| 中國哲學書電子化計劃 |
《禮二十六》 | 英文翻譯：人工智能和中國哲學書電子化計劃用戶 [?] | 電子圖書館 |
《輦輿 - Lian Yu 》 | 英文翻譯：人工智能和中國哲學書電子化計劃用戶 [?] | 電子圖書館 |
| 1 | 輦輿: | 夏 殷 周 秦 漢 魏 晉 東晉 宋 齊 梁 後魏 隋 大唐 |
| Xia Yin Zhou Qin Han Wei Jin Dongjin Song Qi Liang Houwei Sui Datang | ||
| 2 | 輦輿: | 夏氏末代制輦。按輦，人所輦也。傅玄子曰：「夏名輦曰余車。」 |
| The last ruler of the Xia dynasty made palanquins. According to Lian, it is a device for people to ride in. Fu Xuan's son said: "The Xia dynasty called lians 'Yu Che.'" | ||
| 3 | 輦輿: | 殷曰胡奴車。 |
| The Yin dynasty called it Hunu Che. | ||
| 4 | 輦輿: | 周曰輜車，即輦也。不知何代去其輪。司馬法曰：「夏后氏二十人而輦，殷十八人而輦，周十五人而輦。」王后輦車，組輓，有翣，羽蓋。為輇輪，人輓之以行。有翣，所以禦風塵也。以羽作小蓋，為翳日。 |
| The Zhou dynasty called it Zhi Che, which is the same as lian. It is unknown from which dynasty its wheels were removed. The Sui Shu Fa said: "The Xia Hou Shi required twenty people to carry a lian, the Yin eighteen people, and the Zhou fifteen people." The queen's palanquin was drawn by a team of attendants, had a canopy with feathers, and bore a fan. It had wheels for the carriage, pulled by people to move forward. There were fans, which were used to ward off wind and dust. A small canopy made of feathers was used as a shade from the sun. | ||
| 5 | 輦輿: | 秦以輦為人君之乘。 |
| The Qin dynasty used lians as vehicles for their rulers to ride in. | ||
| 6 | 輦輿: | 漢因之，以雕玉為之，方徑六尺，或使人輓，或駕果下馬。 |
| The Han dynasty followed this practice, making them with carved jade, six chi in diameter, sometimes pulled by attendants or drawn by Guoxia horses. | ||
| 7 | 輦輿: | 魏晉小出則乘之，亦多乘輿。 |
| During the Wei and Jin dynasties, they were used for short trips, and people also often rode in yu carriages. | ||
| 8 | 輦輿: | 東晉過江，亡其制度。至太元中，謝安率意造焉，及破苻堅於淮上，獲京都舊輦，形制無差。義熙五年，劉裕執慕容超，獲金鉦輦。 |
| After crossing the river to the south during the Eastern Jin dynasty, their system of regulations was lost. It wasn't until the Taiyuan period that Xie An improvised one, and after defeating Fu Jian at Huai Shang, he captured an old palanquin from the capital city, which had no difference in form or design. In the fifth year of Yixi, Liu Yu captured Murong Chao and seized a golden bell palanquin. | ||
| 9 | 輦輿: | 宋因之。輿車，今之小輿。犢車，軿車之流也。 |
| The Song dynasty followed this practice. Yu Che is the same as today's small yu carriage. Duc Che was a type of Pingen Che. | ||
| 10 | 輦輿: | 齊因之，而盛增其飾。竹蓬。箱外鑿鏤金簿，碧紗衣，織成芚，徒昆反。錦衣。箱裏及仰頂隱膝後戶，金塗鏤面釘，玳瑁帖，金塗松精，登仙花紐，綠四緣，四望紗萌子，上下前後眉，鏤鍱。轅枕長角龍，白牙蘭，玳瑁金塗校飾。漆障形板在蘭前，金銀花獸攫天代龍師子鏤面，榆花鈿，金龍虎。扶轅，銀口帶，龍板頭。龍轅軛上，金鳳凰鈴鎖，銀口帶，星後梢，玳瑁帖，金塗花沓，銀星花獸幔竿杖，金塗龍牽，縱橫長網。又制臥輦，校飾如坐輦，不甚服用。復制小輿，形如軺車，小行幸則乘之。 |
| The Qi dynasty followed this, but greatly enhanced its decorations. Bamboo canopies. Carved and gilded thin sheets were attached outside the box, with green gauze clothing and brocade patterns. Tukun Fan. Silk garments. Inside the box and on the upper part of the backrest, golden gilded carved nails were used, with tortoiseshell inlays, gold-coated pine essence, climbing fairy flower fastenings, green borders all around, four-sided gauze canopies, front and rear eyebrows, and carved metal decorations. The yuanchen had a long horned dragon with white teeth and orchid patterns, inlaid with tortoiseshell and gilded decorations. A lacquered panel with a shaped board was placed in front of the Lan, with silver and gold floral beasts grabbing the sky to replace dragon lion carvings, elm blossom inlays, and golden dragons and tigers. The fuyuan had a silver mouth band and a dragon-patterned head plate. On the dragon yuanye, there was a golden phoenix bell lock, silver mouth band, star-shaped rear end, tortoiseshell inlay, gilded floral tads, silver star-patterned beast curtain poles and staffs, gilded dragon reins, and long horizontal and vertical nets. They also made reclining lians, with decorations similar to sitting lians, but they were not used very often. They also produced small yu carriages, shaped like Xiao Che, and rode in them for short trips or visits. | ||
| 11 | 輦輿: | 梁制，小輿似軺車，金裝漆畫，施八橫。元正大會，乘出上殿。西堂舉哀亦乘之。行則從後。又制步輿，方四尺，上施隱膝，人輿上殿。天子至下賤，通得乘之。復制副輦，加笨，步本反。如犢車，通幰朱絡，謂之蓬輦。 |
| The Liang dynasty's system: small yu carriages resembled Xiao Che carriages, with gold decorations and lacquer paintings, and had eight crossbars. On the first day of the lunar year for grand assemblies, they rode in them to ascend the main hall. They also rode in it when mourning was held at the Xitang. When moving, they followed behind. They also made a step yu carriage, four chi square, with a backrest on top, and people carried it up to the main hall. From the Son of Heaven down to commoners, all could ride in it. They also made a secondary lian carriage, which was heavier. Buben Fan. It resembled a Du Che carriage, with red curtains and netting, called Peng Lian. | ||
| 12 | 輦輿: | 後魏道武帝天興初，始修軒冕。制乾象輦，羽葆，圓蓋，畫日月、五星、二十八宿、天街、雲罕、星經曰：「昴畢為天街。」天子出，旄頭罕畢以前驅。山林、奇瑞、遊麟、飛鳳、朱雀、玄武、騶虞、青龍，駕二十四馬。又制大樓輦車，龍輈加玉飾，四轂六衡，方輿圓蓋，金雞樹羽，寶鐸旒蘇，鸞雀立衡，螭龍銜軛，建太常，畫升龍日月，駕二十牛。又制象輦，左右金鳳白鹿，仙人，羽葆旒蘇，金鈴玉佩，初駕二象，後以六駝代之。復有遊觀、小樓等輦，駕十五馬。車等草創修制，多違舊章。 |
| At the beginning of the Tianxing era under Emperor Dao Wu Di of the Later Wei dynasty, they first began to restore xuan mian ceremonial regalia. They made the Qian Xiang Lian palanquin, with feathered canopies and round covers painted with the sun, moon, five stars, twenty-eight constellations, Tianjie, Yunhan. The Star Classic says: "Mao and Bi form Tianjie." /no_think When the Son of Heaven went out, the Mao Tou Han Bi led the way. Mountains and forests, auspicious creatures, Yulin, flying phoenixes, Vermilion Birds, Black Turtles, Zouyu, Green Dragons - twenty-four horses were used to draw it. They also made a large building lian carriage, with dragon-shaped yuans decorated with jade ornaments, four hubs and six crossbars, square body and round cover, golden roosters with feather trees, precious bells and flowing silk tassels, pheasants standing on the crossbar, chi long dragons holding the yoke, a Taichang banner was raised, painted ascending dragons, sun and moon, drawn by twenty oxen. They also made an elephant-drawn lian, with golden phoenixes and white deer on both sides, immortals, feathered canopies with flowing silk tassels, golden bells and jade pendants. Initially drawn by two elephants, later replaced by six camels. There were also Youguan, Xiaolou, and other types of lians, each drawn by fifteen horses. The carriages and others were initially drafted and revised, often deviating from the old regulations. | ||
