| | 盗跖: |
孔子与柳下季为友。柳下季之弟名曰盗跖。盗跖从卒九千人，横行天下，侵暴诸侯，穴室枢户，驱人牛马，取人妇女，贪得忘亲，不顾父母兄弟，不祭先祖。所过之邑，大国守城，小国入保，万民苦之。 |
| The Robber Zhi: |
Confucius was on terms of friendship with Liu-xia Ji, who had a brother named Dao Zhi. This Dao Zhi had 9,000 followers, who marched at their will through the kingdom, assailing and oppressing the different princes. They dug through walls and broke into houses; they drove away people's cattle and horses; they carried off people's wives and daughters. In their greed to get, they forgot the claims of kinship, and paid no regard to their parents and brethren. They did not sacrifice to their ancestors. Wherever they passed through the country, in the larger states the people guarded their city walls, and in the smaller the people took to their strongholds. All were distressed by them. |
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孔子谓柳下季曰：“夫为人父者，必能诏其子；为人兄者，必能教其弟。若父不能诏其子，兄不能教其弟，则无贵父子兄弟之亲矣。今先生，世之才士也，弟为盗跖，为天下害，而弗能教也，丘窃为先生羞之。丘请为先生往说之。”柳下季曰：“先生言‘为人父者必能诏其子，为人兄者必能教其弟’，若子不听父之诏，弟不受兄之教，虽今先生之辩，将奈之何哉？且跖之为人也，心如涌泉，意如飘风，强足以距敌，辩足以饰非，顺其心则喜，逆其心则怒，易辱人以言。先生必无往。” |
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Confucius spoke to Liu-xia Ji, saying, 'Fathers should be able to lay down the law to their sons, and elder to instruct their younger brothers. If they are unable to do so, they do not fulfil the duties of the relationships which they sustain. You, Sir, are one of the most talented officers of the age, and your younger brother is this Robber Zhi. He is a pest in the kingdom, and you are not able to instruct him better; I cannot but be ashamed of you, and I beg to go for you and give him counsel.' Liu-xia Ji replied, 'You say, Sir, that fathers must be able to lay down the law to their sons, and elder to instruct their younger brothers, but if sons will not listen to the orders of their fathers, nor the younger receive the lessons of their elder brothers, though one may have your powers of persuasion, what is to be done? And, moreover, Zhi is a man whose mind is like a gushing fountain, and his will like a whirlwind; he is strong enough to resist all enemies, and clever enough to gloss over his wrong-doings. If you agree with him, he is glad; if you oppose him, he is enraged; and he readily meets men with the language of abuse. You must not go to him.' |
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孔子不听，颜回为御，子贡为右，往见盗跖。盗跖乃方休卒徒太山之阳，脍人肝而餔之。孔子下车而前，见谒者曰：“鲁人孔丘，闻将军高义，敬再拜谒者。”谒者入通，盗跖闻之大怒，目如明星，发上指冠，曰：“此夫鲁国之巧伪人孔丘非邪？为我告之：‘尔作言造语，妄称文、武，冠枝木之冠，带死牛之胁，多辞缪说，不耕而食，不织而衣，摇唇鼓舌，擅生是非，以迷天下之主，使天下学士不反其本，妄作孝弟而侥幸于封侯富贵者也。子之罪大极重，疾走归！不然，我将以子肝益昼餔之膳。’” |
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Confucius, however, did not attend to this advice. With Yan Hui as his charioteer, and Zi-gong seated on the right, he went to see Dao Zhi, whom he found with his followers halted on the south of Tai-shan, and mincing men's livers, which he gave them to eat. Confucius alighted from his carriage, and went forward, till he saw the usher, to whom he said, 'I, Kong Qiu of Lu, have heard of the general's lofty righteousness,' bowing twice respectfully to the man as he said so. The usher went in and announced the visitor. But when Dao Zhi heard of the arrival, he flew into a great rage; his eyes became like blazing stars, and his hair rose up and touched his cap. 'Is not this fellow,' said he, 'Kong Qiu, that artful hypocrite of Lu? Tell him from me, "You invent speeches and babble away, appealing without ground to (the examples of) Wen and Wu. The ornaments on your cap are as many as the branches of a tree, and your girdle is (a piece of skin) from the ribs of a dead ox, The more you talk, the more nonsense you utter. You get your food without (the labour of) ploughing, and your clothes without (that of) weaving. You wag your lips and make your tongue a drum-stick. You arbitrarily decide what is right and what is wrong, thereby leading astray the princes throughout the kingdom, and making its learned scholars not occupy their thoughts with their proper business. You recklessly set up your filial piety and fraternal duty, and curry favour with the feudal princes, the wealthy and the noble. Your offence is great; your crime is very heavy. Take yourself off home at once. If you do not do so, I will take your liver, and add it to the provision for to-day's food."' |
