《昭公 - Emperor Zhaogong》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》 《春秋左傳正義》 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

《昭公元年 - Duke Zhao Year 1 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公元年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公元年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公元年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公元年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公元年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公元年:	元年，春，王正月，公即位。
		In the first year [of his reign], spring, the king's first month, the Duke assumed the throne.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		叔孫豹會晉趙武，楚公子圍，齊國弱，宋向戌，衛齊惡，陳公子招，蔡公孫歸生，鄭罕虎，許人，曹人，于虢。
		Shusun Bao met with Jin Zhao Wu, Chu Gongzi Wei, Qi Guoruò, Song Xiang Xu, Wei Qi E, Chen Gongzi Zhao, Cai Gongsun Guisheng, Zheng Han Hu, Xu people, and Cao people at Guo.
Jump to dictionary		三月，取鄆。
		In March, Yùn was captured.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，秦伯之弟鍼出奔晉。
		In summer, Duke Qin's younger brother Zhen fled to Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		六月，丁巳，邾子華卒。
		On the Dingsi day of the sixth month, Duke Zhu Hua died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉荀吳帥師敗狄于大鹵。
		Jin Xun Wu led his troops and defeated the Di people at Dalu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，莒去疾自齊入于莒。莒展輿出奔吳。
		In autumn, Ju Quji entered Ju from Qi. Ju Zhan Yu fled to Wu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		叔弓帥師疆鄆田。
		Shu Gong led his troops to demarcate the fields of Yun.
Jump to dictionary		葬邾悼公。
		Duke Zhu Dao was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十有一月，己酉，楚子麇卒。
		In winter, on the Yiyue day of the eleventh month (the 11th month), Duke Chu Jun died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公子比出奔晉。
		Gongzi Bi fled to Jin.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages Related discussion	昭公元年:	元年，春，楚公子圍聘于鄭，且娶於公孫段氏，伍舉為介。將入館，鄭人惡之。使行人子羽與之言，乃館於外。既聘，將以眾逆。子產患之，使子羽辭曰：「以敝邑褊小，不足以容從者，請墠聽命！」令尹命大宰伯州犁對曰：「君辱貺寡大夫圍，謂圍：『將使豐氏撫有而室。』圍布几筵，告於莊共之廟而來，若野賜之，是委君貺於草莽也，是寡大夫不得列於諸卿也。不寧唯是，又使圍蒙其先君，將不得為寡君老其蔑以復矣。唯大夫圖之！」子羽曰：「小國無罪，恃實其罪。將恃大國之安靖己，而無乃包藏禍心以圖之，小國失恃，而懲諸侯，使莫不憾者，距違君命，而有所壅塞不行是懼。不然，敝邑館人之屬也，其敢愛豐氏之祧？」伍舉知其有備也，請垂櫜而入。許之，正月乙未，入逆而出，遂會於虢，尋宋之盟也。祁午謂趙文子曰：「宋之盟，楚人得志於晉。今令尹之不信，諸侯之所聞也。子弗戒，懼又如宋。子木之信，稱於諸侯，猶詐晉而駕焉，況不信之尤者乎，楚重得志於晉，晉之恥也。子相晉國，以為盟主，於今七年矣。再合諸侯，三合大夫，服齊狄，寧東夏，平秦亂，城淳于，師徒不頓，國家不罷，民無謗讟，諸侯無怨，天無大災，子之力也。有令名矣，而終之以恥，午也是懼。吾子其不可以不戒！」文子曰：「武受賜矣。然宋之盟，子木有禍人之心，武有仁人之心，是楚所以駕於晉也。今武猶是心也，楚又行僭，非所害也。武將信以為本，循而行之。譬如農夫，是穮是蔉，雖有饑饉，必有豐年。且吾聞之：『能信，不為人下。』吾未能也。《詩》曰：『不僭不賊，鮮不為則。』信也，能為人則者，不為人下矣。吾不能是難，楚不為患。」楚令尹圍請用牲，讀舊書，加于牲上而已。晉人許之。三月，甲辰，盟。楚公子圍設服離衛。叔孫穆子曰：「楚公子美矣，君哉！」鄭子皮曰：「二執戈者前矣！」蔡子家曰：「蒲宮有前，不亦可乎？」楚伯州犁曰：「此行也，辭而假之寡君。」鄭行人揮曰：「假不反矣！」伯州犁曰，子姑憂子皙之欲背誕也，子羽曰：「當璧猶在，假而不反，子其無憂乎？」齊國子曰：「吾代二子愍矣！」陳公子招曰：「不憂何成二子樂矣。」衛齊子曰，苟或知之，雖憂何害，宋合左師曰：「大國令，小國共，吾知共而已。」晉樂王鮒曰：「《小旻》之卒章善矣，吾從之。」退會，子羽謂子皮曰，叔孫絞而婉，宋左師簡而禮，樂王鮒字而敬，子與子家持之，皆保世之主也。齊、衛、陳大夫其不免乎國子代人憂，子招樂憂，齊子雖憂弗害。夫弗及而憂，與可憂而樂，與憂而弗害，皆取憂之道也，憂必及之。《大誓》曰：』民之所欲，天必從之。三大夫兆憂，能無至乎言以知物，其是之謂矣。」
		In the first year, spring, Prince Chu Gongzi Wei was on a diplomatic mission to Zheng, and also married into the family of Gongsun Duan; Wu Ju served as his assistant. As he was about to enter the guest quarters, the people of Zheng disliked him. They sent the official Ziyu to speak with him, and so he lodged in an outer residence. After completing his diplomatic mission, he planned to return with a large entourage. Zichan was worried about this and sent Ziyu to decline, saying: "Because our small state is narrow and cramped, it cannot accommodate your entourage. Please allow us to receive your orders on an open field!" The Ling Yin ordered the Da Zai Bo Zhouli to reply, saying: "Your Lordship has honored my junior official Wei by telling him, 'I will make the Feng family take care of your household.'" "Wei set up the sacrificial mats and tables, announced it at the temples of Duke Zhuanggong, and then came here. If we were to bestow this honor in the open fields, it would be abandoning your Lordship's gift into the wilderness; it would also mean that my junior official could not be ranked among the high-ranking ministers." "It is not only for this reason, but also because it would make Wei disgrace his late lord; he will no longer be able to serve as an elder minister of our Lord and return in shame." "Please consider this matter, Minister!" Ziyu said: "A small state is innocent; it is the reliance on its own strength that becomes a crime." "A small state relies on the peace and stability provided by a great power, but perhaps it harbors hidden malicious intentions to plot against it. If a small state loses its reliance [on the great power], and if this leads to punishment for the feudal lords, causing them all to feel resentment, then refusing your Lordship's command and obstructing orders so that they cannot be carried out is what we fear." "If not for this reason, the officials in charge of guest quarters in our small state would dare to withhold even the ancestral temple of the Feng family?" Wu Ju knew that they were prepared, so he requested to enter with their weapons sheathed. They agreed. On the Yiwu day of the first month, they entered to escort and then left, and thus met at Guo; this was a follow-up to the alliance with Song. Qi Wu said to Zhao Wenzzi: "In the alliance of Song, the people of Chu achieved their ambitions over Jin." "Now the untrustworthiness of the Ling Yin is known to all the feudal lords." "If you do not take precautions, I fear it will happen again as in Song." "Zimu's trustworthiness is praised by the feudal lords, yet he still deceived Jin and imposed his will upon it. How much more so for those who are especially untrustworthy? Chu achieving its ambitions over Jin again would be a disgrace to Jin." "You have served as the regent of Jin State and held the position of leader among the feudal lords for seven years now." "You have convened the feudal lords twice and their ministers three times, subdued Qi and Di, pacified the eastern regions, quelled the chaos of Qin, built the city of Chunyu. Your troops did not suffer exhaustion, your state did not become weary, the people had no complaints or criticisms, the feudal lords harbored no resentment, and there were no great disasters in heaven—all these are due to your efforts." "You have a distinguished reputation, yet it would end in disgrace. Wu is deeply afraid of this." "Therefore, you must not fail to be on your guard!" Wenzzi said: "Wu has received this favor." "However, in the alliance of Song, Zimu had a heart to bring calamity upon others, while Wu has a heart of benevolence. This is why Chu was able to dominate Jin." "Now Wu still holds this same mind; if Chu again acts inappropriately, it will not be harmful to us." "Wu will take trust as the foundation and follow through with it accordingly." "It is like a farmer, who plows and sows diligently; even if there are years of famine, there will surely be bountiful harvests." "Moreover, I have heard: 'One who is trustworthy will not be beneath others.'" "I am yet to achieve that." The "Poetry" says: "He who does not overstep and does not harm, rarely fails to set an example." "This is trust. One who can serve as a model for others will never be beneath them." "I cannot find fault with this, so Chu will not become a problem." Chu Ling Yin Wei requested to use sacrificial animals and recite the old texts, adding them only on top of the sacrifices. The people of Jin agreed to it. In March, on the Jiachen day, they concluded an alliance. Chu Gongzi Wei wore elaborate and extravagant clothing. Shusun Musi said: "The Prince of Chu is handsome indeed, like a ruler!" Zheng Zipi said: "Two men with halberds are ahead already!" Cai Zijia said: "Is it not sufficient to have Pu Gong in the front?" Chu Bo Zhouli said: "On this journey, I will explain and request permission from our Lord." Zheng Xingren Hui said: "The loan will not be returned!" Bo Zhouli said, "You should be worried about your younger brother Zixi wanting to betray and act recklessly." Ziyu replied: "The jade disc is still here. If the loan is not returned, would you really have no worries?" Qi Guizi said: "I feel deeply sorry for these two men!" Chen Gongzi Zhao said: "Without worry, how can the two men find joy?" Wei Qizi said: "If someone knows about it, what harm is there in being worried?" Song He Zuoshi said: "Great powers give commands; small states comply. I only know how to comply." Jin Yue Wangfu said: "The concluding chapter of 'Xiaomin' is excellent; I will follow it." After the meeting ended, Ziyu said to Zipi: "Shusun is clever and graceful. Song Zuoshi is simple yet courteous. Yue Wangfu is kind and respectful. You and Zijia support them; they are all leaders who can preserve their families for generations." "The ministers of Qi, Wei, and Chen will probably not escape trouble. Guizi worries on behalf of others; Zizhao takes pleasure in worry; Qizi, although worried, does no harm." "To be anxious about something one cannot reach, to take pleasure in what is truly a cause for worry, and to be worried yet do no harm—these are all ways of inviting trouble. Worry will surely come upon them." The "Dashi" says: "What the people desire, Heaven must follow." "These three ministers have signs of worry; could trouble not come? To know things through words—this is what it means."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		季武子伐莒，取鄆。莒人告於會。楚告於晉曰，尋盟未退，而魯伐莒，瀆齊盟。請戮其使。」樂桓子相趙文子。欲求貨於叔孫而為之請，使請帶焉。弗與，梁其脛曰：「貨以藩身，子何愛焉？」叔孫曰，諸侯之會，衛社稷也，我以貨免，魯必受師。是禍之也，何衛之為人之有牆，以蔽惡也。牆之隙壞，誰之咎也衛而惡之，吾又甚焉。雖怨季孫，魯國何罪叔出季處，有自來矣，吾又誰怨然鮒也賄，弗與不已。」召使者，裂裳帛而與之，曰：「帶其褊矣。」趙孟聞之，曰：「臨患不忘國，忠也。思難不越官，信也。圖國忘死，貞也。謀主三者，義也。有是四者，又可戮乎？」乃請諸楚，曰，魯雖有罪，其執事不辟難，畏威而敬命矣。子若免之，以勸左右，可也。若子之群吏，處不辟污，出不逃難，其何患之有患之所生，污而不治，難而不守，所由來也。能是二者，又何患焉不靖其能，其誰從之？魯叔孫豹可謂能矣，請免之以靖能者，子會而赦有罪，又賞其賢，諸侯其誰不欣焉望楚而歸之，視遠如邇？疆場之邑，一彼一此，何常之有，王伯之令也，引其封疆，而樹之官。舉之表旗，而著之制令。過則有刑，猶不可壹。於是乎虞有三苗，夏有觀扈，商有姺邳，周有徐、奄。自無令王諸侯逐進，狎主齊盟，其又可壹乎？恤大舍小，足以為盟主。又焉用之封疆之削，何國蔑有主齊盟者，誰能辯焉。吳濮有釁，楚之執事，豈其顧盟莒之疆事，楚勿與知，諸侯無煩，不亦可乎莒、魯爭鄆，為日久矣。苟無大害於其社稷，可無亢也，去煩宥善，莫不競勸。子其圖之！」固請諸楚，楚人許之，乃免叔孫。令尹享趙孟，賦大明之首章，趙孟賦《小宛》之二章。事畢，趙孟謂叔向曰：「令尹自以為王矣，何如？」對曰，王弱，令尹疆，其可哉，雖可，不終。」趙孟曰：「何故？」對曰：「彊以克弱而安之，彊不義也。不義而彊，其斃必速。《詩》曰：『赫赫宗周，褒姒滅之。』彊不義也。令尹為王，必求諸侯。晉少懦矣，諸侯將往。若獲諸侯，其虐滋甚，民弗堪也，將何以終？夫以彊取，不義而克，必以為道。道以淫虐，弗可久已矣！」
		Ji Wuzi attacked Ju and captured Yun. The people of Ju reported the matter to the assembly. Chu informed Jin, saying: "Before we had finished following up on our alliance, Lu attacked Ju; this is a violation of the oath with Qi." "They requested that their envoy be executed." Yue Huanzi assisted Zhao Wenzzi. He wanted to request a bribe from Shusun on behalf of him and asked for a belt as an offering. It was not given, so Liang Qijing said: "Gifts are used to protect oneself; why be stingy with them?" Shusun said, "An assembly of feudal lords is for the protection of our state. If I use gifts to avoid punishment, Lu will surely suffer a military attack." "This would bring disaster; how can it protect us? A wall is built to shield against evil, not to invite it." "If the wall has cracks and collapses, whose fault would that be? If we are blamed for being evil, I am even worse." "Although I resent Ji Sun, what crime has the State of Lu committed? Shu went out while Ji stayed behind; this situation has been long-standing. Who else can I blame? However, Wu Fu offered a bribe and insisted on it." He summoned the envoy, tore up a piece of cloth from his robe and gave it to him, saying: "This belt is narrow enough." Zhao Meng heard about this and said: "In the face of trouble, he does not forget his country; this is loyalty." "Thinking of difficulties without overstepping one's duties, this is trustworthiness." "Planning for the state while forgetting death, this is integrity." "To embody these three virtues as a chief advisor—this is righteousness." "With these four qualities, how could he be executed?" He then requested from Chu: "Although Lu has committed a crime, its officials did not avoid hardship; they have shown reverence for authority and respect for orders." "If you spare him, it will encourage those around you. That would be acceptable." "If your officials, when in office, do not avoid corruption, and when leaving, do not flee from hardship, what troubles could there be? Troubles arise only when corruption is left unchecked and hardships are unaddressed." "If one can do these two things, what else should be feared? If a leader cannot bring peace through ability, who will follow him?" "Lu Shusun Bao can be called capable. Please spare him to honor those who are competent. If you, at the assembly, pardon the guilty and reward the virtuous, which feudal lord would not joyfully look toward Chu and return to it, regarding distant lands as near?" "Border towns shift back and forth between one side or the other; there is no fixed order. This is determined by the commands of a Son of Heaven or a hegemon, who draws their borders and appoints officials." "They raise banners as markers and establish regulations to record them." "Those who overstep will be punished, yet even so, consistency is difficult to achieve." "Therefore, in Yu's time there were the Sanmiao; in Xia's time, Guanhu; in Shang's time, Xianpi; and in Zhou's time, Xu and Yan." "Since there has been no virtuous Son of Heaven, the feudal lords have advanced recklessly, vying to dominate alliances. How can consistency be achieved now?" "To care for the strong and neglect the weak is sufficient to serve as a leader of an alliance." "Why then use it? The reduction or expansion of borders—what state is free from this? For those who lead alliances, who can truly discern the right course?" "There is a dispute between Wu and Pu. The officials of Chu, should they even consider the alliance? Matters concerning Ju's borders—Chu need not be involved; the feudal lords would have no trouble, which would not be bad. Ju and Lu have been contending over Yun for a long time." "If there is no great harm to their state, it may be unnecessary to oppose. Removing troubles and pardoning the virtuous—none would fail to be encouraged." "Please consider this carefully!" He persistently requested from Chu, and the people of Chu agreed. Thus, Shusun was spared. The Ling Yin hosted a banquet for Zhao Meng and recited the first chapter of "Daming." Zhao Meng then recited the second chapter of "Xiaowan." After the banquet, Zhao Meng said to Shu Xiang: "The Ling Yin considers himself a king now. What do you think?" Shu Xiang replied, "The Son of Heaven is weak and the Ling Yin is powerful; how could this be acceptable? Even if it were possible, it would not last." Zhao Meng said: "Why?" Shu Xiang replied: "To subdue the weak and remain at ease is unjust for the strong." "Without righteousness, even strength will surely perish quickly." The "Odes" say: "Majestic was the House of Zhou, but Baosi destroyed it." Strength without righteousness. If the Ling Yin acts as a king, he will certainly seek to dominate the feudal lords. Jin is now weak and timid; the feudal lords will go elsewhere. If he gains control over the feudal lords, his oppression will only grow more severe. The people will not be able to endure it. How then can this end?" "To seize power through strength alone, to conquer without righteousness—this must become the norm." "When a way is based on licentiousness and cruelty, it cannot last!"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages Related discussion		夏，四月，趙孟，叔孫豹，曹大夫，入于鄭，鄭伯兼享之。子皮戒趙孟，禮終，趙孟賦《瓠葉》。子皮遂戒穆叔，且告之。穆叔曰，趙孟欲一獻，子其從之！」子皮曰：「敢乎？」穆叔曰：「夫人之所欲也，又何不敢？」及享，具五獻之籩豆於幕下。趙孟辭，私於子產曰：「武請於冢宰矣。」乃用一獻。趙孟為客，禮終乃宴。穆叔賦《鵲巢》。趙孟曰：「武不堪也。」又賦采蘩，曰：「小國為蘩，大國省穡而用之，其何實非命？」子皮賦《野有死麇》之卒章。趙孟賦常棣，且曰：「吾兄弟比以安，尨也可使無吠。」穆叔，子皮，及曹大夫，興拜，舉兕爵曰：「小國賴子，知免於戾矣。」飲酒樂，趙孟出，曰：「吾不復此矣。」天王使劉定公勞趙孟於潁，館於雒汭。劉子曰，美哉禹功，明德遠矣微禹，吾其魚乎吾與子弁冕端委，以治民臨諸侯，禹之力也。子盍亦遠績禹功，而大庇民乎？」對曰：「老夫罪戾是懼，焉能恤遠吾儕偷食，朝不謀夕，何其長也。」劉子歸以語王曰，諺所為老將知而耄及之者，其趙孟之謂乎！為晉正卿，以主諸侯，而儕於隸入，朝不謀夕，棄神人矣。神怒民叛，何以能久趙孟不復年矣。神怒不歆其祀，民叛不即其事，祀事不從，又何以年？」
		In summer, the fourth month, Zhao Meng, Shusun Bao, and a minister of Cao entered Zheng. Lord Zheng hosted them together at a banquet. Zi Pi warned Zhao Meng before the ceremony ended; after the rites were completed, Zhao Meng recited "Huye." Zi Pi then warned Mushu and informed him. Mushu said, "Zhao Meng wishes to make a single offering; you should follow his wish!" Zi Pi said: "Dare I?" Mushu said, "It is what the lady desires; then why should you not dare?" When the banquet took place, five sets of 笾 and 豆 were prepared under the tent. Zhao Meng declined and privately told Zichan: "Wu has already requested this from the Zongcai." They then used a single offering. Zhao Meng was the guest of honor; after the rites concluded, they held the banquet. Mushu recited "Qiechao." Zhao Meng said, "Wu is unworthy of this." He then recited "Cai Fan" and said, "A small state gathers fennel; a great state spares its harvest to use it. What is more real than fate?" Zi Pi recited the final chapter of "Ye You Si Jun." Zhao Meng recited "Changdi," and added, "My brothers are united for peace; the dog may be made to cease barking." Mushu, Zi Pi, and the minister of Cao all rose to bow, raised a rhinoceros-horn cup, and said: "The small states rely on you; we now know we are free from injustice." While drinking and enjoying the feast, Zhao Meng left and said: "I shall not experience this again." The Son of Heaven sent Liu Dinggong to greet Zhao Meng at Ying, where he was lodged in Luorei. Lord Liu said, "How magnificent was Yu's achievement! His virtuous rule extended far and wide. Without Yu, we would be fish in the water. We wear our ceremonial caps and robes to govern the people and lead the feudal lords—this is due to Yu's efforts." "Why don't you also emulate Yu's great achievements and provide broad protection for the people?" Zhao Meng replied, "An old man like me fears only guilt and wrongdoing; how could I concern myself with distant matters? My peers merely scrape by from day to day, never knowing what tomorrow will bring. How long can this last?" Lord Liu returned and told the king, "This is what the proverb means by 'an old man who should know better but has become senile'—surely it refers to Zhao Meng!" "As a chief minister of Jin, presiding over the feudal lords, yet reduced to the level of common attendants, living from day to day without planning for tomorrow—this is abandoning both gods and men." "With divine anger and popular rebellion, how can such a state endure? Zhao Meng will not live to see another year." "If the gods are angry, they will no longer favor their sacrifices. If the people rebel, they will not serve them. Without offerings and service, how can there be longevity?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		叔孫歸，曾夭御季孫以勞之。旦及日中，不出。曾夭謂曾阜曰：「旦及日中，吾知罪矣。魯以相忍為國也，忍其外，不忍其內，焉用之？」阜曰，數月於外，一旦於是，庸何傷賈而欲贏，而惡囂乎？」阜謂叔孫曰：「可以出矣！」叔孫指楹曰：「雖惡是，其可去乎？」乃出見之。
		Shusun returned, and Zeng Yao drove Jisun to greet him. From dawn until noon, he did not emerge. Zeng Yao said to Zeng Fu: "From dawn until noon—I now know my guilt." "Lu's state is built on mutual tolerance. If we tolerate the outside but not the inside, what use are we?" Fu said: "After months abroad, one day of this—what harm is there? Is a merchant who seeks profit to resent noise?" Fu told Shusun: "You may now go out!" Shusun pointed to a pillar and said, "Even if this is unpleasant, can it be removed?" Then he went out to see him.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		鄭徐吾犯之妹美，公孫楚聘之矣，公孫黑又使強委禽焉。犯懼，告子產。子產曰：「是國無政，非子之患也。唯所欲與。」犯請於二子，請使女擇焉。皆許之，子皙盛飾入，布幣而出，子南戎服入，左右射，超乘而出。女自房觀之，曰，子皙信美矣，抑子南夫也，夫夫婦婦，所謂順也。」適子南氏。子皙怒，既而櫜甲以見子南，欲殺之，而取其妻，子南知之，執戈逐之，及衝，擊之以戈，子皙傷而歸，告大夫曰，我好見之，不知其有異志也，故傷，大夫皆謀之。子產曰：「直鈞，幼賤有罪，罪在楚也。」乃執子南而數之，曰：「國之大節有五，女皆奸之。畏君之威，聽其政，尊其貴，事其長，養其親，五者所以為國也。今君在國，女用兵焉，不畏威也。奸國之紀，不聽政也。子皙上大夫，女嬖大夫，而弗下之，不尊貴也，幼而不忌，不事長也。兵其從兄，不養親也。君曰，余不女忍殺，宥女以遠。勉，速行乎，無重而罪！」五月，庚辰，鄭放游楚於吳。將行子南，子產咨於大叔。大叔曰：「吉不能亢身，焉能亢宗彼國政也，非私難也。子圖鄭國，利則行之，又何疑焉？周公殺管叔而蔡蔡叔，夫豈不愛王室故也。吉若獲戾，子將行之，何有於諸游？」
		The younger sister of Xu Wu Fan of Zheng was beautiful; Gongsun Chu had already proposed to her, but Gongsun Hei then sent a strong delegation with betrothal gifts. Xu Wu Fan was afraid and informed Zichan. Zichan said, "This is a state without governance; it is not your concern." "Just give her to whomever you wish." Xu Wu Fan requested from the two men, asking that his daughter be allowed to choose. Both agreed. Zi Xi entered in fine attire, presented gifts, and then left. Zi Nan entered wearing military dress, shot arrows on both sides, leaped onto a chariot, and departed. The girl observed them from her room and said: "Zi Xi is indeed handsome, but Zi Nan is the true man. When husband and wife are in their proper roles, that is what we call harmony." She married into the family of Zi Nan. Zi Xi was furious. Soon after, he armed himself and went to see Zi Nan, intending to kill him and take his wife. Learning of this, Zi Nan took up a halberd and chased him down. At the crossroads, he struck Zi Xi with the halberd, wounding him. Zi Xi returned home and told the ministers: "I had no ill intentions when I met with him; I did not know he harbored different thoughts, so I was injured." The ministers all discussed this matter. Zichan said: "Both are equally upright; the younger and lower in status has committed a crime, but the guilt lies with Chu." They then arrested Zi Nan and accused him, saying: "There are five great principles of state conduct; you have violated them all." "Fearing the sovereign's authority, obeying his governance, respecting the noble, serving one's elders, and supporting one's parents—these five principles are what sustain a state." "Now that our lord is in the state, you used weapons against him; this shows no fear of authority." "This violates the state's order and disregards governance." "Zi Xi is a senior minister, while you are merely a favored official; yet you did not yield to him—this shows no respect for rank. Being younger and yet unafraid, this shows no service to elders." "To take up arms against your elder brother is to fail in supporting one's family." "The lord said, 'I cannot bear to kill you; I will pardon you and banish you instead.'" "Strive! Go quickly—do not add to your guilt!" In the fifth month, on the Gengchen day, Zheng exiled You Chu to Wu. Before departing, Zi Nan consulted Dashi with Zichan. Dashi said: "If Ji cannot uphold himself, how can he uphold his clan? That state's governance is not a private matter—it is a public affair." "Consider what is best for Zheng. If it is beneficial, act on it—what need is there to hesitate?" Duke Zhou killed Guan Shu and exiled Cai Shu; was this not for the sake of loving the royal house? "If Ji were to commit a fault, you would carry it out—what then is there about You Chu that should concern us?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秦后子有寵於桓，如二君於景。其母曰：『弗去，懼選。』癸卯，鍼適晉，其車千乘。書曰「秦伯之弟鍼出奔晉」，罪秦伯也。后子享晉侯，造舟于河，十里舍車，自雍及絳。歸取酬幣，終事八反。司馬侯問焉，曰：「子之車，盡於此而已乎？」對曰：「此之謂多矣若能少此，吾何以得見？」女叔齊以告公，且曰：「秦公子必歸。臣聞君子能知其過，必有令圖。令圖，天所贊也。」后子見趙孟。趙孟曰：「吾子其曷歸？」對曰：「鍼懼選於寡君，是以在此，將待嗣君。」趙孟曰：「秦君何如？」對曰：「無道。」趙孟曰：「亡乎？」對曰：「何為一世無道，國未艾也。國於天地，有與立焉。不數世淫，弗能斃也。」趙孟曰：「天乎？」對曰：「有焉。」趙孟曰：「其幾何？」對曰，鍼聞之，國無道而年穀和熟，天贊之也，鮮不五稔。」趙孟視蔭曰：「朝夕不相及，誰能待五？」后子出而告人曰：「趙孟將死矣。主民，翫歲而愒日，其與幾何？」
		Qin Houzi was favored by Duke Huan as were the two kings under Duke Jing. His mother said, "If you do not leave, I fear we will be chosen for punishment." On the Kaimao day, Zhen went to Jin; his convoy numbered a thousand chariots. The Records state: "Duke Qin's younger brother Zhen fled to Jin"—this is an indictment of Duke Qin. Houzi hosted a banquet for the Duke of Jin and had boats linked together on the Yellow River, abandoning chariots every ten li from Yong to Jiang. He returned home to fetch gifts, making eight round trips in total before completing the ceremony. Sima Hou asked him: "Are these all of your chariots?" He replied, "This is already considered numerous. If I could reduce this number, how would I be able to see you?" Nü Shu Qi reported this to the Duke and added: "The son of Qin will surely return." I have heard that a gentleman who can recognize his faults must also have good plans. Good plans are blessed by Heaven." Houzi met with Zhao Meng. Zhao Meng said: "When will your son return?" He replied, "Zhen fears punishment from our lord and thus remains here. He will wait for the new ruler." Zhao Meng asked: "How is Duke Qin?" He replied, "Unjust." Zhao Meng asked: "Will he perish?" He replied, "Why should one generation of injustice lead to the end? The state is not yet exhausted." "A state exists in heaven and earth; it must have something upon which to stand." "It will not perish unless several generations indulge in excess." Zhao Meng asked: "Is this the will of Heaven?" He replied, "Indeed." Zhao Meng asked: "How long will this last?" He replied, "I have heard that when a state is unjust yet the years and harvests are harmonious and bountiful, Heaven supports it. Such support rarely lasts for five good harvests." Zhao Meng looked at Yin and said: "Morning and evening do not meet; who could wait for five [harvests]?" Houzi went out and told people, "Zhao Meng is about to die." "He who governs the people, idles through years and wastes days; how long can his time last?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		鄭為游楚亂故，六月，丁巳，鄭伯及其大夫盟于公孫段氏。罕虎、公孫僑、公孫段、印段、游吉、駟帶私盟于閨門之外，實薰隧。公孫黑強與於盟，使大史書其名，且曰「七子」。子產弗討。
		Because of the chaos caused by You Chu, in the sixth month, on the Dingwei day (June 28, 563 BC), Duke Zheng and his ministers formed an alliance at Gongsun Duan's residence. Han Hu, Gongsun Qiao, Gongsun Duan, Yin Duan, You Ji, and Si Dai privately formed an alliance outside the gate, actually at Xun Sui. Gongsun Hei insisted on joining the alliance and had the chief historian record his name, adding also "Seven Sons." Zi Chan did not punish them.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉中行穆子敗無終及群狄于大原，崇卒也，將戰，魏舒曰，彼徒我車，所遇又阨，以什共車，必克。困諸阨，又克。請皆卒，自我始，乃毀車以為行，五乘為三伍。荀吳之嬖人不肯即卒，斬以徇。為五陳以相離，兩於前，伍於後，專為右角，參為左角，偏為前拒，以誘之，翟人笑之。未陳而薄之，大敗之。
		The Jin Zhonghang Muzi defeated Wu Zhong and the allied Di tribes at Dayuan. It was a great victory for the Jin forces. Before the battle, Wei Shu said: "They fight on foot while we ride in chariots; the terrain is also narrow where we meet. If ten men share one chariot, we will surely prevail." To trap them in a narrow pass and still conquer them would be even better. He requested that all units adopt this formation, beginning with himself; thus he dismantled the chariots to form infantry ranks, grouping five chariot teams into three squads. Xun Wu's favorite retainer refused to join the ranks, so he was executed as an example. They formed five formations to separate the enemy: two in front, five behind; one unit specialized as the right wing, another as the left wing, and a third as the vanguard, all arranged to lure them. The Di people laughed at this strategy. Before they could form their ranks, they were attacked and suffered a crushing defeat.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		莒展輿立，而奪群公子秩。公子召去疾于齊。秋齊公子鉏納去疾，展輿奔吳。叔弓帥師疆鄆田，因莒亂也。於是莒務婁、瞀胡及公子滅明以大厖與常儀靡奔齊。君子曰：「莒展之不立，棄人也夫人可棄乎《詩》曰：『無競維人。』善矣。
		Ju Zhanyu was installed as ruler but deprived the ranks of the other noble princes. Prince Zhao Quji from Qi was summoned. In autumn, the Prince Chushu of Qi helped install Quji, and Zhanyu fled to Wu. Shu Gong led an army to demarcate farmland in Yun because of the chaos in Ju. At this time, Ju Wulu, Mau Hu, and Gongzi Mieming fled to Qi with Dapang and Chang Yimi. The gentlemen said: "Ju Zhanyu's failure to be established as ruler was because he abandoned people. Can a person abandon others? The Odes say: 'There is no competition without the people.'" Well said.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉侯有疾。鄭伯使公孫僑如晉聘，且問疾。叔向問焉，曰，寡君之疾病，卜人曰，實沈臺駘為祟，史莫之知，敢問此何神也，子產曰，昔高辛氏有二子，伯曰閼伯，季曰實沈，居于曠林，不相能也，日尋干戈，以相征討。后帝不臧，遷閼伯于商丘，主辰。商人是因，故辰為商星。遷實沈于大夏，主參。唐人是因，以服事夏、商。其季世曰唐叔虞。當武王邑姜，方震大叔，夢帝謂已，余命而子曰虞，將與之唐，屬諸參，而蕃育其子孫。』及生，有文在其手曰『虞』，遂以命之。及成王滅唐而封大叔焉，故參為晉星。由是觀之，則實沈，參神也。昔金天氏有裔子曰昧，為玄冥師，生允格、臺駘。臺駘能業其官，宣汾洮，障大澤，以處大原。帝用嘉之，封諸汾川。沈、姒、蓐、黃，實守其祀。今晉主汾而滅之矣。由是觀之，則臺駘，汾神也。抑此二者，不及君身。山川之神，則水旱癘疫之災，於是乎禜之。日月星辰之神，則雪霜風雨之不時，於是乎禜之。若君身，則亦出入飲食哀樂之事也，山川星辰之神，又何為焉？僑聞之，君子有四時，朝以聽政，晝以訪問，夕以脩令，夜以安身。於是乎節宣其氣，勿使有所壅閉湫底，以露其體。茲心不爽，而昏亂百度。今無乃壹之，則生疾矣。僑又聞之，內官不及同姓，其生不殖。美先盡矣，則相生疾，君子是以惡之。故《志》曰：『買妾不知其姓，則卜之。』違此二者，古之所慎也。男女辨姓，禮之大司也。今君內實有四姬焉，其無乃是也乎若由是二者，弗可為也已。四姬有省猶可，無則必生疾矣。」叔向曰：「善哉肸未之聞也。此皆然矣。」叔向出，行人揮送之。叔向問鄭故焉，且問子皙，對曰：「其與幾何無禮而好陵人，怙富而卑其上，弗能久矣。」晉侯聞子產之言，曰：「博物君子也。」重賄之，晉侯求醫於秦，秦伯使醫和視之，曰：「疾不可為也。是謂近女室，疾如蠱。非鬼非食，惑以喪志。良臣將死，天命不祐，公曰：「女不可近乎？」對曰：「節之。先王之樂，所以節百事也，故有五節遲速本末以相及，中聲以降，五降之後，不容彈矣。於是有煩手淫聲，慆堙心耳，乃忘平和，君子弗聽也。物亦如之，至於煩，乃舍也已，無以生疾。君子之近琴瑟，以儀節也，非以慆心也。天有六氣，降生五味，發為五色，徵為五聲，淫生六疾。六氣曰陰、陽、風、雨、晦、明也，分為四時，序為五節。過則為菑，陰淫寒疾，陽淫熱疾，風淫末疾，雨淫腹疾，晦淫惑疾，明淫心疾。女，陽物而晦時，淫則生內熱惑蠱之疾。今君不節不時，能無及此乎？」出告趙孟。趙孟曰：「誰當良臣？」對曰：「主是謂矣。主相晉國，於今八年，晉國無亂，諸侯無闕，可謂良矣。和聞之，國之大臣，榮其寵祿，任其寵節，有菑禍興而無改焉，必受其咎。今君至於淫以生疾，將不能圖恤社稷，禍孰大焉主不能禦，吾是以云也。」趙孟曰：「何謂蠱？」對曰：「淫溺惑亂之所生也。於文，皿蟲為蠱，穀之飛亦為蠱，在《周易》，女惑男，風落山，謂之《蠱》。皆同物也。」趙孟曰：「良醫也。」厚其禮而歸之。
		The Duke of Jin fell ill. Duke Zheng sent Gongsun Qiao to Jin as an envoy and also to inquire about the duke's illness. Shu Xiang asked him, saying: "Our lord is ill. The diviners said that the malevolent spirits of Shichen and Taidai are causing it. None of our historians know about them. We dare to ask you, what kind of deities are these?" Zi Chan replied: "In ancient times, Gaoxin Shi had two sons; the elder was named Yabo, and the younger was named Shichen. They lived in Kuanglin but could not get along with each other, fighting daily with weapons." Later, the Emperor did not approve of their conflict and moved Yabo to Shangqiu, where he presided over the stars. The Shang people followed this tradition, hence the constellation was called the "Shang Star." Shichen was moved to Daya and presided over Shen. The Tang people followed this, serving the Xia and Shang dynasties in obedience. In its later period was Tang Shuyu. At the time of King Wu and Yijiang, when she was pregnant with her younger brother, she dreamed that the Emperor told her: "I have named your son Yu. I will give him Tang. Entrust it to Shen, so that his descendants may flourish." When he was born, there was a mark on his hand reading "Yu," and thus he was named after it. When King Cheng destroyed Tang and enfeoffed the younger brother there, hence Shen became the "Jin Star." From this we can see that Shichen is the deity of Shen. In ancient times, Jin Tian Shi had a descendant named Mi, who served as the teacher of Xuanming. He fathered Yunge and Taidai. Taidai was able to carry on his official duties, managing the Fen and Tao rivers, controlling large lakes, and settling in Dayuan. The Emperor praised him for this and enfeoffed him at Fenchuan. The Shens, Si, Ru, and Huang families actually maintained the ancestral rites. Now Jin controls Fen but has destroyed them. From this we can see, Taidai is the deity of Fen. However, these two deities are not affecting your person directly. The gods of mountains and rivers bring calamities such as droughts, floods, plagues, and epidemics; thus, we perform sacrifices to appease them. The deities of the sun, moon, stars, and constellations bring untimely snow, frost, wind, and rain; thus, we perform sacrifices to pacify them. If it is the lord himself, then it would be due to matters of his daily life—his comings and goings, eating and drinking, sorrow and joy. What then do the deities of mountains, rivers, and stars have to do with it? Qiao has heard that gentlemen follow the four seasons of governance: in the morning they listen to court affairs, during the day they consult and inquire, in the evening they revise decrees, and at night they rest their bodies. Thus, they regulate and release their vital energies so that nothing is blocked or stagnant within them, preventing the body from being exposed to harm. If this mind remains untroubled, it will not confuse and disrupt a hundred affairs. Now, if one does not maintain balance in these matters, illness is sure to arise. Qiao also heard that when the inner court officials do not include close relatives of the same surname, their descendants will not flourish. When beauty and virtue are exhausted first, then illness arises; this is why gentlemen despise it. Therefore the Records say: "If one buys a concubine and does not know her surname, then divination should be used." To violate these two principles is what the ancients were careful to avoid. Distinguishing surnames between men and women is a fundamental principle of ritual. Now, your lord has four concubines within the palace who are not of the same surname; is this not the case? If one follows these two principles, such a situation cannot be allowed. "If four concubines are present and they are in good health, it may still be acceptable; but if not, illness is certain to arise." Shu Xiang said: "Well spoken! I had never heard this before." These are all true. Shu Xiang went out, and the official Hui saw him off. Shu Xiang asked about the affairs of Zheng and also inquired about Zi Xi. Hui replied: "How long can he last? He is disrespectful and likes to dominate others, relying on wealth while belittling his superiors; such a person cannot endure for long." The Duke of Jin heard Zi Chan's words and said: "He is indeed an erudite gentleman." He gave him a generous gift. The Duke of Jin sought a physician from Qin, and the Duke of Qin sent Yi He to examine him. Yi He said: "The illness cannot be cured." This is called being too close to concubines; the disease resembles possession by a 蛊 (malevolent spirit). It is not caused by ghosts or food, but by confusion that has led to loss of will. A good minister is about to die; Heaven does not protect him." The Duke said, "Is it that one should not be close to women?" He replied: "Moderation is the key." The music of the former kings was used to regulate all affairs. Therefore, there were five rhythms—slow and fast, beginning and end—that followed each other in sequence. When the central tone descended, after five descents, it could no longer be played. Thus there arose complicated and excessive sounds that overwhelmed the mind and ears, causing one to forget harmony; gentlemen do not listen to such music. Things are like this as well: when indulgence becomes excessive, it is abandoned naturally, and illness does not arise from it. Gentlemen's closeness to the qin and se is for ritual propriety, not for indulging the heart. Heaven has six qi (vital energies), which descend to produce five flavors, manifest as five colors, and are expressed as five musical tones. Excess in these gives rise to six illnesses. The six qi are yin, yang, wind, rain, darkness, and brightness; they divide into the four seasons and sequence into five rhythms. Excess in any of these becomes a calamity: excess yin causes cold illness, excess yang causes heat illness, excess wind causes diseases at the extremities, excess rain causes abdominal illness, excess darkness causes confusion and mental illness, and excess brightness causes heart illness. Women are yang in nature but associated with darkness; excessive indulgence leads to internal heat, confusion, and possession by a 蛊 (evil spirit). "Now your lord has not practiced moderation or followed proper timing—how could he avoid falling into this condition?" He went out and reported to Zhao Meng. Zhao Meng said: "Who would be a good physician?" He replied, "This is what you mean." "You have served as regent of the Jin state for eight years now. The Jin state has remained orderly, and no vassal states are lacking; this can be called good governance." He Wu heard of it and said: "A great minister of a state, honored with favor and 禄 (rewards), entrusted with the proper rites—yet if calamities arise and he makes no changes, he will surely bear the blame." "Now your lord has indulged to the point of illness, and will be unable to plan for or care about the state. What greater calamity could there be? If you cannot prevent this, that is why I say it." Zhao Meng asked: "What do you mean by 'gu'?" He replied, "It is born from indulgence and confusion." "In the written form, a vessel (皿) and an insect (虫) make up 'gu.' The flying of grain is also called 'gu.' In the Zhou Yi, when a woman bewitches a man, or wind falls upon a mountain, it is referred to as 'Gu.'" They are all similar phenomena. Zhao Meng said: "He is a good physician." He gave him generous gifts and sent him back.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚公子圍使公子黑肱，伯州犁，城犨，櫟，郟，鄭人懼，子產曰：「不害。令尹將行大事，而先除二子也。禍不及鄭，何患焉？」冬，楚公子圍將聘于鄭，伍舉為介。未出竟，聞王有疾而還。伍舉遂聘。十一月，己酉，公子圍至，入問王疾，縊而弒之。遂殺其二子幕及平夏。右尹子干出奔晉，宮廄尹子皙出奔鄭，殺大宰伯州犁于郟。葬王于郟，謂之郟敖。使赴于鄭，伍舉問應為後之辭焉。對曰：「寡大夫圍。」伍舉更之曰：「共王之子圍為長。」子干奔晉，從車五乘，叔向使與秦公子同食，皆百人之餼。趙文子曰：「秦公子富。」叔向曰，底祿以德，德鈞以年，年同以尊。公子以國，不聞以富。且夫以千乘去其國，彊禦已甚。詩曰，不侮鰥寡，不畏彊禦，秦、楚，匹也。」使后子與子干齒。辭曰：「鍼懼選，楚公子不獲，是以皆來，亦唯命。且臣與羇齒，無乃不可乎？史佚有言曰，非羇何忌，楚靈王即位，薳罷為令尹，薳啟彊為大宰。鄭游吉如楚，葬郟敖，且聘立君。歸，謂子產曰：「具行器矣。楚王汰侈而自說其事，必合諸侯。吾往無日矣。」子產曰：「不數年，未能也。」十二月，晉既烝，趙孟適南陽將會孟子餘，甲辰朔，烝于溫，庚戌，卒，鄭伯如晉，弔及雍乃復。
		The Prince Wei of Chu sent Gongzi Heigong, Bo Zhouli, to build walls at Chou, Li, and Jia. The people of Zheng were afraid. Zi Chan said: "It will not cause harm." "The Minister of Works is about to carry out a major action and first eliminated these two men." "Disaster will not reach Zheng; what is there to fear?" In winter, Prince Wei of Chu was about to visit Zheng as an envoy, with Wu Ju serving as his deputy. Before leaving the border, he heard that the king was ill and returned. Wu Ju then proceeded with his mission. On the Jiyou day of the eleventh month, Prince Wei arrived and entered to inquire about the king's illness; he strangled him and killed him. He then killed his two sons, Mu and Pingxia. You Yin Ziguan fled to Jin; Gongzhou Yin Zixi fled to Zheng, and the Grand Minister Bo Zhouli was killed in Jia. The king was buried in Jia, and he was posthumously called Jiaao. He sent envoys to Zheng, and Wu Ju asked about the proper words for announcing a successor. The reply was: "Minister Wei." Wu Ju changed it, saying: "Prince Wei, the son of King Gong, is the eldest." Ziguan fled to Jin and brought five chariots with him. Shu Xiang arranged for him to dine together with the Prince of Qin, each receiving provisions for a hundred people. Zhao Wenzzi said: "The Prince of Qin is wealthy." Shu Xiang said, "Assign stipends according to virtue; when virtues are equal, assign them based on age; and when ages are the same, base it on rank." "A prince is honored for his state, not for wealth." Moreover, to leave one's country with a thousand chariots is already excessive in strength and dominance. "The Odes say, 'Do not insult the widowed or orphaned; do not fear the strong and dominant.' Qin and Chu are equals." He arranged for Houzi to be ranked equally with Ziguan. The reply said: "Zhen Ju Xuan fears selection; the Prince of Chu did not receive it, so they all came. We will follow orders." Moreover, for a subject to be ranked with a captive is surely inappropriate? Shi Yi once said, "There is no need to fear a captive." When the King Ling of Chu assumed the throne, Wei Bai became Minister of Works and Wei Qiqiang became Grand Minister. Zheng Youji went to Chu for the burial of Jiaao and also as an envoy to install a new ruler. On his return, he said to Zi Chan: "The equipment is all prepared." "The King of Chu is wasteful and proud, and takes pleasure in his own affairs; he will surely convene the feudal lords." "There's no telling when I'll be going again." Zi Chan said: "Not for several years, it will not be possible yet." In the twelfth month, after Jin had held its winter sacrifice (zheng), Zhao Meng was heading to Nanyang and would meet with Meng Ziyu. On the Jiachen day of the first lunar day, he performed a sacrificial rite in Wen; on the Gengxu day, he died. Lord Zheng went to Jin for mourning rites and returned after reaching Yong.