| 13 | 輦輿: | 隋制輦而不施輪，通幰朱絡，飾以金玉，而人荷之。又依梁制副輦。復制輿，如輦而小，宮苑私宴御之。小輿，幰方，形同幄帳，自閤內升正殿御之。 |
| During the Sui dynasty, lians did not have wheels; they had red curtains and netting with gold and jade decorations, carried by people. They also followed the Liang dynasty's secondary lian design. They also made yu carriages, similar to lians but smaller, used by the palace for private banquets. The small yu carriage had a square canopy and resembled a tent; it was used to ascend from the inner quarters to the main hall. | ||
| 14 | 輦輿: | 大唐制，輦有七：一曰大鳳輦，二曰大芳輦，三曰仙遊輦，四曰小輕輦，五曰芳亭輦，六曰大玉輦，七曰小玉輦。轝有三：一曰五色轝，二曰常平轝，三曰腰轝。大駕鹵簿先五輅以行。 |
| The system of the Da Tang dynasty had seven types of lians: first, Dafeng Lian; second, Dafang Lian; third, Xianyou Lian; fourth, Xiaoqing Lian; fifth, Fangting Lian; sixth, Dayu Lian; and seventh, Xiaoyu Lian. Yu carriages had three types: first, Wuse Yu; second, Changping Yu; and third, Yao Yu. In the grand procession of the Da Jia Lu Bu, five Lu carriages were led first in the march. |
《旌旗 - Banners and Flags 》 | 英文翻譯：人工智能和中國哲學書電子化計劃用戶 [?] | 電子圖書館 |
| 1 | 旌旗: | 夏 殷 周 秦 漢 後周 |
| Xia Yin Zhou Qin Han Houzhou | ||
| 2 | 旌旗: | 黃帝振兵，教熊羆貔貅貙虎，制陣法，設五旗五麾。 |
| The Yellow Emperor mobilized his troops, trained the bear, the pí, the xīu, the chū, and the tiger, established formations, and set up five banners and five standards. | ||
| 3 | 旌旗: | 夏氏奚仲為車正，建旗斿旐，以別尊卑等級。 |
| Xi Shi Xizhong served as the official in charge of chariots, established flags, streamers, and banners to distinguish ranks and hierarchy. | ||
| 4 | 旌旗: | 殷因之。 |
| The Yin dynasty followed this practice. | ||
| 5 | 旌旗: | 周制，司常掌九旗：王建太常，畫日月於縿首，象天明也。其制，杠長九仞，以素錦綢之，以絳帛一幅為縿，附於杠，畫龍於縿上。又屬十二斿於縿首，長十二仞，每斿皆畫交龍十二。其杠首仍注五采羽於上。縿音所咸反。諸侯建旂，交龍為旂。畫交龍者，一象升朝，一象下復。諸侯五等，若從王田獵，同建，皆九斿，象大火九星，考工記曰「弧旌枉矢」者，弧以張縿之幅，弓衣曰韣，畫枉矢。斿仞各隨命數。孤卿建矦，通帛為矦。孤卿不畫，言奉王之政教而已。周尚赤，旌旗皆絳。杠仞旗斿，各隨命數。大夫士建物，雜帛為物。以素飾其側。杠仞各隨命數。言以先王正道佐職。白，殷之色也。師都建旗，熊虎為旗。六鄉六遂大夫謂之師都，都人所聚。畫熊虎者，鄉遂出軍賦，象其守猛，莫敢犯也。州里縣鄙，鄉遂之官，互約言之。考工記曰：「熊旗六斿以象伐。」伐，白虎宿也。州里建旟，鳥隼為旟。畫鳥隼者，象其勇捷。縣鄙建旐，龜蛇為旐。象其扞難辟害。四斿，象營室，營室，玄武宿也。道車載旞，道車，象輅也，王以朝夕燕出入所乘。全羽為旞。全羽、析羽，皆象文德。夏采注云：「禹貢徐州貢夏翟之羽。有虞氏以為緌，後代染羽用之。」無帛。斿車載旌。析羽為旌。大麾以田，夏后氏之正色。大帛以即戎。殷之正色。翿旌，君射於國中，以翿旌為獲。白羽與朱羽揉，鴻脰韜杠三仞。龍旃。君射於境所用也。畫龍於通帛之旃上。 |
| Under the Zhou system, the Sikang official was in charge of nine banners: the king raised the Taichang banner, with the sun and moon painted at its tip, symbolizing heavenly illumination. Its design was such that the pole measured nine ren in length, wrapped with white brocade and silk. A single piece of crimson silk formed the pennant, attached to the pole, with a dragon painted on it. Twelve streamers were also attached to the tip of the pennant, each twelve ren in length; on every streamer, twelve interlaced dragons were painted. At the top of its pole, five-colored feathers were still attached. Shen (pinyin: shen) is pronounced Suoxianfan. The feudal lords raised the qi banner, with interlaced dragons as its design. Painting interlaced dragons symbolized one dragon ascending to court and another descending in return. The feudal lords were divided into five ranks; if they followed the king on a hunting expedition, they all raised banners with nine streamers, symbolizing the Nine Stars of the constellation Dàhuǒ. As recorded in the Kao Gong Ji: "Hu jing wang shi" — here, "hu" was used to stretch the width of the pennant; the bow cover is called "du," and it was painted with a crooked arrow. The length of each streamer in ren corresponded to their rank. The gu qing official raised the hou banner, which was made entirely of unadorned silk. The gu qing banner bore no paintings, signifying that it merely served to uphold the king's political teachings. The Zhou dynasty favored red; all banners and flags were crimson. The length of the pole, the flag, and the streamers each corresponded to one's rank. Ministers and scholars raised the wu banner, made from mixed-colored silk. White trim was added along its sides. The length of the pole varied according to one's rank. This signified assisting in official duties by upholding the righteous path of previous kings. White was the color associated with the Yin dynasty. らい The military commander raised the qi banner, featuring a bear and tiger as its design. The six xiang and six sui officials known as shidou were leaders of their respective districts, where people from the district gathered. Painting a bear and tiger symbolized that troops and military levies were raised from the xiang and sui districts, representing their fierce defense and indicating that no one dared to violate them. The officials of zhou li, xian bi, xiang, and sui were mentioned interchangeably in the text. The Kao Gong Ji states: "A bear-patterned banner with six streamers symbolizes military campaigns." Fá is the White Tiger constellation. The zhou li officials raised the yu banner, with a bird and falcon as its design. Painting a bird and falcon symbolized their bravery and agility. The xian bi officials raised the zhao banner, with a tortoise and snake as its design. This symbolized their role in defending against difficulties and warding off harm. With four streamers, it symbolized the Ying Shi constellation; Ying Shi is part of the Xuanwu constellation. The dao che carriage carried the sui banner, the dao che was a ceremonial chariot; the king rode in it for morning and evening audiences or when entering and exiting. The sui banner was made entirely of feathers. Both "quan yu" (whole feathers) and "xi yu" (split feathers) symbolized cultural virtue. The Xia Cai annotation states: "Yu Gong, the tribute from Xuzhou, presented the feathers of the xia di bird." "The Youyu Shi used them as rui; later generations dyed the feathers and used them." No silk was used. The yu che carriage carried the jing banner. Split feathers formed the jing banner. The da hui was used for hunting, the official color of the Xia Hou Shi dynasty. The da bo was raised to prepare for military action. The official color of the Yin dynasty. The dao jing, when a ruler hunted within the state, the dao jing was used to indicate game captured. White and red feathers were intertwined; the long neck of a wild goose formed the sheath, with a pole three ren in length. The dragon zhan banner. Used when the ruler hunted at the border. A dragon was painted on a plain silk zhan banner. | ||