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孔子复通曰：“丘得幸于季，愿望履幕下。”谒者复通，盗跖曰：“使来前！”孔子趋而进，避席反走，再拜盗跖。盗跖大怒，两展其足，案剑瞋目，声如乳虎，曰：“丘来前！若所言，顺吾意则生，逆吾心则死。” |
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But Confucius sent in another message, saying, 'I enjoy the good will of (your brother) Ji, and I wish and hope to tread the ground beneath your tent.' When the usher had communicated this message, Dao Zhi said, 'Make him come forward.' On this Confucius hastened forwards. Declining to take a mat, he drew hastily back, and bowed twice to Dao Zhi, who in a great rage stretched his legs apart, laid his hand on his sword, and with glaring eyes and a voice like the growl of a nursing tigress, said, 'Come forwards, Zhi. If what you say be in accordance with my mind, you shall live; but, if it be contrary to it, you shall die.' |
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孔子曰：“丘闻之，凡天下有三德：生而长大，美好无双，少长贵贱见而皆说之，此上德也；知维天地，能辩诸物，此中德也；勇悍果敢，聚众率兵，此下德也。凡人有此一德者，足以南面称孤矣。今将军兼此三者，身长八尺二寸，面目有光，唇如激丹，齿如齐贝，音中黄钟，而名曰盗跖，丘窃为将军耻不取焉。将军有意听臣，臣请南使吴、越，北使齐、鲁，东使宋、卫，西使晋、楚，使为将军造大城数百里，立数十万户之邑，尊将军为诸侯，与天下更始，罢兵休卒，收养昆弟，共祭先祖。此圣人才士之行，而天下之愿也。” |
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Confucius replied, 'I have heard that everywhere under the sky there are three (most excellent) qualities. To be naturally tall and large, to be elegant and handsome without a peer, so that young and old, noble and mean, are pleased to look upon him - this is the highest of those qualities. To comprehend both heaven and earth in his wisdom, and to be able to speak eloquently on all subjects - this is the middle one of them. To be brave and courageous, resolute and daring, gathering the multitudes round him, and leading on his troops - this is the lowest of them. Whoever possesses one of these qualities is fit to stand with his face to the south, and style himself a Prince. But you, General, unite in yourself all the three. Your person is eight cubits and two inches in height; there is a brightness about your face and a light in your eyes; your lips look as if stained with vermilion; your teeth are like rows of precious shells; your voice is attuned to the musical tubes, and yet you are named "The Robber Zhi." I am ashamed of you, General, and cannot approve of you. If you are inclined to listen to me, I should like to go as your commissioner to Wu and Yue in the south; to Qi and Lu in the north; to Sung and Wei in the cast; and to Jin and Chu in the west. I will get them to build for you a great city several hundred li in size, to establish under it towns containing several hundred thousands of inhabitants, and honour you there as a feudal lord. The kingdom will see you begin your career afresh; you will cease from your wars and disband your soldiers; you will collect and nourish your brethren, and along with them offer the sacrifices to your ancestors: this will be a course befitting a sage and an officer of ability, and will fulfil the wishes of the whole kingdom.' |
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盗跖大怒曰：“丘来前！夫可规以利而可谏以言者，皆愚陋恒民之谓耳。今长大美好，人见而悦之者，此吾父母之遗德也。丘虽不吾誉，吾独不自知邪？且吾闻之：‘好面誉人者，亦好背而毁之。’今丘告我以大城众民，是欲规我以利而恒民畜我也，安可久长也？城之大者，莫大乎天下矣。尧、舜有天下，子孙无置锥之地，汤、武立为天子而后世绝灭，非以其利大故邪？ |
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'Come forward, Qiu,' said Dao Zhi, greatly enraged. 'Those who can be persuaded by considerations of gain, and to whom remonstrances may be addressed with success, are all ignorant, low, and ordinary people. That I am tall and large, elegant and handsome, so that all who see me are pleased with me - this is an effect of the body left me by my parents. Though you were not to praise me for it, do I not know it myself? And I have heard that he who likes to praise men to their face will also like to speak ill of them behind their back. And when you tell me of a great wall and a multitudinous people, this is to try to persuade me by considerations of gain, and to cocker me as one of the ordinary people. But how could such advantages last for long? Of all great cities there is none so great as the whole kingdom, which was possessed by Yao and Shun, while their descendants (now) have not so much territory as would admit an awl. Tang and Wu were both set up as the Sons of Heaven, but in after ages (their posterity) were cut off and extinguished - was not this because the gain of their position was so great a prize? |