《昭公二年 - Duke Zhao Year 2 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二年:	二年，春，晉侯使韓起來聘。
		In the second year, spring, Lord Jin sent Han Qi to pay a visit of courtesy.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，叔弓如晉。
		In summer, Shu Gong went to Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，鄭殺其大夫公孫黑。
		In autumn, Zheng killed its official Gongsun Hei.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，公如晉，至河乃復。
		In winter, the Duke went to Jin but returned upon reaching the Yellow River.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		季孫宿如晉。
		Jisun Su went to Jin.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二年:	二年，春，晉侯使韓宣子來聘，且告為政而來見，禮也。觀書於大史氏，見《易象》與《魯春秋》曰：「周禮盡在魯矣。吾乃今知周公之德，與周之所以王也。」公享之，季武子賦《綿》之卒章。韓子賦《角弓》。季武子拜曰：「敢拜子之彌縫敝邑，寡君有望矣。」武子賦《節》之卒章。既享，宴于季氏，有嘉樹焉，宣子譽之，武子曰：「宿敢不封殖此樹，以無忘《角弓》。」遂賦《甘棠》。宣子曰：「起不堪也，無以及召公。」宣子遂如齊納幣，見子雅，子雅召子旗，使見宣子。宣子曰：「非保家之主也，不臣。」見子尾，子尾見彊。宣子謂之如子旗。大夫多笑之。唯晏子信之，曰：「夫子，君子也。君子有信，其有以知之矣。」自齊聘於衛，衛侯享之。北宮文子賦《淇澳》。宣子賦《木瓜》。夏，四月，韓須如齊逆女。齊陳無宇送女，致少姜。少姜有寵於晉侯，晉侯謂之少齊。謂陳無宇非卿，執諸中都。少姜為之請曰，送從逆班，畏大國也，猶有所易，是以亂作。」
		In the second year, spring: Lord Jin sent Han Xuanzi on a courtesy visit and also to announce that he had assumed office and came to pay homage; this was in accordance with ritual. While visiting the Grand Historian's office and examining books, he saw The Yixiang and The Annals of Lu, saying: "The Zhou rites are entirely preserved in Lu. I now understand the virtue of Duke of Zhou and why the Zhou dynasty was able to become sovereign." The Duke hosted a banquet for him, and Ji Wuzi recited the final chapter of "Mian" from the Odes. Hanzi recited "Juegong." Ji Wuzi bowed and said, "I dare to thank you for mending the breaches in our humble state; our lord now has hopes." Wuzi recited the concluding chapter of "Jie." After the banquet, they dined at Ji's residence, where there was a fine tree. Han Xuanzi praised it, and Ji Wuzi said: "How could Su dare not enclose and cultivate this tree so as never to forget 'Juegong'?" He then recited "Gantang." Xuanzi said: "Qi is unworthy; I cannot match Zhao Gong." Hanzi then went to Qi to present gifts, met Zi Ya, and Zi Ya summoned Zi Qi to meet Hanzi. Xuanzi said: "He is not a master who can safeguard his family; he does not deserve to be my subject." Hanzi met Zi Wei, and Zi Wei introduced Qiang. Xuanzi spoke to him as he had spoken to Zi Qi. Many officials laughed at this. Only Yanzi believed in him, saying: "This gentleman is a man of virtue." "A virtuous man has trust; he must have known it already." From Qi, Hanzi paid a courtesy visit to Wei, and Duke Wei hosted a banquet for him. Beigong Wenzhi recited "Qi Ao." Xuanzi recited "Mugua." In summer, the fourth month, Han Xu went to Qi to escort a bride. Qi Chen Wuyu sent off the daughter and presented her as Xiaojiang. Xiaojiang was favored by Lord Jin, who referred to her as "Shao Qi." He said that Chen Wuyu was not an official of the rank of Qing and detained him in Zhongdu. Xiaojiang pleaded on his behalf, saying: "To send attendants to escort and follow the bride is out of fear for a great state; there was still something that could be changed, hence why disorder arose."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		叔弓聘于晉，報宣子也。晉侯使郊勞。辭曰：「寡君使弓來繼舊好，固曰『女無敢為賓！』徹命於執事，敝邑弘矣。敢辱郊使？請辭，致館，辭曰：「寡君命下臣來繼舊好，好合使成，臣之祿也。敢辱大館？」叔向曰：「子叔子知禮哉吾聞之曰：『忠信，禮之器也。卑讓，禮之宗也。』辭不忘國，忠信也。先國後己，卑讓也，《詩》曰：『敬慎威儀，以近有德。』夫子近德矣。」
		Shu Gong paid a courtesy visit to Jin as a return visit for Han Xuanzi. Lord Jin sent officials to meet and honor him at the suburbs. He declined, saying: "My lord sent Gong to continue our old friendship, clearly stating 'You must not treat him as a guest!'" "To carry out the orders of your officials is already a great honor for our humble state." How dare I trouble you with an escort at the suburbs?" He requested to decline and be sent to his lodging, saying: "My lord ordered me, a lowly official, to continue our old friendship. To bring about harmony and complete the mission is my fortune. How dare I burden such an esteemed residence?" Shu Xiang said: "Master Shuzi truly knows the rites! I have heard it said: 'Loyalty and trustworthiness are the vessels of ritual.' "Humility and courtesy are the essence of ritual." "To decline without forgetting one's state is loyalty and trustworthiness. To put the state before oneself is humility and courtesy. The Odes say: 'With reverence and caution in one's demeanor, one draws near to virtue.' "This gentleman indeed approaches virtue."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，鄭公孫黑將作亂，欲去游氏而代其位，傷疾作而不果。駟氏與諸大夫欲殺之。子產在鄙聞之，懼弗及，乘遽而至。使吏數之，曰，伯有之亂，以大國之事，而未爾討也。爾有亂心，無厭，國不女堪。專伐伯有，而罪一也。昆弟爭室，而罪二也。薰隧之盟，女矯君位，而罪三也。有死罪三，何以堪之不速死，大刑將至。」再拜稽首，辭曰：「死在朝夕，無助天為虐。」子產曰：「人誰不死。凶人不終，命也，作凶事，為凶人，不助天，其助凶人乎？」請以印為褚師。子產曰：「印也若才，君將任之。不才，將朝夕從女。女罪之不恤，而又何請焉不速死，司寇將至。」七月，壬寅，縊。尸諸周氏之衢，加木焉。
		In autumn, Gongsun Hei of Zheng planned to start a rebellion and wanted to remove the You clan in order to take their position. However, an injury or illness prevented him from proceeding with his plan. The Si family and other officials wished to kill him. Zi Chan, who was in the countryside, heard of this and feared it would be too late; he rode a fast carriage to arrive quickly. He sent officials to reprimand him, saying: "The disorder caused by Bo You was due to matters involving a great state, and we have not yet punished you for it. Your rebellious intentions are insatiable; the state can no longer bear them. To take sole credit for killing Bo You is your first crime. For brothers to quarrel over a house is your second crime. At the Mingu meeting, you usurped the position of the ruler and committed the third crime. "With three capital crimes, how can you bear it? If you do not die quickly, severe punishment will come." He bowed twice and kowtowed, pleading: "Death is coming soon; do not assist Heaven in being cruel." Zi Chan said: "Who among men does not die? "Those who commit evil deeds do not live long; it is fate. To commit an evil act makes one an evildoer. If you do not assist Heaven, would you then assist the evildoer?" He requested that Yin be made a minister of Chu. Zi Chan said: "If Yin is talented, the ruler will appoint him. "If he is not talented, he will follow you day and night." "You do not care about your crimes; what more do you request? If you do not die soon, the Minister of Punishment will come." On the Renyin day of the seventh month, he hanged himself. His body was displayed in the street of the Zhou family with a wooden post added to it.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages Related discussion		晉少姜卒。公如晉，及河。晉侯使士，文伯來辭曰，非伉儷也，請君無辱！」公還，季孫宿遂致服焉。叔向言陳無宇於晉侯曰：「彼何罪？君使公族逆之，齊使上大夫送之，猶曰不共，君求以貪，國則不共，而執其使。君刑己頗，何以為盟主。且少姜有辭。」冬，十月，陳無宇歸。
		Lady Xiaojiang of Jin died. The Duke went to Jin and reached the Yellow River. Lord Jin sent Shi Wenbo to bid farewell, saying: "She was not my equal in status; I beg you, do not deign to visit her!" The Duke returned, and Jisun Su then sent mourning clothes. Shu Xiang spoke to Lord Jin about Chen Wuyu, saying: "What crime did he commit? "Your lord sent a member of the noble clan to escort her, and Qi sent an official of high rank to see her off. Yet you still say she was disrespectful. Your lord sought this out of greed; if the state is not respectful, then it should be punished, but to detain its envoy? "Your punishment has been excessive; how can you still serve as a leader among states?" Moreover, Lady Xiaojiang had a reasonable explanation." In winter, the tenth month, Chen Wuyu returned.
Jump to dictionary		十一月，鄭印段如晉弔。
		In the eleventh month, Yin Duan of Zheng went to Jin to express condolences.

《昭公三年 - Duke Zhao Year 3 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公三年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公三年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公三年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公三年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公三年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公三年:	三年，春，王正月，丁未，滕子原卒。
		In the third year, spring, the first month of the reign of King [Wang], on the Dingwei day, Teng Zi Yuan died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，叔弓如滕。
		Summer, Shu Gong went to Teng.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		五月，葬滕成公。
		In the fifth month, Duke Cheng of Teng was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，小邾子來朝。
		Autumn, the ruler of Xiao Zhu came to pay homage.
Jump to dictionary		八月，大雩。
		In August, a great rain ritual was held.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，大雨雹。
		Winter, there was heavy hail.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		北燕伯款出奔齊。
		Beiyan Bo Kuan fled to Qi.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公三年:	三年，春，王正月，鄭游吉如晉，至少姜之葬，梁丙與張趯見之。梁丙曰：「甚矣哉子之為此來也。」子大叔曰：「將得已乎昔文、襄之霸也，其務不煩諸侯，令諸侯三歲而聘，五歲而朝，有事而會，不協而盟。君薨大夫弔，卿共葬事，夫人，士弔，大夫送葬。足以昭禮命，事謀闕而已，無加命矣。今嬖寵之喪，不敢擇位，而數於守適，唯懼獲戾，豈敢憚煩少姜有寵而死，齊必繼室。今茲吾又將來賀，不唯此行也。」張趯曰：「善哉吾得聞此數也。然自今子其無事矣。譬如火焉，火中，寒暑乃退。此其極也，能無退乎晉將失諸侯，諸侯求煩不獲。」二大夫退。子大叔告人曰：「張趯有知，其猶在君子之後乎！」
		In the third year, spring, in the first month of King [Wang]'s reign, Zheng Youji went to Jin. Before the burial of Shao Jiang, Liang Bing and Zhang Yi met with him. Liang Bing said: "How great is your coming here for this matter." Zi Dashi said: "Is it possible to avoid this? In the past, when Duke Wen and Duke Xiang were hegemonic leaders, their duties did not trouble the feudal lords. They sent envoys every three years for visits, paid homage every five years, convened meetings only in times of affairs, and formed alliances without prior coordination." When a ruler died, the ministers paid condolences; the high-ranking officials managed funeral arrangements. For a lady, the commoners paid condolences, and the ministers escorted her to the burial site. This was sufficient to demonstrate the rites and decrees; it was merely a matter of planning for deficiencies, without any additional orders. Now, for the funeral of a favored concubine, we dare not choose an appropriate position and must count on those who guard the legitimate heir. We are only afraid of committing an offense; how could we dare to be reluctant? Since Shao Jiang was beloved and has died, Qi will certainly provide another wife. Now I shall come again to offer congratulations; this journey is not the only one." Zhang Yi said: "Good! I have now heard these numbers. But from now on, you will probably have no more business to attend to. For example, like a fire; when the fire is in its prime, cold and heat recede. This is its peak; how can it not decline? Jin will lose the feudal lords, and when the feudal lords seek to be troublesome, they will not obtain permission." The two ministers withdrew. Zi Dashi told people: "Zhang Yi is wise; he still lags behind the gentlemen!"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		丁未，滕子原卒。同盟，故書名。
		On the Dingwei day, Duke Yuan of Teng died. They were allied states; therefore, his name is recorded.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		齊侯使晏嬰請繼室於晉，曰，寡君使嬰曰，寡人願事君，朝夕不倦，將奉質幣，以無失時，則國家多難，是以不獲，不腆先君之適，以備內官，焜燿寡人之望，則又無祿，早世隕命，寡人失望，君若不忘先君之好，惠顧齊國，辱收寡人，徼福於大公丁公，照臨敝邑，鎮撫其社稷，則猶有先君之適，及遺姑姊妹若而人，君若不棄敝邑，而辱使董振擇之，以備嬪嬙，寡人之望也。』」韓宣子使叔向對曰：「寡君之願也。寡君不能獨任其社稷之事，未有伉儷，在縗絰之中，是以未敢請。君有辱命，惠莫大焉。若惠顧敝邑，撫有晉國，賜之內主，豈惟寡君，舉群臣實受其貺。其自唐叔以下，實寵嘉之。」既成昏，晏子受禮，叔向從之晏，相與語，叔向曰：「齊其何如？」晏子曰：「此季世也，吾弗知齊其為陳氏矣公棄其民而歸於陳氏。齊舊四量，豆，區，釜，鍾，四升為豆，各自其四，以登於釜。釜十則鍾，陳氏三量，皆登一焉，鍾乃大矣，以家量貸，而以公量收之。山木如市，弗加於山，魚鹽蜃蛤，弗加於海，民參其力，二入於公，而衣食其一。公聚朽蠹，而三老凍餒。國之諸市，屨賤踊貴，民人痛疾，而或燠休之。其愛之如父母，而歸之如流水。欲無獲民，將焉辟之？箕伯，直柄，虞遂，伯戲，其相胡公、大姬，已在齊矣。」叔向曰：「然。雖吾公室，今亦季世也。戎馬不駕，卿無軍行，公乘無人，卒列無長。庶民罷敝，而宮室滋侈。道殣相望，而女富溢尤。民聞公命，如逃寇讎。欒郤，胥，原，狐，續，慶，伯，降在皁隸，政在家門，民無所依。君日不悛，以樂慆憂。公室之卑，其何日之有？讒鼎之銘曰，昧旦丕顯，後世猶怠，況日不悛，其能久乎？」晏子曰：「子將若何？」叔向曰：「晉之公族盡矣。肸聞之，公室將卑，其宗族枝葉先落，則公從之。肸之宗十一族，唯羊舌氏在而已，肸又無子。公室無度，幸而得死，豈其獲祀？」初景公欲更晏子之宅，曰，子之宅近市，湫隘囂塵，不可以居，請更諸爽塏者。」辭曰，君之先臣容焉，臣不足以嗣之，於臣侈矣。且小人近市，朝夕得所求，小人之利也，敢煩里旅？」公笑曰：「子近市，識貴賤乎？」對曰：「既利之，敢不識乎？」公曰：「何貴何賤？」於是景公繁於刑，有鬻踊者，故對曰，踊貴屨賤，既已告於君，故與叔向語而稱之。景公為是省於刑。君子曰：「仁人之言，其利博哉晏子一言而齊侯省刑。《詩》曰：『君子如祉，亂庶遄已。』其是之謂乎！」及晏子如晉，公更其宅，反則成矣。既拜乃毀之，而為里室，皆如其舊。則使宅人反之。「且諺曰：『非宅是卜，唯鄰是卜。』二三子先卜鄰矣，違卜不祥。君子不犯非禮。」小人不犯不祥，古之制也。吾敢違諸乎？」卒復其舊宅。公弗許，因陳桓子以請，乃許之。
		Duke Qi sent Yan Ying to request a new wife from Jin, saying: "My lord sends me to say that I wish to serve you without tiring day or night. I would like to present tribute and gifts in due season so as not to miss the time; however, my country has encountered many difficulties, hence I have been unable to do so. We lack a worthy daughter of our late ruler to serve as your concubine and illuminate my hopes, but she was unfortunate enough to die young, leaving me disappointed. If you do not forget the friendship between our late rulers and kindly look upon Qi, if you would deign to accept me and bestow blessings through Tai Gong and Ding Gong, shining upon this humble land and stabilizing its state affairs, then there are still daughters of my late ruler and some nieces or sisters who could be considered. If you do not abandon our small country and deign to allow someone to select among them for the purpose of becoming your concubines, that would fulfill my hopes." Yan Xuanzi sent Shu Xiang to reply: "This is the wish of our lord. Our lord cannot personally manage state affairs and has not yet found a suitable spouse; while still in mourning, he dared not make the request. Your lord has shown us this honor; your kindness could not be greater. If you kindly look upon our humble land, govern Jin, and grant us a suitable bride from your court, it would not only be a favor to our lord but also a gift cherished by all the ministers. Indeed, since Duke Tang Shu and those who followed, they have truly been honored and favored." After the marriage was arranged, Yan Zi accepted the gifts, with Shu Xiang accompanying him. At a banquet, they conversed together. Shu Xiang asked: "What will become of Qi?" Yan Zi said: "This is the final age of a dynasty; I cannot say. Qi will likely belong to the Chen clan, for the ruler has abandoned his people and they have turned to the Chen family." Qi had four traditional measures: dou, qu, fu, and zhong. Four sheng made one dou; each measure was four times the previous one, ascending to the fu. Ten fu made one zhong; the Chen clan's three measures each increased by a factor of four, so that the zhong became much larger. They lent grain using their private measure and collected it back with the official measure. The trees in the mountains were as abundant as goods in a market, yet no additional burden was placed on the mountain. Fish, salt, shellfish, and oysters were plentiful without extra pressure from the sea. The people contributed two-thirds of their labor to the state, but kept only one-third for clothing and food. The ruler's granaries were filled with rotting grain, while the elderly and respected citizens suffered from cold and hunger. In all the markets of the state, sandals were cheap but prosthetic limbs expensive; the people suffered greatly, yet some enjoyed warmth and rest. The people love them as parents, yet they return to them like flowing water. If one desires not to gain the people's support, where else could he turn? Ji Bo, Zhi Bing, Yu Sui, and Bo Xi—those who assisted Duke Hu and Lady Dai Ji—are already in Qi." Shu Xiang said: "Indeed. Even our royal house is now in the final age of its dynasty. The warhorses are not harnessed, the high officials do not lead military campaigns, the ruler's chariots have no attendants, and among the soldiers there is no leadership. The common people are exhausted and impoverished, while the palace becomes increasingly luxurious. Bodies of the dead lie along the roads in sight of one another, yet women's wealth overflows with excess. When the people hear the ruler's commands, they flee as if from an enemy or a foe. The clans of Luan, Xi, Xu, Yuan, Hu, Xu, Qing, and Bo have fallen to the ranks of common servants. Power lies in private hands; the people have no one to rely on. The ruler grows no wiser day by day, using pleasure to drown his worries. When will the royal house ever recover from its decline? The inscription on the caldron of slander says: "At dawn, great virtue is evident; yet even future generations remain lazy. If one does not reform each day, how can such a state endure long?" Yan Zi asked: "What will you do about it?" Shu Xiang said: "The royal clan of Jin has been completely exhausted. Xi heard that when the royal house is about to decline, its branches and leaves fall first, followed by the trunk itself. The Xi clan has eleven families, but only the Yangshe family remains. Moreover, Xi himself has no son. With the royal house lacking in virtue and restraint, even if I am fortunate enough to die a natural death, how could my descendants possibly receive ancestral sacrifices?" Initially, Duke Jing wanted to replace Yan Zi's residence. He said: "Your house is near the market; it is damp, cramped, and noisy with dust. It is not suitable for living. Please allow me to give you a better one." Yan Zi declined, saying: "My late ancestors were content with this house. I am unworthy to inherit their virtue; for me to live here is already excessive." Moreover, as a humble man living near the market, I can obtain what I need in the morning and evening; this is convenient for me. How dare I trouble my neighbors?" The duke smiled and said: "Since you live near the market, do you know which goods are expensive or cheap?" Yan Zi replied: "If I benefit from it, how could I not recognize such things?" The duke asked: "What is expensive and what is cheap?" At that time, Duke Jing was heavy-handed with punishments; there were many people selling prosthetic limbs. Hence, Yan Zi replied: "Prosthetic limbs are expensive while sandals are cheap." He had already informed the duke of this, so when he spoke with Shu Xiang, he mentioned it. Because of this, Duke Jing reduced his use of punishments. The gentlemen said: "The words of a benevolent man bring great benefit! A single remark by Yan Zi caused Duke Qi to reduce punishments. "The Book of Songs" says: "When the gentleman is blessed, disorder and turmoil quickly cease." Is this not what it means?" Later, when Yan Zi went to Jin, the duke replaced his residence. When he returned, the new house was already completed. After performing the ritual of acceptance, he had it demolished and built a house for the neighborhood instead, all as they were before. He then ordered the people in charge to return everything to its original state. "There is a proverb that says: 'It is not the house we choose, but the neighbors.'" "My two or three friends have already chosen good neighbors for me; to go against this would be inauspicious." "Gentlemen do not violate propriety." "Commoners avoid what is inauspicious; this has been the ancient custom." "How could I dare to go against it?" In the end, he returned to his old residence. The duke did not agree at first, but through Chen Huanzi's request, he finally gave permission.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，鄭伯如晉，公孫段相，甚敬而卑，禮無違者。晉侯嘉焉，授之以策，曰：「子豐有勞於晉國，余聞而弗忘。賜女州田，以胙乃舊勳。」伯石再拜稽首，受策以出。君子曰：「禮，其人之急也乎！伯石之汏也，一為禮於晉，猶荷其祿，況以禮終始乎《詩》曰：『人而無禮，胡不遄死？』其是之謂乎！」初，州縣，欒豹之邑也。及欒氏亡，范宣子、趙文子、韓宣子皆欲之。文子曰：「溫，吾縣也。」二宣子曰：「自郤稱以別，三傳矣。晉之別縣，不唯州，誰獲治之？」文子病之，乃舍之。二子曰：「吾不可以正議而自與也。」皆舍之，及文子為政，趙獲曰：「可以取州矣。」文子曰：「退二子之言，義也。違義，禍也。余不能治余縣，又焉用州，其以徼禍也。君子曰：『弗知實難。』知而弗從，禍莫大焉。有言州必死！」豐氏故主，韓氏伯石之獲州也，韓宣子為之請之，為其復取之之故。
		Summer, fourth month, Duke Zhuang of Zheng went to Jin; Gongsun Duan served as his assistant. He was very respectful and humble, with no violation of the rites. Duke Jin praised him and presented him with a written decree, saying: "Your ancestor Feng has rendered service to the state of Jin; I have heard of it and will not forget. I bestow upon you the fields of Zhou, in recognition of your family's past meritorious service." Bo Shi bowed twice and kowtowed deeply, accepting the decree before leaving. The gentlemen said: "Rites—aren't they the most urgent concern for a person?!" Even in his exile, Bo Shi observed one act of courtesy toward Jin and still received its rewards. How much more so for those who practice rites from beginning to end! As the "Book of Songs" says: "A person without propriety—why should he not die soon?" Is this not what is meant by that saying?" Originally, Zhou Xian was a fief of Luan Bao. When the Luan clan fell, Fan Xuansi, Zhao Wensi, and Yan Xuansi all desired it. Wensi said: "Wen is my fief." The two Xuansi said: "Since the time of Xi Cheng, it has been separated and passed down for three generations. Are there only fiefs in Zhou that are separate from Jin? Who else could govern them?" Wensi was troubled by this and thus gave it up. The two men said: "We cannot decide for ourselves without proper discussion." They both gave it up. When Wensi came to power, Zhao Huo said: "Now is the time to take Zhou." Wensi replied: "To heed the words of those two men was a matter of righteousness. "To go against righteousness would bring disaster." "I cannot even govern my own fief, so how could I possibly manage Zhou? To take it would only invite calamity. The gentlemen said: "To truly understand this is difficult." "To know it and yet not follow through—there could be no greater disaster." "Anyone who speaks of taking Zhou will surely die!" The original owner of Zhou was the Feng clan. Duke Bo Shi of Han obtained it, and Yan Xuansi petitioned for it on his behalf because he wanted to reclaim what had been lost.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		五月，叔弓如滕，葬滕成公。子服椒為介。及郊，遇懿伯之忌，敬子不入。惠伯曰：「公事有公利，無私忌。椒請先入。」乃先受館，敬子從之。
		In May, Shu Gong went to Teng, to attend the burial of Duke Cheng of Teng. Zi Fu Jiao served as his deputy envoy. When they reached the outskirts, they encountered a day of mourning for Yibo; Jingzi did not enter. Huibo said: "Official duties must serve public interests and should not be hindered by private mourning days. "Jiao requested to enter first." So he was allowed to stay in the guest house first, and Jingzi followed him.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉韓起如齊逆女。公孫蠆為少姜之有寵也，以其子更公女而嫁公子。人謂宣子，「子尾欺晉，晉胡受之？」宣子曰：「我欲得齊而遠其寵，寵將來乎？」
		Jin Han Qi went to Qi to escort his bride. Gongsun Chai, because of the favor shown to Shaojiang, replaced her son with a daughter of the ruler and married off his own son. People told Xuansi: "Zi Wei has deceived Jin; how can Jin accept this?" Xuansi said: "I wish to gain the favor of Qi while keeping its favorites at a distance; will that favor come on its own?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月，鄭罕虎如晉，賀夫人，旦告曰，楚人日徵敝邑，以不朝立王之故，敝邑之往，則畏執事其謂寡君而固有外心。其不往，則宋之盟云。進退罪也。寡君使虎布之。」宣子使叔向對曰：「君若辱有寡君，在楚何害脩宋盟也。君苟思盟，寡君乃知免於戾矣，君若不有寡君，雖朝夕辱於敝邑，寡君猜焉。君實有心，何辱命焉君其往也！苟有寡君，在楚猶在晉也，張趯使謂大叔曰，自子之歸也，小人糞除先人之敝廬，曰：『子其將來。』今子皮實來，小人失望。」大叔曰，吉賤不獲來，畏大國，尊夫人也。且孟曰：『而將無事。』吉庶幾焉。」
		In autumn, the seventh month, Zheng Hanhu went to Jin to congratulate their Lady. In the morning he reported: "The people of Chu daily demand tribute from our small state because we have not paid homage to the newly enthroned king. If we go, we fear that you, esteemed officials, will think our lord has long harbored disloyalty." If we do not go, it would be because of the alliance with Song. "To advance or to retreat is a matter of guilt." "My lord has sent me, Hu, to convey this message." Xuansi had Shuxiang reply: "If your lord honors our ruler, then what harm could there be in maintaining the alliance with Song while being under Chu?" "If your lord truly thinks of the alliance, our ruler would know he is free from blame. But if you do not honor our ruler, even daily demands on our small state will only make him suspicious." "If your lord indeed has good intentions, why issue such an insulting command? Your lord should go!" "If you honor our ruler, being under Chu is the same as being under Jin." Zhang Tui sent a message to Dashi saying: "Since your return, commoners have cleaned and repaired their ancestors' dilapidated houses, saying, 'He will surely come again.'" "Now it is actually Zhipi who has come; the people are disappointed." Dashi said: "Ji, being of low rank, could not come. He feared the great state and respected the lady." And Meng said: "You will have no trouble." "Ji hopes so, at least."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		小邾穆公來朝。季武子欲卑之。穆叔曰：「不可曹、滕、二邾，實不忘我好。敬以逆之，猶懼其貳，又卑一睦焉，逆群好也其如舊而加敬焉《志》曰：『能敬無災。』又曰：『敬逆來者，天所福也。』」季孫從之。
		Duke Mu of Xiaozhu came to pay homage. Ji Wuzi wanted to treat him with low status. Mushu said: "We cannot do that. Cao, Teng, and the two Zhous have never forgotten their friendship with us." We should receive them with respect, yet still fear they may waver. To further belittle one friendly relationship is to reject the goodwill of many. We should follow our previous practice and add more respect. As the Records say: "To be respectful brings no disaster." It also says: 'To receive those who come with respect is blessed by Heaven.'" Jisun followed his advice.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		八月，大雩，旱也。
		In August, a grand rain ritual was held due to drought.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		齊侯田於莒，盧蒲嫳見，泣且請曰，余髮如此種種，余奚能為，公曰：「諾，吾告二子。」歸而告之。子尾欲復之，子雅不可，曰：「彼其髮短而心甚長，其或寢處我矣。」九月，子雅放盧蒲嫳于北燕。燕簡公多嬖寵，欲去諸大夫而立其寵人。冬，燕大夫比以殺公之外嬖。公懼，奔齊。書曰「北燕伯款出奔齊」，罪之也。
		Duke Qi went hunting in Ju. Lu Pu Yi appeared, weeping and pleading: "My hair is like this—thin and sparse; what can I do?" The duke said: "Yes, I will tell my two sons." He returned and told them. Zi Wei wanted to restore him, but Zi Ya refused, saying: "His hair is short, yet his mind is long-reaching; he may now be plotting against us." In September, Zi Ya exiled Lu Pu Yi to the northern Yan. Yan Jian Gong had many favored favorites and wanted to remove the high officials in order to appoint his favorites instead. In winter, the Yan officials conspired to kill the duke's favorite concubine. The duke was frightened and fled to Qi. The Records say, "Prince Kuan of Northern Yan fled to Qi," indicating blame for his actions.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十月，鄭伯如楚，子產相。楚子享之，賦《吉日》。既享，子產乃具田備，王以田江南之夢。
		In the tenth month, Duke Zheng went to Chu, with Zichan as his assistant. Duke Chuyi hosted a banquet for him and recited "Jiri." After the banquet, Zichan presented detailed records of farmland, and King Chuyi granted him fields in Meng on the southern bank of the Yangtze.
Jump to dictionary		齊公孫灶卒。司馬灶見晏子曰：「又喪子雅矣。」晏子曰：「惜也，子旗不免，殆哉姜族弱矣，而媯將始昌。二惠競爽，猶可，又弱一個焉，姜其危哉。
		Gongsun Zhao of Qi died. Simazao met Yanzi and said: "Another death, that of Zi Ya." Yanzi said: "Too bad. Ziqi will not escape blame; it is dangerous indeed. The Jiang clan has grown weak, and the Gui clan will begin to flourish." "Two Huis vying for dominance—still manageable. But now one more has weakened; how precarious the Jiang clan is!"