| 6 | 旌旗: | 秦水德，旗斿皆尚黑。其制未詳。 |
| The Qin dynasty, associated with the water element, used black for all banners and streamers. Its specific design is not detailed. | ||
| 7 | 旌旗: | 漢制，龍旂九斿，七仞，以象大火，鳥旟七斿，五仞，以象鶉火；熊旗六斿，五仞，以象參、伐；龜蛇旐四斿，四仞，以象營室；弧旌枉矢，以象弧也：此諸侯以下之所建也。 |
| Under the Han system, the long qi banner had nine streamers and was seven ren in length to symbolize the constellation Da Huo; the bird yu banner had seven streamers and five ren in length to represent the constellation Chun Huo; The xiong qi banner had six streamers, was five ren long, symbolizing the constellations Shen and Fa; lando The gui she zhao banner had four streamers, measured four ren in length, to represent the Ying Shi constellation; The hu jing with a crooked arrow symbolized the arc: these were banners raised by feudal lords and those of lower ranks. | ||
| 8 | 旌旗: | 後周太常畫三辰，日月五星。旂畫青龍，天子升龍，諸侯交龍。旟畫朱鳥，旌畫黃麟，旗畫白虎，旐畫玄武，皆加雲氣。其矦物在軍，亦書其事號，加之以雲氣，徽幟亦如之。通帛為矦，雜帛為物。事號，所書其人官與姓名之事號。徽幟亦書之。旌節又畫白虎，而析羽於其上。又，司常掌旗物之藏。通帛之旗六，以供郊祀，蒼青朱黃白玄等旗。畫繢之旗六，以充玉輅之等，一曰三辰之常，二曰青龍旂，三曰朱鳥旟，四曰黃麟旌，五曰白虎旗，六曰玄武旐：皆左建旗而右建闟戟。又有繼旗四，以施軍旅，一曰麾，以供軍將；二曰旞，以供師帥；三曰駈，音伐。以供旅帥；四曰旆，以供倅長。諸公方輅、碧輅建旂，金輅建旟，象輅建物，木輅建旐。諸侯自金輅而下，如諸公之旗。諸伯自象輅而下，如諸侯之旗。諸子自犀輅而下，如諸伯之旗。諸男自篆輅而下，如諸子之旗。三公犀輅、貝輅、篆輅建矦，木輅建旐，夏篆、夏縵及輚車建物。孤卿以下，各以其等建其旗。旌杠，皇帝六仞，諸侯五，大夫四，士三。斿，皇帝曳地，諸侯及軹，大夫及轂，士及軫。凡注毛於杠首曰綏，析羽曰旌，全羽曰旞。其縿，皇帝諸侯加以弧韣。闟戟，方六尺而被之以黻，唯皇帝諸侯輅建焉。闟戟、杠綢與旗同。 |
| In the Later Zhou dynasty, the Taichang official painted the three luminaries on banners, meaning the sun, moon, and five planets. The qi banner was painted with a blue dragon, the emperor's banner showed an ascending dragon, while the feudal lords' banners depicted interlaced dragons. The yu banner was painted with a vermilion bird, the jing banner with a yellow qilin, the qi banner with a white tiger, and the zhao banner with Xuanwu; all were adorned with cloud patterns. When the hou wu banners were used in military contexts, they also bore inscriptions of their unit's designation and cloud patterns; insignias followed the same style. A banner made entirely of plain silk was called hou, while one made from mixed-colored silks was called wu. The "shi hao" referred to the designation written on the banner indicating a person's official title and name. Insignias were also inscribed in this manner. The jing jie was also painted with a white tiger and had split feathers attached to it. In addition, the Sikang official oversaw the storage of banners and insignias. Six plain silk flags were maintained for use in suburban sacrifices, including azure, blue-green, red, yellow, white, and black flags. Six painted and embroidered flags were prepared to accompany the jade lu ceremonial chariot, as follows: first, the Sanchen zhang banner; second, the Qinglong qi flag; third, the Zhuniao yu banner; fourth, the Huanglin jing banner; fifth, the Baihu qi flag; sixth, the Xuanwu zhao banner. All were raised with a banner on the left and an axe 戟 (ge) spear on the right. There were also four additional flags for military use, one of which was called hui, used by military commanders; the second was sui, used by the shi shuai (military officers); the third was qi, pronounced Fa. used by the lü shuai (lower-ranking military officers); the fourth was pei, used by deputy commanders. The feudal lords raised qi banners on the Fang Lu and Bi Lu chariots, yu banners on the Jin Lu chariot, wu insignias on the Xiang Lu chariot, and zhao banners on the Mu Lu chariot. From the Jin Lu downward, feudal lords followed the same banner system as the feudal lords (zhugong). The zhubo officials from the Xiang Lu downward followed the same flag system as the feudal lords. The zhuzi officials from the Xi Lu downward followed the same banner designations as the zhubo. The zhunan officials from the Zhuan Lu downward followed the same flags as the zhuzi. The Three Dukes raised hou banners on the Xi Lu, Bei Lu, and Zhuan Lu chariots; they raised zhao banners on the Mu Lu; and they used wu insignias for the Xia Zhuan, Xia Man, and Hui Che carriages. Officials of lower ranks than the gu qing each raised banners according to their respective ranks. The jing pole: six ren for the emperor, five for feudal lords, four for ministers, and three for scholars. The streamers: those of the emperor reached the ground; those of feudal lords reached the axle; those of ministers reached the hub; and those of scholars reached the fender. Generally, attaching feathers to the top of a pole was called sui; split feathers were called jing; and whole feathers were called sui. The pennant: for the emperor and feudal lords, it was additionally adorned with a bow sheath (hu du). The ge ji spear measured six chi square and was decorated with fu patterns; it was raised only on the chariots of the emperor and feudal lords. The ge ji spear, pole wrapping, and banner were used together. |
《鹵簿 - Lu Bu 》 | 英文翻譯：人工智能和中國哲學書電子化計劃用戶 [?] | 電子圖書館 |
| 1 | 鹵簿: | 屬車附○秦 漢 後漢 晉 東晉 宋 後魏 隋 大唐 |
| Shu Che Fu: Qin, Han, Later Han, Jin, Eastern Jin, Song, Later Wei, Sui, Da Tang | ||
| 2 | 鹵簿: | 秦制，大駕屬車八十一乘，周制，凡良車、散車不在等者，其用無常，以給遊燕及恩惠之賜。從軍所載輜重財貨之車，車後開戶。作之有功有沽，良車功多，散車功少。鄭玄曰：「作之有功有沽。」沽，癞也，則屬車之流。及周之末，諸侯有貳車九乘。秦滅九國，兼其車服，故屬車八十一乘。薛綜曰：「屬者，相連屬也，皆在後，為三行。」法駕半之。左右分行其車，皆皂蓋赤裏，朱轓輜，戈矛弩箙，尚書、御史所載。最後一乘懸豹尾，豹尾以前比省中。小學漢官篇曰：「豹尾過後，罷屯解圍。」胡廣曰：「施之道路，故須過後屯圍乃得解，皆所以戒不虞也。淮南子曰『軍正執豹皮，所以制正其眾』也。」省中即今之仗內。 |