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且吾闻之：古者禽兽多而人少，于是民皆巢居以避之，昼拾橡栗，暮栖木上，故命之曰有巢氏之民。古者民不知衣服，夏多积薪，冬则炀之，故命之曰知生之民。神农之世，卧则居居，起则于于，民知其母，不知其父，与麋鹿共处，耕而食，织而衣，无有相害之心，此至德之隆也。然而黄帝不能致德，与蚩尤战于涿鹿之野，流血百里。尧、舜作，立群臣，汤放其主，武王杀纣。自是之后，以强陵弱，以众暴寡。汤、武以来，皆乱人之徒也。 |
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'And moreover I have heard that anciently birds and beasts were numerous, and men were few, so that they lived in nests in order to avoid the animals. In the daytime they gathered acorns and chestnuts, and in the night they roosted on the trees; and on account of this they are called the people of the Nest-builder. Anciently the people did not know the use of clothes. In summer they collected great stores of faggots, and in winter kept themselves warm by means of them; and on account of this they are called the people who knew how to take care of their lives. In the age of Shen Nong, the people lay down in simple innocence, and rose up in quiet security. They knew their mothers, but did not know their fathers. They dwelt along with the elks and deer. They ploughed and ate; they wove and made clothes; they had no idea of injuring one another: this was the grand time of Perfect virtue. Huang-Di, however, was not able to perpetuate this virtuous state. He fought with Chi-you in the wild ofZhuo-lu till the blood flowed over a hundred li. When Yao and Shun arose, they instituted their crowd of ministers. Tang banished his lord. King Wu killed Zhou. Since that time the strong have oppressed the weak, and the many tyrannised over the few. From Tang and Wu downwards, (the rulers) have all been promoters of disorder and confusion. |
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今子修文、武之道，掌天下之辩，以教后世，缝衣浅带，矫言伪行，以迷惑天下之主，而欲求富贵焉，盗莫大于子。天下何故不谓子为盗丘而乃谓我为盗跖？子以甘辞说子路而使从之，使子路去其危冠，解其长剑，而受教于子，天下皆曰‘孔丘能止暴禁非’。其卒之也，子路欲杀卫君而事不成，身菹于卫东门之上，是子教之不至也。子自谓才士圣人邪！则再逐于鲁，削迹于卫，穷于齐，围于陈、蔡，不容身于天下。子教子路菹此患，上无以为身，下无以为人，子之道岂足贵邪？ |
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'You yourself now cultivate and inculcate the ways of Wen and Wu; you handle whatever subjects are anywhere discussed for the instruction of future ages. With your peculiar robe and narrow girdle, with your deceitful speech and hypocritical conduct, you delude the lords of the different states, and are seeking for riches and honours. There is no greater robber than you are - why does not all the world call you the Robber Zhi, instead of styling me the Robber Zhi? You prevailed by your sweet speeches on Zi-lu, and made him your follower; you made him put away his high cap, lay aside his long sword, and receive your instructions, so that all the world said, "Kong Qiu is able to arrest violence and repress the wrong-doer;" but in the end, when Zi-lu wished to slay the ruler of Wei, and the affair proved unsuccessful, his body was exhibited in pickle over the eastern gate of the capital - so did your teaching of him come to nothing. Do you call yourself a scholar of talent, a sage? Why, you were twice driven out of Lu; you had to run away from Wei; you were reduced to extremity in Qi; you were held in a state of siege between Chen and Cai; there is no resting-place for your person in the kingdom; your instructions brought Zi-lu to pickle. Such have been the misfortunes (attending your course). You have done no good either for yourself or for others - how can your doctrines be worth being thought much of? |
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世之所高，莫若黄帝，黄帝尚不能全德，而战涿鹿之野，流血百里。尧不慈，舜不孝，禹偏枯，汤放其主，武王伐纣，文王拘羑里。此六子者，世之所高也，孰论之，皆以利惑其真而强反其情性，其行乃甚可羞也！ |