《昭公四年 - Duke Zhao Year 4 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公四年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公四年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公四年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公四年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公四年:	四年，春，王正月，大雨雹。
		In the fourth year [of the reign period], spring, the first month of the king, there was a heavy hailstorm.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、鄭伯、許男、徐子、滕子、頓子、胡子、沈子、小邾子、宋世子佐、淮夷會于申。
		In summer, Lord Chu, Marquis Cai, Marquis Chen, Duke Zheng, Master Xu, Prince Teng, Master Dun, Master Hu, Master Shen, Prince Xiao Zhu, Crown Prince Zuo of Song, and the Huaiyi gathered at Shen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚人執徐子。
		The people of Chu captured Duke Xu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、胡子、沈子、淮夷伐吳。執齊慶封，殺之。遂滅賴。
		In autumn, the seventh month, Lord Chu, Marquis Pian, Marquis Chen, Master Xu, Master Dun, Master Huo, Master Shen, and the Huaiyi attacked Wu. Qi Qingfeng was captured and killed. They then proceeded to destroy Lai.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，取鄫。
		In the ninth month, Zeng was taken.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十有二月，乙卯，叔孫豹卒。
		In winter, the twelfth month, on the Yimao day (December 20, 541 BC), Shusun Bao died.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公四年:	四年，春，王正月，許男如楚，楚子止之，遂止鄭伯，復田江南，許男與焉。使椒舉如晉求諸侯，二君待之。椒舉致命曰：「寡君使舉曰：『日君有惠，賜盟于宋，曰，晉、楚之從，交相見也。以歲之不易，寡人願結驩於二三君，使舉請間。君若苟無四方之虞，則願假寵以請於諸侯，晉侯欲勿許。司馬侯曰：「不可。楚王方侈，天或者欲逞其心，以厚其毒而降之罰，未可知也。其使能終，亦未可知也。晉、楚唯天所相，不可與爭。君其許之，而脩德以待其歸。若歸於德，吾猶將事之，況諸侯乎若適淫虐，楚將棄之，吾又誰與爭？」曰：「晉有三不殆，其何敵之有？」國險而多馬，齊、楚多難。有是三者，何鄉而不濟？」對曰：「恃險與馬，而虞鄰國之難，是三殆也。四獄三塗，陽城大室，荊山中南，九州之險也，是不一姓。冀之北土，馬之所生，無興國焉。恃險與馬，不可以為固也，從古以然。是以先王務脩德音，以亨神人，不聞其務險與馬也。鄰國之難，不可虞也。或多難以固其國，啟其疆土，或無難以喪其國，失其守宇，若何虞難齊有仲孫之難，而獲桓公，至今賴之。晉有里平之難，而獲文公，是以為盟主。衛、邢無難，敵亦喪之。故人之難，不可虞也。恃此三者，而不脩政德，亡於不暇，又何能濟君其許之。紂作淫虐，文王惠和，殷是以隕，周是以興，夫豈爭諸侯？」乃許楚使。使叔向對曰：「寡君有社稷之事，是以不獲春秋時見。諸侯，君實有之，何辱命焉？」椒舉遂請昏，晉侯許之。楚子問於子產曰：「晉其許我諸侯乎？」對曰：「許君。晉君少安，不在諸侯。其大夫多求，莫匡其君。在宋之盟，又曰如一。若不許君，將焉用之？」王曰：「諸侯其來乎？」對曰：「必來。從宋之盟，承君之歡，不畏大國，何故不來不來者，其魯、衛、曹、邾乎曹畏宋，邾畏魯，魯、衛偪於齊而親於晉，唯是不來。其餘，君之所及也，誰敢不至？」王曰：「然則吾所求者，無不可乎？」對曰：「求逞於人，不可。與人同欲，盡濟。」
		In the fourth year, spring, first month of the king's reign, Master Xu went to Chu. Lord Chu detained him and thus also detained Duke Zheng. They resumed farming in the southern part of the Yangtze River, and Master Xu participated as well. They sent Jiao Ju to Jin to request the feudal lords' support; the two rulers received him in audience. Jiao Ju delivered the message, saying: "My lord sent me to say: 'In former days your lordship showed kindness by granting an alliance in Song, stating that the followers of Jin and Chu should meet each other. Because it is difficult to find a suitable time, I wish to establish friendly relations with the two or three lords; therefore, I have sent me to request an opportunity.'" "If you are not preoccupied with concerns in the four directions, then I wish to ask for your favor and request an audience with the feudal lords." Duke Jin wanted to refuse. Marquis Hou said: "We cannot do that. King Chu is currently indulgent; Heaven may be allowing him to indulge his desires, increasing the severity of his sins in order to bring down punishment upon him. We cannot yet know." Whether he will be able to maintain this until the end is also uncertain. Jin and Chu are subject only to Heaven's favor; we cannot contend with them." You should agree to this, cultivate virtue, and await their return. If they return to virtue, I will still serve them; how much more so the feudal lords? If they indulge in licentiousness and cruelty, Chu will abandon them. Who else shall we contend with?" He said: "Jin has three sources of invincibility; who can be their enemy?" "The state is perilous and has many horses, while Qi and Chu have frequent troubles. With these three advantages, to which direction could they not succeed?" He replied: "To rely on perilous terrain and horses, and to expect trouble from neighboring states—these are three sources of danger. Four Yu, Three Tu, Yangcheng Dashishi, Jing Shan Zhongnan—these are the dangers of the Nine Provinces; yet they have not remained under one family. The northern territories of Ji are where horses are born, yet no great state has ever risen there. To rely on perilous terrain and on horses is not sufficient for security, as has been the case since ancient times. Therefore, previous kings focused on cultivating virtue and reputation to please both gods and people; they never heard of relying solely on perilous terrain or horses. Troubles from neighboring states cannot be predicted. Some states have frequent troubles and thus consolidate their country, expanding their territory; others face no troubles but lose their state, abandoning their domain. How can one predict trouble? Qi had the difficulty of Zhongsun, yet gained Duke Huan, on whom they still rely to this day. Jin experienced the difficulty at Liping and thus gained Duke Wen, who became the leader of the feudal lords as a result. Wei and Xing had no troubles, yet their enemies also lost them. Therefore, the difficulties of a people cannot be predicted. To rely on these three things while neglecting governance and virtue is to perish without time for reflection; how can one then succeed? You should agree to it. "King Zhou indulged in licentiousness and cruelty; King Wen practiced kindness and harmony, so Yin fell and Zhou rose. Was this a matter of contending with the feudal lords?" Thus they agreed to the request from Chu's envoy. They sent Shu Xiang as a reply, saying: "My lord has matters concerning the state and ancestral temple, so he cannot meet in spring and autumn as scheduled. The feudal lords are truly under your lordship's control; how could we dare to be honored by such a command?" lords Jiao Ju then requested an alliance through marriage, and Duke Jin agreed. Lord Chu asked Zi Chan, saying: "Will Jin agree that I am the leader of the feudal lords?" Zi Chan replied: "They will agree to you. The ruler of Jin is young and at ease, not involved in the feudal lords' affairs. Many of his ministers are greedy for personal gain; none correct their lord. In the alliance with Song, it was also said that they would be as one. If they do not agree to you, then what use are such words?" The king said: "Will the feudal lords come?" Zi Chan replied: "They will certainly come. They followed the alliance of Song, accepted your lordship's hospitality, and did not fear great states. Why would they not come? Those who do not come will likely be Lu, Wei, Cao, and Zhu. Cao fears Song, Zhu fears Lu; Lu and Wei are pressured by Qi but close to Jin—these are the reasons why they will not come." The rest of them are within your lordship's reach; who would dare not to arrive?" The king said: "Then is there anything I request that cannot be achieved?" Zi Chan replied: "To seek satisfaction from others, it is not possible. But if one shares desires with others, all will be accomplished."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		大雨雹，季武子問於申豐曰：「雹可禦乎？」對曰：「聖人在上，無雹，雖有不為災。古者日在北陸，而藏冰西陸朝覿而出之。其藏冰也，深山窮谷，固陰沍寒，於是乎取之，其出之也，朝之祿位，賓食喪祭，於是乎用之。其藏之也，黑牡秬黍，以享司寒。其出之也，桃弧棘矢，以除其災。其出入也時，食肉之祿，冰皆與焉。大大命婦，喪浴用冰，祭寒而藏之，獻羔而啟之，公始用之。火出而畢賦。自命夫命婦，至於老疾，無不受冰。山人取之，縣人傳之，輿人納之，隸人藏之。夫冰以風壯，而以風出。其藏之也周，其用之也遍，則冬無愆陽，夏無伏陰，春無凄風，秋無苦雨，雷出不震，無菑霜雹癘疾不降，民不夭札。今藏川池之冰，棄而不用。風不越而殺，雷不發而震。雹之為菑，誰能禦之，《七月》之卒章，藏冰之道也。」
		There was a heavy hailstorm. Ji Wuzi asked Shen Feng, saying: "Can the hail be prevented?" Shen Feng replied: "When a sage is in power above, there will be no hail; even if it occurs, it does not become a disaster. In ancient times, when the sun was in the northern region, ice was stored in the western region; it was presented at court and then released. When storing ice, they took it from deep mountains and remote valleys where the cold was dense and severe. When releasing it, it was used for morning audiences, official ranks, banquets, funerals, and sacrifices. When storing the ice, black male cattle and ju shu were offered to worship the deity of cold. When releasing it, peach bows and thorn-tipped arrows were used to ward off disasters. The timing of its storage and release was regulated; those with the rank to eat meat all had access to ice as well. High-ranking officials and their wives used ice for bathing during funerals; they offered sacrifices to the deity of cold before storing it, presented lambs before using it, and only then did the ruler begin to use it. When the fire star appeared in the sky, all duties were completed. From officials and their wives down to the elderly and infirm, no one was left without receiving ice. Mountain dwellers collected it; county officials transported it; cart drivers delivered it; and servants stored it. Ice grows strong with the wind, and is released with the wind. If it is stored thoroughly and used widely, then in winter there will be no excessive warmth, in summer no lingering cold; in spring no chilling winds, in autumn no bitter rains. Thunder will sound without shaking the earth, no disasters of frost, hail, or plagues will descend, and people will not die prematurely. Nowadays, ice from rivers and ponds is stored but left unused. Winds do not blow strongly enough to cause harm; thunder does not erupt powerfully enough to shake the earth. Hail as a disaster—who can prevent it? The final chapter of "July" describes the method of storing ice."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，諸侯如楚，魯、衛、曹、邾不會。曹、邾辭以難，公辭以時祭，衛侯辭以疾。鄭伯先待于申。六月，丙午，楚子合諸侯于申。椒舉言於楚子曰：「臣聞諸侯無歸禮，以為歸。今君始得諸侯，其慎禮矣。霸之濟否，在此會也。夏啟有鈞臺之享，商湯有景亳之命。周武有孟津之誓，成有岐陽之蒐，康有酆宮之朝，穆有塗山之會，齊桓有召陵之師，晉文有踐土之盟。君其何用宋向戌、鄭公孫僑在，諸侯之良也，君其選焉。」王曰：「吾用齊桓。」王使問禮於左師與子產。左師曰：「小國習之，大國用之，敢不薦聞。」獻公合諸侯之禮六。子產曰：「小國共職，敢不薦守。」獻伯、子、男會公之禮六。君子謂「合左師善守先代，子產善相小國」。王使椒舉侍於後，以規過。卒事，不規。王問其故，對曰：「禮，吾未見者有六焉，又何以規？」宋大子佐後至，王田於武城，久而弗見。椒舉請辭焉。王使往曰，屬有宗祧之事於武城，寡君將墮幣焉，敢謝後見。」徐子，吳出也，以為貳焉，故執諸申。楚子示諸侯侈。椒舉曰，夫六王二公之事，皆所以示諸侯，禮也，諸侯所由用命也，夏桀為仍之會，有緡叛之。商紂為黎之蒐，東夷叛之，周幽為大室之盟，戎狄叛之。皆所以示諸侯汏也，諸侯所由棄命也。今君以汏，無乃不濟乎？」王弗聽，子產見左師曰：「吾不患楚矣。汏而愎諫，不過十年。」左師曰：「然。不十年侈，其惡不遠，遠惡而後棄。善亦如之，德遠而後興。」
		In summer, the feudal lords went to Chu; Lu, Wei, Cao and Zhu did not attend. Cao and Zhu cited difficulties as their excuse, the Duke of Lu cited seasonal sacrifices, and Marquis Wei cited illness. Duke Zheng arrived first and waited at Shen. In the sixth month, on the Bingwu day (June 28, 541 BC), Lord Chu convened the feudal lords at Shen. Jiao Ju said to Lord Chu: "I have heard that when the feudal lords do not return with a formal ritual, it is considered as returning. Now that your lordship has just gained the feudal lords, you should be cautious about rituals. Whether or not hegemony will succeed depends on this meeting. Summer King Qi had the banquet at Jun Tai, and Shang Tang received his mandate at Jing Bo. King Wu of Zhou had the oath at Mengjin, King Cheng held a military review at Qiyang, King Kang convened an audience at Feng Gong, King Mu held a conference at Tushan, Duke Huan of Qi led his army at Zhaoling, and Duke Wen of Jin formed an alliance at Jiantu. Your lordship should choose from among them—Song Xiangxu and Zheng Gongsun Qiao are present; they are the virtuous men of the feudal lords." The king said: "I will follow Duke Huan of Qi." The king sent envoys to inquire about rituals from Zuo Shi and Zi Chan. Zuo Shi said: "Small states become familiar with them, great states employ them; how dare I not recommend and report?" Duke Xian presented six rituals for the feudal lords to assemble. Zi Chan said: "Small states fulfill their duties; how dare I not present and safeguard them?" He presented six rituals for dukes, marquises, and masters to meet the ruler. The gentlemen said: "Zuo Shi was good at preserving the traditions of previous generations, while Zi Chan was skilled in assisting small states." The king made Jiao Ju wait behind to advise and correct mistakes. After the event concluded, no corrections were needed. The king asked for the reason and Jiao Ju replied: "Rituals—there are six aspects I have not yet seen. How could I possibly offer advice?" Crown Prince Zuo of Song arrived late; the king hunted at Wucheng and delayed in receiving him. Jiao Ju requested to deliver a message on his behalf. The king sent him, saying: "There are ancestral temple matters to attend to at Wucheng. My lord will offer sacrifices; we dare to apologize for the delayed meeting." Duke Xu was a native of Wu, and thus considered disloyal. Therefore, he was detained at Shen. Lord Chu displayed extravagance to the feudal lords. Jiao Ju said: "The affairs of the six kings and two dukes were all meant to demonstrate to the feudal lords; this is ritual. It is through such rituals that the feudal lords follow commands. In ancient times, Xia Jie held a conference at Reng, yet You Min rebelled against him." King Zhou of Shang held a military review at Li, and the Eastern Yi rebelled against him; King You of Zhou formed an alliance at Dashishi, yet the Rong and Di rebelled. These were all examples of displays to the feudal lords that failed; it is how the feudal lords abandoned their commands. Now, your lordship follows such failure—will you not also fail?" The king did not listen. Zi Chan met with Zuo Shi and said: "I no longer fear Chu. With extravagance and stubbornness in rejecting advice, it will not last more than ten years." Zuo Shi said: "Indeed. Without ten years of extravagance, their evil will not be far-reaching; only when the evil becomes widespread will they be abandoned. Virtue is no different—only when it spreads widely does prosperity arise."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月，楚子以諸侯伐吳。宋大子、鄭伯先歸。宋華費遂、鄭大夫從。使屈申圍朱方，八月，甲申，克之。執齊慶封而盡滅其族。將戮慶封。椒舉曰：「臣聞無瑕者可以戮人。慶封惟逆命，是以在此，其肯從於戮乎播於諸侯，焉用之？」王弗聽，負之釜鉞，以徇於諸侯，使言曰，無或如齊慶封，弒其君，弱其孤，以盟其大夫，慶封曰：「無或如楚共王之庶子圍，弒其君兄之子麇而代之，以盟諸侯。」王使速殺之。遂以諸侯滅賴。賴子面縛銜璧，士袒輿櫬從之，造於中軍。王問諸椒舉。對曰，成王克許，許僖公如是，王親釋其縛，受其璧，焚其櫬。」王從之，遷賴於鄢。楚子欲遷許於賴，使鬥韋龜與公子棄疾城之而還。申無宇曰：「楚禍之首，將在此矣。召諸侯而來，伐國而克，城竟莫校，王心不違，民其居乎民之不處，其誰堪之不堪王命，乃禍亂也。」
		In autumn, the seventh month (August 20, 538 BC), Lord Chu led the feudal lords in an attack on Wu. Crown Prince of Song and Duke Zheng returned first. Hua Feisui of Song and a minister from Zheng followed. They sent Qu Shen to besiege Zhufang. On the Jia Shen day of the eighth month (September 17, 538 BC), they captured it. They arrested Qi Qingfeng and completely exterminated his clan. They were about to execute Qingfeng. Jiao Ju said: "I have heard that one who is without blemish may execute others. Qingfeng was here only because he defied commands; would he be willing to accept execution and spread disgrace among the feudal lords? Why use such a person?" The king did not listen, and had Qingfeng carried to the cauldron and axes, parading him before the feudal lords. They made him say: "Let none be like Qi Qingfeng, who murdered his lord, oppressed his orphaned heir, and allied with his ministers." Qingfeng replied: "Let none be like the younger son of King Gong of Chu, Wei, who killed his nephew Jun, the son of his elder brother, to take his place, and formed an alliance among the feudal lords." The king ordered him executed quickly. They then led the feudal lords to destroy Lai. The ruler of Lai bound himself with his face exposed, holding a jade tablet in his mouth; attendants carried the coffin bare-chested and followed him to the central army. The king asked Jiao Ju about it. He replied: "When King Cheng conquered Xu, the ruler of Xu Xi Gong did just this. The king personally released his bonds, accepted his jade tablet, and burned the coffin." The king followed this example, relocating Lai to Yan. Lord Chu wanted to relocate Xu to Lai and sent Dou Weigui and Gongzi Qiji to build the city before returning. Shen Wuyu said: "The beginning of calamity for Chu will be here. We summoned the feudal lords and came, attacked a state and conquered it, yet no one in the borderlands dared to resist. The king's will is not defied—will the people be willing to live there? If the people refuse to settle, who can bear it? When they cannot endure the king's command, that is where disaster and chaos arise."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，取鄫，言易也。莒亂，著丘公立而不撫鄫，鄫叛而來，故曰取。凡克邑不用師徒曰取」。
		In September (October 18, 538 BC), Zeng was taken; it was said to have been easy. Ju was in chaos. Duke Zhuqiu established himself as ruler but did not properly govern Zeng, so Zeng rebelled and came to us; hence it is said that we "took" Zeng. Whenever a city was captured without the use of troops, it was recorded as "taken."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		鄭子產作丘賦。國人謗之，曰，其父死於路，己為蠆尾。以令於國，國將若之何？」子寬以告。子產曰：「何害？苟利社稷，死生以之，且吾聞為善者不改其度，故能有濟也。民不可逞，度不可改。《詩》曰：『禮義不愆，何恤於人言？』吾不遷矣。」渾罕曰：「國氏其先亡乎君子作法於涼，其敝猶貪。作法於貪，敝將若之何？姬在列者，蔡及曹、滕，其先亡乎偪而無禮。鄭先衛亡，偪而無法。政不率法，而制於心。民各有心，何上之有？」
		Zi Chan of Zheng instituted the feudal land tax. łoż The people of the state criticized him, saying: "His father died on the road; he has become a scorpion's stinger." To issue orders to the state, what will the state do about it?" Zi Kuan reported this. Zi Chan said: "What harm is there? If it benefits the state, I will face life and death for it. Moreover, I have heard that those who do good do not change their principles, which is why they can succeed. The people cannot be indulged; standards must not be changed. "The Odes" say: "If rites and righteousness are without fault, what should we fear from people's words?" "I will not change my course." Hun Han said: "The Guo family is likely to perish first. When gentlemen establish laws in times of ease, their decline still leads to greed. To establish laws when already greedy, how can the consequences be controlled?" Among those in the Ji lineage, Cai and Cao, Teng will perish first—pressured yet lacking propriety. Zheng will fall before Wei does; pressured but without law. Governance that does not follow the law, yet is controlled by personal desires. The people each have their own hearts—what ruler could they truly serve?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，吳伐楚入，棘，櫟，麻，以報朱方之役。楚沈尹射奔命於夏汭，咸尹宜咎城鍾離，薳啟疆城巢，然丹城州來。東國水，不可以城，彭生罷賴之師。
		In winter, Wu attacked and entered Ji, Li, Ma in Chu to retaliate for the campaign at Zhufang. Chu's Shen Yin She was sent to Xia Rui, Xian Yin Yigao built the city of Zhongli, Wei Qijiang built Chao, and Ran Dan built Zhoulai. The eastern region was flooded; it could not be used for building cities, so Peng Sheng disbanded the army stationed at Lai.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		初，穆子去叔孫氏，及庚宗，遇婦人，使私為食而宿焉。問其行，告之故，哭而送之。適齊，娶於國氏，生孟丙、仲壬。蔓天壓己，弗勝，顧而見人，黑而上僂，深目而豭喙，號之曰：「牛！助余，乃勝之，旦而皆召其徒，無之。且曰：「志之。」及宣伯奔齊，饋之。宣伯曰，魯以先子之故，將存吾宗，必召女。召女何如？」對曰，願之久矣，魯人召之，不告而歸。既立，所宿庚宗之婦人，獻以雉。問其姓，對曰，余子長矣，能奉雉而從我矣。」召而見之，則所夢也。未問其名，號之曰「牛」，曰：「唯。」皆召其徒，使視之，遂使為豎。有寵，長使為政。公孫明知叔孫於齊，歸，未逆國姜，子明取之。故怒其子，長而後使逆之。田於丘蕕，遂遇疾焉。豎牛欲亂其室而有之，強與孟盟，不可，叔孫為孟鍾曰，爾未際，饗大夫以落之。」既具，使豎牛請日。入弗謁，出命之日。及賓至，聞鍾聲，牛曰：「孟有北婦人之客。」怒，將往，牛止之。賓出，使拘而殺諸外。牛又強與仲盟，不可。仲與公御萊書，觀於公，公與之環，使牛入示之。入不示，出命佩之。牛謂叔孫：「見仲而何？」叔孫曰：「何為？」曰不見，既自見矣，公與之環而佩之矣。」遂逐之，奔齊。疾急，命召仲。牛許而不召。杜洩見，告之飢渴，授之戈，對曰：「求之而至，又何去焉？」豎牛曰：「夫子疾病，不欲見人。」使寘饋于個而退，牛弗進，則置虛命徹。十二月，癸丑，叔孫不食。乙卯，卒，牛立昭子而相之。公使杜洩葬叔孫。豎牛賂叔仲昭子與南遺，使惡杜洩於季孫而去之。杜洩將以路葬，且盡卿禮。南遺謂季孫曰：「叔孫未乘路，葬焉用之？且冢卿無路，介卿以葬，不亦左乎，季孫曰：「然。」使杜洩舍路。不可，曰，夫子受命於朝，而聘于王，王思舊勳為賜之路，復命而致之君，君不敢逆王命，而復賜之，使三官書之。吾子為司徒，實書名。夫子為司馬，與工正書服。孟孫為司空，以書勳。今死而弗以，是棄君命也。書在公府而弗以，是廢三官也。若命服，生弗敢服，死又不以，將焉用之？」乃使以葬。季孫謀去中軍，豎牛曰：「夫子固欲去之。」
		Initially, when Mu Zi left the Shu Sun clan and arrived at Geng Zong, he encountered a woman who prepared food for him privately and allowed him to stay. He asked about her journey, she told him the reason, and wept as she sent him off. When he arrived in Qi, he married a woman from the Guo clan and had Meng Bing and Zhong Ren. A creeping vine pressed down on him, overwhelming his strength; he turned and saw a man who was dark-skinned with hunched shoulders, deep-set eyes, and a pig-like snout. He cried out: "Ox!" "Help me," he said, and thus overcame it. In the morning, he summoned all his followers but found no one there. He also said: "Remember this." When Duke Xuan of Qi fled to Qi, he was given food and supplies. Duke Xuan said: "Because of our late father's sake, Lu will preserve my clan; they must summon you." "How about if they summon you?" He replied: "I have longed for it for a long time. When the people of Lu summoned me, I returned without informing you." After he was installed in power, the woman from Geng Zong where he had once stayed presented him with a pheasant. He asked her surname; she replied: "My son is grown now, and he can accompany me with a pheasant." He summoned the man and saw him—this was exactly the one from his dream. Before he asked for his name, he called out: "Ox," to which the man replied: "Yes." He summoned all of his followers and had them look at him; then he made him a servant. The man gained favor and was long entrusted with governance. Gong Sun Ming knew Shu Sun in Qi; upon returning, before he could meet his wife from the Guo clan, Zi Ming took her. Therefore, he was angry at his son and only after the boy grew up did he send him to fetch her. He hunted in Qiuyou and fell ill there. Shu Niu wanted to seize control of the household and took advantage of it, forcing Meng into an oath. When Meng refused, Shu Sun made a bell for Meng and said: "You have not yet reached your station; hold a banquet for the ministers to consecrate it." After everything was prepared, he sent Shu Niu to request a date. He entered without paying respects and left with the command for the day. When the guests arrived, they heard the bell ringing; Niu said: "Meng has a northern woman's guest." They were angry and intended to go, but Niu stopped them. After the guests left, he had Meng arrested and killed outside. Niu again forced an oath with Zhong, but it was refused. Zhong and Gong Yu Laishu observed the matter before the ruler; the ruler gave them a ring and had Niu show it to him. He entered without showing it, then left with orders for Zhong to wear it. Niu said to Shu Sun: "What will you do when you see Zhong?" Shu Sun replied: "Why ask?" "He did not see him, but he has already revealed himself; the ruler gave him a ring and he is wearing it." They then drove Zhong out, who fled to Qi. As his illness worsened, he ordered the summoning of Zhong. Niu agreed but did not call for him. Du Xie visited, informed him of his hunger and thirst, gave him a halberd. He replied: "If you seek me out and come, why would I leave again?" Shu Niu said: "Our lord is ill; he does not wish to see people." He ordered the food and drink placed in a room and then withdrawn. Niu did not present it, so he falsely commanded its removal. On the Kechou day of December (January 13, 529 BC), Shu Sun stopped eating. On the Yimao day (January 15, 529 AD), he died; Niu installed Zhao Zi and served as his regent. The ruler sent Du Xie to bury Shu Sun. Shu Niu bribed Shu Zhong Zhaozi and Nan Yi, instructing them to slander Du Xie before Ji Sun so that he could be removed. Du Xie intended to bury him with ceremonial chariots and full rites for a high-ranking official. Nan Yi said to Ji Sun: "Shu Sun never rode in ceremonial chariots; why use them for his burial? Moreover, the chief ministers do not have such chariots. To bury a secondary minister with them would be inappropriate." Ji Sun said: "Indeed." He ordered Du Xie to abandon the use of ceremonial chariots. Du Xie refused, saying: "Our lord received his orders from court and was sent as an envoy to the king. The king honored past meritorious service by granting him a ceremonial chariot; upon returning with his report, he presented it to the ruler. The ruler dared not defy the king's command and returned it, ordering three officials to record this." "My son served as Siku, who actually recorded his name." "Our lord was the Sima and worked with the Gongzheng to record the ceremonial attire." "Min Sun served as Sikong, recording his meritorious deeds in writing." Now that he has died and we do not use it, this would be abandoning the ruler's command. The records are in the public office but not used; this would mean disregarding the three officials. "If ceremonial robes and commands were given, he dared not wear them in life, yet after death we do not use them—what purpose would they serve?" They then allowed the burial with it. Ji Sun plotted to eliminate the central army, and Shu Niu said: "Our lord originally wanted to remove it."

