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达生之情者，不务生之所无以为；达命之情者，不务知之所无奈何。养形必先之以物，物有馀而形不养者有之矣；有生必先无离形，形不离而生亡者有之矣。生之来不能却，其去不能止。悲夫！世之人以为养形足以存生，而养形果不足以存生，则世奚足为哉！虽不足为而不可不为者，其为不免矣。 |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
He who understands the conditions of Life does not strive after what is of no use to life; and he who understands the conditions of Destiny does not strive after what is beyond the reach of knowledge. In nourishing the body it is necessary to have beforehand the things (appropriate to its support); but there are cases where there is a superabundance of such things, and yet the body is not nourished. In order to have life it is necessary that it do not have left the body; but there are cases when the body has not been left by it, and yet the life has perished. When life comes, it cannot be declined; when it goes, it cannot be detained. Alas! the men of the world think that to nourish the body is sufficient to preserve life; and when such nourishment is not sufficient to preserve the life, what can be done in the world that will be sufficient? Though (all that men can do) will be insufficient, yet there are things which they feel they ought to do, and they do not try to avoid doing them. |
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夫欲免为形者，莫如弃世。弃世则无累，无累则正平，正平则与彼更生，更生则几矣。事奚足弃而生奚足遗？弃事则形不劳，遗生则精不亏。夫形全精复，与天为一。天地者，万物之父母也，合则成体，散则成始。形精不亏，是谓能移；精而又精，反以相天。 |
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For those who wish to avoid caring for the body, their best plan is to abandon the world. Abandoning the world, they are free from its entanglements. Free from its entanglements, their (minds) are correct and their (temperament) is equable. Thus correct and equable, they succeed in securing a renewal of life, as some have done. In securing a renewal of life, they are not far from the True (Secret of their being). But how is it sufficient to abandon worldly affairs? and how is it sufficient to forget the (business of) life? Through the renouncing of (worldly) affairs, the body has no more toil; through forgetting the (business of) life, the vital power suffers no diminution. When the body is completed and the vital power is restored (to its original vigour), the man is one with Heaven. Heaven and Earth are the father and mother of all things. It is by their union that the body is formed; it is by their separation that a (new) beginning is brought about. When the body and vital power suffer no diminution, we have what may be called the transference of power. From the vital force there comes another more vital, and man returns to be the assistant of Heaven. |
| | 达生: |
子列子问关尹曰：“至人潜行不窒，蹈火不热，行乎万物之上而不栗。请问何以至于此？”关尹曰：“是纯气之守也，非知巧果敢之列。居！吾语女。凡有貌象声色者，皆物也，物与物何以相远？夫奚足以至乎先？是色而已。则物之造乎不形，而止乎无所化，夫得是而穷之者，物焉得而止焉！彼将处乎不淫之度，而藏乎无端之纪，游乎万物之所终始，壹其性，养其气，合其德，以通乎物之所造。夫若是者，其天守全，其神无郤，物奚自入焉！夫醉者之坠车，虽疾不死。骨节与人同，而犯害与人异，其神全也，乘亦不知也，坠亦不知也，死生惊惧不入乎其胷中，是故遻物而不慑。彼得全于酒而犹若是，而况得全于天乎！圣人藏于天，故莫之能伤也。”复雠者不折镆、干，虽有忮心者不怨飘瓦，是以天下平均。故无攻战之乱，无杀戮之刑者，由此道也。不开人之天，而开天之天，开天者德生，开人者贼生。不厌其天，不忽于人，民几乎以其真。 |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
My master Liezi asked Yin, (the warden) of the gate, saying, 'The perfect man walks under water without encountering any obstruction, treads on fire without being burned, and walks on high above all things without any fear; let me ask how he attains to do this?' The warden Yin replied, 'It is by his keeping of the pure breath (of life); it is not to be described as an achievement of his skill or daring. Sit down, and I will explain it to you. Whatever has form, semblance, sound, and colour is a thing; how can one thing come to be different from another? But it is not competent for any of these things to reach to what preceded them all - they are but (form and) visibility. But (the perfect man) attains to be (as it were) without form, and beyond the capability of being transformed. Now when one attains to this and carries it out to the highest degree, how can other things come into his way to stop him? He will occupy the place assigned to him without going beyond it, and lie concealed in the clue which has no end. He will study with delight the process which gives their beginning and ending to all things. By gathering his nature into a unity, by nourishing his vital power, by concentrating his virtue, he will penetrate to the making of things. In this condition, with his heavenly constitution kept entire, and with no crevice in his spirit, how can things enter (and disturb his serenity)?