| Under the Qin system, when the emperor traveled in full procession, there were eighty-one attached carriages. According to Zhou system, all fine carriages and ordinary carriages not ranked among the official grades had no fixed usage; they were used for leisurely outings and as gifts of imperial favor. The wagons carrying supplies, equipment, and goods for the military expedition had doors at the rear. When making these carriages, there were set standards of labor required; fine carriages required more labor, while ordinary carriages required less. Zhang Huan said: "Making them requires a certain amount of labor and cost." "Gu," meaning cost, is thus part of the category of attached carriages. By the end of the Zhou dynasty, feudal lords had nine secondary carriages each. After the Qin state conquered the Nine Kingdoms, it incorporated their carriage and costume systems; therefore, there were eighty-one attached carriages in total. Xue Zong said: "Shu means to be connected; they are all arranged behind the main procession, forming three rows." The formal procession had half that number. lname They divided the carriages into two rows, left and right; all had black canopies with red linings, vermilion side panels on supply wagons, halberds, spears, crossbows, and quivers for carrying arrows—these were carried by the Secretaries of State and Censors. The last carriage displayed a leopard's tail as an ornament; from before the leopard's tail to the front, it was arranged like within the imperial court. The Xiao Xue Han Guan Pian says: "After the leopard's tail has passed, the encampment is disbanded and the surrounding forces are withdrawn." Hu Guang said: "It is displayed on the road, so it must pass by before the encampment and surrounding forces can be withdrawn; this is all done to serve as a precaution against unexpected events." This is what the Huainanzi says: 'The military commander holds leopard skin, which is used to regulate and command his troops.'" "The imperial court" refers to the current "imperial guard area." | ||
| 3 | 鹵簿: | 漢制，乘輿大駕，備車千乘，騎萬匹，屬車八十一乘，公卿奉引，太僕御，大將軍參乘，祀天於甘泉用之。 |
| Under the Han system, when the emperor traveled with a full procession in his imperial carriage, there were one thousand carriages prepared and ten thousand horses ridden; eighty-one attached carriages followed. High-ranking officials led the way, the Tai Pu (Minister of Horse) drove the carriage, and the Grand General rode on its side. This grand procession was used for sacrifices to Heaven at Ganzhuang. | ||
| 4 | 鹵簿: | 後漢明帝上原陵，光武陵。大喪並因前代為大駕，用八十一乘。祀天南郊則法駕，用三十六乘。河南尹、執金吾、雒陽令奉引，奉車郎御，侍中參乘。前驅有九斿雲罕，徐廣曰：「斿車九乘，前史不記形也。」史記曰：「武王剋紂，百夫荷罕旗以先驅。」張平子東京賦曰：「雲罕九斿。」薛綜曰：「旌旗名。」鳳凰車，闟戟車，薛綜曰：「闟之言函也，取四戟函車邊。」皮軒車，鸞旗車，後有金鉦車，黃鉞車，司馬法曰：「夏執玄鉞，殷執白鉞，周仗黃鉞。」黃門鼓車。黃門令校駕，祀天南郊。祀地、明堂省什三，宗廟尤省，謂之小駕。每出，太僕奉駕，中常侍、小黃門副；尚書主者，郎令史副；侍御史，蘭臺令史副。皆執注，以督整車騎，謂之護駕。春秋上陵，尤省於小駕，直事尚書一人從。 |
| The Later Han Emperor Ming ascended the Yuanling, the tomb of Emperor Guangwu. For major funerals, they followed the precedent of previous dynasties by using a full procession with eighty-one attached carriages. When sacrificing to Heaven at the southern suburbs, a formal procession was used, employing thirty-six attached carriages. The Governor of Henan, the Keeper of the Golden Halberd, and the Magistrate of Luoyang led the way; the Attendant-in-Waiting drove the carriage, while a Zhongchushen (Attendant) rode on its side. The vanguard had a nine-tassel yunhan banner. Xu Guang said: "There were nine tassel-marked carriages, but previous histories do not record their appearance." The Records of the Grand Historian says: "When King Wu defeated Zhou, a hundred men bore the han flag as vanguard." Zhang Pingzi's Dongjing Fu says: "The yunhan banner had nine tassels." Xue Zong said: "It is the name of a standard or flag." Fenghuang carriage, Haji carriage, Xue Zong said: "Hai means 'to contain,' referring to four halberds placed in the sides of the carriage." Pi Xuan carriage, Luan Qi carriage; behind them were the Jinzheng carriage and Huangyue carriage. The Sifa says: "In Xia times, black axes were held; in Yin times, white axes were held; during Zhou times, yellow axes were used as ceremonial objects." Yellow Gate drum carriage. The Yellow Gate Director oversaw the procession for sacrifices to Heaven at the southern suburbs. For sacrifices to Earth, or in the Mingtang Hall, the number of carriages was reduced by a third; for ancestral temple sacrifices, it was further reduced, and this was called a "small procession." Each time the emperor went out, the Tai Pu oversaw the carriage procession, with Zhongchangshi and Xiao Huangmen serving as assistants; the Secretaries of State were in charge, assisted by Lang Lingshi (attendants and clerks); the Attendant Censors were accompanied by assistants from the Lan Tai Ling Shi. They all carried staffs to supervise and organize the carriages and horsemen, which was called "guarding the procession." For spring and autumn visits to ancestral tombs, the procession was even more reduced than a small procession; only one Directing Secretary of State accompanied the emperor. | ||
| 5 | 鹵簿: | 晉制，大駕鹵簿：先象車，鼓吹一部，十三人，中道。次靜屋令，駕一，中道。式道候二人，駕一，分左右。次洛陽尉二人，騎，分左右。次洛陽亭長九人，赤車，駕一，分三道，鼓吹正二人引。次洛陽令，皂車，駕一，中道。次河南中部掾，中道。河橋掾在左，功曹史在右，並駕一。次河南尹，駕駟，戟吏六人。次河南主簿，駕一，中道。次河南主記，駕一，中道。次司隸部河南從事，中道。都部從事居左，別駕從事居右，並駕一。次司隸校尉，駕三，戟吏六人。次司隸主簿，駕一，中道。次司隸主記，駕一，中道。次廷尉明法掾，中道。五官掾居左，功曹史居右，並駕一。次廷尉卿，駕駟，戟吏六人。次廷尉主簿、主記，並駕一，在左。太僕引從如廷尉，在中。宗正引從如廷尉，在右。次太常，駕駟，中道，戟吏六人。太常外部掾居左，五官掾、功曹史居右，並駕一。次光祿引從，中道。太常主簿、主記居左，衛尉引從居右，並駕一。次太尉外督令史，駕一，中道。次西、東、賊、倉、戶等曹屬，並駕一，引從。次太尉，駕駟，中道。太尉主簿、舍人各一人，祭酒二人，並駕一，在左右。次司徒引從，駕駟，中道。次司空引從，駕駟，中道。三公騎令史戟各八人，鼓吹各一部，七人。次中護軍，中道，駕駟。鹵簿左右各二行，戟楯在外，弓矢在內，鼓吹一部，七人。次步兵校尉在左，長水校尉在右，並駕一。各鹵簿左右二行，戟楯在外，刀楯在內，鼓吹各一部，七人。次射聲校尉在左，翊軍校尉在右，並駕一。各鹵簿左右各二行，戟楯在外，刀楯在內，鼓吹各一部，七人。次驍騎將軍在左，游擊將軍在右，並駕一。皆鹵簿左右引，各二行，戟楯在外，刀楯在內，鼓吹各一部，七人。騎隊，五在左，五在右，隊各五十匹，命中督二人分領左右。各有戟吏二人，麾幢、揭鼓在隊前。次左軍將軍在左，前軍將軍在右，並駕一。皆鹵簿左右各二行，戟楯在外，刀楯在內，鼓吹各一部，七人。次黃門麾騎，中道。次黃門前部鼓吹，左右各一部，十三人，駕駟。八校尉佐仗，左右各四行，外大戟楯，次九尺楯，次弓矢，次弩，並熊渠、佽飛督領之。次司南車，駕駟，中道。護駕御史，騎，夾左右。次謁者僕射，駕駟，中道。次御史中丞，駕一，中道。次武賁中郎將，騎，中道。