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志第四十六 選舉二

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科目者,沿唐、宋之舊,而稍變其試士之法,專取四子書及《易》、《書》、《詩》、《春秋》、《禮記》五經命題試士。蓋太祖與劉基所定。其文略仿宋經義,然代古人語氣為之,體用排偶,謂之八股,通謂之制義。三年大比,以諸生試之直省,曰鄉試。中式者為舉人。次年,以舉人試之京師,曰會試。中式者,天子親策於廷,曰廷試,亦曰殿試。分一、二、三甲以為名第之次。一甲止三人,曰狀元、榜眼、探花,賜進士及第。二甲若干人,賜進士出身。三甲若干人,賜同進士出身。狀元、榜眼、探花之名,制所定也。而士大夫又通以鄉試第一為解元,會試第一為會元,二、三甲第一為傳臚云。子、午、卯、酉年鄉試,辰、戌、丑、未年會試。鄉試以八月,會試以二月,皆初九日為第一場,又三日為第二場,又三日為第三場。初設科舉時,初場試經義二道,《四書》義一道;二場論一道;三場策一道。中式後十日,復以騎、射、書、算、律五事試之。後頒科舉定式,初場試《四書》義三道,經義四道。《四書》主朱子《集註》,《易》主程《傳》、朱子《本義》,《書》主蔡氏傳及古註疏,《詩》主朱子《集傳》,《春秋》主左氏、公羊、穀梁三傳及胡安國、張洽傳,《禮記》主古註疏。永樂間,頒《四書五經大全》,廢註疏不用。其後,《春秋》亦不用張洽傳,禮記止用陳《集說》。二場試論一道,判五道,詔、誥、表、內科一道。三場試經史時務策五道。

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