'Take the case of a drunken man falling from his carriage - though he may suffer injury, he will not die. His bones and joints are the same as those of other men, but the injury which he receives is different: his spirit is entire. He knew nothing about his getting into the carriage, and knew nothing about his falling from it. The thought of death or life, or of any alarm or affright, does not enter his breast; and therefore he encounters danger without any shrinking from it. Completely under the influence of the liquor he has drunk, it is thus with him - how much more would it be so, if he were under the influence of his Heavenly constitution! The sagely man is kept hid in his Heavenly constitution, and therefore nothing can injure him.
'A man in the pursuit of vengeance would not break the (sword) Mo-yu or Gan-jiang (which had done the deed); nor would one, however easily made wrathful, wreak his resentment on the fallen brick. In this way all under heaven there would be peace, without the disorder of assaults and fighting, without the punishments of death and slaughter: such would be the issue of the course (which I have described). If the disposition that is of human origin be not developed, but that which is the gift of Heaven, the development of the latter will produce goodness, while that of the former would produce hurt. If the latter were not wearied of, and the former not slighted, the people would be brought nearly to their True nature.' |
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仲尼适楚，出于林中，见痀偻者承蜩，犹掇之也。仲尼曰：“子巧乎？有道邪？”曰：“我有道也。五六月累丸，二而不坠，则失者锱铢；累三而不坠，则失者十一；累五而不坠，犹掇之也。吾处身也若厥株拘，吾执臂也若槁木之枝，虽天地之大，万物之多，而唯蜩翼之知。吾不反不侧，不以万物易蜩之翼，何为而不得！”孔子顾谓弟子曰：“用志不分，乃凝于神，其痀偻丈人之谓乎！” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
When Zhongni was on his way to Chu, as he issued from a forest, he saw a hunchback receiving cicadas (on the point of a rod), as if he were picking them up with his hand. 'You are clever!' said he to the man. 'Is there any method in it?' The hunchback replied, 'There is. For five or six months, I practised with two pellets, till they never fell down, and then I only failed with a small fraction of the cicadas (which I tried to catch). Having succeeded in the same way with three (pellets), I missed only one cicada in ten. Having succeeded with five, I caught the cicadas as if I were gathering them. My body is to me no more than the stump of a broken trunk, and my shoulder no more than the branch of a rotten tree. Great as heaven and earth are, and multitudinous as things are, I take no notice of them, but only of the wings of my cicadas; neither turning nor inclining to one side. I would not for them all exchange the wings of my cicadas - how should I not succeed in taking them?' Confucius looked round, and said to his disciples, '"Where the will is not diverted from its object, the spirit is concentrated" - this might have been spoken of this hunchback gentleman.' |
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颜渊问仲尼曰：“吾尝济乎觞深之渊，津人操舟若神。吾问焉，曰：‘操舟可学邪？’曰：‘可。善游者数能。若乃夫没人，则未尝见舟而便操之也。’吾问焉而不吾告，敢问何谓也？”仲尼曰：“善游者数能，忘水也。若乃夫没人之未尝见舟而便操之也，彼视渊若陵，视舟之覆犹其车却也。覆却万方陈乎前而不得入其舍，恶往而不暇！以瓦注者巧，以钩注者惮，以黄金注者殙。其巧一也，而有所矜，则重外也。凡外重者内拙。” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
Yan Yuan asked Zhongni, saying, 'When I was crossing the gulf of Shang-shen, the ferryman handled the boat like a spirit. I asked him whether such management of a boat could be learned, and he replied, "It may. Good swimmers can learn it quickly; but as for divers, without having seen a boat, they can manage it at once." He did not directly tell me what I asked - I venture to ask you what he meant.' Zhongni replied, 'Good swimmers acquire the ability quickly - they forget the water (and its dangers). As to those who are able to dive, and without having seen a boat are able to manage it at once, they look on the watery gulf as if it were a hill-side, and the upsetting of a boat as the going back of a carriage. Such upsettings and goings back have occurred before them multitudes of times, and have not seriously affected their minds. Wherever they go, they feel at ease on their occurrence. He who is contending for a piece of earthenware puts forth all his skill. If the prize be a buckle of brass, he shoots timorously; if it be for an article of gold, he shoots as if he were blind. The skill of the archer is the same in all the cases; but (in the two latter cases) he is under the influence of solicitude, and looks on the external prize as most important. All who attach importance to what is external show stupidity in themselves.' |