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'There is no one whom the world exalts so much as it does Huang-Di, and still he was not able to perfect his virtue, but fought in the wilderness of Zhuo-lu, till the blood flowed over a hundred li. Yao was not kind to his son. Shun was not filial. Yu was paralysed on one side. Tang banished his sovereign. King Wu smote Zhou. King Wen was imprisoned in You-li. These are the six men of whom the world thinks the most highly, yet when we accurately consider their history, we see that for the sake of gain they all disallowed their true (nature), and did violence to its proper qualities and tendencies: their conduct cannot be thought of but with deep shame. |
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世之所谓贤士，伯夷、叔齐，伯夷、叔齐辞孤竹之君，而饿死于首阳之山，骨肉不葬。鲍焦饰行非世，抱木而死。申徒狄谏而不听，负石自投于河，为鱼鳖所食。介子推至忠也，自割其股以食文公，文公后背之，子推怒而去，抱木而燔死。尾生与女子期于梁下，女子不来，水至不去，抱梁柱而死。此六子者，无异于磔犬、流豕、操瓢而乞者，皆离名轻死，不念本养寿命者也。 |
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'Among those whom the world calls men of ability and virtue were (the brothers) Bo-yi and Shu-Qi. They declined the rule of Gu-zhu, and died of starvation on the hill of Shou-yang, leaving their bones and flesh unburied. Bao Qiao vaunted his conduct, and condemned the world, but he died with his arms round a tree. When Shen-tu Di's remonstrances were not listened to, he fastened a stone on his back, and threw himself into the He, where he was eaten by the fishes and turtles. Jie Zi-tui was the most devoted (of followers), and cut a piece from his thigh as food for duke Wen. But when the duke afterwards overlooked him (in his distribution of favours), he was angry, and went away, and was burned to death with a tree in his arms. Wei Sheng had made an appointment with a girl to meet him under a bridge; but when she did not come, and the water rose around him, he would not go away, and died with his arms round one of the pillars. (The deaths of) these four men were not different from those of the dog that is torn in pieces, the pig that is borne away by a current, or the beggar (drowned in a ditch) with his alms-gourd in his hand. They were all caught as in a net by their (desire for) fame, not caring to nourish their life to its end, as they were bound to do. |
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世之所谓忠臣者，莫若王子比干、伍子胥，子胥沈江，比干剖心。此二子者，世谓忠臣也，然卒为天下笑。自上观之，至于子胥、比干，皆不足贵也。 |
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'Among those whom the world calls faithful ministers there have been none like the prince Bi-gan and Wu Zi-xu. But Zi-xu's (dead) body was cast into the Jiang, and the heart of Bi-gan was cut out. These two were what the world calls loyal ministers, but the end has been that everybody laughs at them. Looking at all the above cases, down to those of Zi-xu and Bi-gan, there is not one worthy to be honoured. |
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丘之所以说我者，若告我以鬼事，则我不能知也；若告我以人事者，不过此矣，皆吾所闻知也。今吾告子以人之情：目欲视色，耳欲听声，口欲察味，志气欲盈。人上寿百岁，中寿八十，下寿六十，除病瘦、死丧、忧患，其中开口而笑者，一月之中不过四五日而已矣。天与地无穷，人死者有时，操有时之具而托于无穷之间，忽然无异骐骥之驰过隙也。不能说其志意，养其寿命者，皆非通道者也。丘之所言，皆吾之所弃也，亟去走归，无复言之！子之道，狂狂汲汲，诈巧虚伪事也，非可以全真也，奚足论哉？” |
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'And as to the admonitions which you, Qiu, wish to impress on me, if you tell me about the state of the dead, I am unable to know anything about it; if you tell me about the things of men (alive), they are only such as I have stated, what I have heard and know all about. I will now tell you, Sir, my views about the condition of man. The eyes wish to look on beauty; the ears to hear music; the mouth to enjoy flavours; the will to be gratified. The greatest longevity man can reach is a hundred years; a medium longevity is eighty years; the lowest longevity is sixty. Take away sickness, pining, bereavement, mourning, anxieties, and calamities, the times when, in any of these, one can open his mouth and laugh, are only four or five days in a month. Heaven and earth have no limit of duration, but the death of man has its (appointed) time. Take the longest amount of a limited time, and compare it with what is unlimited, its brief existence is not different from the passing of a crevice by one of king Mu's horses. Those who cannot gratify their will and natural aims, and nourish their appointed longevity, are all unacquainted with the (right) Way (of life). I cast from me, Zhi, all that you say. Be quick and go. Hurry back and say not a word more. Your Way is only a wild recklessness, deceitful, artful, vain, and hypocritical. It is not available to complete the true (nature of man); it is not worth talking about!' |