《昭公五年 - Duke Zhao Year 5 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公五年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公五年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公五年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公五年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公五年:	五年，春，王正月，舍中軍。
		In the fifth year, spring, the first month of the reign of King [Wang], the middle army was dismissed.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚殺其大夫屈申。
		Chu killed one of its ministers, Qu Shen.
Jump to dictionary		公如晉。
		The Duke went to Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，莒牟夷以牟婁及防、茲來奔。
		In summer, Ju Mouyi brought Moulou and Fang, Zi to defect to the state of Lu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月，公至自晉。
		In autumn, July, the Duke returned from Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		戊辰，叔弓帥師敗莒師于蚡泉。
		On the Wuchen day, Shu Gong led his troops and defeated the army of Ju at Fenquan.
Jump to dictionary		秦伯卒。
		Lord Qin died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，楚子、蔡侯、陳侯、許男、頓子、沈子、徐人、越人伐吳。
		In winter, Lord Chu, Marquis Cai, Duke Chen, Master Xu, Duke Dun, Duke Shen, the people of Xu, and the people of Yue attacked Wu.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公五年:	五年，春，王正月，舍中軍，卑公室也。毀中軍于施氏，成諸臧氏，初作中軍，三分公室而各有其一。季氏盡征之，叔孫氏臣其子弟，孟氏取其半焉。及其舍之也，四分公室，季氏檡二，二子各一，皆盡征之，而貢于公，以書使杜洩告於殯曰：「子固欲毀中軍，既毀之矣，故告。」杜洩曰：「夫子唯不欲毀也，故盟諸僖閎，詛諸五父之衢。」受其書而投之，帥士而哭之。叔仲子謂季孫曰：「帶受命於子叔孫曰，葬鮮者自西門。」季孫命杜洩。杜洩曰：「卿喪自朝，魯禮也。吾子為國政，未改禮而又遷之，群臣懼死，不敢自也。」既葬而行。仲至自齊，季孫欲立之。南遺曰：「叔孫氏厚則季氏薄。彼實家亂，子勿與知，不亦可乎？」南遺使國人助豎牛，以攻諸大庫之庭。司宮射之，中目而死。豎牛取東鄙三十邑，以與南遺。昭子即位。朝其家眾曰，豎牛禍叔孫氏，使亂大從，殺適立庶，又披其邑，將以赦罪，罪莫大焉！」必速殺之。」豎牛懼，奔齊。孟仲之子，殺諸塞關之外，投其首於寧風之棘上，仲尼曰：「叔孫昭子之不勞，不可能也。周任有言曰：『為政者不賞私勞，不罰私怨。』詩云：『有覺德行，四國順之。』初，穆子之生也，莊叔以周易筮之，遇明夷之謙，以示卜楚丘。曰是將行，而歸為子祀，以讒人入，其名曰牛，卒以餒死。《明夷》日也。日之數十，故有十時，亦當十位。自王已下，其二為公，其三為卿，日上其中，食日為二，旦日為三。《明夷》之《謙》，明而未融，其當旦乎故曰為子祀。日之《謙》當鳥，故曰『明夷于飛』。明之未融，故曰『垂其翼』。象日之動，故曰『君子于行』。當三在旦，故曰『三日不食』。離火也，艮，山也，《離》為火，火焚山，山敗。於人為言，敗言為讒，故曰『有攸往，主人有言』。言必讒也。純《離》為牛。世亂讒勝，勝將適《離》，故曰其名曰牛。謙不足，飛不翔，垂不峻，翼不廣，故曰其為子後乎吾子，亞卿也，抑少不終。」
		In the fifth year, spring, first month of the reign period of King [Wang], they dismissed the central army; this was to show respect for the royal house. The central army had been destroyed by the Shi family and completed at Zhuangshi's residence; originally established, the central army was divided into three parts of the royal house, each part being controlled separately. The Ji family collected all the levies; the Shusun family made its young men and boys their subjects, while the Meng family took half of it. When they dismissed it, the royal house was divided into four parts: two parts belonged to Ji Shi, and each of the two sons had one part. All levies were collected in full and offered as tribute to the Duke. They sent Du Xie with written instructions to inform Bin, saying: "You have long wanted to destroy the central army; it has now been destroyed, so we are informing you." Du Xie said: "Master only did not want to destroy it, hence the oath was made at Xi Hong and a curse was invoked on Wu Fu Zhi Qu." He took the letter and threw it away, leading his men to mourn over it. Shuzhongzi said to Jisun: "Dai received an order from Zishushun saying, 'Those burying fresh corpses should go through the western gate.'" Jisun gave orders to Du Xie. Du Xie said: "The funeral of a high-ranking official should proceed from the court; this is the ritual practice in Lu." "You, my lord, hold state affairs and have not altered the rites yet you are changing them; the ministers fear death and dare not act on their own." After the burial was completed, they proceeded. Zhong arrived from Qi; Jisun wanted to establish him as ruler. Nan Yi said: "If the Shusun clan becomes powerful, then the Ji clan will become weak." "They have indeed caused disorder within their family; you need not be involved in it. Isn't that acceptable?" Nan Yi sent the people of the state to support Shuniu, who attacked them in the courtyard of Daku. Sugong shot him, hitting his eye and killing him. Shuniu took thirty outlying towns in the east to give to Nan Yi. Zhaozi assumed his position. He addressed the members of his family, saying: "Shuniu has brought disaster to the Shusun clan. He caused chaos among the great clans, killed the legitimate heir and installed an illegitimate one, and then distributed their towns in order to absolve himself of guilt—there could not be a greater crime!" "We must kill him quickly." Shuniu was frightened and fled to Qi. The son of Meng Zhong killed him outside the gate of Sai Guan, and threw his head onto a thornbush at Ningfeng. Confucius said: "It is impossible that Shusun Zhaozi did not exert effort." Zhou Ren once said: "Those who govern should not reward private efforts, nor punish private grudges." The Odes say: 'He whose noble virtue and conduct are evident—four states will follow him.' Initially, when Muzi was born, Zhuangshu used the Zhou Yi to divinate for him and received the hexagram Mingyi transformed into Qian. He showed this to Buchuqiu for interpretation. He said: "This one will go out and return to serve as a sacrifice for you. A slanderer named Niu will enter, and in the end he will die of starvation." "The hexagram Mingyi is about the sun." The number of days is ten, so there are ten periods; it also corresponds to ten positions. From the king downward, two correspond to dukes and three to ministers; the sun is in the middle. The partial eclipse of the sun corresponds to two, while the full day at dawn corresponds to three. "The transformation from Mingyi to Qian signifies clarity but not yet complete fusion; it must correspond to the dawn. Hence, it is said that he will serve as a sacrifice for his son." The Qian hexagram of the sun corresponds to a bird; hence, it says "Mingyi flies in flight." Clarity has not yet fully merged, so it is said, "It lowers its wings." The image of the sun in motion, hence it says, "A gentleman travels on a journey." Corresponding to three at dawn, so it says, "Three days without food." Li represents fire; Gen represents a mountain. The hexagram Li signifies fire, and when fire burns the mountain, the mountain is destroyed. In terms of people, it represents speech; corrupted speech becomes slander. Hence, it says: "Going somewhere, the host has words [against him]." Speech must be slander. Pure Li corresponds to a cow. In times of chaos, slander prevails; when it prevails, it will move toward Li. Hence, it says: "His name is Niu." Qian signifies insufficiency; flight is not soaring, the descent is not steep, and wings are not broad. Hence it says: "He will be a son's successor? My lord, you are an assistant minister, yet your youth did not reach completion."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子以屈伸為貳於吳，乃殺之。以屈生為莫敖，使與令尹子蕩如晉逆女。過鄭，鄭伯勞子蕩于氾，勞屈生于菟氏，晉侯送女于邢丘。子產相鄭伯會晉侯于邢丘。
		Lord Chu considered Qu Shen to have been disloyal to Wu and thus killed him. He appointed Qu Sheng as Moao, ordering him to accompany the Minister-in-Chief Zi Dang to Jin to escort the bride. They passed through Zheng, and Duke of Zheng entertained Zi Dang at Fan and entertained Qu Sheng at Tu Shi. The Duke of Jin sent the bride to Xingqiu. Zi Chan served as the minister for Duke Zheng, who met with the Duke of Jin at Xingqiu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如晉，自郊勞至于贈賄。無失禮，晉侯謂女叔齊曰：「魯侯不亦善於禮乎？」對曰：「魯侯焉知禮！」公曰：「何為自郊勞至于贈賄。禮無違者，何故不知？」對曰：「是儀也，不可謂禮。禮所以守其國，行其政令，無失其民者也。今政令在家，不能取也。有子家羈，弗能用也。奸大國之盟，陵虐小國。利人之難，不知其私。公室四分，民食於他。思莫在公，不圖其終。為國君，難將及身，不恤其所。禮之本末，將於此乎在，而屑屑焉習儀以亟。言善於禮，不亦遠乎君子謂：「叔侯於是乎知禮。」
		The Duke went to Jin; from greeting him in the suburbs up until presenting gifts, all was done. There were no breaches of etiquette. The Duke of Jin said to Nü Shu Qi: "Wasn't the Duke of Lu particularly good at observing rites?" He replied, "How could the Duke of Lu know about rites!" The Duke said: "Why did I go from greeting in the suburbs to presenting gifts?" "There was no violation of rites; why then do you say he does not know them?" He replied: "That is merely a ritual formality, and cannot be called true rites." Rites are what preserve the state, carry out its administrative orders, and ensure that it does not lose its people. Now, however, political authority lies with the families; one cannot reclaim it. There is a man named Jia Ji in the family, but he cannot be used [effectively]. They have violated alliances with great states and oppressed small ones. They take advantage of others' misfortunes for their own benefit, yet do not understand the consequences of their selfishness. The royal house is divided into four parts; the people depend on others for sustenance. People no longer think of the public good, and do not consider the consequences in the long run. To be a ruler of the state, yet dangers will soon reach oneself, without concern for one's own people. The fundamentals and details of rites should be found here, yet he is preoccupied with meticulously practicing formalities. To say that one is good at rites is not to be far from the conduct of a gentleman. It was said: "Shuhou demonstrated knowledge of rites in this matter."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉韓宣子如楚送女，叔向為介。鄭子皮、子大叔勞諸索氏。大叔謂叔向曰：「楚王汏侈已甚，子其戒之！」叔向曰：「汏侈已甚，身之災也，焉能及人若奉吾幣帛，慎吾威儀，守之以信，行之以禮，敬始而思終，終無不復。從而不失儀，敬而不失威，道之以訓辭，奉之以舊法，考之以先王，度之以二國，雖汏侈，若我何？」及楚，楚子朝其大夫曰：「晉，吾仇敵也。苟得志焉，無恤其他，今其來者，上卿、上大夫也。若吾以韓起為閽，以羊舌肸為司宮，足以辱晉，吾亦得志矣，可乎？」大夫莫對。薳啟彊曰：「可。苟有其備，何故不可，恥匹夫不可以無備，況恥國乎是以聖王務行禮，不求恥人。朝聘有珪，享覜有璋，小有述職，大有巡功。設机而不倚，爵盈而不飲，宴有好貨，飧有陪鼎，入有郊勞，出有贈賄，禮之至也。國家之敗，失之道也，則禍亂興。城濮之役，晉無楚備，以敗於邲。邲之役，楚無晉備，以敗於鄢。自鄢以來，晉不失備，而加之以禮，重之以睦，是以楚弗能報，而求親焉。既獲姻親，又欲恥之，以召寇讎，備之若何誰其重此若有其人，恥之可也。若其未有，君亦圖之。晉之事君，臣曰可矣。求諸侯而麇至。求昏而薦女，君親送之，上卿及上大夫致之。猶欲恥之，君其亦有備矣。不然，奈何？韓起之下，趙成，中行吳，魏舒，范鞅，知盈，羊舌肸之下，祁午、張趯、籍談、女齊、梁丙、張骼、輔躒、苗賁皇，皆諸侯之選也。韓襄為公族大夫，韓須受命而使矣。箕襄，邢帶，叔禽，叔椒，子羽，皆大家也。韓賦七邑，皆成縣也。羊舌四族，皆彊家也。晉人若喪韓起，楊肸，五卿，八大夫，輔韓須，楊石，因其十家九縣，長轂九百，其餘四十縣，遺守四千，奮其武怒，以報其大恥，伯華謀之，中行伯魏舒帥之，其蔑不濟矣。君將以親易怨，實無禮以速寇，而未有其備，使群臣往遺之禽，以逞君心，何不可之有王曰：「不穀之過也，大夫無辱。」厚為韓子禮。王欲敖叔向以其所不知而不能，亦厚其禮。韓起反，鄭伯勞諸圉，辭不敢見，禮也。
		The Jin general Han Xuansi went to Chu to escort the bride, with Shu Xiang as his deputy. Zi Pi and Zi Dashu of Zheng entertained them at Suo Shi. Zi Dashu said to Shu Xiang: "The King of Chu is excessively extravagant; you should be on your guard!" Shu Xiang said: "Excessive extravagance is a disaster for oneself; how could it affect others? If we present our gifts and silks with care, observe proper decorum, uphold trustworthiness, act according to rites, respect the beginning while considering the end, then there will be no failure in the end." "Follow while not losing propriety, be respectful without losing dignity, guide with instructive words, uphold the old laws, examine them in light of the former kings, and measure them by the two states. Even if they are extravagant, what can they do to us?" When they arrived in Chu, Lord Chu addressed his ministers and said: "Jin is my enemy." "If I can achieve my ambitions, I will not worry about anything else. Now those who have come are the senior ministers and high-ranking officials of Jin." "If I make Han Qi a gatekeeper and Yangshe Xi the head of palace affairs, it would be enough to humiliate Jin. Then my ambitions will have been fulfilled—would that be acceptable?" None of the ministers responded. Yu Qi Qiang said: "Yes." "If we are prepared, why should it not be acceptable? Even a common man cannot afford to lack preparation; how much more so for an entire state. Therefore, sage kings always emphasized the practice of rites and did not seek to humiliate others." Diplomatic visits are accompanied by jade gui, while banquets for envoys include jade zhang. For minor matters there is a report of duties; for major ones, there is an inspection of achievements. To set up a mat but not lean on it, to have a full cup of wine yet not drink from it; banquets include generous gifts and meals with accompanying tripods; upon arrival there is an out-of-town reception, and upon departure there are parting gifts—this is the highest form of rites. The downfall of a state or family results from losing the right way; then calamities and disorder arise. In the battle at Chengpu, Jin had no preparations against Chu and was defeated at Bi. In the battle of Bi, Chu had no precautions against Jin and was defeated at Yan. Since the battle of Yan, Jin has never failed to be prepared and added rites on top of that, reinforcing them with amicable relations. Therefore, Chu could not retaliate but instead sought closer ties. Having already secured a marital alliance, yet wanting to humiliate them would invite enemies and hostilities. How could one prepare for this? If there is someone who truly values this, then it may be acceptable to show disdain. If such a person does not exist, my lord should also consider the consequences. Regarding Jin's treatment of its ruler, I say it is acceptable." They sought the feudal lords and many arrived in large numbers. They requested a marriage alliance and presented multiple brides; the ruler himself personally sent them off, while senior ministers and high-ranking officials delivered them. Yet they still wish to humiliate us—surely you, my lord, have already made preparations. Otherwise, what else can be done? Under Han Qi were Zhao Cheng, Zhonghang Wu, Wei Shu, Fan Yang, Zhi Ying; under Yangshe Xi were Qi Wu, Zhang Ti, Ji Tan, Nü Qi, Liang Bing, Zhang Ge, Fu Qian, Miao Benhuang—all of them were outstanding among the feudal lords. Han Xiang was appointed as a public clan official; Han Xu had already received orders and been sent on a mission. Ji Xiang, Xing Dai, Shu Qin, Shu Jiao, Zi Yu—these were all prominent families. Han was granted seven towns; they were all established as xian counties. The four clans of Yangshe were all powerful families. If the people of Jin were to lose Han Qi, Yang Xi, five senior ministers, eight high-ranking officials, and support Han Xu and Yang Shi, taking advantage of their ten families and nine counties, with a hundred long-wheeled chariots, plus forty other counties left behind with four thousand garrison troops, and they stirred up military fury to avenge such great humiliation—Bo Hua planned it, Zhonghang Bo Wei Shu led them. There would be no way this could fail. "You would trade a close alliance for enmity, act without rites to invite enemies, and yet have no preparations. Sending our ministers to be captured merely to satisfy your desires—what could possibly make this acceptable?" The king said: "It is my fault; you gentlemen are not to blame." They offered Han Zi generous rites. The king wanted to mock Shu Xiang by asking about things he did not know, but was unable to do so; thus, he also treated him with great courtesy. When Han Qi returned, Duke Zheng received him at Yu and offered laborious hospitality, but Han Qi declined to see him, which was in accordance with propriety.
Jump to dictionary		鄭罕虎如齊，娶於子尾氏。晏子驟見之，陳桓子問其故，對曰：「能用善人，民之主也。」
		Zhen Hanhu went to Qi and married into the Zi Wei family. Yan Zǐ saw him frequently, and Chen Huanzi asked why. He replied: "He is able to employ virtuous people; he is the leader of the people."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，莒牟夷以牟婁及防、茲來奔。牟夷非卿而書，尊地也。莒人愬于晉，晉侯欲止公。范獻子曰：「不可。人朝而執之，誘也。討不以師，而誘以成之，惰也。為盟主而犯此二者，無乃不可乎請歸之，間而以師討焉。」乃歸公，秋，七月，公至自晉。莒人來討，不設備，戊辰，叔弓敗諸蚡泉，莒未陳也。
		In summer, Ju Mouyi brought Moulou and Fang, Zi, and came to take refuge. Mouyi was not an official of the rank of qing but is recorded because he was respected for his territory. The people of Ju petitioned to Jin, and Duke Jin wanted to stop the duke from proceeding. Fan Xianzi said: "No, it cannot be done." To receive someone in court and then arrest him is to entice them with deceit. To pursue punishment without a military force, but instead by luring the person into submission, is cowardice. "As an alliance leader to commit these two offenses would not be acceptable. I suggest we send him back, and after some time, punish him with a military campaign." They thus sent the duke back. In autumn, in the seventh month, the duke returned from Jin. The people of Ju came to exact punishment, and without being prepared, on the Wuchen day, Shu Gong defeated them at Fenquan; the forces of Ju had not yet formed their battle array.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十月，楚子以諸侯及東夷伐吳，以報棘、櫟、麻之役。薳射以繁揚之師，會於夏汭，越大夫常壽過帥師會楚子于瑣。聞吳師出，薳啟彊帥師從之，遽不設備，吳人敗諸鵲岸。楚子以馹至於羅汭。吳子使其弟蹶由犒師，楚人執之，將以釁鼓。王使問焉，曰：「女卜來吉乎？」對曰，吉，寡君聞君將治兵於敝邑，卜之以守龜，曰：『余亟使人犒師，請行以觀王怒之疾徐，而為之備，尚克知之。』龜兆告吉，曰，克可知也。君若驩焉，好逆使臣，滋敝邑休殆而忘其死，亡無日矣。今君奮焉，震電馮怒，虐執使臣，將以釁鼓，則吳知所備矣。敝邑雖羸，若早脩完，其可以息師。難易有備，可謂吉矣。且吳社稷是卜，豈為一人使臣獲釁軍鼓，而敝邑知備，以禦不虞，其為吉孰大焉國之守龜，其何事不卜？一臧一否，其誰能當之，城濮之兆，其報在邲。今此行也，其庸有報志？」乃弗殺，楚師濟於羅汭，沈尹赤會楚子次於萊山。薳射帥繁揚之師，先入南懷，楚師從之，及汝清，吳不可入。楚子遂觀兵於坻箕之山，是行也，吳早設備，楚無功而還，以蹶由歸。楚子懼吳，使沈尹射待命于巢，薳啟彊待命于雩婁，禮也。
		In winter, in the tenth month, King Chu led feudal lords and eastern Yi tribes to attack Wu, as retaliation for the battles of Ji, Lu, and Ma. Wei She led the Fanyang forces to rendezvous at Xia Rui; Wu's official Chang Shouguo led troops to meet King Chu at Suo. Upon hearing that Wu's forces had marched out, Wei Qi Qiang led troops in pursuit, but hastily failed to prepare for battle; the people of Wu defeated them at Que'an. King Chu traveled by relay post horses as far as Luo Rui. Prince Wu sent his younger brother Jue You to offer sacrifices and provisions to the army, but the people of Chu captured him and intended to use his blood for sacrificial purposes on a war drum. The king sent someone to inquire, saying: "Did your divination indicate good fortune when you came?" He replied: "It was auspicious. My lord heard that you were going to mobilize troops in our humble land, and divined with the sacred tortoise, which said: 'I will send envoys frequently to offer sacrifices to your army; I request permission to proceed so as to observe how quickly or slowly Your Majesty becomes angry, and prepare accordingly. Perhaps we can still know what is coming.'" The tortoise omens indicated auspiciousness, saying: "Victory can be foreseen." If Your Majesty is pleased and kindly receives our envoys, it will encourage the people of our humble land to forget their fear of death and work hard; we would then be doomed without a day's notice. Now, Your Majesty is enraged, displaying fury like thunder and lightning, cruelly capturing our envoy to use his blood for a war drum—then Wu will know what to prepare. Though our humble land is weak, if we repair and strengthen ourselves early on, perhaps it may be enough for your army to rest. To prepare for both difficulty and ease can truly be called auspicious. Moreover, the divination was for the safety of Wu's state; how could it be merely to capture one envoy and use his blood on a war drum, while our humble land prepares itself to guard against unforeseen events? What greater auspiciousness could there be than this? The sacred tortoise used by the state—what matter is not divined over? One auspicious, one inauspicious—who could possibly bear it? The omen from the Battle of Chengpu found its fulfillment at Bi. "Will this present campaign also have a response or consequence?" They thus did not kill him. The Chu forces crossed at Luo Rui, and Shen Yin Chi joined King Chu's army stationed at Lai Shan. Wei She led the Fanyang troops, entering Nanhuai first; the Chu forces followed them to Ruqing, but Wu could not be entered. King Chu then inspected his troops at Chi Ji Mountain. On this campaign, Wu had prepared early on; thus, the forces of Chu achieved nothing and returned, taking Jue You back with them. King Chu feared Wu and stationed Shen Yin She on standby at Chao, and Wei Qi Qiang on standby at Yu Lou—this was in accordance with rites.
Jump to dictionary		秦后子復歸於秦，景公卒故也。
		The later son of Qin returned to Qin; this was because Duke Jing had died.

《昭公六年 - Duke Zhao Year 6 》

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Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公六年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公六年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公六年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公六年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公六年:	六年，春，王正月。杞柏益姑卒。
		The sixth year, spring, the first month of the reign of King [Wang]. Qi Baigu died.
Jump to dictionary		葬秦景公。
		The state of Qin buried Duke Jing.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，季孫宿如晉。葬杞文公。
		In summer, Ji Sun Su went to the Jin state. The state of Qi buried Duke Wen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		宋華合比出奔衛。
		From the state of Song, Hua Hebi fled to Wei.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，九月，大雩。
		In autumn, on the ninth month, a grand rain-summoning ceremony was held.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚薳罷帥師伐吳。
		Chu's Wei Bai led an army to attack Wu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，叔弓如楚。
		In winter, Shu Gong went to the Chu state.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		齊侯伐北燕。
		Duke of Qi launched a campaign against Beiyan.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公六年:	六年，春，王正月，杞文公卒，弔如同盟，禮也。大夫如秦，葬景公，禮也。
		The sixth year, spring, first month of the reign period: Duke Wen of Qi died; mourning rites were conducted as for an allied state, which was in accordance with ritual. A high minister went to Qin to attend the burial of Duke Jing, which conformed to ritual.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月，鄭人鑄刑書。叔向使詒子產書曰，始吾有虞於子，今則已矣，昔先王議事以制，不為刑辟，懼民之有爭心也，猶不可禁禦，是故閑之以義，糾之以政，行之以禮，守之以信，奉之以仁，制為祿位，以勸其從，嚴斷刑罰，以威其淫。懼其未也，故誨之以忠，聳之以行，教之以務，使之以和，臨之以敬，蒞之以彊，斷之以剛。猶求聖哲之上，明察之官，忠信之長，慈惠之師，民於是乎可任使也，而不生禍亂。民知有辟，則不忌於上，並有爭心，以徵於書，而徼幸以成之，弗可為矣。夏有亂政，而作《禹刑》。商有亂政，而作《湯刑》。周有亂政，而作《九刑》。三辟之興，皆叔世也。今吾子相鄭國，作封洫，立謗政，制參辟，鑄刑書，將以靖民，不亦難乎《詩》曰：『儀式刑文王之德，日靖四方。』又曰：『儀刑文王，萬邦作孚。』如是，何辟之有？民知爭端矣，將棄禮而徵於書，錐刀之末，將盡爭之。亂獄滋豐，賄賂並行。終子之世，鄭其敗乎肸聞之：『國將亡，必多制。』其此之謂乎！復書曰，若吾子之言，僑不才，不能及子孫，吾以救世也。既不承命，敢忘大惠？」士文伯曰：「火見，鄭其火乎！火未出而作火，以鑄刑器，藏爭辟焉。火如象之，不火何為？」夏，季孫宿如晉，拜莒田也。晉侯享之，有加籩。武子退，使行人告曰，小國之事大國也，苟免於討，不敢求貺，得貺不過三獻。今豆有加，下臣弗堪，無乃戾也！」韓宣子曰，寡君以為驩也，對曰，寡君猶未敢，況下臣，君之隸也，敢聞加貺？」固請徹加，而後卒事。晉人以為知禮，重其好貨。
		In March, the people of Zheng cast down penal laws in writing. Shu Xiang sent a letter to Zi Chan, saying: "Initially I had concerns about you, but now they are dispelled. In the past, the former kings deliberated on matters and established regulations without codifying penal laws, fearing that people might develop contentious minds. Even so, it was still impossible to prevent such tendencies; therefore, they guided them with righteousness, corrected them with governance, implemented them through ritual, upheld them by trustworthiness, and supported them with benevolence. Regulations for ranks and positions were established to encourage compliance, while strict punishment was imposed as a deterrent against excess." They feared that this might not be sufficient, so they instructed them in loyalty, inspired them through exemplary conduct, taught them diligence, guided them with harmony, approached them with respect, oversaw them with strength, and decided matters firmly. Even so, they still sought wise and sagacious rulers, officials of clear discernment, leaders of loyalty and trustworthiness, teachers of kindness and grace—only then could the people be entrusted with responsibilities without giving rise to calamities or disorder. If the people know there are penal laws, they will no longer fear their superiors and may develop contentious minds, citing written statutes to seek advantage and 侥幸 (徼幸) in achieving their goals; this situation cannot be controlled. In summer when there was disorder in governance, the "Yuxing" penal code was created. The Shang dynasty experienced chaotic governance and thus established the "Tangxing" penal code. The Zhou dynasty faced disorder in administration, leading to the creation of the "Jiu Xing" (Nine Punishments) legal code. The emergence of these three penal codes all occurred during the later periods of dynasties in decline. Now, you serve as the prime minister of the state of Zheng, establishing boundary ditches, setting up mechanisms for public criticism, formulating three penal codes, and casting down written laws; these measures are intended to pacify the people. Is this not difficult? The "Ode" says: "Follow the example of King Wen's virtue, thus daily pacifying all quarters." It also says: "Following the model of King Wen, all states will place trust in you." If this is so, then what need is there for penal laws? The people now know where disputes lie; they will abandon ritual and refer to written statutes, even contending over the tip of a cone or a knife. Disorder in judicial cases will multiply, and bribery along with corruption will prevail simultaneously. Throughout your lifetime, the state of Zheng is doomed to decline, I have heard: "When a country is about to perish, it will inevitably create many regulations." Is this not exactly what is meant? Zi Chan replied in a letter: "If you say as my son did, Qiao is not talented enough to match your descendants. I do this to save the world." "If I have already failed to follow orders, how could I dare forget such great kindness?" Shi Wenbo said: "The fire star is visible; will Zheng suffer a fire disaster?" Before the fire star has appeared, they have already created fire-related items to cast penal instruments and store contentious laws. "If the fire is as symbolic as this, what else could it be but a fire?" In summer, Ji Sun Su traveled to Jin to express gratitude for the land granted in Ju. Duke of Jin hosted a banquet for him and added extra 笾 (ritual food vessels). Wu Zi withdrew and sent an envoy to report, saying: "A small state serving a great state dares not seek gifts as long as it is exempt from punishment. Any gift received would not exceed three offerings." "Now the number of food vessels has increased, and your humble servant cannot bear it; this might be considered an act of injustice!" Han Xuanzi said, "Our lord considers this a source of joy." He replied, "Our lord still dares not accept it; how much less so for your humble servant, who is but the subject of Your Lordship? How dare I hear of additional gifts?" After persistent requests to remove the extra offerings, they finally completed the ceremony. The Jin people considered him knowledgeable in ritual and valued his fondness for wealth.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		宋寺人柳有寵，大子佐惡之。華合比曰：「我殺之。」柳聞之，乃坎用牲埋書，而告公曰，合比將納亡人之族，既盟于北郭矣。」公使視之，有焉，遂逐華合比。合比奔衛。於是華亥欲代右師，乃與寺人柳比，從為之徵曰：「聞之久矣。」公使代之。見於左師，左師曰：「女夫也，必亡女喪而宗室，於人何有人亦於女何有？詩曰，宗子維城，毋俾城壞，毋獨斯畏，女其畏哉！」
		oplevel In the state of Song, a palace official named Liu was favored; Crown Prince Zuo resented him. Hua Hebi said, "I killed him." Liu heard of this and dug a pit, placed sacrificial animals and the documents in it, then informed the Duke, saying: "Hebibei is about to admit the family of fugitives; they have already taken an oath at the northern outskirts." The duke sent someone to investigate, and indeed there was evidence. Thus, Hua Hebi was expelled. Hebibei fled to Wei. At this time, Hua Hai wanted to replace You Shi and thus conspired with the court official Liu Bi. They fabricated evidence for him by saying: "We have heard of it for a long time." The duke then had someone else take his place. They appeared before Zuo Shi, who said: "You are a man; you will certainly cause the destruction of your wife and clan. What does one person have to do with another? Nor will others have anything to do with you." The "Ode" says: 'The head of the clan is a wall; do not let the wall collapse. Do not be afraid alone—be you who should fear!'"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		六月，丙戌，鄭災。
		On the Bingxu day of the sixth month, Zheng suffered a fire disaster.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚公子棄疾如晉，報韓子也。過鄭，鄭罕虎、公孫僑、游吉從鄭伯以勞諸柤，辭不敢見。固請見之，見如見王，以其乘馬八匹私面。見子皮，如上卿，以馬六匹。見子產，以馬四匹。見子大叔，以馬二匹。禁芻牧採樵，不入田，不樵樹，不采蓺，不抽屋，不強匄，誓曰：「有犯命者，君子廢，小人降。」舍不為暴，主不慁賓。往來如是。鄭三卿皆知其將為王也。韓宣子之適楚也，楚人弗逆。公子棄疾及晉竟，晉侯將亦弗逆。叔向曰，楚辟我衷，若何效辟，《詩》曰：『爾之教矣，民胥效矣。』從我而已，焉用效人之辟《書》曰：『聖作則。』無寧以善人為則，而則人之辟乎匹夫為善，民猶則之，況國君乎？」晉侯說，乃逆之。
		The Prince of Chu, Qi Ji, went to Jin as a return visit for Han Zi. Passing through Zheng, he was met by Han Hu, Gongsun Qiao, and You Ji, who accompanied Duke of Zheng to Zha to welcome him. However, Qi Ji declined the meeting, claiming it was too bold for him to appear. After persistent requests, he finally met with them. The reception accorded to Qi Ji was as if receiving a king, and privately presented eight horses from his personal mount as a gift. When meeting Zi Pi, he treated him like an upper-ranking minister, presenting six horses. When meeting Zi Chan, he presented four horses. When meeting Zi Dashu, he gave two horses. They prohibited grazing, herding, and gathering firewood; they did not enter the fields, did not cut down trees, did not harvest cultivated crops, did not dismantle houses, and did not forcefully beg. They swore an oath: "Anyone who disobeys these orders will be dismissed if a gentleman or demoted if a commoner." The accommodations were provided without causing disturbance, and the hosts did not trouble their guests. All comings and goings followed this manner. The three high ministers of Zheng all knew that he would become a king. When Han Xuanzi went to Chu, the people of Chu did not meet him in welcome. Prince Qi Ji reached the border of Jin, and Duke of Jin was also going to refuse to receive him. Shu Xiang said: "Chu is avoiding us, how can we follow their example? The 'Ode' says: 'If you set an example, the people will all emulate it.'" "Follow our own way; why should we imitate others' avoidance? The 'Book of Documents' says: 'The sage establishes the standard.'" "Would it not be better to take virtuous people as our model, rather than follow others' avoidance? Even an ordinary person who does good will still be emulated by the people; how much more so for a ruler of a state?" Duke of Jin was pleased and thus received him.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月，大雩，旱也。
		In autumn, on the seventh month, a grand rain-summoning ritual was held due to drought.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		徐儀楚聘于楚。楚子執之，逃歸。懼其叛也，使薳洩伐徐。吳人救之。令尹子蕩帥師伐吳，師于豫章，而次于乾谿，吳人敗其師於房鍾，獲宮廄尹棄疾，子蕩歸罪於薳洩而殺之。
		Xu Yichu paid a visit to Chu as an envoy. The ruler of Chu detained him, but he managed to escape and return home. Fearing rebellion, they sent Wei Xie to attack Xu. The Wu people came to its rescue. Ling Yin Zi Dang led an army to attack Wu, marching to Yuzhang and encamping at Qianxi. The people of Wu defeated his forces at Fangzhong, capturing Gongzhou Yin Qi Ji. Zi Dang returned the blame to Wei Xie and had him executed.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，叔弓如楚聘，且弔敗也。
		In winter, Shu Gong traveled to Chu as an envoy and also to express condolences for their defeat.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十一月，齊侯如晉，請伐北燕也。士匄相士鞅逆諸河，禮也。晉侯許之。十二月，齊侯遂伐北燕，將納簡公。晏子曰：「不入，燕有君矣，民不貳。吾君賄，左右諂諛，作大事不以信，未嘗可也。」
		In the eleventh month, Duke of Qi went to Jin, requesting a joint campaign against Beiyan. Shi Gai assisted Shi Yang in meeting him at the Yellow River, which was according to ritual protocol. Duke of Jin agreed to it. In the twelfth month, Duke of Qi proceeded to attack Beiyan, intending to install Gong Jian as ruler. Yan Zi said: "We should not enter. Yan already has a ruler, and its people are not divided." "Our lord is corrupt; those around him flatter. Undertaking great matters without trustworthiness has never been acceptable."

