柱國」是也。歷代無聞。至後魏孝莊，以尒朱榮有翊戴之功，拜為柱國大將軍，位在丞相上。又拜大丞相、天柱大將軍，增佐吏。及榮敗後，天柱及柱國將軍官遂廢。至大統中，始以宇文泰為之。其後功參佐命、聲實俱重者，亦居此職。自大統十六年以前，任者凡有八人。時宇文泰任總百揆，督中外軍事。元欣以魏氏懿戚，從容禁闥而已。其餘六人各督二大將軍，凡十二大將軍。當時榮盛，莫以為比。其稱門閥者，咸推八柱國家。其後功臣位至柱國者眾矣，咸是散秩，無復統御也。後周建德四年，增置上柱國大將軍。隋置上柱國、柱國，以酬勳勞，並為散官，實不理事。大唐改為上柱國及柱國。 |
| | Shangzhugu and Zhugu were both favored official ranks of the State of Chu. King Huai of Chu sent Zhugu Zhao Yang to lead troops in an attack on Qi. Chen Zhen asked about the laws of the State of Chu, inquiring what rank would be given to someone who defeated an enemy army and killed its general. Zhao Yang replied that "his official title was Shangzhugu," which is exactly the case. There is no record of this in previous dynasties. It was not until the reign of Emperor Xiaozhuang of the Later Wei dynasty that Erzhu Rong, for his meritorious service in supporting and assisting the emperor, was appointed as Zhugu Dajiangjun (General of the Columnar State), a position ranked above that of Chancellor. He was also granted the title of Da Chengxiang, Tianzhu Dajiangjun, and additional assistants were added to his staff. After Erzhu Rong's defeat, the offices of Tianzhu and Zhugu Dajiangjun were abolished. It was not until the middle of Datong era that Yuan Wen Tai was first appointed to this position. Afterward, those who had rendered great service in assisting the founding of a dynasty and were both renowned and influential also held this post. Before the sixteenth year of Datong, there were altogether eight people who had held this position. At that time, Yuan Wen Tai held the position of Zong Baikui (Overall Administrator of All Government Affairs) and was in charge of commanding military affairs both inside and outside the capital. Yuan Xin, as a close relative of the Wei imperial family, merely served with ease within the palace gates. The remaining six men each supervised two Dajiangjun posts, making a total of twelve Dajiangjun positions. At that time, the honor and prestige were unmatched by any other. Those who spoke of noble lineages all regarded these eight Zhugu families as preeminent. Later, many meritorious subjects were elevated to the rank of Zhugu, but these were all honorary posts without actual command or authority. In the fourth year of Jiande during the Later Zhou dynasty, the position of Shangzhugu Dajiangjun was added. The Sui dynasty established the ranks of Shangzhugu and Zhugu to reward meritorious service, but these were purely honorary posts with no actual administrative duties. The Tang dynasty changed the titles to Shangzhugu and Zhigu.