次九遊車，中道，武剛車夾左右，並駕駟。次雲罕車，駕駟，中道。次闟戟車，駕駟，中道，長戟邪偃向後。次皮軒車，駕駟，中道。次鸞旗車，中道，建華車分左右，並駕駟。次護駕尚書郎三人，都官郎中道，駕部在左，中兵在右，並騎。又有護駕尚書一人，騎，督攝前後無常。次相風，中道。次司馬督，在前，中道。左右各司馬史三人引仗，左右各六行，外大戟楯二行，次九尺楯，次刀楯，次弓矢，次弩。次五時車，左右有遮列騎。次典兵中郎，中道，督攝前卻無常。左殿中御史，右殿中監，並騎。次高蓋，中道，左罼，右罕。次御史，中道，左右節郎各四人。次華蓋，中道。次殿中司馬，中道。殿中都尉在左，殿中校尉在右，左右各四行，細楯一行在弩內，又殿中司馬一行，殿中都尉一行，殿中校尉一行。次詔鼓，中道。次金根車，駕六馬，中道。太僕卿御，大將軍參乘。左右又各增三行，為九行。司馬史九人，引大戟楯二行，九尺楯一行，刀楯一行，由基一行，細弩一行，跡禽一行，槌斧一行，力人刀楯一行。連細楯，殿中司馬，殿中都尉，殿中校尉，為左右各十三行。金根車建青旂斿十二，左右將軍騎在左右，殿中將軍持鑿腦斧夾車，車後衣書主職步從，六行，合左右三十二行。次曲華蓋，中道。侍中、散騎常侍、黃門侍郎並騎，分左右。次黃鉞車，駕一，在左，御麾騎在右。次相風，中道。次中書監騎左，祕書監騎右。次殿中御史騎左，殿中監騎右。次五牛旗，亦青在左，黃在中，白黑在右。次大輦，中道。太官令丞在左，太醫令丞在右。次金根車，駕駟，不建旗。次青立車，次青安車，次赤立車，次赤安車，次黃立車，次黃安車，次白立車，次白安車，次黑立車，次黑安車，合十乘，並駕駟。建旗十二斿，如車色。立車正豎旗，安車斜拖之。次蹋豬車，駕駟，中道，無旗。次耕根車，駕駟，中道，赤旗十二斿，熊渠督左，佽飛督右。次御軺車，次御四望車，次御衣車，次御書車，次御藥車，並駕牛，中道。次尚書令在左，尚書僕射在右，又尚書郎六人，分左右，並駕一。又治書侍御史二人，分左右，又侍御史二人，分左右，又蘭臺令史分左右，並騎。次豹尾車，駕一。自豹尾車後而鹵簿盡矣。但以神弩二十張夾道，至後部鼓吹，其五張神弩置一將，左右各二將。次輕車二十乘，左右分駕。次流蘇馬六十匹。次金鉞車，駕三，中道。左右護駕尚書郎并令史，並騎，各一人。次金鉦車，駕三，中道。左右護駕侍御史并令史，並騎，各一人。次黃門後部鼓吹，左右各十三人。次戟鼓車，駕牛，二乘，分左右。次左大鴻臚外部掾，右五官掾、功曹史，並駕一。次大鴻臚，駕駟，鉞吏六人。次大司農引從，中道，左大鴻臚主簿、主記，右少府引從。次三卿，並騎，吏四人，鈴下二人，執馬鞭辟車六人，執方扇羽林十人，朱衣。次領軍將軍，中道。鹵簿左右各二行，九尺楯在外，弓矢在內，鼓吹如護軍。次後軍將軍在左，右軍將軍在右，各鹵簿鼓吹如左軍、前軍。次越騎校尉在左，屯騎校尉在右，各鹵簿鼓吹如步兵、射聲。次領、護、驍騎、遊擊校尉，皆騎，吏四人，乘馬夾道，都督兵曹各一人，乘馬在中。騎將軍四人，騎校、钉角、金鼓、鈴下、信幡、軍校並駕一。功曹史、主簿並騎從。繖扇幢麾各一騎，鼓吹一部，七騎。次領護軍，加大車斧，五官掾騎從。次騎十隊，隊各五十匹。將一人，持幢一人，持钉一人，並騎在前，督戰伯長各一人，並騎在後，羽林騎督、幽州突騎督分領之。郎簿十隊，隊各五十人，絳袍將一人，騎、钉角各一人，在前；督戰伯長一人，步，在後。騎皆持槊。次大戟一隊，九尺楯一隊，刀楯一隊，弓一隊，弩一隊，五隊隊各五十人。黑蔥褶將一人，騎校、钉角各一人，步，在前；督戰伯長各一人，步，在後。金顏督將並領之。其屬車，因後漢制。復制御衣、御書、御軺、御藥等車，駕牛。陽燧四望繐窗皁輪小形車。 |
| Under the Jin system, the grand procession's halulu (ceremonial order) included: first came the elephant carriage; one drum and music unit with thirteen people, proceeding down the central road. Next came the Jingu Ling (official in charge of silence), one carriage, also on the central road. Two Shidao Hou officials, one carriage each, arranged to the left and right sides. Next came two Luoyang Wei (Luoyang magistrates), on horseback, also arranged to the left and right. Next came nine Luoyang Tingzhang (Luoyang town officials), in red carriages, one carriage each; they were arranged along three roads, with two drum and music performers leading them. Next came the Luoyang Ling (Luoyang magistrate), in a black carriage, one carriage on the central road. Next came the Zhongbu Yuan of Henan, proceeding down the central road. (Note: "Zhongbu Yuan" is translated as a general term for an official post; if more context were available, it could be further specified.) The Heqiao Yuan was to the left, and the Gongcao Shi was to the right; both rode in one carriage. Next came the Governor of Henan, with a four-horse carriage and six halberd-bearing officials. Next came the Zhubu (clerk) of Henan, one carriage on the central road. Next came the Zhujì (record-keeper) of Henan, in a single carriage, proceeding down the central route. Next came the Sili Bu Henan Congshi (Henan subordinate official under the Office of the Imperial Censor), on the central road. The Dubei Congshi was to the left, and Biejia Congshi to the right; both in one carriage. Next came the Sili Jiao Wei (Imperial Censorate Officer), with a three-horse carriage and six halberdy-bearing officials. Next came the Zhubu of Sili, in one carriage on the central road. Next came the Zhiji of Sili, in a single carriage on the central road. Next came the Mingfa Yuan (Legal Officer) of Tingwei, proceeding down the central route. The Wuguan Yuan was to the left and the Gongcao Shi to the right; both were in one carriage. Next came the Tingwei Qing (Minister of Justice), with a four-horse carriage, accompanied by six halberd-bearers. Next came the Zhubu and Zhiji (clerk and record-keeper) of Tingwei, both in one carriage to the left. The Tai Pu followed with an escort similar to that of the Tingwei, proceeding on the central road. The Zongzheng was escorted in a manner similar to the Tingwei, but proceeded on the right side. Next came the Taichang (Minister of Ceremonies), with a four-horse carriage on the central road, accompanied by six halberdy-bearers. The Wai Bu Yuan of Taichang was to the left; the Wuguan Yuan and Gongcao Shi were to the right, all in one carriage. Next came the Guanglu (Ministry of Ceremonial) officials leading the procession, proceeding down the central road. The Zhubu and Zhijì of Taichang were on the left side, while the Weiyi officers leading the procession were on the right side, all together in a single carriage. Next came the Waiduling Shi (external supervisor and clerk) of Taiwei, with one carriage on the central road. Next came officials from various departments such as the West Office, East Office, Zai Cao (Office of Criminal Affairs), Cang Cao (Grain Department), and Hu Cao (Household Department); all rode in a single carriage with an escort. Next came the Taiwei, riding in a four-horse carriage down the central road. The Taiwei had one Zhubu (clerk), one Shiren, and two Jiujiu officials; all rode together in a single carriage to the left and right. Next came the Situ (Minister of Works) with an escort, riding in a four-horse vehicle on the central road. Next came the Sikong (Minister of Public Works), followed by his escort, traveling in a four-horse carriage along the central route. Each of the Three Dukes (San Gong) was accompanied by eight horsemen, eight halberd-bearers, and one drum-and-music unit with seven members. Next came the Zhong Hujun (Central Military Commander), proceeding on the central road in a four-horse carriage. The halulu procession had two rows to the left and right, with halberds and shields on the outside and bows and arrows on the inside; one drum-and-music unit of seven people. Next came the Bubing Jiao Wei to the left and Changshui Jiao Wei to the right, both riding in one carriage. Each had two rows on the left and right of their halulu procession, with halberds and large shields outside, and swords and small shields inside; each had one drum-and-music unit consisting of seven people. Next came the She Sheng