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田开之见周威公。威公曰：“吾闻祝肾学生。吾子与祝肾游，亦何闻焉？”田开之曰：“开之操拔篲以倚门庭，亦何闻于夫子！”威公曰：“田子无让！寡人愿闻之。”开之曰：“闻之夫子曰：‘善养生者，若牧羊然，视其后者而鞭之。’”威公曰：“何谓也？”田开之曰：“鲁有单豹者，岩居而水饮，不与民共利，行年七十而犹有婴儿之色，不幸遇饿虎，饿虎杀而食之。有张毅者，高门、悬薄，无不走也，行年四十而有内热之病以死。豹养其内而虎食其外，毅养其外而病攻其内，此二子者，皆不鞭其后者也。” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
Tian Kai-zhi was having an interview with duke Wei Of Zhou, who said to him, 'I have heard that (your master) Zhu Shen has studied the subject of Life. What have you, good Sir, heard from him about it in your intercourse with him?' Tian Kai-zhi replied, 'In my waiting on him in the courtyard with my broom, what should I have heard from my master?' Duke Wei said, 'Do not put the question off, Mr. Tian; I wish to hear what you have to say.' Kai-zhi then replied, 'I have heard my master say that they who skilfully nourish their life are like shepherds, who whip up the sheep that they see lagging behind.' 'What did he mean?' asked the duke. The reply was, 'In Lu there was a Shan Bao, who lived among the rocks, and drank only water. He would not share with the people in their toils and the benefits springing from them; and though he was now in his seventieth year, he had still the complexion of a child. Unfortunately he encountered a hungry tiger, which killed and ate him. There was also a Zhang Yi, who hung up a screen at his lofty door, and to whom all the people hurried (to pay their respects). In his fortieth year, he fell ill of a fever and died. (Of these two men), Bao nourished his inner man, and a tiger ate his outer; while Yi nourished his outer man, and disease attacked his inner. Both of them neglected whipping up their lagging sheep.' |
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仲尼曰：“无入而藏，无出而阳，柴立其中央。三者若得，其名必极。夫畏涂者，十杀一人，则父子兄弟相戒也，必盛卒徒而后敢出焉，不亦知乎！人之所取畏者，衽席之上，饮食之间，而不知为之戒者，过也。” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
Zhongni said, 'A man should not retire and hide himself; he should not push forward and display himself; he should be like the decayed tree which stands in the centre of the ground. Where these three conditions are fulfilled, the name will reach its greatest height. When people fear the dangers of a path, if one man in ten be killed, then fathers and sons, elder brothers and younger, warn one another that they must not go out on a journey without a large number of retainers - and is it not a mark of wisdom to do so? But there are dangers which men incur on the mats of their beds, and in eating and drinking; and when no warning is given against them - is it not a mark of error?' |
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祝宗人玄端以临牢厕，说彘曰：“汝奚恶死？吾将三月豢汝，十日戒，三日齐，藉白茅，加汝肩尻乎雕俎之上，则汝为之乎？”为彘谋曰：“不如食以糠糟，而错之牢厕之中。”自为谋，则苟生有轩冕之尊，死得于腞、楯之上，聚偻之中，则为之。为彘谋则去之，自为谋则取之，所异彘者何也？ |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
The officer of Prayer in his dark and squarecut robes goes to the pig-pen, and thus counsels the pigs, 'Why should you shrink from dying? I will for three months feed you on grain. Then for ten days I will fast, and keep vigil for three days, after which I will put down the mats of white grass, and lay your shoulders and rumps on the carved stand; will not this suit you?' If he had spoken from the standpoint of the pigs, he would have said, 'The better plan will be to feed us with our bran and chaff, and leave us in our pen.' When consulting for himself, he preferred to enjoy, while he lived, his carriage and cap of office, and after death to be borne to the grave on the ornamented carriage, with the canopy over his coffin. Consulting for the pigs, he did not think of these things, but for himself he would have chosen them. Why did he think so differently (for himself and) for the pigs? |
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桓公田于泽，管仲御，见鬼焉。公抚管仲之手曰：“仲父何见？”对曰：“臣无所见。”公反，诶诒为病，数日不出。齐士有皇子告敖者曰：“公则自伤，鬼恶能伤公！夫忿滀之气，散而不反，则为不足；上而不下，则使人善怒；下而不上，则使人善忘；不上不下，中身当心，则为病。”桓公曰：“然则有鬼乎？”曰：“有。沈有履，灶有髻。户内之烦壤，雷霆处之；东北方之下者，倍阿、鲑蠪跃之；西北方之下者，则泆阳处之。水有罔象，丘有峷，山有夔，野有彷徨，泽有委蛇。”公曰：“请问委蛇之状何如？”皇子曰：“委蛇，其大如毂，其长如辕，紫衣而朱冠。其为物也恶，闻雷车之声，则捧其首而立。见之者殆乎霸。”桓公冁然而笑曰：“此寡人之所见者也。”于是正衣冠与之坐，不终日而不知病之去也。 |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