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孔子再拜趋走，出门上车，执辔三失，目芒然无见，色若死灰，据轼低头，不能出气。归到鲁东门外，适遇柳下季。柳下季曰：“今者阙然数日不见，车马有行色，得微往见跖邪？”孔子仰天而叹曰：“然。”柳下季曰：“跖得无逆汝意若前乎？”孔子曰：“然。丘所谓无病而自灸也，疾走料虎头，编虎须，几不免虎口哉！” |
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Confucius bowed twice, and hurried away. He went out at the door, and mounted his carriage. Thrice he missed the reins as he tried to take hold of them. His eyes were dazed, and he could not see; and his colour was that of slaked lime. He laid hold of the cross-bar, holding his head down, and unable to draw his breath. When he got back, outside the east gate of (the capital of) Lu, he encountered Liu-xia Ji, who said to him, 'Here you are, right in the gate. For some days I have not seen you. Your carriage and horses are travel-stained - have you not been to see Dao Zhi?' Confucius looked up to heaven, sighed, and said, 'Yes.' The other went on, 'And did he not set himself in opposition to all your views, as I said he would do?' 'He did. My case has been that of the man who cauterised himself without being ill. I rushed away, stroked the tiger's head, played with his whiskers, and narrowly escaped his mouth.' |
| | 盗跖: |
子张1问于满苟得曰：“盍不为行？无行则不信，不信则不任，不任则不利。故观之名，计之利，而义真是也。若弃名利，反之于心，则夫士之为行，不可一日不为乎？”满苟得曰：“无耻者富，多信者显。夫名利之大者，几在无耻而信。故观之名，计之利，而信真是也。若弃名利，反之于心，则夫士之为行，抱其天乎！” |
| The Robber Zhi: |
Zi-zhang asked Man Gou-de, saying, 'Why do you not pursue a (righteous) course? Without such a course you will not be believed in; unless you are believed in, you will not be employed in office; and if not employed in office, you will not acquire gain. Thus, if you look at the matter from the point of reputation, or estimate it from the point of gain, a righteous course is truly the right thing. If you discard the thought of reputation and gain, yet when you think over the thing in your own mind, you will see that the scholar should not be a single day without pursuing a (righteous) course.' Man Gou-de said, 'He who has no shame becomes rich, and he in whom many believe becomes illustrious. Thus the greatest fame and gain would seem to spring from being without shame and being believed in. Therefore if you look at the matter from the point of reputation, or estimate it from the point of gain, to be believed in is the right thing. If you discard the thought of fame and gain, and think over the thing in your own mind, you will see that the scholar in the course which he pursues is (simply) holding fast his Heavenly (nature, and gaining nothing).' |
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子张曰：“昔者桀、纣贵为天子，富有天下，今谓臧聚曰‘汝行如桀、纣’，则有怍色，有不服之心者，小人所贱也。仲尼、墨翟，穷为匹夫，今谓宰相曰‘子行如仲尼、墨翟’，则变容易色称不足者，士诚贵也。故势为天子，未必贵也；穷为匹夫，未必贱也。贵贱之分，在行之美恶。”满苟得曰：“小盗者拘，大盗者为诸侯，诸侯之门，义士存焉。昔者桓公小白杀兄入嫂而管仲为臣，田成子常杀君窃国而孔子受币。论则贱之，行则下之，则是言行之情悖战于胸中也，不亦拂乎！故《》曰：‘孰恶孰美？成者为首，不成者为尾。’” |
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Zi-zhang said, 'Formerly Jie and Zhou each enjoyed the honour of being the sovereign, and all the wealth of the kingdom was his; but if you now say to a (mere) money-grabber, "Your conduct is like that of Jie or Zhou," he will look ashamed, and resent the imputation: (these two sovereigns) are despised by the smallest men. Zhongni and Mo Di (on the other hand) were poor, and common men; but if you say to a Prime Minister that his conduct is like that of Zhongni or Mo Di, then he will be put out and change countenance, and protest that he is not worthy (to be so spoken of): (these two philosophers) are held to be truly noble by (all) scholars. Thus it is that the position of sovereign does not necessarily connect with being thought noble, nor the condition of being poor and of common rank with being thought mean. The difference of being thought noble or mean arises from the conduct being good or bad.' Man Gou-de replied, 'Small robbers are put in prison; a great robber becomes a feudal lord; and in the gate of the feudal lord your righteous scholars will be found. For instance, Xi-bo, the duke Huan, killed his elder brother, and took his sister-in-law to himself, and yet Guan Zhong became his minister; and Tian Cheng, styled Cheng-zi, killed his ruler, and usurped the state, and yet Confucius received a present of silks from him. In their discussions they would condemn the men, but in their conduct they abased themselves before them. In this way their words and actions must have been at war together in their breasts - was it not a contradiction and perversity? As it is said in a book, "Who is bad? and who is good? The successful is regarded as the Head, and the unsuccessful as the Tail."' |