Jiao Wei on the left and Yi Jun Jiao Wei on the right, both in a single carriage. Each had two rows to their left and right in the halulu procession, with halberd-shields on the outside and sword-shields on the inside; each was accompanied by one drum-and-music ensemble of seven people. Next came the Xiaoqi Jiangjun on the left and Youyi Jiangjun on the right, both traveling in a single carriage. Both had halulu processions with two rows on the left and right, halberd-shields outside, sword-shields inside, each accompanied by one drum-and-musical unit of seven people. The cavalry units: five on the left and five on the right, each unit consisting of fifty horses; two Zhongdu officials were assigned to command the left and right sides respectively. Each had two halberd-bearers; banners, flags, and signal drums were positioned at the front of each unit. Next came the Zuojun Jiangjun on the left side and Qianjun Jiangjun on the right side, both in a single carriage. Both had halulu processions arranged with two rows on each left and right side, halberd-shields placed outside, sword-shields positioned inside, and each was accompanied by a separate drum-and-music unit of seven members. Next came the Huangmen Huiqi (Yellow Gate banner riders), proceeding down the central road. Next came the front drum-and-music section of Huangmen, with one unit on each left and right side; thirteen people in total, riding in a four-horse-drawn carriage. The eight Jiao Wei officials assisted in the ceremonial guard formation, arranged with four rows on each left and right; from outside inward: large halberd-shields, then nine-foot shields, followed by bows and arrows, then crossbows. All were supervised by Xiongqu and Cfei officers. Next came the Sinan carriage (south-pointing chariot), drawn by four horses, proceeding down the central road. The Hujia Yushi (procession-attending Censor) rode on horseback, positioned to both sides. Next came the Yezhe Puye, riding in a four-horse drawn carriage down the central road. Next came the Zhongcheng of the Yushi (Deputy Chief Censor), traveling in one carriage on the central route. Next came the Wuben Zhonglang Jiang, riding down the central road. Next came the Jiuyou carriage, proceeding on the central route; Wu Gang carriages were arranged to both left and right sides, all drawn by four-horse teams. Next came the Yunhan carriage, drawn by four horses on the central road. Next came the Haiji carriage, drawn by four horses and proceeding down the central road; long halberds were slanted backward. Next came the Pi Xuan carriage, drawn by four horses along the central route. Next came the Luanqi carriage on the central road; Jianhua carriages were arranged to the left and right, all drawn by four-horse carriages. Next came three Hujia Shangshu Lang (attending Secretaries of State); the Du Guan Lang was on the central road, with the Jibu to the left and Zhongbing to the right—all riding on horseback. There was also one Hujia Shangshulang, who rode a horse and supervised the front and rear without fixed position. Next came Xiangfeng (wind vane), proceeding down the central road. Next came Sima Du, positioned ahead on the central road. On each left and right side were three Sima Shi (officers) leading the ceremonial formation; arranged in six rows on both sides, with two rows of large halberd-shields at the outside, followed by nine-foot shields, then sword-shields, bows and arrows, and crossbows. Next came the Wushi carriage; on both left and right sides were mounted guards for protection. Next came Dianbing Zhonglang, proceeding down the central road, supervising the advance and retreat without fixed position. To the left was the Zuo Dianzhong Yushi (Left Palace Censor), to the right was the You Dianzhong Jian (Right Palace Director), both riding on horseback. Next came Gaogai, proceeding down the central road; to its left was Bei and to its right was Han. Next came Yushi (Censors), proceeding along the central road, with four Jielang officers on each left and right side. Next came Huagai, proceeding down the central path. Next came Dianzhong Sima, proceeding along the central road. Dianzhong Duwei was on the left, and Dianzhong Jiao Wei on the right. On each side were four rows; one row of fine shields was placed inside the crossbow formation. Additionally, there was a single row of Dianzhong Sima officers, followed by a row of Dianzhong Duwei and another row of Dianzhong Jiaowei. Next came the Zhaogu (imperial drum), proceeding down the central road. Next came the Jin Gen carriage, drawn by six horses along the central road. The Taifu Qing (Minister of the Imperial Stables) drove the carriage, and the Da Jiangjun rode as a passenger on its side. On both left and right sides, three additional rows were added, making nine rows in total. Nine Sima Shi officers led the formation: two rows of large halberd shields, one row of nine-foot shields, one row of sword shields, one row of Youji (archers), one row of fine crossbows, one row of bird-trapping weapons, one row of hammers and axes, and one row of strongmen with sword shields. Connected rows of fine shields, Dianzhong Sima (Palace Cavalry Officers), Dianzhong Duwei (Palace Commanders), and Dianzhong Jiaoweu (Palace Subcommanders) formed thirteen rows on each left and right side. The Jin Gen carriage bore twelve green banners with tassels; on its left and right were mounted generals. Dianzhong Jiangjun (Palace Generals) held chiseling axes, flanking the carriage. Behind it walked officials in charge of imperial documents, forming six rows, combining both sides into a total of thirty-two rows. Next came Quhuagai (Curved Imperial Canopy), proceeding down the central road. Shizhong, Sanqi Changshi, and Huangmen Shilang all rode on horseback, dividing into left and right sides. Next came the Huangyue carriage, drawn by one horse, positioned to the left; on the right were mounted officers bearing imperial banners. Next came