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秦有護軍都尉，漢因之。高帝時，以陳平為護軍中尉，盡護諸將，然則復以都尉為中尉。武帝元狩四年，以護軍都尉屬大司馬，於時復為都尉矣。哀帝元壽元年，更名曰司寇。平帝元始元年，更名護軍。漢東京省。班固為大將軍中護軍，隸將軍幕府，非漢朝列職。魏武帝為丞相，以韓浩為護軍，史奐為領軍，亦非漢官也。建安十二年，改護軍為中護軍，領軍為中領軍。魏初因置護軍將軍，主武官選，隸領軍。晉世則不隸矣。元帝永昌元年，省護軍并領軍。明帝太寧二年復置。魏晉江右領護各領營兵。江左以來，領軍不復別置營，總管二衛、驍騎、材官諸營，護軍猶別有營也。宋護軍將軍一人，掌外軍。領、護資重者為領軍將軍、護軍將軍，資輕者為中領軍、中護軍。齊、梁、陳並有之。北齊護軍府統四中郎將，皆置佐史。隋煬帝十二衛，每衛置護軍四人，以副將軍，將軍無則一人攝。尋改護軍為虎賁郎將。大唐采前代舊名，置上護軍、護軍。 |
| | The Qin dynasty had the position of Hujun Duyi, which was continued by the Han dynasty. During Emperor Gao's reign, Chen Ping was appointed as Hujun Zhongwei (Central 尉 of the Guard Army), overseeing all generals; thus, the title Duyi was again used as Zhongwei. In the fourth year of Yuanshou during Emperor Wu's reign, the Hujun Duyi was placed under the Grand Marshal (Dashi Ma), and at that time it reverted to being a Duyi. In the first year of Yuanshou during Emperor Ai's reign, it was renamed Sikou. In the first year of Yuansi during Emperor Ping's reign, it was changed back to Hujun. The Han dynasty in the Eastern Capital abolished it. Ban Gu served as Dajiangjun Zhonghujun, attached to a general's headquarters, but this was not an official post of the Han dynasty. Cao Cao, as Chancellor of Wei, appointed Han Hao as Hujun and Shi Huan as Lingjun; these were also not official positions from the Han dynasty. In the twelfth year of Jian'an, the title Hujun was changed to Zhonghujun and Lingjun became Zhonglingjun. At the beginning of the Wei dynasty, the position Hujun Jiangjun was established; it oversaw the selection of military officials and was subordinate to Lingjun. During the Jin dynasty, this subordination no longer existed. In the first year of Yongchang during Emperor Yuan's reign, the office of Hujun was abolished and merged with Lingjun. In the second year of Taining during Emperor Ming's reign, it was reestablished. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, Lingjun and Hujun each commanded their own military units in Jiangyou. Since the time of the southern migration to Jiangzuo, Lingjun no longer had separate military units but instead oversaw the two Wei (guard) forces, Xiaoqi, and Cai Guan camps. Hujun still maintained its own distinct camp. The Song dynasty had one Hujun Jiangjun, who was in charge of the external military forces. Those with higher rank and prestige among Lingjun and Hujun were titled Lingjun Jiangjun or Hujun Jiangjun; those of lower rank were called Zhonglingjun or Zhonghujun. The Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties all had these positions. In the Northern Qi dynasty, the Hujun Fu (Office of the Hujun) oversaw four Zhonglangjiang posts, and each was staffed with assistant officials. During Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty's reign, his twelve Wei (military divisions) each had four Hujun officers serving as deputy generals; if a general was absent, one Hujun would temporarily assume command. Later, the title of Hujun was changed to Hubin Langjiang. The Tang dynasty adopted the old titles from previous dynasties and established the posts of Shanghujun (Senior Hujun) and Hujun.
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| | 勳官: |
輕車將軍，漢武帝置，以公孫賀為之。又有輕車校尉。梁、陳、後魏、北齊亦有輕車將軍。大唐采舊名，置上輕車都尉、輕車都尉。 |
| | Qingche Jiangjun was a title first established by Emperor Wu of Han, with Gong Sun He appointed to it. There was also the position of Qingche Jiao Wei. The Liang, Chen, Later Wei, and Northern Qi dynasties also had the title Qingche Jiangjun. The Tang dynasty adopted this old title and established Shangqingcheduyi (Senior Qingche Duyi) and Qingcheduyi positions.
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| | 勳官: |
騎都尉，漢武帝置，以李陵為之。更始初亦有，故時謠云：「爛羊胃，騎都尉。」晉以後歷代皆有之。大唐采舊名，置上騎都尉、騎都尉。 |
| | Qiduyi was a position first established by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, with Li Ling appointed to it. The early reign of Gengshi also had this position; hence a popular rhyme at the time said: "Lan Yangwei, Qiduyi." Subsequent dynasties after the Jin all maintained this position. The Tang dynasty adopted this ancient title and established Shangqiduyi (Senior Qiduyi) and Qiduyi positions.
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| | 勳官: |
驍騎尉、飛騎尉、雲騎尉、武騎尉，並隋置，為武散官。大唐采置，自上柱國以下並為勳官。 |
| | Xiaoqi Wei, Feiqi Wei, Yunqi Wei, and Wuqi Wei were all established during the Sui dynasty as honorary military ranks. The Tang dynasty adopted these titles; from Shangzhugu downward, they were all considered Xun Guan (merit-based official ranks).