《昭公七年 - Duke Zhao Year 7 》

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Books referencing 《昭公七年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公七年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公七年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公七年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公七年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公七年:	七年，春，王正月，暨齊平。
		In the seventh year, spring, the first month of the reign of King [Wang], Ji Qi was pacified.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月，公如楚。
		In March, the Gong went to Chu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		叔孫婼如齊蒞盟。
		Shusun Ruo went to Qi to oversee an alliance.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，甲辰，朔，日有食之。
		In summer, the fourth month, on the Jiachen day of the first day of the month, there was a solar eclipse.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，八月，戊辰，衛侯惡卒。
		In autumn, the eighth month, on the Wuchen day, Duke E of Wei died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，公至自楚。
		In September, the Gong returned from Chu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十有一月，癸未，季孫宿卒。
		In winter, the eleventh month, on the Gu wei day, Jisun Su died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十有二月，癸亥，葬衛襄公。
		In the twelfth month, on the Guihai day, Duke Xiang of Wei was buried.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公七年:	七年，春，王正月，暨齊平，齊求之也。癸巳，齊侯次于虢。燕人行成，曰：「敝邑知罪，敢不聽命先君之敝器，請以謝罪。」公孫皙曰，受服而退，俟釁而動，可也，二月，戊午，盟于濡上。燕人歸燕姬，賂以瑤罋玉櫝斝耳，不克而還。
		In the seventh year, spring, in the first month of the reign period of King [Wang], peace with Qi was achieved; this was because Qi had requested it. On the Guisi day, Duke Qi stopped at Guo. The people of Yan offered a truce and said, "Our humble state knows it has committed an offense; how dare we not obey your command? We offer the worn-out vessels of our ancestors as a token to atone for our sins." Gongsun Xi said, "Accept their submission and withdraw; wait for an opportunity to act. That is acceptable." In the second month, on the Wuwu day, a treaty was made at Rushang. The people of Yan returned Yanjiji and offered as bribes jades in ornate boxes, ear-shaped tripods, and other valuables; they failed to achieve their goal and returned.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子之為令尹也，為王旌以田。芊尹無宇斷之，曰，一國兩君，其誰堪之，及即位，為章華之宮，納亡人以實之。無宇之閽入焉。無宇執之，有司弗與，曰：「執人於王宮，其罪大矣。」執而謁諸王。王將飲酒，無宇辭曰，天子經略，諸侯正封，古之制也。封略之內，何非君土食土之毛，誰非君臣故《詩》曰：『普天之下，莫非王土。率土之濱，莫非王臣。』天有十日，人有十等，下所以事上，上所以共神也。故王臣公，公臣大夫，大夫臣士，士臣皁，皁臣輿，輿臣隸。隸臣僚，僚臣僕，僕臣臺，馬有圉，牛有牧，以待百事。今有司曰，女胡執人於王宮將焉執之？周文王之法曰，有亡荒閱，所以得天下也。吾先君文王作僕區之法曰，盜所隱器，與盜同罪』，所以封汝也。若從有司，是無所執逃臣也。逃而舍之，是無陪臺也。王事無乃闕乎昔武王數紂之罪，以告諸侯曰：『紂為天下逋逃主，萃淵藪。』故夫致死焉。君王始求諸侯而則紂，無乃不可乎若以二文之法取之，盜有所在矣。」王曰，取而臣以往，盜有寵，未可得也。」遂赦之，楚子成章華之臺，願以諸侯落之，大宰薳啟彊曰：「臣能得魯侯。」薳啟彊來召公，辭曰：「昔先君成公，命我先大夫嬰齊曰：『吾不忘先君之好，將使衡父照臨楚國，鎮撫其社稷，以輯寧爾民。』嬰齊受命于蜀，奉承以來，弗敢失隕，而致諸宗祧曰，我先君共王，引領北望，日月以冀，傳序相授，於今四王矣。嘉惠未至，唯襄公之辱臨我喪。孤與其二三臣，悼心失圖，社稷之不皇，況能懷思君德！今君若步玉趾，辱見寡君，寵靈楚國，以信蜀之役，致君之嘉惠，是寡君既受貺矣，何蜀之敢望其先君鬼神，實嘉賴之，豈唯寡君？君若不來，使臣請問行期，寡君將承質幣而見于蜀，以請先君之貺。」公將往，夢襄公祖。梓慎曰：「君不果行。襄公之適楚也，夢周公祖而行。今襄公實祖，君其不行。」子服惠伯曰：「行。先君未嘗適楚，故周公祖以道之。襄公適楚矣，而祖以道，君不行，何之？」三月，公如楚，鄭伯勞于師之梁。孟僖子為介，不能相儀。及楚，不能荅郊勞。
		When the Duke of Chu served as Lingyi, he used royal banners for hunting. Qian Yin Wu Yu cut it off, saying, "One state with two rulers—how could anyone endure this?" When he ascended the throne, he built the Palace of Zhanghua and admitted fugitives to populate it. The gatekeeper of Wu Yu entered there. Wu Yu seized him, but the officials refused to support this and said, "To seize a person in the royal palace is a grave offense." He was arrested and presented before the king for audience. The king was about to drink, but Wu Yu respectfully declined, saying, "The Son of Heaven establishes boundaries and strategies; feudal lords maintain their proper territories. This is the ancient system." Within these boundaries, what land is not your lord's? Those who eat the produce of this land—what person is not your subject? Hence, as the "Odes" say: 'All under heaven, none are not the king's lands.' 'All within the borders of the land, none are not subjects of the king.'" Heaven has ten suns; mankind has ten ranks. The lower ones serve those above, and those above offer sacrifices to the gods. Therefore, kings have as subjects the dukes; dukes have as subjects the great officers; great officers have as subjects the scholars; scholars have as subjects the zao; zao have as subjects the yu; and yu have as subjects the li. Li have as subjects liao; liao have as subjects pu; pu have as subjects tai. Horses are kept by yu, and oxen by mu, to prepare for all matters. Now the officials say, "How can you arrest someone in the royal palace? Where else should he be arrested?" The law of King Wen of Zhou said, "Search widely for fugitives," and this was how the world was gained. Our late ruler, King Wen, established a law in the Pqu area that said, "Those who hide stolen goods share the same guilt as thieves," and this is why we have entrusted you with territory. If you follow the officials' advice, there will be no one to arrest for harboring fugitives. To let a fugitive go free is to have no attendants or servants at all. Would the king's affairs not be lacking? In ancient times, King Wu listed the crimes of Zhou and informed the feudal lords, saying: "Zhou became the master of fugitives for all under heaven, gathering them like a marsh or swamp." Therefore, he was put to death. "Your Majesty began by seeking the feudal lords and yet followed Zhou's example. Is this not inappropriate? If we apply the law of two Kings Wen, then thieves will have nowhere to hide." The king said, "Take my servants with you. The thief is favored and cannot yet be captured." So he pardoned him. The Duke of Chu completed the terrace at Zhanghua and wished to invite feudal lords to its completion ceremony. Dazai Wei Qiqiang said, "I am able to secure the Duke of Lu." Wei Qiqiang came to summon the Gong, but he declined and said: "In the past, our late ruler Duke Cheng commanded my predecessor, Daifu Yingqi, saying: 'I will not forget the good relations of our ancestors. I shall send Hengfu to visit the state of Chu, to stabilize its state and pacify your people.'" "Yingqi accepted the command at Shu and faithfully carried it out without failure, delivering it to our ancestral temple. He said: 'Our late ruler Gongwang looked northward with longing, day by day hoping for this; now four successive kings have passed down this duty.'" "Gracious favor has yet to arrive. Only Duke Xiangwang deigned to visit us during our mourning." "I and my ministers were filled with sorrow and lost in thought, too preoccupied to care for the state; how could we possibly cherish thoughts of your virtue!" "Now, if Your Majesty would deign to visit my lord with your noble steps and bestow honor upon the state of Chu, thus fulfilling the mission from Shu and bringing your gracious favor—this alone is a great gift for our lord. What need do we have to hope for anything else? The spirits of our ancestors in Shu will indeed be pleased and rely on this; it is not merely my lord who benefits." "If Your Majesty does not come, please allow your ministers to inquire about the date of departure. Our lord will personally present tribute and meet in Shu to request a gift from our ancestors." The Gong was about to go, but dreamed that Duke Xiang conducted a farewell ceremony for him. Zi Shen said: "The lord will not actually proceed." "When Duke Xiang went to Chu, he dreamed of the Duke of Zhou conducting a farewell ceremony and then departed." "Now that Duke Xiang himself is conducting the farewell, you will not be going, my lord." Zifu Huibo said: "You should go." "Our late ruler had never visited Chu, so the Duke of Zhou conducted a farewell to guide him. "Duke Xiang has already gone to Chu and was guided by an ancestral farewell. If you do not go, where else should you go?" In March, the Gong went to visit Chu, and Duke Zhu of Zheng met him at Shizhiliang. Meng Xizi served as an intermediary but was unable to conduct the proper ceremonies. Upon arriving in Chu, he could not respond appropriately to the reception at the outskirts.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，甲辰，朔，日有食之。晉侯問於士文伯曰：「誰將當日食？」對曰，魯衛惡之，衛大魯小。」公曰：「何故？」對曰：「去衛地，如魯地。於是有災，魯實受之。其大咎，其衛君乎，魯將上卿。」公曰：「《詩》所謂『彼日而食，于何不臧』者，何也？」對曰：「不善政之謂也。國無政，不用善，則自取謫于日月之災。故政不可不慎也。務三而已，一曰擇人，二曰因民，三曰從時。」
		In summer, the fourth month; on the Jiachen day, the first day of the lunar month, there was a solar eclipse . Duke Jin asked Shi Wenbo, "Who will suffer from this solar eclipse?" Shi Wenbo replied: "Lu and Wei are affected by it. Wei is greatly afflicted, while Lu is slightly." The Gong asked, "Why is that?" Shi Wenbo replied: "If you leave the territory of Wei and go to Lu's territory." "There will be a disaster, but it is actually Lu that will suffer from it." "The great blame must fall on the ruler of Wei. As for Lu, it will be borne by its chief minister." The Gong asked: "What does the 'Odes' mean when it says, 'That sun is eclipsed; how can this be good?'" Shi Wenbo replied: "It refers to bad governance." "When a state has no good governance and does not employ virtuous people, it invites punishment through calamities of the sun and moon." "Therefore, governance cannot be approached with anything less than utmost care." "Three matters must be attended to. First is selecting the right people, second is following the will of the people, and third is acting in accordance with the times."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉人來治杞田，季孫將以成與之。謝息為孟孫守，不可。曰人有言曰，雖有挈缾之知，守不假器，禮也，夫子從君，而守臣喪邑，雖吾子亦有猜焉。」季孫曰：「君之在楚，於晉罪也。又不聽晉，魯罪重矣。晉師必至，吾無以待之，不如與之，間晉而取諸杞。吾與子桃，成反，誰敢有之，是得二成也。魯無憂，而孟孫益邑，子何病焉？」辭以無山，與之萊柞，乃遷于桃，晉人為杞取成。
		The people from Jin came to settle disputes over farmland in Qi. Jisun was about to give Cheng to them. Xie Xi, who was guarding for Mengsun, refused to allow it. He said, "There is a saying: 'Even with the knowledge of carrying a small jar, one must not borrow vessels to guard them; this is propriety.' Our lord follows the ruler, yet his retainers lose territory. Even you, my master, would be suspected." Jisun said: "The lord's visit to Chu is a fault against Jin." "And if we do not obey Jin, the guilt of Lu will be even greater." "The Jin army must come. I have no way to prepare for it; better give [Cheng] to them and later take it back from Qi with an excuse." "If I give you Tao, when Cheng is returned, who would dare claim it? This way we gain two cities." "Lu will have no worries, and Mengsun gains more territory. What harm is there to you?" They refused on the grounds that Tao had no mountains, and instead gave them Lai Zuo. They then moved to Tao, and the people of Jin took Cheng for Qi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子享公于新臺，使長鬣者相，好以大屈。既而悔之。薳啟彊聞之，見公。公語之，拜賀。公曰：「何賀？」對曰：「齊與晉、越欲此久矣。寡君無適與也，而傳諸君，君其備禦三鄰，慎守寶矣，敢不賀乎？」公懼，乃反之。
		The Duke of Chu hosted a banquet for the Gong at the new terrace, assigning a tall and bearded official to serve as an attendant. He favored using large curved vessels. Later on, he regretted it. Wei Qiqiang heard about this and paid a visit to the Gong. The Gong told him, and he bowed in congratulations. The Gong asked: "Why do you congratulate me?" He replied, "Qi and Jin, as well as Yue, have long desired this." "Our ruler has no suitable heir and now passes it on to you. You must be prepared to defend against these three neighboring states, and carefully guard your treasures. How could I not congratulate you?" The Gong was frightened and thus returned [the favor or gift].
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		鄭子產聘于晉。晉侯疾，韓宣子逆客，私焉。曰寡君寢疾，於今三月矣，並走群望，有加而無瘳。今夢黃熊入于寢門，其何厲鬼也對曰：「以君之明，子為大政，其何厲之有？昔堯殛鯀于羽山，其神化為黃熊，以入于羽淵。實為夏郊，三代祀之。晉為盟主，其或者未之祀也乎？」韓子祀夏郊。晉侯有間，賜子產莒之二方鼎。子產為豐施歸州田於韓宣子，曰：「日君以夫公孫段為能任其事，而賜之州田。今無祿早世，不獲久享君德。其子弗敢有，不敢以聞於君，私致諸子。」宣子辭，子產曰：「古人有言曰：『其父析薪，其子弗克負荷。』施將懼不能任其先人之祿，其況能任大國之賜？縱吾子為政而可，後之人若屬有疆埸之言，敝邑獲戾，而豐氏受其大討。吾子取州，是免敝邑於戾，而建置豐氏也。敢以為請。」宣子受之，以告晉侯。晉侯以與宣子。宣子為初言，病有之，以易原縣於樂大心。
		Zi Chan of Zheng paid a visit to Jin. Duke Jin was ill, so Han Xuanszi met the guest and entertained him privately. He said: "Our ruler has been ill in bed for three months now, and we have made numerous sacrifices to the ancestral spirits. The offerings have increased but there is no sign of recovery." "Now, he has dreamed that a yellow bear entered the chamber door. What kind of vengeful spirit is this?" The reply was: "Given your lord's wisdom and your role in major governance, how could there be any malevolent spirits?" "In the past, Yao banished Gun to Yushan. His spirit transformed into a yellow bear and entered Yu Yuan." "It became an object of worship in Xia's sacrificial rites; all three dynasties honored it with sacrifices." "Jin, as the leader of the alliance, perhaps has not yet offered sacrifices to him?" Lord Han made a sacrifice at Xia's altar. Duke Jin recovered somewhat and bestowed two square tripods from Ju upon Zi Chan. Zi Chan returned the Zhou farmland to Lord Han Xuanszi on behalf of Feng Shi, saying: "In former days, you honored Gongsun Duan for his ability to handle affairs and granted him the Zhou farmland. "Now he died young without receiving much fortune and did not have time to enjoy your lord's virtue for long." "His son dares not possess it, nor dare he report this matter to you; we have privately returned it to you." Lord Han declined, but Zi Chan said: "The ancients once said: 'When a father splits firewood, his son cannot bear the burden.'" "Shi will be afraid he is not capable of bearing even the fortune left by his ancestors, how much less can he bear a gift from a great state?" "Even if you, my lord, govern and it is acceptable, future generations may raise disputes over territorial boundaries. Our humble state would suffer blame, and the Feng family would face severe punishment." "If you take Zhou for yourself, this will free our humble state from blame and properly establish the house of Feng." "We dare to make this request." Lord Han accepted the offer and reported it to Duke Jin. Duke Jin gave [the land] to Lord Han. Lord Han, as the initial speaker, claimed illness and thus exchanged it for Yuan Xian with Yue Daxin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		鄭人相驚以伯有，曰「伯有至矣」，則皆走，不知所往。鑄刑書之歲二月，或夢伯有介而行，曰壬子，余將殺帶也，明年壬寅，余又將殺段也，及壬子，駟帶卒。國人益懼。齊燕平之月，壬寅，公孫段卒，國人愈懼。其明月，子產立公孫洩及良止以撫之，乃止。子大叔問其故。子產曰：「鬼有所歸，乃不為厲，吾為之歸也。」大叔曰：「公孫洩何為？」子產曰：「說也，為身無義而圖說。從政有所反之，以取媚也。不媚不信，不信，民不從也。」及子產適晉，趙景子問焉，曰：「伯有猶能為鬼乎？」子產曰：「能。人生始化曰魄，既生魄，陽曰魂。用物精多，則魂魄強。是以有精爽，至於神明。匹夫匹婦強死，其魂魄猶能馮依於人，以為淫厲。況良霄。我先君穆公之冑，子良之孫，子耳之子，敝邑之卿，從政三世矣，鄭雖無腆，抑諺曰，蕞爾國。而三世執其政柄，其用物也弘矣，其取精也多矣。其族又大，所馮厚矣。而強死，能為鬼，不亦宜乎？」
		The people of Zheng alarmed each other about Bo You, saying, "Bo You is coming!" and they all fled, not knowing where to go. In the second month of the year when the penal code was cast into bronze, someone dreamed that Bo You came in formal attire and said: "On the Rizi day, I will kill Dai; on the next Rinin year, I will also kill Duan." When the Rizi day arrived, Si Dai died. The people of the state became even more frightened. In the month when Qi and Yan made peace, on the Rinin day, Gongsun Duan died; the people of the state grew even more fearful. The following month, Zi Chan appointed Gongsun Xie and Liang Zhi to pacify them, and thus the unrest ceased. Zi Doushao asked about the reason for this. Zi Chan said, "When ghosts have a place to return to, they do not become harmful spirits; I provided them with such a place." Zi Doushao said, "What is Gongsun Xie doing?" Zi Chan replied: "He is a talkative man, who seeks to speak without regard for propriety." "In governance he acts contrary to principle, merely seeking favor." "If one does not seek favor, they will not be trusted; without trust, the people will not follow." When Zi Chan went to Jin, Zhao Jingzi asked him, saying: "Is Bo You still able to become a ghost?" Zi Chan said: "Yes." "When a person is born, the initial transformation is called 'po'; once po has formed, the yang aspect is called 'hun'." "When one uses refined substances in abundance, their hun and po become strong." "Therefore, there is clarity of spirit, reaching the level of divinity and wisdom." "Even an ordinary man or woman who dies violently, their hun and po can still cling to people, causing harmful spirits." "How much more so for a noble like Liang Xiao?" "He was the descendant of our late lord Duke Mu, grandson of Ziliang, son of Zi Er, and an official in our humble state. He served in government for three generations; although Zheng is not wealthy, it is still a small country as the saying goes." "And he held power for three generations; his use of resources was extensive, and he drew upon much spiritual essence." "His clan was also large, so the foundation they relied on was strong indeed." "And yet he died violently; how could he not become a ghost? Is this not to be expected?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		子皮之族，飲酒無度，故馬師氏與子皮氏有惡。齊師還自燕之月，罕朔殺罕魋。罕朔奔晉。韓宣子問其位於子產。子產曰，君之羈臣，苟得容以逃死，何位之敢擇，卿違，從大夫之位，罪人，以其罪降，古之制也。朔於敝邑，亞大夫也，其官，馬師也。獲戾而逃，唯執政所寘之，得免其死，為惠大矣。又敢求位？」宣子為子產之敏也，使從嬖大夫。
		"The clan of Zipi drank without restraint, so the Ma Shi family and the Zi Pi family had enmity." "In the month when the Qi army returned from Yan, Han Shuo killed Han Tui." Han Shuo fled to Jin. Lord Han Xuanzi asked Zi Chan about the position of Han Shuo. Zi Chan said: "He is your bound servant; if he can find a place to escape death, how dare he choose a position? If an official disobeys, he follows the rank of a great officer. A criminal should be demoted according to his crime—this is the ancient system." "Shuo was a second-ranking official in our humble state, and his post was that of Ma Shi." "He committed an offense and fled; it is entirely up to the ruling officials where he should be placed. If you grant him a reprieve from death, that would be a great kindness." "And how dare I request a position?" Lord Han, admiring Zi Chan's eloquence, allowed him to follow as an attendant of the favored officials.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，八月，衛襄公卒。晉大夫言於范獻子曰，衛事晉為睦，晉不禮焉，庇其賊人，而取其地，故諸侯貳。《詩》曰：『䳭鴒在原，兄弟急難。』又曰：『死喪之威，兄弟孔懷。』兄弟之不睦，於是乎不弔，況遠人，誰敢歸之？今又不禮於衛之嗣，衛必叛我，是絕諸侯也。」獻子以告韓宣子。宣子說，使獻子如衛弔，且反戚田，衛齊惡告喪于周，且請命。王使臣簡公如衛弔，且追命襄公曰：「叔父陟恪，在我先王之左右，以佐事上帝。余敢忘高圉、亞圉？」
		In autumn, in the eighth month, Duke Xiang of Wei died. A Jin official said to Fan Xianzi: "Wei has been friendly toward Jin, yet Jin did not treat them with courtesy. We sheltered their criminals and seized their land; therefore the feudal lords have become disloyal." The "Ode" says: "The jiao ling bird dwells in the plain, for brothers to urgently assist each other in times of hardship." It also says: "In the face of death and mourning, brothers are deeply concerned for one another." "If even brothers do not get along, then there is no compassion; how much less so for distant people—who would dare to return to us?" "Now we are again treating the heir of Wei with disrespect; Wei will surely rebel against us, thus cutting off our relations with the feudal lords." Xianzi reported this to Lord Han Xuanzi. Lord Han was pleased and sent Xianzi to Wei to offer condolences and return the Qi fields. Duke Qi Wu of Wei reported the death to Zhou and also requested an official title. The king sent Minister Jian Gong to Wei to offer condolences, and also posthumously bestow a title on Duke Xiang of Wei, saying: "Uncle Shufu Zhike served at the side of our late kings, assisting in matters for Heaven." "How could I ever forget Gao Yu and Ya Yu?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，公至自楚。孟僖子病不能相禮，乃講學之，苟能禮者從之，及其將死也，召其大夫曰，禮，人之幹也，無禮，無以立。吾聞將有達者，曰孔丘，聖人之後也。而滅於宋。其祖弗父何，以有宋而授厲公。及正考父佐戴，武，宣，三命茲益共。故其鼎銘云，一命而僂，再命而傴，三命而俯，循牆而走，亦莫余敢侮。饘於是，鬻於是，以餬余口，其共也如是。臧孫紇有言曰：『聖人有明德者，若不當世，其後必有達人。』今其將在孔丘乎？我若獲沒必屬說與何忌於夫子，使事之而學禮焉，以定其位。」故孟懿子與南宮敬叔師事仲尼。仲尼曰：「能補過者，君子也。《詩》曰：『君子是則是效。』孟僖子可則效已矣。
		In the ninth month, the Duke returned from Chu. Lord Meng Xizi, who was ill and unable to perform the rites properly, began studying them. He followed those who could perform the proper rituals. As he neared death, he summoned his officials and said: "Ritual is the backbone of a person; without ritual, one cannot stand upright." "I have heard that there will be an outstanding man named Kong Qiu, who is the descendant of a sage." "Yet his lineage was extinguished in Song." His ancestor, Fuhe, gave up the throne of Song to Duke Lie. "And when Zheng Kaofu assisted Duke Dai, Wu, and Xuan, he received three appointments, each time becoming more diligent in his service." "Therefore, the inscription on his tripod reads: 'With one appointment I bowed slightly; with two appointments I bent further; with three appointments I bowed deeply. Walking along the wall, yet none dared to insult me.'" "I cooked my food in this vessel and boiled it here; with these I fed my mouth. His diligence was like this." Zang Sun He once said: "A sage with virtuous conduct, if not in his time, will surely have a distinguished descendant." "Is he now to be found in Kong Qiu?" "If I should die, I must entrust Shuo and He Ji to Master Kong; let them serve him and study the rites under his guidance so that they may establish their proper positions." Therefore, Lord Meng Yizi and Nan Gong Jingshu became disciples of Zhong Ni. Zhong Ni said: "One who can correct his mistakes is a true gentleman." "The 'Ode' says: 'The gentleman takes this as a model and follows it.'" "Lord Meng Xizi is one who can be taken as a model."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		單獻公棄親用羈。冬，十月，辛酉，襄、頃之族殺獻公而立成公。
		Danchan Gong abandoned his relatives and employed outsiders. In winter, in the tenth month, on the Xinyou day, the clans of Xiang and Qing killed Danchan Gong and installed Chenggong as ruler.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十一月，季武子卒。晉侯謂伯瑕曰：「吾所問日食，從矣，可常乎？」對曰：「不可。六物不同，民心不壹，事序不類，官職不則，同始異終，胡可常也《詩》曰：『或燕燕居息，或憔悴事國。』其異終也如是。」公曰：「何謂六物？」對曰：「歲、時、日、月、星、辰是謂也」。公曰：「多語寡人辰，而莫同。何謂辰，對曰，日月之會是謂辰，故以配日。」
		In the eleventh month, Lord Ji Wuzi died. Duke Jin said to Bo Xia: "The advice I received about the solar eclipse has been followed, but can this be made a regular practice?" Bo Xia replied: "No." "The six natural phenomena differ, the people's hearts are not united, the order of affairs is inconsistent, official duties lack standardization, and although they begin alike, their ends vary—how can this be made regular? The 'Ode' says: 'Some rest in leisure, while others toil in sorrow for the state.'" "This is how different their endings are." The Duke asked: "What are the six natural phenomena?" Bo Xia replied: "They refer to year, season, day, moon, stars, and constellations." The Duke said: "You have spoken much about the constellations to me, yet no one agrees with them." "What is a 'chen'?" The reply was: "The conjunction of the sun and moon is called a 'chen,' hence it is used to correspond with days."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		衛襄公，夫人姜氏無子，嬖人婤姶生孟縶。孔成子夢康叔謂己，立元，余使羈之孫圉與史苟相之，史朝亦夢康叔謂己，余將命而子苟，與孔烝鉏之曾孫圉，相元，史朝見成子，告之夢，夢協。晉韓宣子為政，聘于諸侯之歲，婤姶生子，名之曰元。孟縶之足不良，能行。孔成子以《周易》筮之曰：「元尚享衛國，主其社稷。」遇屯，又曰，余尚立縶，尚克嘉之，遇《屯》之《比》。以示史朝。史朝曰：「元亨，又何疑焉。」成子曰：「非長之謂乎對曰：「康叔名之，可謂長矣。孟非人也。將不列於宗，不可謂長。且其繇曰『利建侯』。嗣吉何建建非嗣也。二卦皆云子其建之。康叔命之，二卦告之。筮襲於夢，武王所用也。弗從何為弱足者居。侯主社稷，臨祭祀，奉民人，事鬼神，從會朝，又焉得居各以所利，不亦可乎？」故孔成子立靈公。十二月，癸亥，葬衛襄公。
		Duke Xiang of Wei's wife, Jiang Shi, had no sons. A concubine named Zhou Ai gave birth to Meng Zhi. Kong Chengzi dreamed that Duke Kangshu told him, "Establish Yuan. I will appoint the grandson of Ji, Yu, and Shi Gou to assist him." At the same time, Shi Chao also dreamed that Duke Kangshu said to him, "I am going to command your son Gou and Kong Zhongchu's great-grandson Yu to serve as ministers for Yuan." Shi Chao met with Kong Chengzi and told him his dream; their dreams coincided. During the year when Lord Han Xuanzi of Jin was in power and made diplomatic visits to the feudal lords, Zhou Ai gave birth to a son, who was named Yuan. Meng Zhi had poor foot health but could still walk. Kong Chengzi used the "Yijing" to divinate and said: "Yuan will still enjoy the state of Wei, presiding over its ancestral shrine and land." He encountered the hexagram "Zun" (Obstruction) and said, "I still wish to establish Zhi; I hope it will be auspicious." He again received the transformation from "Zun" to "Bi" (Clustering). He showed this to Shi Chao. Shi Chao said: "Great success is foretold; what else is there to doubt?" Chengzi said, "Does this not mean 'longevity'?" The reply was: "Duke Kangshu named him; it can indeed be called longevity." "Meng is no man of virtue." "He will not be listed among the ancestors; he cannot be called 'longevity.'" "Moreover, its commentary says: 'It is auspicious to establish a marquis.'" "How can an illegitimate heir be established as a marquis? He is not the rightful successor." "Both hexagrams say that you should establish him." "Duke Kangshu has commanded it, and the two hexagrams have informed us of this." "Divination confirming a dream—this was what King Wu employed." "If we do not follow it, how can one with weak feet take his place?" "A marquis presides over the ancestral shrine and land, oversees sacrifices, serves the people, honors spirits and deities, attends conferences and court audiences. How can one with such responsibilities remain idle? Each follows what is beneficial to them—would that not be acceptable?" Therefore, Kong Chengzi established Duke Ling of Wei. In the twelfth month, on the Guihai day, Duke Xiang of Wei was buried.

《昭公八年 - Duke Zhao Year 8 》

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Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公八年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公八年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公八年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公八年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公八年:	八年，春，陳侯之弟招殺陳世子偃師。
		In the eighth year [of the reign period], in spring, Chen Hou's younger brother Zhao killed the Crown Prince Yanshi of Chen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，辛丑，陳侯溺卒。
		In summer, in the fourth month, on the Xichou day, Chen Hou Ni died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		叔弓如晉。
		Shugong went to Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚人執陳行人干徵師，殺之。陳公子留出奔鄭。
		The Chu people arrested Chen's envoy Ganzhengshi and killed him. Chen Gongzi Liu fled to Zheng.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，蒐于紅。
		In autumn, a military review was held at Hong.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		陳人殺其大夫公子過。
		The Chen people killed their official Gongzi Guo.
Jump to dictionary		大雩。
		A grand rain-summoning ceremony was held.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十月，壬午，楚師滅陳。執陳公子招，放之于越。殺陳孔奐」。
		In winter, in the tenth month, on the Renwu day, the Chu army destroyed Chen. Chen Gongzi Zhao was captured and exiled to Yue. Tong Huan of Chen was killed.
Jump to dictionary		葬陳哀公。
		The Duke Ai of Chen was buried.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公八年:	八年，春，石言于晉魏榆。晉侯問於師曠曰：「石何故言？」對曰：「石不能言，或馮焉。不然，民聽濫也。抑臣又聞之曰：『作事不時，怨讟動于民，則有非言之物而言。』今宮室崇侈，民力彫盡，怨讟並作，莫保其性。石言，不亦宜乎！」於是晉侯方築虒祁之宮。叔向曰：「子野之言，君子哉！君子之言，信而有徵，故怨遠於其身，小人之言僭而無徵，故怨咎及之，《詩》曰：『哀哉不能言，匪舌是出，唯躬是瘁。哿矣能言，巧言如流，俾躬處休。』其是之謂乎！」是宮也成，諸侯必叛，君必有咎，夫子知之矣。」
		In the eighth year, in spring, a stone spoke at Wei Yu in Jin. Duke of Jin asked Shi Kuang, "Why did the stone speak?" He replied, "A stone cannot speak; someone may have spoken from it. Otherwise, the people's hearing is at fault." I have also heard that: "If one does not act in due time, and resentment and complaints stir among the people, then there will be non-speaking things that speak." Now the palace buildings are excessively luxurious; the people's strength is exhausted, and resentment and complaints arise together, with no one able to preserve their nature. "It is only fitting that a stone should speak!" At this time, Duke of Jin was just building the Siqi Palace. Shuxiang said, "What Ziye said is truly worthy of a gentleman! The words of a gentleman are trustworthy and verified, so resentment stays far from him. The words of a petty person are arrogant and unverified, so blame falls upon them. As the "Poem" says: 'Alas! Unable to speak clearly, it is not their tongue that speaks, but their body that suffers.' 'Happy are those who can speak well; eloquent words flow like a stream, bringing honor to themselves.'" That must be what it means!" "When this palace is completed, the feudal lords will surely rebel and you, my lord, will certainly suffer blame. Master Ziye has foreseen it."
Jump to dictionary		陳哀公元妃鄭姬生悼大子偃師，二妃生公子留，下妃生公子勝。二妃嬖，留有寵，屬諸徒招與公子過。哀公有廢疾。三月，甲申，公子招、公子過殺悼大子偃師，而立公子留。
		Duke Ai of Chen's principal wife, Ji Zheng, bore the Crown Prince Daoyanshi; his second wife bore Gongzi Liu; and a lower-ranking concubine bore Gongzi Sheng. The second wife was favored, so Liu received special favor and was entrusted to Tu Zhao and Gongzi Guo. Duke Ai had a debilitating illness. In the third month, on the Jia Shen day, Gongzi Zhao and Gongzi Guo killed Crown Prince Daoyanshi and installed Gongzi Liu as ruler.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，辛亥，哀公縊。干徵師赴于楚，且告有立君，公子勝愬之于楚，楚人執而殺之。公子留奔鄭。書曰：「陳侯之弟招殺陳世子偃師」，罪在招也。「楚人執陳行人干徵師殺之」，罪不在行人也。
		In summer, in April, on the Xin Hai day, Duke Ai hanged himself. Ganzhengshi went to Chu and informed them of the installation of a new ruler. Gongzi Sheng reported this matter to Chu, and the people of Chu arrested him and killed him. Gongzi Liu fled to Zheng. The Records state: "Duke of Chen's younger brother Zhao killed Crown Prince Yanshi," placing the blame on Zhao. "The Chu people arrested and killed Tien envoy Ganzhengshi"—the blame does not lie with the envoy himself.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		叔弓如晉，賀虒祁也。游吉相鄭伯以如晉，亦賀虒祁也。史趙見子大叔曰：「甚哉，其相蒙也可弔也，而又賀之？」子大叔曰：「若何弔也其非唯我賀，將天下實賀。」
		Shugong went to Jin, to congratulate on the Siqi Palace. You Ji served as an assistant to Duke Zheng of Zheng when he went to Jin; this was also to congratulate on the Siqi palace. Shi Zhao said to Zitaidushu, "How strange! Shouldn't we mourn for the one who is so easily deceived, and yet you are congratulating him?" Zitaidushu replied, "How should we mourn? If it is not only I who congratulates, the whole world will indeed celebrate."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，大蒐于紅，自根牟至于商衛，革車千乘。
		In autumn, a grand military review was held at Hong; it extended from Genmou to Shangwei, with one thousand chariots.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		七月，甲戌，齊子尾卒，子旗欲治其室。丁丑，殺梁嬰。八月，庚戌，逐子成，子工，子車，皆來奔，而立子良氏之宰。其臣曰，孺子長矣，而相吾室，欲兼我也。」授甲，將攻之。陳桓子善於子尾，亦授甲，將助之。或告子旗，子旗不信，則數人告。將往，又數人告於道，遂如陳氏。桓子將出矣，聞之而還，游服而逆之，請命，對曰：「聞彊氏授甲將攻子，子聞諸？」曰弗聞，「子盍亦授甲無宇請從。」子旗曰：「子胡然彼孺子也，吾誨之，猶懼其不濟，吾又寵秩之。其若先人何子盍謂之《周書》曰：『惠不惠，茂不茂。』康叔所以服弘大也。」桓子稽顙曰，頃靈福子，吾猶有望。」遂和之如初。陳公子招歸罪於公子過而殺之。九月，楚公子棄疾帥師奉孫吳圍陳，宋戴惡會之。冬，十一月，壬午，滅陳。輿嬖袁克，殺馬毀玉以葬。楚人將殺之，請寘之，既又請私，私於幄，加絰於顙而逃。使穿封戌，為陳公曰：「城麇之役，不諂。侍飲酒於王。王曰：「城麇之役，女知寡人之及此，女其辟寡人乎？」對曰，若知君之及此，臣必致死禮以息楚，晉侯問於史趙曰：「陳其遂亡乎？」對曰：「未也。」公曰：「何故？」對曰：「陳，顓頊之族也。歲在鶉火，是以卒滅，陳將如之。今在析木之津，猶將復由。且陳氏得政于齊，而後陳卒亡，自幕至于瞽瞍，無違命。舜重之以明德，寘德于遂，遂世守之。及胡公不淫，故周賜之姓，使祀虞帝。臣聞盛德必百世祀，虞之世數未也。繼守將在齊，其兆既存矣。」
		In the seventh month, on the Jiawu day, Zi Wei of Qi died; Zi Qi wanted to take control of his household affairs. On the Dingchou day, Liang Ying was killed. In August, on the Gengxu day, Zicheng, Zigong, and Ziche were driven out; they all fled to Qi, and Zi Liangshi's steward was installed as ruler. "The steward said: 'This child is already grown up, yet he assists me in managing our household; it seems he wants to take over from me entirely.'" Armored men were assigned, and they prepared to attack him. Chen Huanzi was friendly with Zi Wei; he also armed his men and intended to help him. Someone informed Zi Qi, but Zi Qi did not believe it; then several people reported the same thing. As he was about to go, more people along the way informed him, so he went directly to Chen's residence. Huanzi was about to leave, but upon hearing this news he returned. He put on a relaxed robe and went out to meet him, requesting an explanation. Zi Qi replied: "I heard that Qiangshi has armed men and will attack you. Have you heard of it?" He said, "No, I haven't heard." "Then why don't you also arm your men? Wu Yu will follow you," said Zi Qi. Zi Qi said, "Why would you act like that? That child is still young. I have instructed him, and yet I am afraid he may not succeed; I have also favored and elevated him. How can we honor our ancestors? Why don't you tell him?" The "Zhou Shu" says: "Whether one is kind or not, whether one flourishes or not." This was how Kangshu maintained his great authority. Huanzi kowtowed and said, "If the spirits of our ancestors favor you, I still have hope." Thus they reconciled as before. Gongzi Zhao of Chen blamed Gongzi Guo and had him killed. In September, Gongzi Qiji of Chu led an army to support Sun Wu in besieging Chen; Dai E of Song joined the campaign. In winter, on the 11th month, Renwu day, Chen was destroyed. Yi Bi Yianke killed a horse and smashed jade for his burial rites. The people of Chu were about to kill him, so he requested to be exiled. Afterward, he asked for a private audience and secretly met in the tent, placed a mourning cord on his forehead, and fled. They sent Chuangfeng Xu to serve as Duke of Chen, saying: "In the campaign at Chengjun, he did not flatter." He served wine and drinks for the king. The king said, "In the Chengjun campaign, did you know I would reach this position? Would you then have avoided me?" He replied, "If I had known the lord would reach this position, I must have died to stop the rites and thus quell Chu." Duke of Jin asked Shi Zhao, "Will Chen finally perish?" He replied, "Not yet." The duke asked, "Why?" łoż He replied, "Chen is a descendant of Zhuanxu. "When the year is in the constellation of Chunhuo, that is when it will finally be destroyed. Chen's fate will follow this pattern." Now it is at Ximu Zhi Jin; it still has the chance to recover and continue. Moreover, Chen's family gained power in Qi before Chen finally perished; from Mu to Gusu, there was no one who defied the mandate. Shun reinforced it with bright virtue and placed virtue in Sui; thus, the descendants of Sui have always preserved it. When Hugong did not indulge in excess, so Zhou bestowed a surname upon him and ordered that he perform sacrifices to Emperor Yu. I have heard that those with great virtue must be honored for a hundred generations; the number of generations in the line of Yu has not yet reached that. The one who will continue to safeguard it will come from Qi, and its omen already exists."

《昭公九年 - Duke Zhao Year 9 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公九年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公九年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公九年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公九年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公九年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公九年:	九年，春，叔弓會楚子于陳。
		In the ninth year [of his reign], in spring, Shugong met with King Chu of the State of Chu at Chen.
Jump to dictionary		許遷于夷。
		The state of Xu was relocated to Yi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，陳災。
		In summer, in the fourth month, a disaster occurred at Chen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，仲孫貜如齊。
		In autumn, Zhongsun Jue went to Qi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，築郎囿。
		In winter, the Lang You enclosure was constructed.
2 Jump to dictionary	昭公九年:	九年，春，叔弓，宋華亥，鄭游吉，衛趙黶，會楚子于陳。
		In the ninth year, in spring, Shugong, Hua Hai of Song, Youji of Zheng, Zhao Yan of Wei, met with King Chu at Chen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		二月，庚申，楚公子棄疾遷許于夷，實城父。取州來淮北之田以益之。伍舉授許男田，然丹遷城父人於陳，以夷濮西田益之。遷方城外人於許。
		On the Gengshen day of the second month, Gongzi Qiji relocated Xu to Yi, which was actually Chengfu. They took the fields in the northern part of Huai from Zhoulai and added them to it. Wuju granted land to the ruler of Xu, and Randan relocated the people from Chengfu to Chen, adding the western fields of Yu Pu to them. The people outside Fangcheng were relocated to Xu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		周甘人與晉閻嘉爭閻田。晉梁丙、張趯率陰戎伐潁。王使詹桓伯辭於晉曰：「我自夏以后稷，魏、駘、芮、岐、畢，吾西土也。及武王克商，蒲姑、商奄，吾東土也。巴、濮、楚、鄧，吾南土也。肅慎、燕、亳，吾北土也。吾何邇封之有？文武成康之建母弟，以蕃屏周，亦其廢隊是為，豈如弁髦，而因以敝之？先王居檮杌于四裔，以禦螭魅，故允姓之姦，居于瓜州。伯父惠公歸自秦，而誘以來。」使偪我諸姬，入我郊甸，則戎焉取之。戎有中國，誰之咎也后稷封殖天下，今戎制之，不亦難乎伯父圖之。我在伯父，猶衣服之有冠冕，木水之有本原，民人之有謀主也。伯父若裂冠毀冕，拔本塞原，專棄謀主，雖戎狄其何有余一人，叔向謂宣子曰：「文之伯也，豈能改物翼戴天子，而加之以共。自文以來，世有衰德，而暴滅宗周，以宣示其侈，諸侯之貳，不亦宜乎且王辭直，子其圖之！」宣子說，王有姻喪，使趙成如周弔，且致閻田與襚，反潁俘，王亦使賓滑執甘大夫襄以說於晉。晉人禮而歸之。
		The Zhou Gan people and Yan Jia of Jin disputed over the land in Yan. Liang Bing and Zhang Yi of Jin led the Yin Rong to attack Ying. The king sent Zhan Huanbo to deliver a message to Jin, saying: "Since the Xia dynasty, after Ji, Wei, Tai, Rui, Qi, and Bi have been our western territories. And when King Wu conquered Shang, Pugu and Shangyan were our eastern territories." Ba, Pu, Chu, and Deng are our southern territories. Su Shen, Yan, and Bo are our northern territories." How could we have such nearby borders? The establishment of maternal uncles by Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang to serve as a protective barrier for Zhou was also about preventing their decline. How could it be like treating them as discarded hairpins, thus bringing disgrace upon them? The former kings placed the Taowu people at the four frontiers to guard against chimerical spirits; thus, the wicked of Yunnan were settled in Guazhou. "Uncle Huigong returned from Qin and lured them to come." They caused the Rong people to encroach upon our Ji clansmen, entering our suburbs and fields; thus, how could we obtain them? If the Rong people now control Central China, whose fault is that? Hou Ji cultivated and settled the world; if now the Rong dominate it, would that not be difficult? Uncle, you must plan for this. I rely on my uncle as clothes depend on their caps and crowns, as trees and water depend on their roots and sources, and as the people depend on a leader for planning. "If Uncle tears off the cap and destroys the crown, uproots the tree and blocks its source, and abandons his leader in planning, even though the Rong and Di may have me as one person," Shu Xiang said to Xuanszi: "Was Wen a hegemon? Could he not change things, support the Son of Heaven, and add to it with reverence?" "Since the time of Wen, each generation has seen a decline in virtue, and they have violently destroyed the royal house of Zhou, openly displaying their extravagance. The disloyalty of the feudal lords is not also appropriate? Moreover, the king's words are just; you should plan for this!" Xuanszi was pleased. Because the king had a relative's funeral, he sent Zhao Cheng to Zhou to offer condolences and also delivered the Yan fields and gifts, as well as returned the captives from Ying. The king also sent Bin Hua to arrest Gan Dafu Xiang in order to appease Jin. The people of Jin treated him with courtesy and sent him back.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，陳災。鄭裨灶曰：「五年，陳將復封。封五十二年而遂亡。」子產問其故。對曰：「陳，水屬也。火水妃也，而楚所相也。今火出而火陳，逐楚而建陳也。妃以五成，故曰五年。歲五及鶉火，而後陳卒亡，楚克有之，天之道也，故曰：五十二年。」
		In summer, in the fourth month a disaster occurred at Chen. Bi Zao of Zheng said: "Within five years, Chen will be restored to its fiefdom again." "It was granted a fief for fifty-two years and then perished forever." Zi Chan asked him the reason. He replied: "Chen belongs to the element of water." "Fire and water are in harmony, and they are what Chu supports." "Now fire has emerged to attack Chen; this is driving out Chu and establishing Chen." "Harmony is achieved in five years, hence the saying 'five years.'" "When the zodiac cycle reaches the 鹑 fire five times, Chen will finally perish and Chu will conquer it—this is the way of Heaven. Hence, it says fifty-two years."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉荀盈如齊逆女，還，六月，卒于戲陽，殯于絳，未葬。晉侯飲酒樂。膳宰屠蒯趨入，請佐公使尊。許之，而遂酌以飲，工曰：「女為君耳，將司聰也。辰在子卯，謂之疾日。君徹宴樂，學人舍業，為疾故也。君之卿佐，是謂股肱。股肱或虧，何痛如之女弗聞而樂，是不聰也。」又飲外嬖嬖叔曰：「女為君目，將司明也。服以旌禮，禮以行事，事有其物，物有其容。今君之容，非其物也，而女不見，是不明也。」亦自飲也，曰，味以行氣，氣以實志，志以定言，言以出令。臣實司味，二御失官，而君弗命，臣之罪也。」公說，徹酒。初，公欲廢知氏而立其外嬖，為是悛而止。秋，八月使荀躒佐下軍以說焉。
		Jin Xun Ying went to Qi to escort his bride, but on the return journey, he died in Xi Yang in June. His body was placed for mourning in Jiang, and had not yet been buried. The ruler of Jin was drinking and enjoying himself. Shan Zai Tu Kui hurriedly entered, requesting to assist the ruler in offering a cup of wine. It was granted, and he then poured a cup for him to drink. A musician said: "You are the ruler's ears; you will be in charge of hearing." "When the hour is Zi or Mao, it is called a day of illness." "On such days, the ruler should discontinue banquets and music, and scholars should set aside their studies as a sign of respect for the ill day." "The ruler's high ministers are called his right hands and pillars. "If a limb is injured, what greater pain could there be? You have not heard of it yet you are enjoying yourself—this shows poor hearing." He then drank again with the favored concubine, Shishu, saying: "You are the ruler's eyes; you will be responsible for sight." "Clothing is used to display propriety, and propriety guides actions. Each action has its corresponding object, and each object has its appropriate form." "But now the ruler's appearance is not in accordance with what it should be, yet you do not see this—this shows poor sight." "He drank again himself and said: "Flavor nourishes the breath, breath fills the will, the will determines words, and words issue commands." "As a minister, I am responsible for flavor. The two attendants have failed in their duties, yet the ruler has not issued an order—this is my fault." The ruler was pleased and discontinued the drinking. Originally, the ruler had wanted to depose the Zhi clan and replace them with his favored concubine; because of this, he repented and stopped. In autumn, in August, he sent Xun Qian to assist the lower army to appease them.
Jump to dictionary		孟僖子如齊殷聘，禮也。
		Meng Xizi went to Qi for a formal visit of courtesy; this was an act of propriety.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，築郎囿，書時也，季平子欲其速成也，叔孫昭子曰：「《詩》曰：『經始勿亟，庶民子來。』焉用速成？其以勦民也，無囿猶可，無民其可乎？」
		In winter, the Lang You was constructed; this is recorded with a note on the timing. Ji Pingzi wanted it to be completed quickly, but Shusun Zhaozi said: "The Book of Songs says: 'Begin carefully and do not rush, then the people will come as sons.'" "Why should we hurry for quick completion?" "Is it not to exhaust the people? A park without walls is still possible, but a state without its people—how could that be possible?"