Xiangfeng, proceeding down the central road. Next came Zhongshu Jian riding on the left and Mishu Jian riding on the right. Next, Dianzhong Yushi rode to the left, while Dianzhong Jian rode to the right. Next came Wuniu Qi (Five Ox Banners), with green on the left, yellow in the center, and white and black on the right. Next came the Da Nian (Grand Palanquin), proceeding down the central road. Taiguan Lingcheng were on the left, and Taiyi Lingcheng on the right. Note: "Lingcheng" is a combined term for "Ling" (Director) and "Cheng" (Deputy Director). Next came the Jin Gen carriage drawn by four horses, without a banner. Next came Qingli Che, followed by Qingan Che; then Chilli Che and Chi'an Che; Huangli Che and Huang'an Che; Baili Che and Bai'an Che; Heili Che and Heian Che. Altogether ten carriages, all drawn by four horses each. Twelve banners with tassels were raised, matching the color of the carriage. The Li Che (upright carriages) bore upright flags, while the An Che (resting carriages) had their banners slanted and trailing behind. Next came the Ta Zhu carriage, drawn by four horses on the central road without a flag. Next came the Genggen carriage, drawn by four horses down the central road with twelve red banners bearing tassels. Xiongqu Du was on the left and Cifei Du on the right for supervision. Next came the Yu Xiao carriage, followed by the Yu Siwang carriage, then the Yu Yi carriage, the Yu Shu carriage, and finally the Yu Yao carriage; all were drawn by oxen along the central road. Next came Shangshu Ling on the left and Shangshu Puye on the right, followed by six Shangshu Lang officers divided into left and right sides; all were drawn by a single horse. Also, two Zhishu Shiyushi officers were stationed on the left and right; likewise, two Shiyushi (Censorial Officers) were divided into left and right. Additionally, Lantai Ling Shi officers were also arranged to the left and right—all riding on horseback. Next came the Bao Wei carriage, drawn by a single horse. From behind the Bao Wei carriage onward, the entire ceremonial procession ended. Twenty divine crossbows were placed along both sides of the road, extending to the rear drum and music section. For every five crossbows, one general was stationed; there were two generals on each left and right side. Next came twenty light carriages, divided into left and right sections with horses. Next were sixty Liusu horses. Next came the Jin Yue carriage, drawn by three horses along the central road. On both left and right were Hujia Shangshulan (attending Secretaries) and Ling Shi (officers), all riding on horseback, one person each. Next came the Jinzheng carriage, drawn by three horses down the central road. On both left and right were Huijia Shiyushi (attending Censors) and Ling Shi, all riding on horseback; one person each. Next came the Huangmen Rear Drum and Music Section, with thirteen people on each left and right side. Next came the Ji Gu carriage, drawn by oxen; two carriages in total, divided into left and right positions. Next came the Left Dahanlu Wai Bu Yuan on the left, while on the right were You Guan Juan and Gongcao Shi; all drawn by a single horse. Next came Dahanlu, drawn by four horses with six Yue Li (officers bearing halberds). Next came the Dasi Nong Yincong (attending official of the Ministry of Agriculture), proceeding down the central road; on the left were the Dahanlu Zhubu and Zhujì officers, while on the 右 side was the Shaofu Yincong. Next came the three Qing (ministers), all riding on horseback: four officers, two bell attendants, six men holding reins to clear the way for carriages, ten Yu Lin soldiers holding square fans, all dressed in red robes. Next came Lingjun Jiangjun, proceeding down the central road. The Lu Bu (ceremonial procession) had two rows on each left and right; nine-foot shields were placed outside, with bows and arrows inside. The drum and music followed the pattern of the Hujun (guard forces). Next came Houjun Jiangjun on the left and Youjun Jiangjun on the right, each with a Lu Bu (ceremonial escort) and drum music as in the Zuojun and Qianjun formations. Next came Yueqi Jiaowei on the left and Tunqi Jiaowei on the right, each accompanied by a Lu Bu (ceremonial formation) and drum music similar to that of the infantry and She Sheng troops. Next came Ling, Hu, Xiaoqi, and Youyi Jiaowei officers—all riding on horseback with four attendants each. They rode along both sides of the road; one Du Du Bingcao officer from each unit also rode a horse in the center. Four mounted generals, along with officers of Qi Xiao, Dingjiao, Jinggu (drum and gong), Lingxia, Xinfan, and Junxiao—all rode on single-horse carriages. Gongcao Shi and Zhubu officers all rode in attendance. One rider each for the parasol, fan, standard, and banner; one drum and music unit with seven riders. Next came Linghu Jun (commanding general), carrying a large carriage axe, followed by Youguan Yuan officers on horseback. Next were ten mounted squads, each consisting of fifty horses. One general, one officer holding the standard, and one officer holding a Ding (a type of weapon) all rode at the front. One Du Zhan Bo Chang (commander in charge of battle coordination) each also rode at the rear. The Yu Lin Qi Du (mounted commander of the Yu Lin troops) and Youzhou Tujidu (commander of the Youzhou cavalry) were responsible for overseeing them. Ten squads of Langbu, each with fifty men; one general in crimson robes rode at the front, accompanied by one officer on horseback and another holding a Dingjiao (a type of signal device). One Du Zhan Bo Chang officer walked behind. All the mounted soldiers carried spears. Next came one squad of large halberds, one squad of nine-foot shields, one squad of sword-shields, one squad with bows, and one squad with crossbows; each of the five squads had fifty men. One general in Heiceng Zhe (black tunic) led from the front, accompanied by one Qi Xiao officer and one Dingjiao officer on foot. Each had one Du Zhan Bo Chang commander walking behind. Jinyan Dujiang was in overall command of them. Its Shu Che (attendant carriages) followed the system established during the Later Han dynasty. Replicate the Yu Yi, Yu Shu, Yu Xiao, and Yu Yao carriages, drawn by oxen. Yangsui Siwang Chuchuang Zao Lun Xiaoxing Che. | ||