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| | 后妃: |
昔帝嚳有四妃，以象后妃四星。其一明者為正妃，餘三小者為次妃。帝堯因焉。至舜，不告而娶，不立正妃，但三妃而已，謂之夫人。夏后氏增以三三而九，合十二人。春秋說云「天子娶十二女」，即夏制也。以虞夏及周制差之，則殷人又增以三九二十七，合三十九人。周人上法帝嚳，立正妃，又三二十七為八十一人以增之，合百二十一人。其位后也，夫人也，嬪也，世婦也，女御也，五者相參，以定尊卑焉。故禮曰：「古者天子后立六宮，三夫人，九嬪，二十七世婦，八十一御妻，以聽天下之內治。天子立六官，三公，九卿，二十七大夫，八十一元士，以聽天下之外治。」諸侯之夫人皆命於天子。「夫人不命於天子，自魯昭公始也」。 |
| | In the past, Emperor Ku had four consorts, to symbolize the Four Stars of the Queen's attendants. The one who was bright was the principal consort; the remaining three lesser ones were secondary consorts. Emperor Yao followed this practice. By the time of Shun, he married without prior announcement and did not appoint a principal consort; there were only three consorts, referred to as "furen." The Xia Hou Shi increased it by three sets of three, making a total of nine, thus combining twelve people. The Spring and Autumn Commentary states that "the Son of Heaven marries twelve daughters," which is the system of the Xia dynasty. Comparing the systems of Yu, Xia, and Zhou dynasties, then the Yin people further increased it by three times nine, twenty-seven, making a total of thirty-nine persons. The Zhou people followed the example of Emperor Ku, establishing a principal consort and adding twenty-seven more in three groups to make eighty-one additional persons, totaling 121. Their ranks were as follows: the Empress, the Furen, the Pin, the Shifu, and the Nüyu; these five categories interrelated to establish hierarchy. Therefore, the Rites state: "In ancient times, the Son of Heaven had six palaces for his Empress, three Furen, nine Pin, twenty-seven Shifu, and eighty-one consorts to manage internal affairs throughout the realm. The Son of Heaven established six officials, three Grand Ministers, nine senior ministers, twenty-seven high-ranking officials, and eighty-one senior scholars to manage external affairs throughout the realm." The Furen of feudal lords were all enfeoffed by the Son of Heaven. "The practice that a Furen was not appointed by the Son of Heaven began with Duke Zhuanggong of Lu."
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漢興，因秦之稱，帝祖母稱太皇太后，帝母稱皇太后，正嫡稱皇后，妾皆稱夫人。又有美人、良人、八子、七子、長使、少使、婕妤、娙娥、容華、充衣、昭儀、五官、順常、無涓、共和、娛靈、保林、良使、夜者、上家人子、中家人子。其太子有妃，有良娣，有孺子，妻妾凡三等。子皆稱皇孫，皇孫妻妾無位號，皆稱家人。光武中興，悉闕此號，唯皇后如舊。有貴人、美人、宮人、采女，皆無祿秩，四時賞賜而已。魏武帝因西漢置夫人、昭儀、婕妤、容華、美人。文帝增置貴嬪、淑媛、脩容、順成、良人。明帝又增淑妃、昭華、脩儀。自夫人以下，爵凡十二等。晉因魏制。宋初，多因舊制。孝武帝孝建三年，置貴妃，進貴嬪，貴人，以為三年人。又置昭儀、昭容、昭華，以代脩華、脩儀、脩容。又置中才人、充衣，以為散位。其後或省或改，不能悉舉。廢帝即位，上明帝陳貴妃尊號曰皇太妃，依晉孝武李太妃故事，置家令一人。改諸國太妃曰大妃。其江左四代，互相沿襲，無大異同。自後魏以下，班號謬亂，不足為紀。大唐內官有惠妃、麗妃、華妃三人，淑儀、德儀、賢儀、順儀、婉儀、芳儀六人，美人四人，才人七人，宮官有差。 |
| | When the Han dynasty rose to power, it adopted the titles from the Qin dynasty. The emperor's paternal grandmother was called Taihuangtaihou (Grand Empress Dowager), his mother was called Huangtaihou (Empress Dowager), and the principal wife was called Huanghou (Empress). Concubines were all referred to as Furen. There were also Meiren, Liangren, Bazi, Qizi, Changshi, Shaoshi, Jieyu, Sheng'e, Ronghua, Chongyi, Zhaoyi, Wuguan, Shunchang, Wujuan, Gonghe, Yuling, Baolin, Liangshi, Yezhe, Shangjiaerzi, Zhongjiaerzi. The Crown Prince had a Fei, a Liangdi, and a Ruzi; his wives and concubines totaled three ranks. All sons were called Huangsun (Imperial Grandson), while the wives and concubines of the imperial grandsons had no official titles, all being referred