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子张曰：“子不为行，即将疏戚无伦，贵贱无义，长幼无序，五纪六位将何以为别乎？”满苟得曰：“尧杀长子，舜流母弟，疏戚有伦乎？汤放桀，武王伐纣，贵贱有义乎？王季为适，周公杀兄，长幼有序乎？儒者伪辞，墨者兼爱，五纪六位将有别乎？且子正为名，我正为利。名利之实，不顺于理，不监于道。吾日与子讼于无约，曰：‘小人殉财，君子殉名。其所以变其情，易其性，则异矣；乃至于弃其所为而殉其所不为，则一也。’故曰：无为小人，反殉而天；无为君子，从天之理。若枉若直，相而天极，面观四方，与时消息。若是若非，执而圆机，独成而意，与道徘徊。无转而行，无成而义，将失而所为。无赴而富，无殉而成，将弃而天。比干剖心，子胥抉眼，忠之祸也；直躬证父，尾生溺死，信之患也；鲍子立乾，申子不自理，廉之害也；孔子不见母，匡子不见父，义之失也。此上世之所传，下世之所语，以为士者正其言，必其行，故服其殃，离其患也。” |
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Zi-zhang said, 'If you do not follow the usual course of what is held to be right, but observe no distinction between the near and remote degrees of kin, no difference between the noble and the mean, no order between the old and the young, then how shall a separation be made of the fivefold arrangement (of the virtues), and the six parties (in the social organisation)?' Man Gou-de replied, 'Yao killed his eldest son, and Shun banished his half-brother': did they observe the rules about the different degrees of kin? Tang deposed Jie; king Wu overthrew Zhou: did they observe the righteousness that should obtain between the noble and the mean? King Ji took the place of his elder brother, and the duke of Zhou killed his: did they observe the order that should obtain between the elder and the younger? The Literati make hypocritical speeches; the followers of Mo hold that all should be loved equally: do we find in them the separation of the fivefold arrangement (of the virtues), and the six parties (in the social organisation)? And further, you, Sir, are all for reputation, and I am all for gain; but where the actual search for reputation and gain may not be in accordance with principle and will not bear to be examined in the light of the right way, let me and you refer the matter to-morrow to the decision of Wu-yue.' (This Wu-yue) said, 'The small man pursues after wealth; the superior man pursues after reputation. The way in which they change their feelings and alter their nature is different; but if they were to cast away what they do, and replace it with doing nothing, they would be the same. Hence it is said, "Do not be a small man - return and pursue after the Heavenly in you. Do not be a superior man - follow the rule of the Heavenly in you. Be it crooked, be it straight, view the thing in the light of Heaven as revealed in you. Look all round on every side of it, and as the time indicates, cease your endeavours. Be it right, be it wrong, hold fast the ring in yourself in which all conditions converge. Alone by yourself, carry out your idea; ponder over the right way. Do not turn your course; do not try to complete your righteousness. You will fail in what you do. Do not haste to be rich; do not follow after your perfection. If you do, you will lose the heavenly in you." Bi-gan had his heart cut out; Zi-xu had his eyes gouged out: such were the evil consequences of their loyalty. The upright person bore witness against his father; Wei Sheng was drowned: such were the misfortunes of good faith. Bao-zi stood till he was dried up; Shan-zi would not defend himself: such were the injuries brought on by disinterestedness. Confucius did not see his mother; Kuang-zi did not see his father: such were the failures of the righteous. These are instances handed down from former ages, and talked about in these later times. They show us how superior men, in their determination to be correct in their words and resolute in their conduct, paid the penalty of these misfortunes, and were involved in these distresses.' 1. 子张 : 这里只是借用他的名字，并不是真的写子张其人其事。
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