《昭公十年 - Duke Zhao Year 10 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公十年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公十年:	十年，春，王正月。
		The tenth year, spring, the first month of the king.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，齊欒施來奔。
		In summer, Liu Luan Shi came to take refuge.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月，季孫意如叔弓，仲孫貜帥師伐莒。
		In autumn, the seventh month, Ji Sun Yiru Shugong and Zhong Sun Ju led an army to attack Ju.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		戊子，晉侯彪卒。
		On the Wuzi day, Jin Hou Biao died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，叔孫婼如晉。
		In the ninth month, Shu Sun Ruo went to Jin.
Jump to dictionary		葬晉平公。
		The funeral of Duke Ping of Jin was held.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十有二月，甲子，宋公成卒。
		In the twelfth month, on the Jiazi day, Gong Cheng of Song died.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十年:	十年，春，王正月，有星出于婺女。鄭裨灶言於子產曰：「七月戊子，晉君將死。今茲歲在顓頊之虛，姜氏、任氏，實守其地。居其維首，而有妖星焉，告邑姜也。邑姜，晉之妣也。天以七紀，戊子，逢公以登，星斯於是乎出。吾是以譏之。」
		The tenth year, spring, first month of the king: a star appeared from Wu nü. Zheng Bizaodian said to Zichan: "On the Wuzi day of the seventh month, the ruler of Jin will die. This year is in Zhuanyu's xū; the Jiang and Ren clans actually hold their territory. ɵ They occupy its central position, and an ominous star appears there, which is a message for Yijiang." Yi Jiang was the ancestor of Jin. Heaven records in cycles of seven; on Wuzi, Gong Deng encountered this and the star appeared here. This is why I criticize it."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		齊惠欒，高氏，皆耆酒，信內多怨，彊於陳、鮑氏而惡之。夏，有告陳桓子曰：「子旗、子良將攻陳、鮑。」亦告鮑氏。桓子授甲而如鮑氏，遭子良醉而騁，遂見文子，則亦授甲矣。使視二子，則皆從飲酒。桓子曰，彼雖不信，聞我授甲，則必逐我。及其飲酒也，先伐諸。」陳、鮑方睦，遂伐欒、高氏。子良曰：「先得公，陳、鮑焉往？」遂伐虎門。晏平仲端委立于虎門之外，四族召之，無所往。其徒曰：「助陳，鮑乎？」曰：「何善焉？」「助欒、高乎？」曰：「庸愈乎？」「然則歸乎？」曰：「君伐焉歸？」公召之而後入。公卜使王黑以靈姑銔率，吉。請斷三尺焉而用之。五月，庚辰，戰于稷，欒、高敗，又敗諸莊。國人追之，又敗諸鹿門。欒施、高彊來奔。陳、鮑分其室。晏子謂桓子：「必致諸公。讓德之主也，謂懿德，凡有血氣，皆有爭心，故利不可強，思義為愈。義，利之本也，蘊利生孽。姑使無蘊乎可以滋長。」桓子盡致諸公，而請老于莒。桓子召子山，私具幄幕器用，從者之衣屨，而反棘焉。子商亦如之，而反其邑。子周亦如之，而與之夫于，反子城，子公，公孫捷，而皆益其祿。凡公子、公孫之無祿者，私分之邑。國之貧約孤寡者，私與之粟。曰：「《詩》云『陳錫載周』，能施也。桓公是以霸。公與桓子莒之旁邑，辭。穆孟姬為之請高唐，陳氏始大。
		Qi Hui Luan and Gao Shi were all fond of wine; they had many grievances within, were stronger than the Chen and Bao clans but hated them. In summer, someone informed Chen Huanzi: "Ziqi and Ziliang are going to attack the Chens and Baos." They also informed the Bao clan. Huanzi put on armor and went to the Bao residence, where he encountered Ziliang drunk and galloping; thus, when he saw Wenzhi, they had also armed themselves. They sent someone to look for the two men, who were found drinking together. Huanzi said: "Although they are not trustworthy, if they hear that I have armed myself, they will certainly drive me out." "When they are drinking, we should attack them first." As the Chen and Bao were in harmony, they then attacked the Luan and Gao clans. Ziliang said: "Let us capture the ruler first; where could Chen and Bao go?" They then attacked Humen. Yan Pingzhong stood upright outside Humen wearing formal attire; the four clans summoned him, but he had nowhere to go. His followers asked: "Shall we help Chen and Bao?" He said: "What is good about it?" "Shall we help Luan and Gao?" He said: "Is it any better?" "Then shall we return home?" He said: "If the ruler is attacking, where can I go back to?" The ruler summoned him and then he entered. The ruler divined that Wang Hei should lead Linggu Xie; it was auspicious. He requested to cut a three-chi piece and use it. In the fifth month, on the Gengchen day, there was a battle at Ji; Luan and Gao were defeated, then again defeated at Zhuang. The people of the state pursued them and defeated them once more at Ludmen. Luan Shi and Gao Qiang came to take refuge. Chen and Bao divided their houses. Yanzi told Huanzi: "You must present them to the ruler. "Rangde is the master of virtue; it means noble virtue. All beings with blood and breath have a desire to contend, so profit cannot be forced—thinking about righteousness is better." Righteousness is the root of profit; concealing profit gives rise to disaster. "Let us at least prevent it from being concealed, so that it cannot grow." Huanzi presented all of them to the ruler and requested retirement in Ju. Huanzi summoned Zishan, privately prepared tents, utensils, and supplies for the attendants' clothes and shoes, and returned Ji. Zishang did likewise and returned his fief. Zizhou also acted similarly, gave Fu Yu to him, returned Zicheng, Zigong, Gongsun Jie, and increased their salaries. All the marquises' sons and grandsons without salary were privately given fiefs by him. The poor, destitute, orphans, and widows of the state were secretly given grain by him. He said: "The Book of Songs says 'Chen Xi Zai Zhou,' which means the ability to give." This is why Duke Huan became a hegemon. The ruler gave the nearby fief of Ju to Huanzi, who declined it. Musheng Ji requested Gaotang for him; thus began the rise of the Chen clan.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月，平子伐莒，取郠，獻俘，始用人於亳社。臧武仲在齊，聞之，曰：「周公其不饗魯祭乎周公饗義，魯無義。《詩》曰：『德音孔昭，視民不佻。』佻之謂甚矣，而壹用之，將誰福哉！
		In autumn, seventh month, Pingzi attacked Ju and captured Huang, presented captives, and for the first time used human sacrifices at Boshe. Zang Wuzhong was in Qi and heard of it, saying: "Would Duke of Zhou partake of the sacrifices to Lu? The Duke of Zhou honored righteousness, but Lu has no righteousness. "The Book of Songs says: 'The virtue is most clear; looking upon the people without frivolity.'" "To act frivolously is indeed serious, yet they use it once. Who will be blessed by this!"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		戊子，晉平公卒。鄭伯如晉，及河，晉人辭之。游吉遂如晉。九月，叔孫婼、齊國弱、宋華定、衛北宮喜、鄭罕虎、許人、曹人、莒人、邾人、薛人、杞人、小邾人如晉，葬平公也。鄭子皮將以幣行。子產曰：「喪焉用幣？用幣必百兩，「百兩必千人，千人至，將不行。不行，必盡用之。幾千人而國不亡？」子皮固請以行。既葬，諸侯之大夫欲因見新君。叔孫昭子曰：「非禮也。」弗聽，叔向辭之，曰：「大夫之事畢矣。而又命孤，孤斬焉在衰絰之中，其以嘉服見，則喪禮未畢。其以喪服見，是重受弔也。大夫將若之何？」皆無辭以見。子皮盡用其幣。歸，謂子羽曰：「非知之實，難將在行之。夫子知之矣，我則不足。《書》曰：『欲敗度，縱敗禮。』我之謂矣。夫子知度與禮矣，我實縱欲，而不能自克也。」昭子至自晉，大夫皆見。高彊見而退。昭子語諸大夫曰：「為人子，不可不慎也哉昔慶封亡，子尾多受邑而稍致諸君君，以為忠而甚寵之。將死，疾于公宮，輦而歸，君親推之，其子不能任，是以在此。忠為令德，其子弗能任，罪猶及之，難不慎也。喪夫人之力，棄德曠宗，以及其身，不害乎，《詩》曰：『不自我先，不自我後。』其是之謂乎！」
		On the Wuzi day, Duke Ping of Jin died. Duke Zhuang of Zheng went to Jin; upon reaching the Yellow River, the people of Jin refused him entry. You Ji then went to Jin. In the ninth month, Shusun Ruo, Qi Guo Ruò, Song Huading, Wei Beigong Xi, Zheng Hanhu, Xuren, Cairen, Jurén, Zhurén, Xuérén, Qiren, and Xiaozhuren went to Jin for the funeral of Duke Ping. Zi Pi of Zheng was about to take tribute with him on his journey. Zichan said: "Why use gifts at a funeral? Using tribute would require one hundred pairs of oxen; "one hundred pairs would need a thousand people, and with a thousand people coming, it will not be feasible." "If we cannot proceed, we must use all the tribute." "How many thousand people would it take before our state does not fall?" Zi Pi insisted on taking the tribute with him. After the funeral, the ministers of the feudal lords wanted to take this opportunity to meet the new ruler. Shusun Zhaosi said: "This is against ritual." They did not listen. Shu Xiang declined, saying: "The ministers' duties have been completed. "To command me again would mean I must cut my mourning clothes and hair while in deep grief; if I were to appear in festive attire, the funeral rites would not yet be completed. "If I were to appear in mourning attire, it would mean receiving condolences twice." "What should the ministers do about this?" They all had no words to justify their presence. Zi Pi used up all the tribute. On his return, he said to Zi Yu: "Without truly knowing it, difficulty will arise in carrying it out. "The Master understands this; I am not sufficient." The Book of Documents says: "Desiring to destroy the standard, allowing the destruction of ritual." "This is what it means by me." "The Master understands the standard and ritual; I indeed indulge my desires and cannot restrain myself." Shusun Zhaosi returned from Jin, and all the ministers came to see him. Gao Qiang paid a visit but then withdrew. Shusun Zhaosi told the ministers: "As a son, one cannot be too careful. In the past, when Qing Feng fled, Zi Wei accepted many fiefs and gradually presented them to the ruler; the ruler considered this loyal and greatly favored him. "When he was about to die, he became ill in the palace of the ruler and was carried back home. The ruler personally pushed him; his son could not bear it, so he is here now." "Loyalty is a noble virtue. His son was unable to shoulder the burden; thus his punishment still reached him. How difficult it is not to be careful." "Depriving the family of its strength, abandoning virtue and neglecting the clan, thus affecting himself—would this not be harmful? The Book of Songs says: 'Not before me, not after me.'" "Is it referring to this!"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十二月，宋平公卒。初，元公惡寺人柳，欲殺之。及喪，柳熾炭于位，將至，則去之。比葬，又有寵。
		In winter, the twelfth month, Duke Ping of Song died. Initially, Duke Yuan was resentful toward the eunuch Liu and wanted to kill him. During the mourning period, Liu placed hot charcoal in his position; when someone was about to arrive, he would remove it. By the time of the burial, he had gained favor once more.

《昭公十一年 - Duke Zhao Year 11 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公十一年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十一年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十一年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十一年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十一年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十一... :	十有一年，春，王二月，叔弓如宋。
		In the eleventh year [of the reign period], spring, the king's second month, Shugong went to Song.
Jump to dictionary		葬宋平公。
		The Duke Ping of Song was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，丁巳，楚子虔誘蔡侯般，殺之于申。楚公子杞疾帥師圍蔡。
		In summer, the fourth month, on the Dingwei day, King Qian of Chu lured Duke Ban of Cai and killed him in Shen. Prince Qi Ji of Chu led an army to besiege Cai.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		五月，甲申，夫人歸氏薨。
		In the fifth month, on the Jia Shen day, Lady Gui, the wife, died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		大蒐于比蒲。
		A great military review was held at Bipu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		仲孫貜會邾子盟于祲祥。
		Zhongsun Ju met with Duke Zhu and formed an alliance at Jinxiang.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，季孫意如會，晉韓起，齊國弱，宋華亥，衛北宮佗，鄭罕虎，曹人，杞人，于厥憖。
		In autumn, Ji Sun Yiru met with Han Qi of Jin, Guo Ruo of Qi, Hua Hai of Song, Bei Gong Tuo of Wei, Han Hu of Zheng, and representatives from Cao and Qi at Jueyin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，己亥，葬我小君齊歸。
		In the ninth month, on the Ji Hai day, our Lady Qi Gui was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十有一月，丁酉，楚師滅蔡，執蔡世子有以歸，用之。
		In winter, in the eleventh month, on the Ding You day, the Chu army destroyed Cai. They captured Prince You, the heir of Cai, and brought him back to use as a sacrifice.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十一... :	十一年，春，王二月，叔弓如宋，葬平公也。
		In the eleventh year, spring, in the king's second month, Shu Gong went to Song; this was for the burial of Duke Ping.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		景王問於萇弘曰：「今茲諸侯，何實吉，何實凶？」對曰：蔡凶，此蔡侯般弒其君之歲也，歲在豕韋，弗過此矣。楚將有之，然壅也。歲及大梁，蔡復楚凶，天之道也。楚子在申，召蔡靈侯。靈侯將往。蔡大夫曰，王貪而無信，唯蔡於感，今幣重而言甘，誘我也，不如無往。」蔡侯不可。五月，丙申，楚子伏甲而饗蔡侯於申，醉而執之，夏，四月，丁巳，殺之，刑其士七十人。公子棄疾帥師圍蔡。韓宣子問於叔向曰：「楚其克乎？」對曰：「克哉！蔡侯獲罪於其君，而不能其民，天將假手於楚以斃之，何故不克然肸聞之，不信以幸，不可再也。楚王奉孫吳以討於陳曰，將定而國。陳人聽命，而遂縣之。今又誘蔡而殺其君，以圍其國，雖幸而克，必受其咎，弗能久矣。桀克有緡，以喪其國。紂克東夷，而隕其身。楚小位下，而亟暴於二王，能無咎乎天之假助不善，非祚之也，厚其凶惡，而降之罰也。且譬之如天，其有五材，而將用之，力盡而敝之，是以無拯，不可沒振。
		King Jing asked Chang Hong, "Among these feudal lords today, who is truly auspicious and who is truly inauspicious?" He replied: "Cai will be unfortunate; this is the year when Duke Ban of Cai killed his ruler. The year belongs to Shiw ei, and it will not go beyond this." Chu will possess it, but it will be obstructed. When the year reaches Daliang, Cai will recover and Chu will suffer misfortune; this is in accordance with the way of Heaven. King of Chu was in Shen and summoned Duke Ling of Cai. Duke Ling was about to go. A Cai official said, "The king is greedy and untrustworthy. Only PRC has been affected. Now the gifts are heavy and his words sweet; he is luring us. We had better not go." Duke of Cai would not agree. On the Bing Shen day of the fifth month, King of Chu stationed hidden soldiers and entertained Duke of Cai at Shen. After getting him drunk, he had him arrested. In summer, on the Ding Si day of the fourth month, he killed him, executing seventy of his men. Prince Qi Ji led an army to surround Cai. Han Xuanszi asked Shu Xiang, "Will Chu be victorious?" He replied: "They will prevail!" Duke of Cai incurred the wrath of his ruler and could not win over his people. Heaven will use Chu's hands to destroy him, so why wouldn't they prevail? However, Bi Xi heard this: one cannot rely on luck without trust; it cannot happen again. King of Chu supported Sun Wu to campaign against Chen, saying they would stabilize the country. The people of Chen obeyed and thus became a county under their rule. Now they have lured Cai, killed its ruler, and surrounded the country. Even if fortunate enough to prevail, they will surely suffer consequences; it cannot last long. Jie conquered Youmin but lost his own state in the process. Zhou overcame the Eastern Yi tribes, yet perished himself. Chu is small in status and lowly, yet has frequently acted brutally against two kings. Can they escape blame? Heaven's assistance to the unvirtuous does not bestow blessings; it thickens their wickedness and brings down punishment. Moreover, take Heaven as an example: it has five materials and will use them. When their strength is exhausted and they are discarded, there is no salvation; they cannot be revived again.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		五月，齊歸薨大蒐于比蒲，非禮也。
		In the fifth month, Lady Qi Gui died. A great military review was held in Bipu, which was not in accordance with ritual propriety.
Jump to dictionary		孟僖子會邾莊公，盟于祲祥，脩好，禮也。泉丘人有女，夢以其帷幕孟氏之廟，遂奔僖子，其僚從之。盟于清丘之社，曰有子，無相棄也，僖子使助薳氏之簉。反自祲祥，宿于薳氏，生懿子及南宮敬叔於泉丘人，其僚無子，使字敬叔。
		Meng Xizi met Duke Zhuang of Zhu and formed an alliance in Jinxiang, renewing good relations; this was in accordance with ritual propriety. A woman from Quanqiu had a dream that she used her curtains to cover the temple of Mengshi, so she fled to Xizi, and her attendants followed her. They formed an alliance at the earth deity of Qingqiu, saying: "If there is a son, do not abandon each other." Xizi had her help in the secondary rites for the Wei family. Returning from Jinxiang, she stayed at the house of Wei Shi. She gave birth to Yizi and Nangong Jingshu with a woman from Quanqiu. Since her attendants had no sons, they were asked to raise Jingshu.
Jump to dictionary		楚師在蔡，晉荀吳謂韓宣子曰，不能救陳，又不能救蔡，物以無親，晉之不能，亦可知也。己為盟主，而不恤亡國，將焉用之？」
		The Chu army was in Cai. Xun Wu of Jin said to Han Xuanszi, "We could not save Chen, and now we cannot save Cai either. If things have no loyalty, then the inability of Jin is also evident." "We are already the leader of an alliance yet do not care for a fallen state. What use are we?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，會于厥憖，謀救蔡也，鄭子皮將行。子產曰：「行不遠，不能救蔡也。蔡小而不順，楚大而不德，天將棄蔡以壅楚，盈而罰之，蔡必亡矣。且喪君而能守者，鮮矣。三年，王其有咎乎美惡周必復，王惡周矣。」晉人使狐父請蔡于楚，弗許。
		In autumn, they met at Jueyin to plan the rescue of Cai. Zheng Zhipi was about to set out. Zi Chan said: "He will not go far; he cannot save Cai." Cai is small and disobedient, while Chu is large yet lacking virtue. Heaven will abandon Cai to obstruct Chu, let it grow arrogant, then punish it. Cai must certainly perish. Moreover, those who can maintain order after losing their ruler are rare indeed. "In three years, will the king suffer consequences? Good and evil in Zhou must return; the king has already brought misfortune upon Zhou." The Jin people sent Hu Fu to request Cai from Chu, but it was not granted.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		單子會韓宣子于戚，視下言徐。叔向曰：「單子其將死乎！朝有著定，會有表，衣有襘，帶有結。會朝之言，必聞于表著之位，所以昭事序也，視不過結襘之中，所以道容貌也。言以命之，容貌以明之，失則有闕。今單子為王官伯，而命事於會，視不登帶，言不過步，貌不道容，而言不昭矣。不道不共，不昭不從，無守氣矣。」
		Shan Zi met Han Xuanszi at Qi and spoke with a respectful tone and measured pace. Shu Xiang said, "Is Shan Zi about to die?" In court there are established customs; in meetings there are standards; on clothing there are sashes; and on belts there are knots. Words spoken during meetings or court sessions must be heard by those in prominent positions, to clarify the order of affairs. One's gaze should not exceed the middle of the belt knot and sash, so as to regulate one's appearance and demeanor. Words are used to command, while appearance and manner serve to clarify; if either is lost, there will be a deficiency. Now Shan Zi, as the king's official and leader, issues commands at a meeting. His gaze does not reach his belt, his words do not extend beyond a step, his appearance is inappropriate to proper conduct, and thus his speech lacks clarity. "Without proper conduct or reverence, without clarity or obedience, he has lost the vital spirit."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，葬齊歸，公不慼，晉士之送葬者，歸以語史趙。史趙曰：「必為魯郊。」侍者曰：「何故？」曰：「歸，姓也。不思親，祖不歸也。」叔向曰：「魯公室其卑乎！君有大喪，國不廢蒐，有三年之喪，而無一日之慼，國不恤喪，不忌君也。君無慼容，不顧親也，國不忌君，君不顧親，能無卑乎殆其失國。」
		In September, Lady Qi Gui was buried; the Duke did not show sorrow. Jin officials who had accompanied the funeral returned and reported this to Shi Zhao. Shi Zhao said: "This will surely lead to a sacrifice at Lu's outskirts." The attendant asked, "Why is that?" He said: "Gui is a surname. Not thinking of one's kin means the ancestors do not return." Shu Xiang said: "Will the royal house of Lu become humble?" The ruler has a great mourning, yet the state does not suspend military reviews. There is a three-year mourning period but no sorrow even for one day. The state shows no concern for mourning; it does not respect its ruler. The ruler lacks a sorrowful appearance, showing disregard for his kin; the state does not respect its ruler. If the ruler disregards his kin and the state disregards its ruler, how can it remain noble? It is likely to lose its state."
Jump to dictionary		冬，十一月，楚子滅蔡，用隱大子于岡山。申無宇曰：「不祥。五牲不相為用，況用諸侯乎王必悔之。」
		In winter, in the eleventh moon, King of Chu destroyed Cai and sacrificed the hidden crown prince on Gangshan Mountain. Shen Wuyu said: "This is an ill omen." "The five sacrificial animals are not used interchangeably; how much less so for feudal lords? The king will surely regret this."
Jump to dictionary		十二月，單成公卒。
		In the twelfth month, Duke Cheng of Shan died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子城陳、蔡、不羹。使棄疾為蔡公。王問於申無宇曰：「棄疾在蔡，何如？」對曰：「擇子莫如父，擇臣莫如君。鄭莊公城櫟而寘子元焉，使昭公不立，齊桓公城穀而寘管仲焉，至于今賴之，臣聞五大不在邊，五細不在庭。親不在外，羈不在內。今棄疾在外，鄭丹在內。君其少戒。」王曰：「國有大城，何如？」對曰，鄭京櫟實殺曼伯，宋蕭亳實殺子游，齊渠丘實殺無知，衛蒲戚實出獻公，若由是觀之，則害於國。末大必折，尾大不掉，君所知也。」
		King of Chu built walls around Chen, Cai, and Bugeng. He appointed Qi Ji as the ruler of Cai. The king asked Shen Wuyu, "How is Qi Ji doing in Cai?" He replied: "No one chooses a son better than the father, and no one chooses a minister better than the ruler. Duke Zhuang of Zheng built Lu and placed his son Yuan there, which prevented Duke Zhao from ascending the throne. Duke Huan of Qi built Gu and placed Guan Zhong there; even today we rely on that wisdom. I have heard that the five great ones should not be stationed at the borders, while the five minor ones should not serve in court. Close relatives should not remain outside, and those bound by ties should not stay within. Now Qi Ji is stationed outside, while Zheng Dan serves inside the court. The ruler should be cautious." The king asked, "What if a state has a large city?" He replied: "In Zheng, the large city of Jinglu actually led to the killing of Manbo; in Song, Xiaobian led to the death of Zi You; in Qi, Quqiu resulted in the murder of Wuzhi; and in Wei, Puqi caused Duke Xian's exile. Judging from these examples, such cities are harmful to a state." "When the end becomes too large, it will break; when the tail is too heavy, it cannot be moved. This is something you already know."

《昭公十二年 - Duke Zhao Year 12 》

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Books referencing 《昭公十二年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十二年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十二年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十二年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十二年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十二... :	十有二年，春，齊高偃帥師納北燕伯于陽。
		In the twelfth year [of a ruler's reign], spring, Qi Gaoyan led an army to install Beiyan Bo at Yang.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月，壬申，鄭伯嘉卒。
		On the Renshen day of the third month, Duke Jiaga of Zheng died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，宋公使華定來聘。
		In summer, Gong of Song sent Huading to pay a visit.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如晉，至河乃復。
		The ruler went to Jin but returned upon reaching the Yellow River.
Jump to dictionary		五月，葬鄭簡公。
		In May, Duke Jian of Zheng was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚殺其大夫成熊。
		Chu killed its official Cheng Xiong.
Jump to dictionary		秋，七月。
		In autumn, July.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十月，公子憖出奔齊。
		In winter, on the tenth month, Gongzi Yin fled to Qi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子伐徐。
		Prince Chu attacked Xu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉伐鮮虞。
		Jin attacked Xianyu.
2 Jump to dictionary	昭公十二... :	十二年，春，齊高偃納北燕伯款于唐，因其眾也。
		In the twelfth year, spring, Qi Gaoyan installed Beiyan Bo Kuan at Tang because of his followers.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月，鄭簡公卒，將為葬除，及游氏之廟，將毀焉，子大叔使其除徒執用以立，而無庸毀。曰：「子產過女，而問何故不毀，乃曰，不忍廟也。諾，將毀矣！」既如是，子產乃使辟之。司墓之室，有當道者。毀之，則朝而塴，弗毀，則日中而塴。子大叔請毀之，曰：「無若諸侯之賓何？」子產曰：「諸侯之賓，能來會吾喪，豈憚日中無損於賓，而民不害，何故不為？」遂弗毀，日中而葬。君子謂：「子產於是乎知禮。禮，無毀人以自成也。」
		In March, Duke Jian of Zheng died. Preparations were being made for his burial and the removal of structures; when they reached the temple of the You clan, it was planned to destroy it. Zidashu had his laborers hold tools in readiness but did not proceed with destruction. He said, "If Zi Chan passes by you and asks why the temple was not destroyed, say that we could not bear to destroy it." "Agreed, we will destroy it!" After this happened, Zi Chan then ordered the temple to be cleared away. The chamber of Simu had someone blocking the way. If it were destroyed, then at dawn there would be a blockage; if not destroyed, then by midday there would be one. Zidashu requested that it be destroyed, saying: "What about the guests of the feudal lords?" Zi Chan said, "The guests of the feudal lords are able to come and attend our mourning. Would they really be afraid of a midday blockage? It would cause no harm to the guests, nor would it inconvenience the people. Why not do it?" They then decided not to destroy it and proceeded with the burial at midday. The gentlemen said: "Zi Chan demonstrated knowledge of propriety in this matter." "According to rites, one should not destroy others for the sake of completing one's own affairs."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，宋華定來聘，通嗣君也。享之，為賦蓼蕭，弗知，又不荅賦，昭子曰：「必亡。宴語之不懷，寵光之不宣，令德之不知，同福之不受，將何以在？」
		In summer, Song Huading came on a visit; this was to establish relations with the new ruler. They entertained him, and for him recited the poem "Liaoxiao." He did not know it, nor did he respond with a verse. Zhaozi said: "He will surely perish. "In banquets, he does not cherish the words spoken; in honors and favors, he does not proclaim them; of virtuous conduct, he is ignorant; and of shared blessings, he refuses to accept. How can he remain [in power]?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		齊侯、衛侯、鄭伯如晉，朝嗣君也。
		Duke Qi, Duke Wei, and Duke Zheng went to Jin for an audience with the new ruler.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如晉，至河乃復。取郠之役，莒人愬于晉，晉有平公之喪，未之治也，故辭公。公子憖遂如晉。晉侯享諸侯，子產相鄭伯，辭於享，請免喪而後聽命。晉人許之，禮也」。晉侯以齊侯宴，中行穆子相，投壺，晉侯先。穆子曰：「有酒如淮，有肉如坻。寡君中此，為諸侯師。」中之，齊侯舉矢曰：「有酒如澠，有肉如陵。寡人中此，與君代興。」亦中之，伯瑕謂穆子曰：「子失辭。吾固師諸侯矣，壺何為焉，其以中雋也，齊君弱吾君，歸弗來矣。」穆子曰：「吾軍帥彊禦，卒乘競勸，今猶古也，齊將何事？」公孫傁趨進曰，日旰君勤，可以出矣，以齊侯出。
		The ruler went to Jin, but returned upon reaching the river. During the campaign for Quhui, Ju people lodged a complaint with Jin. Because Jin was mourning Duke Pinggong and had not yet dealt with it, they thus declined an audience with the ruler. Gongzi Yin then went to Jin. Duke Jin hosted a banquet for the feudal lords, and Zi Chan served as the assistant to Duke Zheng of Zheng. He declined participation in the banquet, requesting exemption from mourning before accepting orders. The people of Jin agreed, which was in accordance with rites." Duke Jin entertained Duke Qi. Zhonghang Musi served as the host. They played tóu hú (a ceremonial drinking game), and Duke Jin went first. Musizi said: "The wine is as abundant as the Huai River, and the meat as plentiful as a sandbar." "Our lord strikes this mark, becoming an example for all feudal lords." He struck the target. Duke Qi raised his arrow and said: "The wine is as abundant as Mian, and the meat as plentiful as hills." "If I strike this mark, it will mean that my state shall rise in place of yours." He also struck the target. Boxia said to Musizi: "You have spoken improperly." "We have already set an example for the feudal lords. What does this game of tóu hú matter? It is merely a contest of skill. Duke Qi has belittled our lord, and he will not come again when returning." Musizi said: "Our generals are strong and capable, our soldiers and charioteers compete with encouragement. This is as it was in ancient times; what can Qi possibly do?" Gongsun Shu hurried forward and said, "The day is waning and the lord has labored enough; it is time to leave," and escorted Duke Qi out.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子謂成虎，若敖之餘也，遂殺之。或譖成虎於楚子，成虎知之而不能行。書曰：「楚殺其大夫成虎。」懷寵也。
		Prince Chu told Cheng Hu, "You are a descendant of the Ruoao clan," and thus had him killed. Someone slandered Cheng Hu to Prince Chu; Cheng Hu knew about it but could not act. The Records state: "Chu killed its official Cheng Hu." This was due to his attachment to favor.
Jump to dictionary		六月，葬鄭簡公。
		In June, Duke Jian of Zheng was buried
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉荀吳偽會齊師者，假道於鮮虞，遂入昔陽。秋，八月，壬午，滅肥，以肥子綿皋歸。
		Jin Xun Wu pretended to be joining the Qi army and requested passage through Xianyu, then proceeded into Xiyang. In autumn, on the Renwu day of August, Fei was destroyed, and its ruler Mian Gao was brought back [to Jin].
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		周原伯絞虐其輿臣，使曹逃。冬十月，壬申，朔，原輿人逐絞而立公子跪，尋絞奔郊。
		Zhou Yuanbo Jiao oppressed his chariot attendants, causing Cao to flee. In winter, on the Renshen day of October, the first day of the month, Yuanyu people drove out Jiao and installed Gongzi Gui as ruler. Soon after, Jiao fled to Jiao.
Jump to dictionary		甘簡公無子，立其弟過。過將去成、景之族。成、景之族賂劉獻公。丙申，殺甘悼公而立成公之孫鰌。丁酉，殺獻太子之傅庾皮之子過。殺瑕辛于市，及宮嬖綽、王孫沒、劉州鳩、陰忌、老陽子。
		Gan Jian Gong had no son; his younger brother Guo was installed as ruler. Guo planned to remove the families of Cheng and Jing. The families of Cheng and Jing bribed Liu Xiangong. On the Bingshen day, Gan Daogong was killed and Chenggong's grandson Qiao was installed as ruler. On the Dingyou day, they killed Guo, the son of Yu Pi, tutor to the crown prince Xian. Xia Xin was killed in the marketplace, along with Gong Bichi Chuo, Wangsun Me, Liu Zhoujiu, Yin Ji, and Laoyang Zi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		季平子立而不禮於南蒯。南蒯謂子仲，吾出季氏，而歸其室於公，子更其位，我以費為公臣。」子仲許之。南蒯語叔仲穆子，且告之故。季悼子之卒也，叔孫昭子以再命為卿。及平子伐莒，克之，更受三命。叔仲子欲構二家，謂平子曰：「三命踰父兄，非禮也。」平子曰：「然。」故使昭子。昭子曰：「叔孫氏有家禍，殺適立庶，故婼也及此。若因禍以斃之，則聞命矣。若不廢君命，則固有著矣。」昭子朝而命吏曰：「婼將與季氏訟，書辭無頗。」季孫懼，而歸罪於叔仲子。故叔仲小、南蒯、公子憖謀季氏。憖告公，而遂從公如晉。南蒯懼不克，以費叛如齊。子仲還及衛，聞亂，逃介而先。及郊，聞費叛，遂奔齊。南蒯之將叛也，其鄉人或知之，過之而歎，且言曰：「恤恤乎，湫乎，攸乎。深思而淺謀，邇身而遠志，家臣而君圖。有人矣哉！」南蒯枚筮之，遇坤之比曰：「黃裳元吉。」以為大吉也。示子服惠伯曰：「即欲有事，何如？」惠伯曰：「吾嘗學此矣，忠信之事則可，不然必敗。外彊內溫，忠也，和以率貞，信也。故曰『黃裳元吉』。黃，中之色也。裳，下之飾也。元，善之長也。中不忠，不得其色。下不共，不得其飾。事不善，不得其極。外內倡和為忠；率事以信為共；供養三德為善。非此三者弗當。且夫《易》，不可以占險，將何事也，且可飾乎中美能黃，上美為元，下美則裳，參成可筮。猶有闕也，筮雖吉，未也。」將適費，飲鄉人酒。鄉人或歌之曰：「我有圃，生之杞乎！從我者子乎，去我者鄙乎，倍其鄰者恥乎！已乎已乎，非吾黨之士乎，平子欲使昭子逐叔仲小。小聞之，不敢朝。昭子命吏謂小待政於朝，曰：「吾不為怨府。」
		Ji Pingzi was installed as ruler but did not show courtesy to Nan Kuai. Nan Kuai said to Zizhong, "I will expel the Ji clan and return their fief to the ruler. You shall take over their position, and I myself will serve as a minister of Fei for the ruler." Zizhong agreed to it. Nan Kuai told Shuzhong Musi and informed him of the reason. When Ji Daosi died, Shusun Zhaosi was appointed as an official with a second-level title. When Pingzi attacked Ju and captured it, he received a third-level appointment. Shuzhong Zi wanted to create discord between the two families and said to Pingzi, "Receiving a third-level title surpasses your father and elder brothers; this is not in accordance with rites." Pingzi replied, "Indeed." Therefore, he sent Zhaosi. Zhaosi said: "The Shusun clan suffered a family disaster, killing the legitimate heir and installing an illegitimate one. That is why Chuo has reached this position." "If we take advantage of their misfortune to destroy them, then I have heard the order." "If we do not disregard the ruler's command, there is already a clear precedent for this." Zhaosi summoned officials in court and said: "Chuo will dispute with the Ji clan; record his words without bias." Jisun was afraid, so he blamed Shuzhongzi. Therefore, Shuzhong Xiao, Nan Kuai, and Gongzi Yin plotted against the Ji clan. Yin informed the ruler and then accompanied him to Jin. Nan Kuai, fearing he would not succeed, rebelled with Fei and fled to Qi. Zizhong returned as far as Wei when he heard of the turmoil; he escaped through Jie ahead of others. When he reached Jiao, he learned that Fei had rebelled and so fled to Qi as well. Before Nan Kuai rebelled, some of his fellow townspeople knew about it. When they passed by him, they sighed and said: "How anxious he is! How gloomy! How restless!" "He thinks deeply but plans shallowly; he is close at hand yet has distant ambitions; a family official who plots against the lord." "How pitiable indeed!" Nan Kuai cast yarrow sticks and received the hexagram Kun changing to Bi, saying: "The yellow robe is most auspicious." He took it as a great omen of good fortune. He showed the result to Zifu Huibo and asked, "If I wish to take action, how would it be?" Huibo said: "I once studied this. If the matter involves loyalty and trustworthiness, then it is possible; otherwise, it will surely fail." "Outwardly strong yet inwardly gentle—this is loyalty. Harmonious and leading with integrity—this is trustworthiness." "Therefore, it says 'The yellow robe is most auspicious.'" Yellow is the color of the center. A robe is an ornament for the lower part [of the body]. "Yuan" signifies the foremost of goodness. If one is not loyal, they do not deserve this color. If the lower ranks do not support, they cannot possess such ornamentation. If one's actions are not good, they cannot attain ultimate auspiciousness. Harmony between the outer and inner is loyalty; Leading affairs with trustworthiness brings support; Nourishing the three virtues is goodness. Without these three, one does not deserve it. Moreover, the "Yi Jing" cannot be used to divine dangerous undertakings. What kind of matter is this? And can it even be considered auspicious? The central virtue being yellow represents harmony; the highest goodness is "yuan"; the lower goodness is a robe. Combined together, they form an omen that may be divined. "There are still deficiencies. Though the divination appears auspicious, it has not yet succeeded." He was about to go to Fei and drank wine with his fellow townspeople. One of the townspeople sang: "I have a garden, where the qǐ tree grows!" "Those who follow me are your sons; those who leave me are base. Those who betray their neighbors bring shame!" "Enough! Enough! Are you not a man of our party?" Pingzi wanted to have Zhaosi drive out Shuzhong Xiao. Shuzhong Xiao heard about it and dared not attend court. Zhaosi ordered officials to tell Xiao: "Wait for the matter in court," saying, "I do not wish to become a repository of grievances."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子狩于州來，次于潁尾，使蕩侯、潘子、司馬督、囂尹午、陵尹喜帥師圍徐，以懼吳。楚子次于乾谿，以為之援」。雨雪，王皮冠，秦復陶，翠被，豹舄，執鞭以出，僕析父從。右尹子革夕，王見之，去冠被舍鞭。與之語曰，昔我先王熊繹，與呂級，王孫牟，燮父，禽父，並事康王。四國皆有分，我獨無有。今吾使人於周，求鼎以為分，王其與我乎？」對曰：「與君王哉昔我先王熊繹，辟在荊山。篳路藍縷，以處草莽，跋涉山林，以事天子。唯是桃弧、棘矢，以共禦王事。齊，王舅也。晉及魯、衛，王母弟也。楚是以無分，而彼皆有。今周與四國，服事君王，將唯命是從，豈其愛鼎！」王曰：「昔我皇祖伯父昆吾，舊許是宅。今鄭人貪賴其田，而不我與。我若求之，其與我乎？」對曰：「與君王哉周不愛鼎，鄭敢愛田？」王曰：「昔諸侯遠我而畏晉，今我大城陳、蔡、不羹，賦皆千乘，子與有勞焉。諸侯其畏我乎？」對曰：「畏君王哉。是四國者，專足畏也，又加之以楚，敢不畏君王哉？」工尹路請曰，君王命剝圭以為鏚柲，敢請命，王入視之。析父謂子革：「吾子，楚國之望也今與王言如響，國其若之何？」子革曰：「摩厲以須，王出，吾刃將斬矣。」王出，復語。左史倚相趨過。王曰：「是良史也，子善視之。是能讀《三墳》、《五典》、《八索》、《九丘》。對曰：「臣嘗問焉。昔穆王欲肆其心，周行天下，將皆必有車轍馬跡焉。祭公謀父作《祈招》之詩，以止王心。王是以獲沒於祗宮。臣問其詩而不知也。若問遠焉，其焉能知之？」王曰：「子能乎？」對曰，能，其詩曰：『祈招之愔愔，式昭德音。思我王度，式如玉，式如金。形民之力，而無醉飽之心。』」王揖而入，饋不食，寢不寐，數日。不能自克，以及於難。仲尼曰：「古也有志，克己復禮，仁也。信善哉，楚靈王若能如是，豈其辱於乾谿？」
		The ruler of Chu went hunting in Zhoulai and stayed at Yingwei. He sent Dang Hou, Pan Zi, Sima Du, Xiao Yinwu, and Ling Yinxi to lead an army to besiege Xu, in order to intimidate Wu. "The ruler of Chu stayed at Qianxi as a support for them." It snowed, and the king wore a pi gao (a type of hat), Qin Fu Tao (a robe with embroidered patterns), a green quilt, leopard-skin shoes, held the reins in hand as he went out, while his servant Xifu followed. On the evening of the day when You Yin Zige was summoned, the king saw him and removed his hat and quilt, as well as set aside the reins. He spoke to him and said, "In the past, my ancestor King Xiongyi, along with Lü Ji, Wangsun Mou, Xiefu, and Qin Fu, all served King Kang." All four states had their shares, but only we did not have any. "Now I have sent people to Zhou to request the tripod as our share—will the king give it to me?" Zige replied, "To grant it to Your Majesty! In the past, our ancestor King Xiongyi dwelled in Jing Mountain. He lived a life of hardship and poverty among the grasses, traversing mountains and forests to serve the Son of Heaven. We only had willow bows and thorn-tipped arrows to provide for our duties in serving the king's affairs. Qi is the king's maternal uncle. Jin, as well as Lu and Wei, are the king's paternal uncles. Therefore, Chu has no share, while they all do. "Now Zhou and the four states serve Your Majesty, and will follow your commands without question—how could they possibly withhold the tripod!" The king said, "In the past, my venerated ancestor Yangu, resided in the old state of Xu. Now the people of Zheng are greedy and rely on its fields without giving them to me." "If I were to request it, would they give it to me?" Zige replied, "To grant it to Your Majesty. If Zhou does not withhold the tripod, how could Zheng dare to withhold its fields?" The king said, "In the past, the feudal lords distanced themselves from me and feared Jin. Now I have greatly expanded Chen, Cai, and Bugeng, each contributing a thousand chariots in tribute; you have shared in this labor." "Will the feudal lords now fear me?" Zige replied, "They will certainly fear Your Majesty. These four states alone are sufficient to inspire fear; adding Chu to them, how could they dare not fear Your Majesty?" Gong Yin Lu respectfully requested, "Your Majesty has ordered the removal of the jade from the gui to make a spear shaft. I dare to request your command," and the king went in to inspect it. Xifu said to Zige, "You are a man of great repute in the state of Chu. Now you speak to the king as if echoing his words—what will become of our country?" Zige said, "I have been sharpening my blade in readiness. When the king comes out, I will cut with it." The king came out and spoke again. Zuo Shi Yixiang hurried past. The king said, "This is a fine historian; you should treat him well." He is able to read the "San Fen," "Wu Dian," "Ba Suo," and "Jiu Qiu." Zige replied, "I once asked him. "In the past, King Muwang wished to indulge his desires and traveled throughout the world, leaving behind tire tracks and hoofprints everywhere. Ji Gong Moufu composed the poem "Qi Zhao" to restrain the king's desires. Because of this, King Muwang was able to pass away in peace at Zhigong. I asked about the poem but did not know it. "If you ask about something distant, how could I possibly know it?" The king asked, "Can you recite it?" Zige replied, "Yes. The poem says: 'Qi Zhao is quiet and gentle; it proclaims the virtue of the king.' "I think of my king's conduct, firm as jade, enduring as gold. "He uses the strength of his people but has no heart for drunken indulgence.'" The king bowed and went in. He did not eat the food offered, nor could he sleep for several days. He was unable to restrain himself and thus fell into trouble. Confucius said, "Ancient records state: To conquer oneself and return to propriety is humanity." "Truly excellent. If King Ling of Chu had been able to do this, how could he have suffered disgrace at Qianxi?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉伐鮮虞。因肥之役也。
		Jin attacked Xianyu. This was because of the campaign at Fei.