to as "jia ren" (family members). When Emperor Guangwu revived the dynasty, he abolished these titles entirely, retaining only the Empress title as before. There were Guiren, Meiren, Gongren, Cainv—all had no official salaries or ranks; they received only seasonal rewards and gifts. Emperor Wu of Wei followed the Western Han system and established ranks for Furen, Zhaoyi, Jieyu, Ronghua, and Meiren. Emperor Wen added Guipin, Shuyuan, Xiu Rong, Shuncheng, Liangren. }} Zhaohua, Xiu Yi. From Furen downward, the ranks of titles totaled twelve levels. The Jin dynasty followed the Wei system. At the beginning of the Song dynasty, many old systems were retained. In the third year of Xiaojian reign period of Emperor Xiaowu, Guifei was established, Guipin was promoted, Guiren, They were considered as three-year appointments. Zhaoyi, Zhaorong, and Zhaohua were also established to replace Xiu Hua, Xiu Yi, and Xiu Rong. Zongcairen and Chongyi were also added as non-specific ranks. Later, some positions were either abolished or changed; it is not possible to list them all. After the Regent Emperor ascended the throne, he bestowed the title of Huangtaifei on Empress Guifei Chen of Emperor Ming, following the precedent of Lady Li Taifei of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin, and appointed one Jiali. The titles of Tai Fei (Grand Consort) in various states were changed to Da Fei. The four succeeding dynasties in the Jiangzuo region inherited each other's systems, with no major differences. Since the Wei dynasty, ranks and titles became confused and chaotic, insufficient to be recorded. The imperial concubines of Da Tang included Huifei, Lifei, and Huafei; three in total, Shuyi, Deyi, Xianyi, Shunyi, Wanyi, Fangyi—six in total, Meiren—four in total, Cairen—seven in total, There were differences among palace officials.
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凡三代之制，諸侯之婦曰夫人，大夫曰孺人，士曰婦人，庶人曰妻。公侯有夫人，有世婦，有妻，有妾。邦君之妻，君稱之曰夫人，夫人自稱於天子曰老婦。自稱於諸侯曰寡小君，自稱於其君曰小童。邦人稱之曰君夫人。自世婦以下者，自稱曰婢子。凡婦人無爵，從夫之爵，坐以夫之齒。至秦漢，婦人始有封君之號。公主有邑司之制。元壽二年，始令列侯太夫人、夫人、諸侯王子及吏二千石伙無得擅徵補。其餘多闕。 |
| | In the system of the Three Dynasties, the wife of a feudal lord was called Fu Ren. A Daifu's wife was called Ru Ren. A scholar-official's wife was called Fu Ren. The wife of a commoner was simply called Qi (wife). Dukes and marquises had Fu Ren, Shifu, Qi (wives), and Qie (concubines). The wife of a state ruler was addressed by her husband as Fu Ren, and when addressing the Son of Heaven herself, she would refer to herself as Lao Fu (old woman). When addressing feudal lords, she referred to herself as Guaxiao Jun. She referred to herself before her husband as Xiaotong (a humble term). The people of the state referred to her as Jun Fu Ren (the Lady of the Lord). Those ranked below Shifu referred to themselves as Bi Zi (maidservant). All women had no rank of their own but followed the rank of their husbands, and were seated according to their husband's age. It was not until the Qin and Han dynasties that women began to receive titles of noble ranks. Princesses had a system of fief management. In the second year of Yuanshou, it was first decreed that Tai Fu Ren (great ladies), Fu Ren (ladies), sons of feudal lords, and officials ranked at two thousand stones must not be arbitrarily summoned or appointed. The rest are mostly missing or incomplete.