(Once), when duke Huan was hunting by a marsh, with Guan Zhong driving the carriage, he saw a ghost. Laying his hand on that of Guan Zhong, he said to him, 'Do you see anything, Father Zhong?' 'Your servant sees nothing,' was the reply. The duke then returned, talking incoherently and becoming ill, so that for several days he did not go out. Among the officers of Qi there was a Huang-zi Gao-ao, who said to the duke, 'Your Grace is injuring yourself; how could a ghost injure you? When a paroxysm of irritation is dispersed, and the breath does not return (to the body), what remains in the body is not sufficient for its wants. When it ascends and does not descend, the patient becomes accessible to gusts of anger. When it descends and does not ascend, he loses his memory of things. When it neither ascends nor descends, but remains about the heart in the centre of the body, it makes him ill.' The duke said, 'Yes, but are there ghostly sprites?' The officer replied, 'There are. About mountain tarns there is the lu; about furnaces, the Jie; about the dust-heaps inside the door, the Lei-ting. In low-lying places in the north-east, the Bei-a and Wa-long leap about, and in similar places in the north-west there dwells the Yi-yang. About rivers there is the Wang-xiang; about mounds, the Shen; about hills, the Kui; about wilds, the Fang-huang; about marshes, the Wei-tuo.' 'Let me ask what is the Wei-tuo like?' asked the duke. Huang-zi said, 'It is the size of the nave of a chariot wheel, and the length of the shaft. It wears a purple robe and a red cap. It dislikes the rumbling noise of chariot wheels, and, when it hears it, it puts both its hands to its head and stands up. He who sees it is likely to become the leader of all the other princes.' Duke Huan burst out laughing and said, 'This was what I saw.' On this he put his robes and cap to rights, and made Huang-zi sit with him. Before the day was done, his illness was quite gone, he knew not how. |
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纪渻子为王养斗鸡。十日而问：“鸡已乎？”曰：“未也。方虚憍而恃气。”十日又问。曰：“未也。犹应向景。”十日又问。曰：“未也。犹疾视而盛气。”十日又问。曰：“几矣。鸡虽有鸣者，已无变矣，望之似木鸡矣，其德全矣，异鸡无敢应者，反走矣。” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
Ji Xing-zi was rearing a fighting-cock for the king. Being asked after ten days if the bird were ready, he said, 'Not yet; he is still vain and quarrelsome, and relies on his own vigour.' Being asked the same after other ten days, he said, 'Not yet; he still responds to the crow and the appearance of another bird.' After ten days more, he replied, 'Not yet. He still looks angrily, and is full of spirit.' When a fourth ten days had passed, he replied to the question, 'Nearly so. Though another cock crows, it makes no change in him. To look at him, you would say he was a cock of wood. His quality is complete. No other cock will dare to meet him, but will run from him.' |
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孔子观于吕梁，县水三十仞，流沫四十里，鼋鼍鱼龞之所不能游也。见一丈夫游之，以为有苦而欲死也，使弟子并流而拯之。数百步而出，被发行歌而游于塘下。孔子从而问焉，曰：“吾以子为鬼，察子则人也。请问蹈水有道乎？”曰：“亡，吾无道。吾始乎故，长乎性，成乎命。与齐俱入，与汩偕出，从水之道而不为私焉。此吾所以蹈之也。”孔子曰：“何谓始乎故，长乎性，成乎命？”曰：“吾生于陵而安于陵，故也；长于水而安于水，性也；不知吾所以然而然，命也。” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
Confucius was looking at the cataract near the gorge of Lu, which fell a height of 240 cubits, and the spray of which floated a distance of forty li, (producing a turbulence) in which no tortoise, gavial, fish, or turtle could play. He saw, however, an old man swimming about in it, as if he had sustained some great calamity, and wished to end his life. Confucius made his disciples hasten along the stream to rescue the man; and by the time they had gone several hundred paces, he was walking along singing, with his hair dishevelled, and enjoying himself at the foot of the embankment. Confucius followed and asked him, saying, 'I thought you were a sprite; but, when I look closely at you, I see that you are a man. Let me ask if you have any particular way of treading the water.' The man said, 'No, I have no particular way. I began (to learn the art) at the very earliest time; as I grew up, it became my nature to practise it; and my success in it is now as sure as fate. I enter and go down with the water in the very centre of its whirl, and come up again with it when it whirls