《昭公十三年 - Duke Zhao Year 13 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公十三年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十三年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十三年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十三年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十三年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十三... :	十有三年，春，叔弓帥師圍費。
		In the thirteenth year [of his reign], spring, Shu Gong led an army to besiege Fei.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，楚公子比自晉歸于楚，弒其君虔于乾谿。楚公子棄疾殺公子比。
		In summer, the fourth month, the Marquis of Chu's son Gongzi Bi returned from Jin to Chu, and killed his lord Qian at Qianxi. The son of the Marquis of Chu, Qi Ji, killed Gongzi Bi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，公會劉子、晉侯、齊侯、宋公、衛侯、鄭伯、曹伯、莒子、邾子、滕子、薛伯、杞伯、小邾子于平丘。八月甲戌，同盟于平丘。公不與盟」。晉人執季孫意如以歸。公至自會。
		In autumn, the Duke met with Liu Zi, the Marquis of Jin, the Marquis of Qi, the Gong of Song, the Hou of Wei, the Bo of Zheng, the Bo of Cao, the Zi of Ju, the Zi of Zhu, the Zi of Teng, the Bo of Xue, the Bo of Qi, and the Zi of Xiaozhu at Pingqiu. On the Jia Xu day of the eighth month, they formed an alliance together at Pingqiu. The Duke did not participate in the oath-taking ceremony. The Jin people arrested Ji Sun Yiru and took him back with them. The Duke returned from the meeting.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		蔡侯廬歸于蔡。陳侯吳歸于陳。
		Marquis of Cai Lu returned to Cai. The Marquis of Chen Wu returned to Chen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十月，葬蔡靈公。
		In winter, the tenth month, the Pinyin Gong Ling was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如晉，至河乃復。
		The Duke went to Jin, but upon reaching the Yellow River he returned.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		吳滅州來。
		Wu destroyed Zhoulai.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十三... :	十三年，春，叔弓圍費，弗克，敗焉。平子怒，令見費人，執之以為囚俘。冶區夫曰：「非也。若見費人，寒者衣之，飢者食之，為之令主，而共其乏困，費來如歸，南氏亡矣，民將叛之，誰與居邑若憚之以威，懼之以怒，民疾而叛，為之聚也。若諸侯皆然，費人無歸，不親南氏，將焉入矣？」平子從之。費人叛南氏。
		In the thirteenth year, spring, Shu Gong besieged Fei but failed to capture it and was defeated there. Ping Zi became angry, ordered that Feiren be brought before him, and had them seized as captives. Ye Qufu said: "No, that is not right." "If you see the people of Fei, clothe those who are cold and feed those who are hungry. Be a benevolent ruler and provide for their needs; then the people of Fei will come to you as if returning home. The Nan clan will perish, and the people will rebel against them. Who would remain in their city? If you intimidate them with authority and terrify them with anger, the people will suffer and revolt, which only serves to gather support for us." "If all the feudal lords act in this way, the people of Fei will have nowhere to return. They will not be loyal to the Nan clan and will instead seek refuge elsewhere." Ping Zi followed his advice. The people of Fei rebelled against the Nan clan.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages Related discussion		楚子之為令尹也，殺大司馬薳，掩而取其室。及即位，奪薳居田。遷許而質許圍。蔡洧有寵於王，王之滅蔡也，其父死焉，王使與於守而行。申之會，越大夫戮焉。王奪鬥韋龜中犨，又奪成然邑而使為郊尹。蔓成然故事蔡公。故薳氏之族，及薳居，許圍，蔡洧，蔓成然，皆王所不禮也，因群喪職之族，啟越大夫常壽過作亂，圍固城，克息舟，城而居之。觀起之死也，其子從在蔡，事朝吳曰：「今不封蔡，蔡不封矣。我請試之。」以蔡公之命召子干，子皙，及郊而告之情，強與之盟，入襲蔡。蔡公將食，見之而逃。觀從使子干飲坎用牲，加書而速行，已徇於蔡曰：「蔡公召二子，將納之，與之盟而遣之矣，將師而從之。」蔡人聚，將執之，辭曰，失賊成軍，而殺余何益，乃釋之，朝吳曰：「二三子若能死亡，則如違之，以待所濟。若求安定，則如與之，以濟所欲。且違上，何適而可。」眾曰：「與之。」乃奉蔡公召二子，而盟于鄧，依陳、蔡人以國。楚公子比，公子黑肱，公子棄疾，蔓成然，蔡朝吳，帥陳，楚，不羹，許，葉，之師，因四族之徒以入楚，及郊，陳、蔡欲為名，故請為武軍。蔡公知之，曰：「欲速。且役病矣，請藩而巳，乃藩為軍。蔡公使須務牟與史猈先入，因正僕人殺大子祿及公子罷敵。公子比為王，公子黑肱為令尹，次于魚陂。公子棄疾為司馬，先除王宮。使觀從從師于乾谿，而遂告之，且曰：「先歸復所，後者劓。」師及訾梁而潰。王聞群公子之死也，自投于車下，曰，人之愛其子也，亦如余乎，侍者曰：「甚焉，小人老而無子，知擠于溝壑矣。」王曰：「余殺人子多矣，能無及此乎？」右尹子革曰，請待于郊，以聽國人，王曰：「眾怒不可犯也。」曰：「若入於大都而乞師於諸侯。」王曰：「皆叛矣。」曰：「若亡於諸侯，以聽大國之圖君也。」王曰：大福不再，祇取辱焉。然丹乃歸于楚，王沿夏，將欲入鄢，芊尹無宇之子申亥曰，吾父再奸王命，王弗誅，惠孰大焉君不可忍，惠不可棄，吾其從王。」乃求王，遇諸棘圍以歸。夏五月，癸亥，王縊于芊尹申亥氏，申亥以其二女殉而葬之。觀從謂子干曰，「不殺棄疾，雖得國，猶受禍也。」子干曰，余不忍也，子玉曰，人將忍子，吾不忍俟也。」乃行，國每夜駭曰：「王入矣！」乙卯，夜，棄疾使周走而呼曰：「王至矣！」國人大驚。使蔓成然走告子干，子皙曰，王至矣，國人殺君，司馬將來矣君若早自圖也，可以無辱。眾怒如水火焉，不可為謀。」又有呼而走至者曰：「眾至矣！」二子皆自殺。丙辰，棄疾即位，名曰熊居。葬子于于訾實，訾敖殺囚，衣之王服而流諸漢，乃取而葬之，以靖國人。使子旗為令尹。楚師還自徐，吳人敗諸豫章，獲其五帥。平王封陳、蔡，復遷邑。致群賂，施舍寬民，宥罪舉職。召觀從，王曰：「唯爾所欲。」對曰：「臣之先，佐開卜。」乃使為卜尹。使枝如子躬聘于鄭，且致犨櫟之田，事畢，弗致。鄭人請曰：「聞諸道路，將命寡君以犨、櫟，敢請命。」對曰：「臣未聞命。」既復，王問犨、櫟。降服而對曰：「臣過失命，未之致也。」王執其手曰：「子毋勤。姑歸，不穀有事，其告子也。」他年，芊尹申亥以王柩告，乃改葬之，初，靈王卜曰，余尚得天下，不吉，投龜詬天而呼曰，是區區者而不余畀，余必自取之，民患王之無厭也，故從亂如歸。初共王無𠸄，適有寵子五人，無適立焉。乃大有事于群望而祈曰：「請神擇於五人者，使主社稷。」乃遍以璧見於群望曰：「當璧而拜者，神所立也，誰敢違之？」既乃與巴姬密埋璧於大室之庭，使五人齊，而長入拜。康王跨之。靈王肘加焉。子干子皙皆遠之，平王弱，抱而入，再拜，皆厭紐。鬥韋龜屬成然焉，且曰：「棄禮違命，楚其危哉。」子干歸，韓宣子問於叔向曰，子干其濟乎，對曰，難，宣子曰：「同惡相求，如市賈焉，何難？」對曰：「無與同好，誰與同惡？取國有五難，有寵而無人，一也，有人而無主，二也，有主而無謀，三也，有謀而無民，四也，有民而無德，五也。子干在晉，十三年矣，晉楚之從，不聞達者，可謂無人，族盡親叛，可謂無主。無釁而動，可謂無謀。為羇終世，可謂無民，亡無愛徵，可謂無德，王虐而不忌，楚君子干涉，五難以殺舊君，誰能濟之，有楚國者，其棄疾乎君陳、蔡，城外屬焉。苛慝不作，盜賊伏隱，私欲不違，民無怨心。先神命之，國民信之，芊姓有亂，必季實立，楚之常也，獲神，一也。有民，二也。令德，三也。寵貴，四也。居常，五也。有五利以去五難，誰能害之？子干之官，則右尹也，數其貴寵，則庶子也。以神所命，則又遠之。其貴亡矣，其寵棄矣，民無懷焉，國無與焉，將何以立？」宣子曰：「齊桓、晉文，不亦是乎？」對曰：「齊桓，衛姬之子也，有寵於僖。有鮑叔牙，賓須無，隰朋，以為輔佐，有莒，衛，以為外主，有國、高以為內主。從善如流，下善齊肅，不藏賄，不從欲，施舍不倦，求善不厭，是以有國，不亦宜乎我先君文公，狐季姬之子也，有寵於獻。好學而不貳，生十七年，有士五人。有先大夫子餘，子犯，以為腹心，有魏犨，賈佗，以為股肱，有齊，宋，秦，楚，以為外主，有欒、郤、狐、先以為內主。亡十九年，守志彌篤。惠懷棄民，民從而與之。獻無異親，民無異望，天方相晉，將何以代文？此二君者，異於子干，共有寵子，國有奧主。無施於民，無援於外，去晉而不送，歸楚而不逆，何以冀國？」
		When King Chu was serving as Ling Yin, he killed the Grand Marshal Wei Yan and took over his estate. And upon ascending the throne, he seized the farmland of Wei Ju. He relocated Xu and took Xu Wei as a hostage. Cai Wei was favored by the king. When the king destroyed Cai, his father died in that event. The king then ordered him to participate in guarding and departed with him. At the meeting at Shen, a minister of Yue was executed there. The king deprived Dou Weigui of Zhongchou, and also took away Cheng Ran's fief, appointing him instead as the official in charge of the suburbs. Man Chengran continued to serve the former Marquis of Cai. Therefore, the Wei clan family, as well as Wei Ju, Xu Wei, Cai Wei, and Man Chengran, were all treated disrespectfully by the king. Taking advantage of these disgruntled families who had lost their official positions, a minister from Yue named Chang Shouguo incited rebellion, surrounding Gu Cheng, capturing Xi Zhou, building a city there, and settling in it. When Guan Qi died, his son Cong was in Cai and served Chao Wu, saying: "If we do not now bestow a fief on Cai, there will be no more fiefs for Cai." "I shall try to accomplish it." He summoned Zi Gan and Zi Xi in the name of the Marquis of Cai, informed them of the situation upon reaching the suburbs, forced an alliance with them, and then led a surprise attack on Cai. As the Marquis of Cai was about to eat, he saw them and fled. Guan Cong had Zi Gan sacrifice an animal at a ditch, added written documents and hurriedly departed. They then announced in Cai: "The Marquis of Cai summoned the two sons; he will admit them, has already formed an alliance with them and sent them away, and now plans to lead troops to follow them." The people of Cai gathered and were about to arrest them, but they protested: "If we have already formed an army to pursue the bandits, what benefit would there be in killing me?" So they released him. Chao Wu said: "If these few men can die for their cause, then it is as if you are defying them and waiting for a resolution." "If they seek peace and stability, then you should comply with them in order to achieve your own goals." "And furthermore, defying one's superiors is never acceptable anywhere." The crowd said: "Agree with them." They then escorted the Marquis of Cai to summon the two sons, and formed an alliance at Deng, relying on the people of Chen and Cai for support in governing the state. The Marquis of Chu Gongzi Bi, Gongzi Heigong, Gongzi Qiji, Man Chengran, Cai Chao Wu led the armies of Chen, Chu, Bugeng, Xu, and Ye, relying on followers from four clans to enter Chu. Upon reaching the suburbs, Chen and Cai wanted a formal title for their forces, so they requested that it be called the "Wu Army." The Marquis of Cai learned about this and said: "They want to act quickly." "And the people are already weary from service. I request that we merely set up a perimeter and stop there." So they established a defensive encampment as an army. The Marquis of Cai sent Xu Wumu and Shi Bai to enter first, taking advantage of the Zheng Pu people to kill the Crown Prince Lu and Gongzi Badi. Gongzi Bi was made king, and Gongzi Heigong became Ling Yin; they stationed their forces at Yubei. Gongzi Qiji served as Grand Marshal and first cleared the royal palace. He sent Guan Cong to follow the army at Qianxi and informed them, adding: "Those who return first will regain their positions; those who come later will be punished with a nose-cutting." The army reached Ziliang before it collapsed. The king, upon hearing of the deaths of his many sons, threw himself beneath his carriage and said: "Does people's love for their children also resemble mine?" A servant replied: "Even more so. For commoners who grow old without children, they know they will be cast into ditches." The king said: "I have killed many people's sons; could I possibly avoid this fate?" You Yin Zi Ge said, "Please wait at the suburbs to listen to what the people of the state say." The king replied: "The anger of the masses cannot be defied." He said, "If we enter a major city and request military aid from the feudal lords." The king replied: "They have all rebelled." He said, "If we flee to the feudal lords and await a great state's plan for you, O king." The king replied: "Great fortune does not come twice; it would only bring humiliation." Ran Dan then returned to Chu. The king followed the Xia River and intended to enter Yan. Qian Yin Wuyu's son Shen Hai said: "My father committed treachery against the king twice, yet the king did not punish him—whose kindness could be greater? We cannot endure a cruel ruler, nor can we abandon such grace; I shall follow the king." He then sought out the king and encountered him at Jiwai before returning with him. In summer, fifth month, on the Geng Hai day, the king hanged himself at Qian Yin Shenhai's residence. Shen Hai sacrificed his two daughters as attendants and buried them with him. Guan Cong said to Zi Gan: "If we do not kill Qiji, even if we gain the state, we will still suffer misfortune." Zi Gan said: "I cannot bear to do it." Zi Yu said: "Others will not be merciful toward you. I cannot wait for that either." So they departed, and each night the state was alarmed with cries of: "The king is coming in!" On the Yi Mao day at night, Qiji sent Zhou to run about shouting: "The king has arrived!" The people of the state were greatly alarmed. He sent Man Chengran to run and inform Zi Gan, who said: "The king has arrived. The people of the state have killed their lord. The Grand Marshal is coming soon. If you act quickly for yourself, you may avoid disgrace." "The anger of the masses is like water and fire; it cannot be countered with plans." Another person shouted while running up, saying: "The crowd has arrived!" Both sons committed suicide. On the Bing Chen day, Qiji ascended the throne and took the name Xiong Ju. They buried Zi Yu at Zishi. Ziao killed a prisoner, dressed him in the king's robes, and cast his body into the Han River. They then retrieved it for burial to pacify the people of the state. He appointed Zi Qi as Ling Yin. The Chu army returned from Xu, but the Wu people defeated them at Yuzhang and captured their five generals. King Ping granted fiefs to Chen and Cai, restoring their relocated cities. He presented generous gifts to the people, distributed relief to ease the burden on the populace, pardoned crimes, and restored official duties. He summoned Guan Cong. The king said: "Whatever you desire." Guan Cong replied: "My ancestors served as assistants to the diviners and astrologers." He was then appointed as Yu Yin, the official in charge of divination. He sent Zhi Ru Zigong to pay a formal visit to Zheng and also deliver the fief of Chou Li. After completing his mission, he did not hand it over. The people of Zheng requested: "We have heard from the roads that you intend to grant these fiefs, Chou and Li, to our lord. We dare to ask for confirmation." He replied: "I have not received such an order." After returning, the king asked about Chou and Li. He lowered his clothes in a sign of humility and replied: "I made an error in my orders and did not deliver them." The king took his hand and said: "You need not trouble yourself further. "Go back for now; if I have any matters, I shall inform you." In another year, Qian Yin Shen Hai informed the court about the king's coffin, and they reburied him. Originally, King Ling had divined: "I still wish to obtain the world," but it was an inauspicious result. He threw the oracle turtle at heaven and cried out: "This small thing is not given to me; I will take it for myself." The people were troubled by his insatiable ambition, so they followed rebellion as if returning home. Originally, King Gongwang had no legitimate heir, but he did have five favored sons and none was chosen to succeed him. So they conducted a grand ceremony at the major altars of worship and prayed: "Please let the gods choose among these five sons to be the one who will rule over the state." They then presented jade discs at all the altars and said: "The one who kneels before this jade disc shall be chosen by the gods; who dares to oppose it?" Afterward, they secretly buried a jade disc in the courtyard of the Grand Hall with Ba Ji and had the five sons observe ritual purity before entering to perform their bows. Kang Wang stepped over it. King Ling placed his elbow on it. Zi Gan and Zi Xi both kept their distance, while King Ping was weak; he was carried in, bowed twice, and all were satisfied with the result. Dou Weigui entrusted Cheng Ran to handle matters and said: "Abandoning propriety and defying orders—how perilous for Chu!" Zi Gan returned. Han Xuanszi asked Shu Xiang: "Will Zi Gan succeed?" He replied: "It will be difficult." Xuanszi said: "Those who share the same evil seek each other out, like merchants in a market—what difficulty is there?" Shu Xiang replied: "If one has no companions to share good intentions with, who will be willing to share in evil deeds? "To seize a state, there are five difficulties: to have favor but no people's support is the first; to have people's support but no leader is the second; to have a leader but no strategy is the third; to have strategy but no populace is the fourth; and to have a populace but lack virtue is the fifth." "Zi Gan has been in Jin for thirteen years, yet among the followers of Jin and Chu, there is no one known to be outstanding. This can be called having no people's support. His clan has perished and his relatives have rebelled; this can be called lacking a leader." "To act without an opportunity is to lack strategy." "To remain in exile for a lifetime is to have no populace. To perish without any sign of affection or loyalty is to lack virtue. The king was cruel yet unafraid, and the virtuous men of Chu intervened. With these five difficulties and the killing of an old ruler, who could possibly succeed? Among those vying for the state of Chu, it must be Qiji. He rules Chen and Cai as his outer dependencies." If harsh evils do not arise, thieves and bandits remain hidden, private desires are not transgressed, and the people have no grievances. The ancestors' spirits have decreed it, and the people believe in it. If there is disorder among the Qian clan, surely Ji Shi will be established as ruler—this has been customary for Chu. To gain divine favor is one aspect. To have the people's support is a second aspect. Moral virtue, thirdly. Favor and nobility, fourthly. To maintain the customary order is fifthly. With five advantages to overcome these five difficulties, who could harm him? Zi Gan's official position is that of You Yin. Considering his noble favor and status, he is merely a commoner's son. In terms of being divinely appointed, he is even further away from it. "His noble status has perished; his favor has been abandoned. The people do not cherish him, and the state lacks supporters. On what basis can he establish himself?" Xuanszi said: "Was this not also the case with Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin?" Shu Xiang replied: "Duke Huan of Qi was the son of Wei Ji, and he was favored by Duke Xi. "He had Bao Shuya, Bin Xuwu, Xi Peng to serve as his advisors; he had Ju and Wei as external supporters; and he had the families Guo and Gao as internal backers. "He followed virtue as easily as water flows, and his subordinates were orderly and respectful. He did not hide bribes or indulge desires; he gave generously without tiring, and sought goodness without satiety. Therefore, he was able to rule the state—was this not entirely appropriate? Our late ruler Duke Wen was the son of Hu Jiji and was favored by Duke Xian." "He loved learning without wavering, and at seventeen years old, he already had five worthy followers. "He had the late official Zi Yu and Zi Fan as his trusted core advisors; he had Wei Chou and Jia Tuo as his strong supporters; he had Qi, Song, Qin, and Chu as external allies; and he had Luan, Xi, Hu, and Xian families as internal backers." "He was in exile for nineteen years, yet his resolve remained even more steadfast. "Because Duke Hui and Duke Huai abandoned the people, the people followed him and supported him." "Duke Xian had no other close relatives, and the people had no different expectations. Heaven was aiding Jin at that time—how could anyone possibly replace Duke Wen?" "These two rulers were unlike Zi Gan, for they had favored sons and the state had strong leaders." "He has given nothing to the people, found no support from outside, left Jin without being seen off, and returned to Chu without being welcomed. How can he hope to rule a state?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉成虒祁，諸侯朝而歸者，皆有貳心。為取郠故，晉將以諸侯來討。叔向曰：「諸侯不可以不示威。」乃並徵會，告于吳。秋晉侯會吳子干良，水道不可，吳子辭，乃還。七月，丙寅，治兵于邾，南甲車四千乘，羊舌鮒攝司馬，遂合諸侯于平丘。子產、子大叔相鄭伯以會。子產以幄幕九張行。子大叔以四十，既而悔之，每舍損焉。及會，亦如之。次于衛地，叔鮒求貨於衛，淫芻蕘者。衛人使屠伯饋叔向羹，與一篋錦，曰，諸侯事晉，未敢攜貳，況衛在君之宇下，而敢有異志芻蕘者異於他日，敢請之。」叔向受羹，反錦曰，晉有羊舌鮒者，瀆貨無厭，亦將及矣，為此役也。子若以君命賜之，其已。」客從之，未退而禁之。晉人將尋盟，齊人不可。晉侯使叔向告劉獻公曰：「抑齊人不盟，若之何？」對曰：「盟以厎信。君苟有信，諸侯不貳，何患焉，告之以文辭，董之以武師，雖齊不許，君庸多矣。天子之老，請帥王賦，元戎十乘，以先啟行。遲速唯君。」叔向告于齊曰：「諸侯求盟，已在此矣。今君弗利，寡君以為請。」對曰：「諸侯討貳，則有尋盟。若皆用命，何盟之尋？」叔向曰：「國家之敗，有事而無業，事則不經。有業而無禮，經則不序。有禮而無威，序則不共。有威而不昭，共則不明。不明棄共，百事不終，所由傾覆也。是故明王之制，使諸侯歲聘以志業，間朝以講禮，再朝而會以示威，再會而盟以顯昭明。志業於好，講禮於等，示威於眾，昭明於神，自古以來，未之或失也。存亡之道，恆由是興。晉禮主盟，懼有不治，奉承齊犧，而布諸君，求終事也。君曰：『余必廢之，何齊之有？』唯君圖之，寡君聞命矣！」齊人懼，對曰：「小國言之，大國制之，敢不聽從既聞命矣，敬共以往，遲速唯君。」叔向曰，諸侯有間矣，不可以不示眾。」八月，辛未，治兵，建而不旆。壬申，復旆之。諸侯畏之。邾人莒人愬于晉曰：「魯朝夕伐我，幾亡矣。我之不共，魯故之以。」晉侯不見公，使叔向來辭曰：「諸侯將以甲戌盟，寡君知不得事君矣，請君無勤。」子服惠伯對曰，君信蠻夷之訴，以絕兄弟之國，棄周公之後，亦惟君。寡君聞命矣。」叔向曰：「寡君有甲車四千乘在，雖以無道行之，必可畏也。況其率道，其何敵之有牛雖瘠，僨於豚上，其畏不死南蒯、子仲之憂，其庸可棄乎？若奉晉之眾，用諸侯之師，因邾莒杞鄫之怒，以討魯罪，間其二憂，何求而弗克？」魯人懼，聽命。甲戌，同盟于平丘，齊服也。令諸侯日中造于除。癸酉退朝，子產命外僕速張於除，子大叔止之，使待，明白，及夕，子產聞其未張也，使速往，乃無所張矣。及盟，子產爭承，曰，昔天子班貢，輕重以列，列尊貢重，周之制也。卑而貢重者，甸服也。鄭伯，男也，而使從公侯之貢，懼弗給也。敢以為請。」諸侯靖兵，好以為事。行理之命，無月不至。貢之無藝，小國有闕，所以得罪也。諸侯脩盟，存小國也。貢獻無極，亡可待也。存亡之制，將在今矣。」自日中以爭，至于昏，晉人許之。既盟，子大叔咎之曰：「諸侯若討，其可瀆乎？」子產曰，晉政多門，貳偷之不暇，何暇討國不競亦陵，何國之為？」公不與盟」。晉人執季孫意如，以幕蒙之，使狄人守之。司鐸射懷錦奉壺飲冰，以蒲伏焉。守者御之，乃與之錦而入。晉人以平子歸，子服湫從。子產歸，未至，聞子皮卒，哭，且曰：「吾已無為為善矣，唯夫子知我。」仲尼謂：「子產於是行也，足以為國基矣。《詩》曰：『樂只君子，邦家之基。』子產，君子之求樂者也。」且曰：「合諸侯，藝貢事，禮也。」
		"When the State of Jin completed its construction at Siqi, the feudal lords who paid homage and returned all harbored divided loyalties." "Because of his attempt to seize Huang, Jin will lead the feudal lords in a campaign against him." Shu Xiang said: "It is essential not to fail to demonstrate strength among the feudal lords." So they jointly summoned a meeting and informed Wu. In autumn, Duke of Jin met with King Goujian at Ganliang, but the water route was impassable; King Wu declined and returned. On the Bingyin day of the seventh month, military forces were mustered at Zhu. A southern army with 4000 chariots was assembled; Yangshe Fu served as acting Grand 司马 (Grand Marshal), and thus a meeting of feudal lords was convened at Pingqiu. Zi Chan and Zi Dashi assisted Duke Zheng to attend the conference. Zi Chan traveled with nine tents. lington Zi Dashi brought forty, but later regretted it and reduced the number at each stop. When he arrived at the conference, he also brought them along as before. While staying in Wei territory, Shu Fu requested goods from Wei and indulged in excessive forage collection. The people of Wei sent Tu Bo to offer a soup to Shu Xiang, along with one box of brocade. He said: "The feudal lords serving Jin have not dared to harbor divided loyalties; how much less could Wei, which lies under your protection, dare to entertain different intentions? The excessive forage collection is unlike what has happened before—please allow us to explain." Shu Xiang accepted the soup but returned the brocade, saying: "In Jin there is a man named Yangshe Fu who indulges in acquiring goods without satisfaction. This excessive behavior will soon reach him as well. It has happened for this campaign." "If you, my lord, were to bestow it upon him by the king's command, then perhaps he would stop." The envoy followed this suggestion. Before they could withdraw, however, the excessive forage collection was stopped. The people of Jin intended to renew an alliance, but the people of Qi refused. Duke of Jin sent Shu Xiang to inform Liu Xianggong, saying: "The people of Qi refuse to form an alliance. What should we do about it?" Liu Xianggong replied: "An alliance is meant to establish trust." "If you, my lord, possess genuine trustworthiness, the feudal lords will not waver. What is there to fear? Inform them with courteous words and enforce it with a military force. Even if Qi refuses, your virtue would still be great." "The old minister of the Son of Heaven requests to lead the royal troops, with ten chariots of the main army, to take the vanguard." "The pace will be at your discretion, my lord." Shu Xiang informed Qi: "The feudal lords have come to seek an alliance and are already here." "Now, if your lordship does not find it beneficial, our ruler has requested this on his behalf." The envoy from Qi replied: "When the feudal lords punish those with divided loyalties, they then seek to renew alliances. "If all obey commands, why would there be a need for renewed alliances?" Shu Xiang said: "The downfall of a state occurs when it has affairs but no achievements, and such affairs are not carried out properly." With achievements but without propriety, even proper procedures will lack order. "To have rites without authority leads to disorder in the sequence of ranks, which results in a lack of respect." "To possess authority but not make it clear causes those who show respect to remain confused." "When clarity is absent and respect is abandoned, all endeavors will fail to reach completion—this is the cause of downfall." "Therefore, the system of a wise ruler ensures that feudal lords pay annual visits to record achievements, hold occasional court appearances to discuss rites, convene twice for audiences and meetings to demonstrate authority, and meet twice more for alliances to clarify clarity and brightness." "To record achievements in times of peace, discuss rites according to rank, demonstrate authority before the people, and clarify matters before the gods—since ancient times, no one has failed to follow this." "The way of survival or destruction is always determined by these principles." "Jin, as the leader in rites and alliances, fears disorder. Therefore, it presents sacrifices to Qi and shares them with all lords, seeking a proper conclusion to these matters." "You said: 'I must certainly reject this. What does Qi have to do with it?'" "Only you, my lord, can decide. Our ruler has received your command!" The people of Qi were frightened and replied: "A small state speaks, but a great state decides. How dare we not obey? Having received your command, we respectfully prepare to follow. The pace will be at your discretion." Shu Xiang said: "The feudal lords are showing hesitation; it is essential not to fail in demonstrating our resolve before the people." In August, on the Xinwei day, military forces were organized, with standards raised but no banners unfurled. On the Renshen day, they again unfurled their banners. The feudal lords were afraid of them. The people of Zhu and Ju complained to Jin, saying: "Lu attacks us morning and evening; we are nearly destroyed." "Our failure to offer tribute is due to the fault of Lu." Duke of Jin did not receive the Duke of Lu, but sent Shu Xiang instead to deliver a message saying: "The feudal lords will hold an alliance on the Jiaxu day. Our ruler knows he cannot serve you anymore and respectfully requests that your lordship not trouble yourself." Zifu Huibo replied: "If you, my lord, believe the complaints of the uncivilized tribes and thus sever ties with a brotherly state, abandoning the descendants of Duke of Zhou, then it is entirely your decision." "Our ruler has received your command." Shu Xiang said: "Our ruler has 4000 armored chariots at his command. Even if he were to act unjustly, it would still be formidable." "Let alone when he follows the right path—what enemy could possibly stand against him? A thin ox, though weak, still stands above a pig; it is not without fear of death. The concerns over Nan Kuai and Zi Zhong, how can they be abandoned?" "If we lead the forces of Jin, employ the armies of the feudal lords, and take advantage of the anger from Zhu, Ju, Qi, and Zeng to punish Lu's offenses, while exploiting their two sources of worry, what request would they be able to resist?" The people of Lu were frightened and obeyed the command. On the Jiaxu day, an alliance was renewed at Pingqiu; this marked Qi's submission. The feudal lords were ordered to arrive at Chuchang by noon. On the Gengyou day, after court adjourned, Zi Chan ordered his attendants to quickly set up tents at Chuchang. Zi Dashi stopped him and told them to wait until it was clear what would happen. By evening, when Zi Chan learned that no preparations had been made, he sent them quickly, but there were no tents left to set up. When the alliance was held, Zi Chan contested for precedence, saying: "In ancient times, the Son of Heaven assigned tributes according to rank; higher ranks bore heavier tribute. This was the system of Zhou." Those of lower status bearing heavy tribute were the dianfu (the innermost tier of vassal states). "Duke Zheng is a marquis, yet he has been made to follow the tributes of dukes and marquises. I fear we may not be able to provide it." "I dare to make this request." The feudal lords maintained peace, preferring it as their course of action. The envoys carrying messages traveled without a month passing without arriving. "Excessive tribute, beyond regulation, leads to deficiencies for small states and is the reason for committing offenses." The feudal lords renewed alliances in order to preserve the smaller states. "If tribute contributions have no limit, destruction is inevitable." "The system determining survival or destruction will be decided today." From noon until dusk, the debate continued, and finally the people of Jin agreed to it. After the alliance was concluded, Zi Dashi criticized him, saying: "If the feudal lords were to punish someone, how could we afford to be disrespectful?" Zi Chan replied: "Jin's government is divided among many factions; they are too busy dealing with internal divisions to have time for punishment. If a state does not strive and becomes arrogant, what kind of state can it be?" "The Duke did not participate in the alliance." The people of Jin detained Ji Sun Yiru, covered him with a curtain, and had men from Di guard him. Sido She Huaijin presented a pot of iced drink and crawled forward on his knees in submission. The guards drove him away, but eventually gave him the brocade before allowing him to enter. The people of Jin sent Pingzi back, and Zifu Qiu followed him. Zi Chan returned to the state, but before he arrived home, he heard of Zipi's death. He wept and said: "I have no one left to do good for; only Master Zipi truly understood me." Confucius said: "In this action, Zi Chan demonstrated enough virtue to serve as the foundation of a state. "The Book of Songs says: 'A joyful gentleman is the foundation of his country and family.'" "Zi Chan was a gentleman who sought joy." And he said: "Uniting the feudal lords and regulating tribute matters are in accordance with ritual propriety."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		鮮虞人聞晉師之悉起也，而不警邊，且不脩備。晉荀吳自著雍以上軍侵鮮虞，及中人，驅衝競，大獲而歸。
		The Xianyu people, upon hearing that all of Jin's forces had mobilized, did not raise an alarm along the border and also failed to prepare for defense. Xun Wu of Jin, starting from Zhuoyong with the upper army, invaded Xianyu and reached Zhongren. He drove off the enemy forces in a fierce battle, achieving great success before returning.
Jump to dictionary		楚之滅蔡也，靈王遷許、胡、沈、道、房、申於荊焉。平王即位，既封陳、蔡，而皆復之，禮也。隱大子之子廬歸于蔡，禮也。悼大子之子吳歸于陳，禮也。
		When Chu destroyed Cai, King Ling moved the people of Xu, Hu, Shen, Dao, Fang, and Shen to Jing. After King Ping ascended the throne, he granted fiefs to Chen and Cai and restored them all; this was in accordance with ritual. Yin's crown prince's son Lu returned to Cai, which was in accordance with the rites. Diao Daizi's son Wu returned to Chen, which was in accordance with ritual propriety.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十月，葬蔡靈公，禮也。
		In winter, the tenth month, Duke Ling of Cai was buried; this was according to rites.
Jump to dictionary		公如晉，荀吳謂韓宣子曰：「諸侯相朝，講舊好也。執其卿而朝其君，有不好焉，不如辭之。」乃使士景伯辭公于河。
		The Duke went to Jin. Xun Wu said to Han Xuanszi: "When feudal lords visit each other, they are renewing old friendships." "To detain their minister while receiving their lord is to show ill will; it would be better to decline the visit." So they sent Shi Jingbo to meet the Duke at the Yellow River and inform him of their refusal.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		吳滅州來。令尹子期請伐吳，王弗許，曰，吾未撫民人，未事鬼神，未脩守備，未定國家，而用民力，敗不可悔，州來在吳，猶在楚也。子始待之。
		Wu destroyed Zhoulai. Ling Yin Ziqi requested to attack Wu, but the king did not permit it. He said: "I have yet to pacify my people, yet to honor ghosts and gods, yet to prepare for defense, and yet to stabilize our state. To mobilize the people's strength under such circumstances would be a failure from which there is no recovery. Zhoulai being in Wu is as if it were still in Chu." Zi Shi waited for him.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		季孫猶在晉，子服惠伯私於中行穆子，曰：「魯事晉，何以不如夷之小國魯，兄弟也，土地猶大，所命能具。若為夷棄之，使事齊、楚，其何瘳於晉親親與大，賞共罰否，所以為盟主也。子其圖之！」諺曰：『臣一主二。』吾豈無大國？」穆子告韓宣子，且曰：「楚滅陳、蔡不能救，而為夷執親，將焉用之？」乃歸季孫。惠伯曰：「寡君未知其罪，合諸侯而執其老。若猶有罪，死命可也。若曰無罪，而惠免之，諸侯不聞，是逃命也，何免之為請從君惠於會。」宣子患之，謂叔向曰：「子能歸季孫乎？」對曰：「不能。鮒也能乃使叔魚。叔魚見季孫曰：「昔鮒也得罪於晉君，自歸於魯君。微武子之賜，不至於今。雖獲歸骨於晉，猶子則肉之，敢不盡情？歸子而不歸鮒也，聞諸吏將為子除館於西河，其若之何？」且泣，平子懼，先歸。惠伯待禮。
		Ji Sun was still in Jin. Zifu Huibo privately approached Zhongxing Muszi and said: "Lu serves Jin, yet why is it treated less favorably than the small state of Yi? Lu and Jin are like brothers; its territory is still considerable, and whatever commands are given can be fulfilled." "If you abandon Lu as if it were Yi, and allow it to serve Qi or Chu, how would that be better for Jin in terms of strengthening ties with close relatives and large states? Rewarding loyalty and punishing disloyalty is the reason why one becomes a leader among allies." "You should think about this carefully!" A proverb says: "One minister serves two masters." "How could I possibly lack a great state?" Muszi informed Han Xuanszi, and added: "Chu destroyed Chen and Cai without being able to rescue them, yet we allow Yi to detain our relatives. What use are such allies?" So they sent Ji Sun back. Huibo said: "Our lord does not know what crime he has committed, yet you have convened the feudal lords to arrest an elder of his." "If there is still a crime, then let him be executed according to orders. "If you say he is innocent and show him mercy, but the feudal lords do not hear of it, this would be evading punishment. Why then request his release? Please grant your lord's grace at the assembly." Xuanszi was troubled and said to Shuxiang: "Can you manage to send Ji Sun back?" He replied: "I cannot." Fu Ye could. So they sent Shuyu. Shuyu met with Ji Sun and said: "In the past, Fu Ye committed an offense against the ruler of Jin and voluntarily returned to Duke Lu. "Without the grace of Wuzi, I would not have reached this day." "Even if I were to return my bones to Jin, it is as though you gave me flesh and blood; how could I dare not be completely sincere?" "To return your son but not Fu Ye, I have heard from the officials that they will prepare a residence for you by the West River. What should I do about this?" And he wept. Pingzi was frightened and returned first. Huibo waited for the proper rites to be observed.