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大唐外命婦之制：諸王母妻及妃、文武官一品及國公母妻為國夫人，三品以上母妻為郡夫人，四品母妻為郡君，五品母妻為縣君。散官同職事。若勳官四品有封，母妻為鄉君，其母邑號皆加太，各視夫子之品。其不因夫子別加邑號者，夫人云某品夫人，郡君云某品郡君。諸庶子有五品以上官封者，若嫡母在，所生之母不得為太妃以下。中宗時，韋皇后表請諸婦人不因夫子而加邑號，許同見任職事，聽子孫用蔭，門施棨戟。制從之。開元八年五月敕：「準令王妻為妃，文武官及國公妻為國夫人。母加太字。一人有官及爵者，聽從高敘。但王者名器，殊恩或頒異姓，妻合從夫受秩，甲令更無別條。率循舊章，須依往例。自今已後，郡嗣王及異姓王母妻，並宜準令為妃。」貞元六年，太常卿崔縱奏：「諸國王母未有封號，請遵典故為某國太妃。」吏部郎中柳冕等狀稱：「歷代故事及六典，無公主母稱號。伏請降於王母一等，命為太儀，各以公主本封加太儀之上。」從之。 |
| | The system of Mingfu (honored women) in the Great Tang: The mothers, wives, and consorts of various kings, Civil and military officials ranked first class, or Guogong (Duke of a State) The mothers and wives of these officials were granted the title Guo Fu Ren; for those ranked third class or above, their mothers and wives received the title Jun Fu Ren; fourth-class officials' mothers and wives were titled Jun Jun. The mothers and wives of fifth-class officials were titled Xian Jun. The same applied to San Guan (honorary officials) as those with actual duties. If an Xun official of fourth class was granted a title, his mother or wife would be honored as Xiang Jun. The fief titles for mothers were prefixed with "Tai," and the rank depended on their husband's or son's position. Those who were not granted fief titles based on their husband or son's status would be called "Fu Ren of a certain rank" or "Jun Jun of a certain rank." If a non-elder son held an official title of fifth class or higher, and if the legitimate mother was still alive, his biological mother could not be granted any rank below Tai Fei. During the reign of Emperor Zhongzong, Empress Wei submitted a petition requesting that women who received fief titles without relying on their husbands or sons be allowed to enjoy the same privileges as those currently holding official posts. Their descendants could benefit from hereditary rights, and they were permitted to display ceremonial halberds at their gates. The imperial decree approved this request. In the fifth month of the eighth year of Kaiyuan, an imperial decree stated: "According to regulations, a king's wife is titled Fei; the wives of civil and military officials and Guogong are granted the title Guo Furen. The word "Tai" (Great) was added to their mothers' titles. If an individual held both an official post and a noble title, the higher rank would be used for reference. However, imperial titles and honors are special; occasionally they were bestowed upon non-royal families. A wife's rank should follow her husband's position, and there is no separate provision in the regulations for this. Generally following established precedents, one must adhere to past examples. From now on, the mothers and wives of Jun Shiwang (commandery heir kings) and non-royal kings should all be granted the title Fei according to regulations." In the sixth year of Zhenyuan, Tai Chang Qing Cui Zhong submitted: "The mothers of various kings have not yet received titles; I request that they be granted the title Tai Fei (Grand Consort) of a certain kingdom according to precedent." Liangbu Langzhong Liu Mian and others stated: "According to precedents from past dynasties and the Six Classics, there is no precedent for titles given to mothers of princesses. We respectfully request that their rank be one level lower than a king's mother, and they should be titled Taiyi. Each title would be prefixed with "Taiyi" based on the princess's original fief." The proposal was accepted.
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