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Scope: 禹貢錐指
Condition : Contains text 「趵」
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禹貢錐指卷11

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《詩大雅》「觱沸檻泉,維其深矣」。《傳》雲:檻泉,正出涌出也。李巡注《爾雅》曰:水泉從下上山曰湧泉。《春秋》《公羊傳》:昭公五年,叔弓帥師敗莒師於濆泉。濆泉者,直泉也。直泉者,湧泉也。此皆水之軼出地中,而無上流來處者,阿井、突其類也。又有一切證,《爾雅》:瀵大出尾下。注云:今河東汾陰縣有水口,如車輪許,濆沸湧出,其深無限,名之曰瀵。馮翊郃陽縣復有瀵亦如之,相去數里而夾河,河中渚上又有一瀵,瀵原皆潛相通,在汾陰者,人壅其流以為陂種稻,呼其本出處為瀵魁此是也。尾,猶底也。愚按:三瀵地下潛通,隨竇湧出正與濟水相似,如謂濟之溢為滎者,截河而南,穴地而出,然則汾陰之瀵,亦自河水中穴地而溢為渚上之瀵,渚上之瀵,複自河水中穴地而溢為郃陽之瀵邪。此理甚明,不待智者而後曉也。觀汾陰陂其瀵以溉稻田,更可悟滎澤停流不接陶丘之義。
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溢者自中而滿,無上源亦無下流,頗與阿井相似。出者自下而湧,源在地中,流在地上,如突泉之流而為濼水,濟自此不更伏矣。二字大有精義。說者乃謂河水盛滿,南溢為滎,而山猶經過之謂,如某將軍出某道之出,不亦謬乎。
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濟水有三伏三見之說,或謂出於近世之俗學,殊不可信。王綱振云:如時以東流為濟,溢為滎為見。則瀁東流為漢,彙為彭蠡,亦可為見乎。又若以入於河為伏,則渭入于河,洛入于河,亦可為伏乎。況《經》明言浮於濟、漯,達于河。河、濟本通,而此曰流、曰溢、曰入、曰出、曰至、曰會,亦並無間斷,不知三伏三見何據。但沿襲既久,為之曲解,非本注也。渭按:伏見之說,二孔無之。然有所自來:泰澤一伏,東丘一見,本《水經注》;武德入河再伏,滎陽軼出再見,本《地理誌》;漿東又洑,為三伏,出曹、濮間,為三見,本《唐書》《許敬宗傳》。此豈創自近世,但以入河為伏,義有未安耳。滎澤自周以前,已導為滎川,與陶丘復出之濟相接。故《漢志》於「軼出滎陽地中」下,即繼之曰「又東至琅槐入海」,而定陶縣下亦止云「《禹貢》陶丘在西南」,不引東出之文。蓋三見之跡,不可得見久矣。鴻溝既開,滎瀆為濁河所亂,陶丘之竇,日就填淤,而滎澤之澄泓如故。其後滎澤亦塞,則河南由是無濟水,而再見之跡亦亡。《水經》以河、濟合流,分入滎瀆者為濟水,京相璠之出河之濟,酈道元宗之,而班固之所謂「軼出地中」者,絕口不談矣。或以為河中截流而過,或以為河底穴地而來,或以為河、濟相亂,南出還清,或以為適會河滿,溢出南岸,各持所見,終非定論。餘竊謂河南之濟,即奮自河南之地中,未必與入河之濟為一脈。譬如人之鼻息,總出丹田氣海中,呼者豈必其吸者之複出邪。沈括云:歷下凡發地皆是流水,世傳濟水經過其下,東阿之井乃濟水所為信。曾鞏云:泰山諸谷之水,自渴馬崖潛流地中,至歷城西複出為突,旁溢十數泉。《蔡傳》引以證濟之伏見、重源、顯發,所在多有。《元和誌》云:鄭州管城縣,京水出縣南平地。新鄭縣,溱水出縣西北三十里平地。二處並在向南,密邇滎澤,尤為明驗。蓋濟瀆所經之地,其下皆有伏流,遇空竇即便湧出。故一見於滎澤,再見於陶丘,不必以入河之濟為上源,亦不必並泰澤、東丘數之為三伏三見也。草廬之說,雖聖人複作,無以易之矣。

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