the other way. I follow the way of the water, and do nothing contrary to it of myself - this is how I tread it.' Confucius said, 'What do you mean by saying that you began to learn the art at the very earliest time; that as you grew up, it became your nature to practise it, and that your success in it now is as sure as fate?' The man replied, 'I was born among these hills and lived contented among them - that was why I say that I have trod this water from my earliest time. I grew up by it, and have been happy treading it - that is why I said that to tread it had become natural to me. I know not how I do it, and yet I do it - that is why I say that my success is as sure as fate.' |
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梓庆削木为鐻，鐻成，见者惊犹鬼神。鲁侯见而问焉，曰：“子何术以为焉？”对曰：“臣工人，何术之有！虽然，有一焉。臣将为鐻，未尝敢以耗气也，必齐以静心。齐三日，而不敢怀庆赏爵禄；齐五日，不敢怀非誉巧拙；齐七日，辄然忘吾有四枝形体也。当是时也，无公朝，其巧专而外骨消；然后入山林，观天性；形躯至矣，然后成见鐻，然后加手焉；不然则已。则以天合天，器之所以疑神者，其是与？” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
Qing, the Worker in Rottlera wood, carved a bell-stand, and when it was completed, all who saw it were astonished as if it were the work of spirits. The marquis of Lu went to see it, and asked by what art he had succeeded in producing it. 'Your subject is but a mechanic,' was the reply; 'what art should I be possessed of? Nevertheless, there is one thing (which I will mention). When your servant had undertaken to make the bell-stand, I did not venture to waste any of my power, and felt it necessary to fast in order to compose my mind. After fasting for three days, I did not presume to think of any congratulation, reward, rank, or emolument (which I might obtain by the execution of my task); after fasting five days, I did not presume to think of the condemnation or commendation (which it would produce), or of the skill or want of skill (which it might display). At the end of the seven days, I had forgotten all about myself - my four limbs and my whole person. By this time the thought of your Grace's court (for which I was to make the thing) had passed away; everything that could divert my mind from exclusive devotion to the exercise of my skill had disappeared. Then I went into the forest, and looked at the natural forms of the trees. When I saw one of a perfect form, then the figure of the bell-stand rose up to my view, and I applied my hand to the work. Had I not met with such a tree, I must have abandoned the object; but my Heaven-given faculty and the Heaven-given qualities of the wood were concentrated on it. So it was that my spirit was thus engaged in the production of the bell-stand.' |
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东野稷以御见庄公，进退中绳，左右旋中规。庄公以为文弗过也，使之钩百而反。颜阖遇之，入见曰：“稷之马将败。”公密而不应。少焉，果败而反。公曰：“子何以知之？”曰：“其马力竭矣，而犹求焉，故曰败。” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
Dong-ye Ji was introduced to duke Zhuang to exhibit his driving. His horses went forwards and backwards with the straightness of a line, and wheeled to the right and the left with the exactness of a circle. The duke thought that the lines and circles could not be surpassed if they were woven with silken strings, and told him to make a hundred circuits on the same lines. On the road Yan He met the equipage, and on entering (the palace), and seeing the duke, he said, 'Ji's horses will break down,' but the duke was silent, and gave him no reply. After a little the horses did come back, having broken down; and the duke then said, 'How did you know that it would be so?' Yan He said, 'The horses were exhausted, and he was still urging them on. It was this which made me say that they would break down.' |
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工倕旋而盖规矩，指与物化，而不以心稽，故其灵台一而不桎。忘足，履之适也；忘要，带之适也；知忘是非，心之适也；不内变，不外从，事会之适也。始乎适而未尝不适者，忘适之适也。 |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
The artisan Chui made things round (and square) more exactly than if he had used the circle and square. The operation of his fingers on (the forms of) things was like the transformations of them (in nature), and required no application of his mind; and so his Intelligence was entire and encountered no resistance. To be unthought of by the foot that wears it is the fitness of a shoe; to be unthought of by the waist is the fitness of a girdle. When one's wisdom does not think of the right or the wrong (of a question under discussion), that shows the suitability of the mind (for the question); when one is conscious of no inward change, or outward attraction, that shows the mastery of affairs. He who perceives at once the fitness, and never loses the sense of it, has the fitness that forgets all about what is fitting. |