| 6 | 鹵簿: | 東晉屬車，五乘而已。加綠油幢，朱絲絡飾青交路，黃金塗五末，其輪轂猶素，兩箱無金錦之飾，其一車又是軺車。舊儀，天子所乘駕六。太興中，屬車唯九乘，苻堅敗，又得偽車輦，增為十二乘。 |
| During the Eastern Jin dynasty, there were only five Shu Che (attendant) carriages. They added green oil-covered standards, with red silk netting and blue crossbars decorated in gold. The five ends were gilded; however, the wheel hubs remained plain, without golden brocade decorations on either side of the carriage body. One of these carriages was also a Xiao Che (light carriage). According to old rituals, the emperor's personal carriage was drawn by six horses. In the Taixing period, there were only nine Shu Che carriages; after Fu Jian's defeat, more false carriages and palanquins were acquired, increasing their number to twelve. | ||
| 7 | 鹵簿: | 宋孝建中，尚書令建平王宏議：「屬車起秦八十一乘及三十六乘，並不出經典，自胡廣、蔡邕傳說耳。又是從官所乘，非常副車正數。江左五乘，則儉不中禮。帝王文物旗旒，皆十二為節。今宜依禮十二乘為制。」 |
| During the Xiaojian period of the Song dynasty, Shangshu Ling Jianping Wang Hong proposed: "The practice of having either eighty-one or thirty-six Shu Che carriages originated in the Qin dynasty and is not found in classical texts; it comes only from the accounts of Hu Guang and Cai Yong. Moreover, these were carriages used by attending officials, not part of the regular or official count of the emperor's main vehicles. Five carriages in Jiangzuo are too frugal and do not conform to proper ritual standards. The ceremonial objects, banners, and tassels of emperors all followed the standard of twelve as a unit. Therefore, it is now appropriate to follow ritual standards by establishing twelve carriages as the official regulation." | ||
| 8 | 鹵簿: | 後魏道武帝天興二年，命禮官采古法，制三駕鹵簿。一曰大駕，設五輅，建太常，屬車八十一乘。平城令、代尹、司隸校尉、丞相奉引，太尉陪乘，太僕御從。輕車介士，千乘萬騎，魚麗鴈行。前驅皮軒、闟戟、芝蓋、雲罕、指南；後殿豹尾。鳴笳唱，上下作鼓吹。軍戎、大祠則設之。二曰法駕，屬車三十六乘。平城令、代尹、太尉奉引，侍中陪乘，奉車都尉御。巡狩、小祠則設之。三曰小駕，屬車十二乘。平城令、太僕奉引，常侍陪乘，奉車郎御。遊宴離宮則設之。 |
| In the second year of Tianxing reign, Emperor Daowu of the Later Wei ordered ritual officials to adopt ancient methods and establish a three-horse Lu Bu (ceremonial) procession. The first was Da Jia, which featured five Lu carriages, the Taichang banner, and eighty-one Shu Che attendant carriages. Pingcheng Ling (the city magistrate of Pingcheng), Dai Yin, Sili Jiaowei, and Chengxiang Fengyin led the procession; Taiwei accompanied on the carriage side, while Taifu Yucong followed as attendants. Light carriages and armored soldiers, thousands of carriages and tens of thousands of mounted troops, arranged in the Yu Li and Yan Xing formations. Leading the procession were Pi Xuan (leather-roofed carriages), Xia Ji (halberd bearers), Zhi Gai, Yun Han, and Zhinan (compass). At the rear was Bao Wei (tiger tail formation) for protection. Trumpets sounded, and drums and music were played both above and below. Such arrangements were set up for military campaigns or major religious ceremonies. The second was Fa Jia, with thirty-six Shu Che attendant carriages. Pingcheng Ling, Dai Yin, and Taiwei led the procession; Shizhong accompanied on the carriage side; Fengche Duwei drove. This formation was used for imperial tours or minor religious ceremonies. The third was Xiao Jia, with twelve Shu Che attendant carriages. Pingcheng Ling and Taifu led the procession; Changshi accompanied on the carriage side, and Fengche Lang drove. This formation was used for banquets or visits to palaces outside the capital. | ||
| 9 | 鹵簿: | 天賜二年初，改大駕魚麗鴈行，更為方陣鹵簿。列步騎，內外為四重，列標建旌，通門四達，五色車旗，各處其方。諸王導從在甲騎內，公在幢內，侯在步槊內，子在刀楯內，五品朝臣夾列乘輿前兩箱，官卑者先引。王公侯子車後魏制除伯男爵。旒麾蓋信幡及散官恳服，一皆絳黑。 |
| In the first year of Tiangci (921), the Da Jia Yu Li Yan Xing formation for grand processions was changed to a square formation in the Lu Bu ceremonial order. Foot soldiers and cavalry were arranged, forming four ranks inside and outside; standards and banners were raised, gates opened in all directions, and five-colored carriage flags were placed according to their respective positions. The various kings and their attendants were positioned within the armored cavalry; dukes were inside the standard-bearing units, marquises among the infantry with spears, viscounts within the sword-and-shield formations. Fifth-rank court officials stood in two rows on either side of the imperial carriage, while lower-ranking officials led the way first. The carriages for kings, dukes, marquises, and viscounts the Later Wei system excluded the ranks of Bo and Nan. The streamers, banners, canopies, and standard flags, as well as the ceremonial robes for officials without fixed posts, were all crimson and black. | ||
| 10 | 鹵簿: | 隋煬帝大業初，復備大駕，屬車備八十一乘，並如犢車，紫通幰，朱絲絡，黃金飾，駕一牛。在鹵簿中，單行正道。後帝嫌多，大駕減為三十六乘，法駕宜用十二，小駕除之可也。 |
| At the beginning of the Daye era under Emperor Yang of Sui, the grand procession was restored. The Shu Che attendant carriages totaled eighty-one, all resembling ox-drawn carts with purple canopies, crimson silk netting, golden decorations, and each drawn by a single ox. Within the Lu Bu procession, they traveled in a single file along the central road. Later emperors found this excessive; thus, the Da Jia formation was reduced to thirty-six carriages. The Fa Jia should use twelve, and the Xiao Jia could be abolished altogether. | ||
| 11 | 鹵簿: | 大唐大駕屬車十二乘，大駕行幸，則分前後施於鹵簿之內。若大陳設，則分左右施於衛內。其鹵簿制，具開元禮。 |
| Under the Da Tang dynasty, the Da Jia Shu Che consisted of twelve carriages. When a grand procession was held for an imperial visit, these carriages were arranged in front and behind within the Lu Bu formation. If a large-scale arrangement was required, they would be deployed to the left and right sides within the imperial guard formations. The detailed regulations for the Lu Bu ceremony are recorded in Kaiyuan Li (the Rites of Kaiyuan). |
URN: ctp:tongdian/66