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有孙休者，踵门而诧子扁庆子曰：“休居乡不见谓不修，临难不见谓不勇，然而田原不遇岁，事君不遇世，宾于乡里，逐于州部，则胡罪乎天哉？休恶遇此命也？”扁子曰：“子独不闻夫至人之自行邪？忘其肝胆，遗其耳目，芒然彷徨乎尘垢之外，逍遥乎无事之业，是谓‘为而不恃，长而不宰’。今汝饰知以惊愚，修身以明污，昭昭乎若揭日月而行也。汝得全而形躯，具而九窍，无中道夭于聋盲跛蹇而比于人数，亦幸矣，又何暇乎天之怨哉！子往矣！” |
| The Full Understanding of...: |
There was a Sun Xiu who went to the door of Zi-bian Qing-zi, and said to him in a strange perturbed way, 'When I lived in my village, no one took notice of me, but all said that I did not cultivate (my fields); in a time of trouble and attack, no one took notice of me, but all said that I had no courage. But that I did not cultivate my fields, was really because I never met with a good year; and that I did not do service for our ruler, was because I did not meet with the suitable opportunity to do so. I have been sent about my business by the villagers, and am driven away by the registrars of the district - what is my crime? 0 Heaven! how is it that I have met with such a fate?' Bian-zi said to him, 'Have you not heard how the perfect man deals with himself? He forgets that he has a liver and gall. He takes no thought of his ears and eyes. He seems lost and aimless beyond the dust and dirt of the world, and enjoys himself at ease in occupations untroubled by the affairs of business. He may be described as acting and yet not relying on what he does, as being superior and yet not using his superiority to exercise any control. But now you would make a display of your wisdom to astonish the ignorant; you would cultivate your person to make the inferiority of others more apparent; you seek to shine as if you were carrying the sun and moon in your hands. That you are complete in your bodily frame, and possess all its nine openings; that you have not met with any calamity in the middle of your course, such as deafness, blindness, or lameness, and can still take your place as a man among other men - in all this you are fortunate. What leisure have you to murmur against Heaven? Go away, Sir.' |
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孙子出。扁子入坐，有间，仰天而叹。弟子问曰：“先生何为叹乎？”扁子曰：“向者休来，吾告之以至人之德，吾恐其惊而遂至于惑也。”弟子曰：“不然。孙子之所言是邪，先生之所言非邪，非固不能惑是。孙子所言非邪，先生所言是邪，彼固惑而来矣，又奚罪焉？” |
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Sun-zi on this went out, and Bian-zi went inside. Having sitten down, after a little time he looked up to heaven, and sighed. His disciples asked him why he sighed, and he said to them, 'Xiu came to me a little while ago, and I told him the characteristics of the perfect man. I am afraid he will be frightened, and get into a state of perplexity.' His disciples said, 'Not so. If what he said was right, and what you said was wrong, the wrong will certainly not be able to perplex the right. If what he said was wrong, and what you said was right, it was just because he was perplexed that he came to you. What was your fault in dealing with him as you did?' |
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扁子曰：“不然。昔者有鸟止于鲁郊，鲁君说之，为具太牢以飨之，奏九韶以乐之，鸟乃始忧悲眩视，不敢饮食。此之谓以己养养鸟也。若夫以鸟养养鸟者，宜栖之深林，浮之江湖，食之以委蛇，则平陆而已矣。今休，款启寡闻之民也，吾告以至人之德，譬之若载鼷以车马，乐鴳以钟鼓也。彼又奚能无惊乎哉？” |
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Bian-zi said, 'Not so. Formerly a bird came, and took up its seat in the suburbs of Lu. The ruler of Lu was pleased with it, and provided an ox, a sheep, and a pig to feast it, causing also the Jiu-shao to be performed to delight it. But the bird began to be sad, looked dazed, and did not venture to eat or drink. This was what is called "Nourishing a bird, as you would nourish yourself." He who would nourish a bird as a bird should be nourished should let it perch in a deep forest, or let it float on a river or lake, or let it find its food naturally and undisturbed on the level dry ground. Now Xiu (came to me), a man of slender intelligence, and slight information, and I told him of the characteristics of the perfect man, it was like using a carriage and horses to convey a mouse, or trying to delight a quail with the music of bells and drums - could the creatures help being frightened?' |