《昭公十四年 - Duke Zhao Year 14 》

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Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十四年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十四年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十四年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十四年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公十四... :	十有四年，春，意如至自晉。
		In the fourteenth year [of the reign period], spring, Yi Ru came from Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月，曹伯滕卒。
		In March, Cao Boteng died.
Jump to dictionary		夏，四月。
		Summer, April.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，葬曹武公。
		Autumn, the Duke of Cao Wu was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		八月，莒子去疾卒。
		In August, Ju Zi Quji died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，莒殺其公子意恢。
		Winter, Ju killed its Duke's son Yi Hui.
2 Jump to dictionary	昭公十四... :	十四年，春，意如至自晉，尊晉罪己也，尊晉罪己，禮也。
		In the fourteenth year, spring, Yi Ru arrived from Jin; this was to show respect for Jin and to take personal blame. Showing respect for Jin and taking personal blame is in accordance with ritual propriety.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		南蒯之將叛也，盟費人。司徒老祁，慮癸，偽廢疾，使請於南蒯曰，臣願受盟而疾興，若以君靈不死，請侍間而盟，許之，二子因民之欲叛也，請朝眾而盟。遂劫南蒯，曰，群臣不忘其君，畏子以及今，三年聽命矣。子若弗圖，費人不忍其君，將不能畏子矣。子何所不逞欲？請送子，請期五日。遂奔齊，侍飲酒於景公。公曰：「叛夫！」對曰：「臣欲張公室也。」子韓皙曰，「家臣而欲張公室，罪莫大焉。」司徒老祁、慮癸來歸費。齊侯使鮑文子致之。
		When Nan Kuai was about to rebel, he formed an alliance with the people of Fei. Situ Lao Qi, Lü Gui, pretending to be disabled, sent a request to Nan Kuai saying, "I wish to accept the alliance and my illness will recover. If I may live with your lord's blessing, please allow me to serve as an intermediary for the alliance," which was granted. The two men took advantage of the people's desire to rebel and requested that they hold a public assembly to form the alliance. They then seized Nan Kuai, saying, "The ministers have not forgotten their lord; they feared you until now. For three years we have obeyed your commands." "If you do not plan accordingly, the people of Fei will no longer endure their lord and will be unable to fear you anymore." What is there that you desire which you cannot achieve? They requested to escort you, asking for a five-day period. He then fled to Qi and attended a drinking banquet with Duke Jing. The duke said, "A traitor!" He replied, "I wished to strengthen the public house." Zi Han Xi said, "A family retainer who wishes to strengthen the public house commits no greater crime." Situ Lao Qi and Lü Gui came back with Fei. Duke of Qi sent Bao Wensi to present it.
Jump to dictionary		夏，楚子使然丹簡上國之兵於宗丘，且撫其民。分貧振窮，長孤幼，養老疾，收介特，救災患，宥孤寡。赦罪戾，詰姦慝，舉淹滯，禮新敘舊，祿勳合親，任良物官。使屈罷簡東國之兵於召陵，亦如之，好於邊疆息民五年，而後用師，禮也。
		Summer, the ruler of Chu sent Ran Dan to inspect the troops of the upper states at Zongqiu and also to pacify his people. Distribute resources to the poor, assist those in poverty, care for orphans and young children, support the elderly and infirm, provide for recluses and unique individuals, relieve disasters and misfortunes, and show leniency toward widows and orphans. Pardon those guilty of crimes, investigate evildoers and villains, promote those long delayed in their appointments, honor the newly appointed while reviewing the old, grant salaries to meritorious families and consolidate kinship ties, appoint capable individuals to suitable official positions. He sent Qu Bai to inspect the troops of the eastern states at Zhaoling, doing likewise. It was considered proper to cultivate good relations with border regions and allow the people rest for five years before employing military forces, which is in accordance with ritual propriety.
Jump to dictionary		秋，八月，莒著丘公卒，郊公不慼，國人弗順，欲立著丘公之弟庚與，蒲餘侯惡公子意恢，而善於庚與，郊公惡公子鐸，而善於意恢。公子鐸因蒲餘侯而與之謀，曰，爾殺意恢，我出君而納庚與，許之。
		Autumn, August, Duke Zhuqiu of Ju died. Jiao Gong did not mourn him sincerely; the people of the state were dissatisfied and wished to install Duke Zhuqiu's younger brother Gengyu as ruler. Pu Yu Hou disliked Duke Yi Hui but favored Gengyu. Jiao Gong disliked Duke Duo but favored Yi Hui. Duke Duo, through Pu Yu Hou, plotted with him and said, "You kill Yi Hui, I will remove the ruler and install Gengyu." He agreed.
Jump to dictionary		楚令尹子旗有德於王，不知度與養氏比，而求無厭。王患之。九月，甲午，楚子殺鬥成然，而滅養氏之族。使鬥辛居鄖，以無忘舊勳。
		The Lord Chancellor Zi Qi of Chu had virtue toward the king, but did not know restraint and compared himself with the Yang clan, constantly seeking more without satisfaction. The king was troubled by this. On the Jiawu day of September, the ruler of Chu killed Dou Chengran and exterminated the Yang clan's family. He sent Dou Xin to stay in Yun, so as not to forget past meritorious service.
Jump to dictionary		冬，十二月，蒲餘侯茲夫殺莒公子意恢，郊公奔齊。公子鐸逆庚與於齊。齊隰黨、公子鉏送之，有賂田。
		Winter, December, Pu Yu Hou Zifu killed Ju's Duke Yi Hui; Jiao Gong fled to Qi. Duke Duo went to Qi to welcome Gengyu. Qi Xidang and Duke Chu sent him off, with land as a bribe.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages Related discussion		晉邢侯與雍子爭鄐田，久而無成。士景伯如楚，叔魚攝理。韓宣子命斷舊獄，罪在雍子。雍子納其女於叔魚，叔魚蔽罪邢侯。邢侯怒，殺叔魚與雍子於朝。宣子問其罪於叔向。叔向曰：「三人同罪，施生戮死可也。雍子自知其罪，而賂以買直，鮒也鬻獄，邢侯專殺，其罪一也。已惡而掠美為昏，貪以敗官為墨，殺人不忌為賊。《夏書》曰：『昏、墨、賊，殺。』皋陶之刑也。請從之，乃施邢侯，而尸雍子，與叔魚於市，仲尼曰：「叔向，古之遺直也。治國制刑，不隱於親，三數叔魚之惡，不為末減。曰義也夫，可謂直矣，平丘之會，數其賄也，以寬衛國，晉不為暴。歸魯季孫，稱其詐也，以寬魯國，晉不為虐。邢侯之獄，言其貪也，以正刑書，晉不為頗。三言而除，三惡加三利，殺親益榮，猶義也夫！」
		Duke Xing of Jin and Yong Zi disputed over the fields of Ku, but after a long time no resolution was reached. Shi Jingbo went to Chu; Shu Yu assumed temporary charge. Han Xuanszi ordered the old case to be adjudicated, and found Yong Zi guilty. Yong Zi sent his daughter to Shu Yu as a concubine; Shu Yu shielded the crime of Duke Xing. Duke Xing was enraged and killed Shu Yu and Yong Zi in court. Xuanszi asked Shu Xiang about the guilt of those involved. Shu Xiang said, "The three are equally guilty; it is acceptable to bestow mercy on the living and execute the dead." Yong Zi was aware of his own guilt but used bribes to buy justice; Shu Yu sold judicial decisions for profit, and Duke Xing committed murder unilaterally. Their crimes are the same. To be evil yet seize virtue is confusion; to be greedy and corrupt official duties is black-heartedness; to kill without fear is banditry. The "Book of Xia" says: "Confusion, black-heartedness, and banditry—these shall be put to death." This is the punishment of Gao Tao. He requested to follow this, so Duke Xing was pardoned, while Yong Zi and Shu Yu were executed in the marketplace. Zhong Ni said, "Shu Xiang is a remnant of ancient uprightness." To govern a state and establish punishments, one must not hide from relatives. He listed Shu Yu's evils three times without reducing the sentence. "He is indeed a man of righteousness," it can be said he was upright. At the assembly at Pingqiu, he counted the bribes and used this to ease tensions with Wei Guo; Jin did not act as a tyrant. Returning the Lu Ji Sun, he accused them of deception and used this to show leniency toward Lu Guo; Jin did not behave cruelly. In the case of Duke Xing, he stated his greed and used it to correct the records of punishments; Jin did not act with bias. Three statements were removed, three evils added to three benefits, killing relatives for greater honor—this is still righteousness!"

《昭公十五年 - Duke Zhao Year 15 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公十五年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十五年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十五年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十五年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十五年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十五... :	十有五年，春，王正月，吳子夷末卒。
		In the fifteenth year, spring, the first month of the reign of King Wang, Wu Ziyimou died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		二月，癸酉，有事于武宮。籥入，叔弓卒，去樂卒事。
		In February, on the Gyu day, there was an event at the Wu Palace. Yue entered, Shugong died, Qu Yue died in office.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，蔡朝吳出奔鄭。
		In summer, Cai Chao Wu fled to Zheng.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		六月，丁巳，朔，日有食之。
		In the sixth month, on the Ding Si day, at dawn, there was a solar eclipse.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，晉荀吳帥師伐鮮虞。
		In autumn, Jin Xun Wu led an army to attack Xianyu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，公如晉。
		In winter, the Gong went to Jin.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十五... :	十五年，春，將禘于武公，戒百官。梓慎曰：「禘之日，其有咎乎！吾見赤墨之祲，非祭祥也，喪氛也，其在蒞事乎？」二月，癸酉，禘，叔弓蒞事，籥入而卒，去樂卒事，禮也。
		In the fifteenth year, in spring, they were about to perform the di ceremony for Duke Wu, and all officials were warned. Zi Shen said: "On the day of the di ceremony, there might be a calamity!" "I have seen red and black omens; this is not an auspicious sign for sacrifice, but a mourning omen. It might be related to the person in charge of the ceremony?" In February, on the Gui You day, the di ceremony took place. Shugong was in charge of the proceedings; Yue entered and he died, Qu Yue then completed the duties at the time of death, which conformed to ritual propriety.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚費無極害朝吳之在蔡也，欲去之，乃謂之曰：「王唯信子，故處子於蔡。子亦長矣，而在下位，辱。必求之，吾助子請。」又謂其上之人曰：「王唯信吳，故處諸蔡，二三子莫之如也。而在其上，不亦難乎弗圖，必及於難。」夏，蔡人逐朝吳。朝吳出奔鄭。王怒曰，余唯信吳，故寘諸蔡，且微吳，吾不及此。女何故去之？」無極對曰：「臣豈不欲吳然而前知其為人之異也。吳在蔡，蔡必速飛。去吳，所以翦其翼也。」
		Chu Fei Wuji, resenting Chao Wu's presence in Cai, wanted to get rid of him. He therefore said to him: "The king only trusts you, which is why he has stationed you in Cai." "You are also old enough now, yet remain in a low position; this is humiliating." "You must certainly seek it. I will help you make the request." He also said to those above him: "The king trusts Wu only, which is why he was stationed in Cai. None of you can compare with him." "And yet you are above him; isn't this difficult? If you do not plan for it, disaster will surely befall you." In summer, the people of Cai drove out Chao Wu. Chao Wu fled to Zheng. The king was angry and said, "I trusted Wu only, so I placed him in Cai; moreover, without Wu, I would not have reached this position." "Why did you remove him?" Fei Wuji replied, "How could I as a subject not want Wu? However, I previously knew of his unusual nature. "While Wu is in Cai, Cai will surely suffer quickly." "Removing Wu is to cut off its wings."
Jump to dictionary		六月，乙丑，王大子壽卒。
		In the sixth month, on Yi Chou day, the king's crown prince Shou died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，八月，戊寅，王穆后崩。
		In autumn, in August, on Wu Yin day, Queen Muhou of the King passed away.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉荀吳帥師伐鮮虞，圍鼓。鼓人或請以城叛，穆子弗許。左右曰：「師徒不勤，而可以獲城，何故不為？」穆子曰：「吾聞諸叔向曰：『好惡不愆，民知所適，事無不濟。』或以吾城叛，吾所甚惡也。人以城來，吾獨何好焉賞所甚惡，若所好何若其弗賞，是失信也，何以庇民力能則進，否則退，量力而行。吾不可以，欲城而邇姦，所喪滋多，使鼓人殺叛人，而繕守備。圍鼓三月，鼓人或請降，使其民見，曰：「猶有食色，姑脩而城。」軍吏曰：「獲城而弗取，勤民而頓兵，何以事君？」穆子曰：「吾以事君也。獲一邑而教民怠，將焉用邑邑以賈怠，不如完舊。賈怠無卒，棄舊不祥。鼓人能事其君，我亦能事吾君。率義不爽，好惡不愆，城可獲而民知義，所有死命而無二心，不亦可乎！」鼓人告食竭力盡，而後取之。克鼓而反，不戮一人，以鼓子截鞮歸。
		Jin Xun Wu led an army against Xianyu and besieged Gu. Some people from Gu requested to surrender the city in rebellion, but Muzi did not agree. His attendants said, "The troops are not overworked, yet the city can be captured; why not do it?" Muzi said: "I heard from Shu Xiang say, 'If one's likes and dislikes are without error, the people will know where to go; no matter what endeavor there is, it can be accomplished.'" "If someone rebels with our city, that is something I intensely dislike." "If people come with a city, what do I particularly like about it? To reward something I intensely dislike is to neglect my true preferences. If we do not reward them, that would be a breach of trust; how can we protect the people's strength? We should advance if capable and retreat otherwise, acting according to our capacity." "I cannot do it. To desire a city and be close to treachery would result in even greater losses. I ordered the people of Gu to kill the traitors and prepare for defense." After besieging Gu for three months, some people from Gu requested to surrender. He showed them the civilians and said: "They still have food and color; let us temporarily repair their city." The military officers said, "To capture a city yet not take it, to weary the people and stall our troops—how can we serve our lord?" Muzi replied: "This is how I serve my lord." "To gain one town and teach the people to be lazy, what use would that town be? A town gained at the cost of inducing laziness is not as good as preserving the old." "To induce laziness will lead to no end; abandoning what was once held is inauspicious." "The people of Gu are able to serve their lord, and I am also able to serve my own lord." "Leading with righteousness without deviation, having no error in one's likes and dislikes—though the city may be captured, the people understand righteousness. They are willing to die for their lord and have no divided loyalties; is this not acceptable?" The people of Gu reported that their food was exhausted and their strength spent, and only then did they take the city. After conquering Gu and returning, not a single person was executed; they brought back Gugzi Jiedi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，公如晉，平丘之會故也。
		In winter, the Gong visited Jin, because of the previous meeting at Pingqiu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十二月，晉荀躒如周葬穆后，籍談為介。既葬除喪，以文伯宴，樽以魯壺。王曰：「伯氏，諸侯皆有以鎮撫王室，晉獨無有，何也？」文伯揖籍談對曰，諸侯之封也，皆受明器於王室，以鎮撫其社稷，故能薦彝器於王，晉居深山，戎狄之與鄰，而遠於王室。王靈不及，拜戎不暇，其何以獻器？」王曰：「叔氏，而忘諸乎叔父唐叔，成王之母弟也，其反無分乎？密須之鼓，與其大路，文所以大蒐也，闕鞏之甲，武所以克商也，唐叔受之，以處參虛，匡有戎狄。其後襄之二路，鏚鉞秬鬯，彤弓虎賁，文公受之，以有南陽之田，撫征東夏，非分而何？夫有勳而不廢，有績而載，奉之以土田，撫之以彝器，旌之以車服，明之以文章，子孫不忘，所謂福也。福祚之不登叔父，焉在且昔而高祖孫伯黶，司晉之典籍，以為大政，故曰籍氏。及辛有之二子董之晉，於是乎有董史。女，司典之後也，何故忘之？」籍談不能對。賓出，王曰：「籍父其無後乎數典而忘其祖。」籍談歸，以告叔向。叔向曰：「王其不終乎吾聞之，所樂必卒焉。今王樂憂，若卒以憂，不可謂終。王一歲而有三年之喪二焉，於是乎以喪賓宴，又求彝器，樂憂甚矣，且非禮也，彝器之來，嘉功之由，非由喪也，三年之喪，雖貴遂服，禮也。王雖弗遂，宴樂以早，亦非禮也。禮，王之大經也。一動而失二禮，無大經矣，言以考典，典以志經，忘經而多言舉典，將焉用之？」
		In December, Jin Xun Qian went to Zhou for the burial rites of Queen Muhou, with Ji Tan as his assistant. After the funeral and mourning period was over, they held a banquet in honor of Wenbo, using wine vessels from Lu. The king said: "Master Bo, all the feudal lords have something to present for the stability and comfort of the royal house; but Jin alone has nothing. Why is that?" Wenbo bowed to Ji Tan, who replied: "When the feudal lords were enfeoffed, they all received ritual objects from the royal house to stabilize and comfort their states; thus, they could present standard ritual vessels to the king. Jin resides in a remote mountainous region, neighboring Rong and Di tribes, and is far from the royal court." "The king's spiritual influence does not reach there, and they have no time to pay homage to the Rong tribes; how could they present ritual vessels?" The king said: "Master Shu, have you forgotten? Your uncle, Tangshu, was the maternal younger brother of King Cheng; could he possibly be without a share?" "The drum of Mixu and its large chariot, the cultural symbols used for great military campaigns; the armor from Quegong, the martial tools that enabled victory over Shang—Tangshu received them to reside in Shen Xu, aiding in the control of Rong and Di tribes." "Afterward, the two chariots of Xiang, the axes and black millet wine, the red bow and tiger 贲—Duke Wen received them, thus obtaining the fields in Nanyang to pacify and campaign against the eastern regions. If this is not a share, what is it?" "To have meritorious service and not be abandoned, to have achievements recorded; to bestow land and fields upon them, comfort them with ritual vessels, honor them with chariots and garments, and clarify their status through ceremonial rites—this is what the descendants will never forget. This is called blessing." "The failure of blessings and destiny to reach your uncle—where is it? Moreover, in the past, your great ancestor Sun Bo Yan served as keeper of Jin's records and was entrusted with major governance; thus, the surname Ji." "When Xin You's two sons took charge of Jin, this is when there were the historian Dongs." "You are a descendant of those who served as record-keepers. Why have you forgotten it?" Ji Tan could not reply. After the guests left, the king said: "Will Ji Fu have no descendants? He counts the classics yet forgets his ancestors." Ji Tan returned and informed Shu Xiang. Shu Xiang said: "The king will not have a good ending, I have heard that one always ends up in the place of their pleasure." "Now the king takes delight in worries; if he ultimately dies from them, it cannot be called a good ending." "The king has experienced two mourning periods in one year, equivalent to three years of mourning. During this time, he held a banquet for mourners and also sought ritual vessels; his delight in sorrow is great indeed, and it is not in accordance with rites. The coming of ritual vessels stems from commendable achievements, not from mourning. Three-year mourning, even if the noble continues to wear the mourning attire, conforms to rites." "Although the king did not complete it, he prematurely held banquets and took pleasure in them; this is also against rites." "Rites are the great foundation of kingship." "With one action, he lost two rites; without the great foundation, how can words examine the classics? The classics are used to record the fundamental principles. To forget these fundamentals and merely cite the classics—what use would that be?"

《昭公十六年 - Duke Zhao Year 16 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十六年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十六年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十六年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十六年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十六... :	十有六年，春，齊侯伐徐。
		In the sixteenth year [of his reign], spring, Lord Qi attacked Xu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子誘戎蠻子，殺之。
		Duke Chu lured Rongmanzi and killed him.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，公至自晉。
		In summer, the Duke returned from Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，八月，己亥，晉侯夷卒。
		In autumn, on the Jihai day of the eighth month, Duke Yi of Jin died.
Jump to dictionary		九月，大雩。
		In the ninth month, a great rain rite was held.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		季孫意如如晉。
		Jisun Yiru went to Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十月，葬晉昭公。
		In winter, on the tenth month, Duke Zhao of Jin was buried.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十六... :	十六年，春，王正月，公在晉，晉人止公。不書，諱之也。
		The sixteenth year [of the reign], spring, first month of the king's calendar: the Duke was in Jin; the people of Jin detained the Duke. It is not recorded, because it was concealed.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		齊侯伐徐。楚子聞蠻氏之亂也，與蠻子之無質也，使然丹誘戎蠻子嘉，殺之，遂取蠻氏。既而復立其子焉，禮也。二月，丙申，齊師至于蒲隧。徐人行成。徐子及郯人、莒人會齊侯，盟于蒲隧，賂以甲父之鼎。叔孫昭子曰：「諸侯之無伯，害哉齊君之無道也，興師而伐遠方，會之有成，而還，莫之亢也。無伯也夫《詩》曰：『宗周既滅，靡所止戾。正大夫離居，莫知我肄。』其是之謂乎！」
		Lord Qi attacked Xu. Duke Chu, having heard of the chaos among the Man clan and that their leader had no hostage in Jin, sent Ran Dan to lure Rongmanzi Jia and killed him; thus he seized control of the Man clan. Soon afterward, they reinstated his son as leader, which was in accordance with ritual propriety. lou In the second month, on the Bingshen day, the army of Qi arrived at Pusui. The people of Xu requested a truce. Duke Xu and the people of Tan and Ju met with Lord Qi, and they concluded an alliance at Pusui. As a gift, Duke Xu presented the Jiafu Ding (a bronze tripod). Shusun Zhaosi said: "It is harmful that there is no hegemon among the feudal lords. How unrighteous it is for Duke Qi of Qi to raise an army and attack distant lands, hold a meeting with favorable results, and return without anyone opposing him." There is indeed no hegemon. As the "Odes" say: "Once the ancestral Zhou has perished, there is nowhere to find justice." "The upright ministers live in exile; none know my sorrow." This must be what is meant by that!
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		二月，晉韓起聘于鄭，鄭伯享之。子產戒曰，苟有位於朝，無有不共恪，孔張後至，立於客間，執政禦之，適客後，又禦之，適縣間，客從而笑之。事畢，富子諫，曰：「夫大國之人，不可不慎也，幾為之笑而不陵我我皆有禮，夫猶鄙我。國而無禮，何以求榮孔張失位，吾子之恥也。」子產怒曰，發命之不衷，出令之不信，刑之頗類，獄之放紛，會朝之不敬，使命之不聽，取陵於大國，罷民而無功，罪及而弗知，僑之恥也。孔張，君之昆孫，子孔之後也，執政之嗣也。為嗣大夫，承命以使，周於諸侯，國人所尊，諸侯所知。立於朝而祀於家，有祿於國，有賦於軍，喪祭有職，受脤歸賑，其祭在廟，已有著位，在位數世，世守其業，而忘其所，僑焉得恥之辟邪之人，而皆及執政，是先王無刑罰也。子寧以他規我。」宣子有環，其一在鄭商。宣子謁諸鄭伯，子產弗與，曰：「非官府之守器也，寡君不知。」子大叔，子羽，謂子產曰，韓子亦無幾求，晉國亦未可以貳，晉國、韓子不可偷也。若屬有讒人交鬥其間，鬼神而助之，以興其凶怒，悔之何及吾子何愛於一環，其以取憎於大國也，盍求而與之？」子產曰：「吾非偷晉而有二心，將終事之，是以弗與，忠信故也。僑聞君子非無賄之難，立而無令名之患。僑聞為國，非不能事大字小之難，無禮以定其位之患。夫大國之人，令於小國，而皆獲其求，將何以給之一共一否，為罪滋大。大國之求，無禮以斥之，何饜之有吾且為鄙邑，則失位矣。若韓子奉命以使，而求玉焉，貪淫甚矣，獨非罪乎出一玉以起二罪，吾又失位，韓子成貪，將焉用之且吾以玉賈罪，不亦銳乎？」韓子買諸賈人，既成賈矣，商人曰：「必告君大夫。」韓子請諸子產曰：「日起請夫環，執政弗義，弗敢復也。今買諸商人，商人曰，必以聞，敢以為請。」子產對曰：「昔我先君桓公，與商人皆出自周。庸次比耦，以艾殺此地，斬之蓬蒿藜藿而共處之，世有盟誓，以相信也，曰爾無我叛，我無強賈，毋或匄奪，爾有利市寶賄，我勿與知，恃此質誓，故能相保，以至于今。今吾子以好來辱，而謂敝邑強奪商人，是教敝邑背盟誓也，毋乃不可乎吾子得玉而失諸侯，必不為也。若大國令，而共無藝，鄭，鄙邑也，亦弗為也。僑若獻玉，不知所成，敢私布之。」韓子辭玉，曰：「起不敏，敢求玉以徼二罪，敢辭之。」
		In the second month, Han Qi of Jin paid a visit to Zheng; Duke Zhuang of Zheng hosted a banquet for him. Zi Chan warned, saying: "If one holds a position in court, there should be no failure to show respect and diligence." Kong Zhang arrived late; he stood among the guests. The chief official rebuked him for standing behind the guests, then again for standing between the hanging banners. The guests followed suit and laughed at him. After the matter was concluded, Fu Zi advised, saying: "One cannot be too careful with people from a great state. How many times have we been laughed at without being humiliated? We were all courteous, yet they still looked down on us." "If a state lacks ritual propriety, how can it seek honor? Kong Zhang's failure to observe his proper position is your shame." Zi Chan angrily said: "Issuing orders without sincerity, giving commands that are not heeded, administering punishments unjustly, letting lawsuits become chaotic, showing no respect at court assemblies, and failing to obey diplomatic missions—suffering humiliation from a great state, exhausting the people with no achievements, committing crimes yet being unaware of them—this is Qiao's shame." Kong Zhang is the nephew-grandson of our lord and a descendant of Zikong; he is the heir to the chief official. As an acting high minister, he was entrusted with a mission and traveled among the feudal lords; he is respected by our countrymen and known to the feudal lords. He holds a position in the court and is honored with ancestral rites at home; he receives official salary from the state, pays military taxes, has duties for funerals and sacrifices, accepts sacrificial meat to return as charity, his rituals are held in the temple, and he already occupies an established position. His family has held this post for several generations, passing down their responsibilities, yet now they have forgotten their place—how can Qiao feel shame? These people who deviate from proper conduct all reach positions of authority; it would mean that the ancient kings had no system of punishment. "You should rather admonish me with other standards." Duke Xuan had a ring, one part of which was in the hands of a merchant from Zheng. Duke Xuan requested it from Duke Zhuang of Zheng, but Zi Chan refused to give it, saying: "This is not an official vessel under the state's protection; our lord does not know about it." Zi Doushao and Zi Yu said to Zi Chan: "Lord Han does not make many demands, and the state of Jin is also not one we can treat with duplicity. The state of Jin and Lord Han cannot be taken lightly." "If there are sycophants among us who incite conflict, and if ghosts and gods assist them to stir up their wrath, how will we be able to regret it in time? How much can you value one ring, yet risk gaining the hatred of a great state? Why not seek it out and give it to him?" Zi Chan said: "I am not being disloyal to Jin or harboring divided loyalties; I intend to serve them faithfully until the end. That is why I did not give it, out of loyalty and trustworthiness." "Qiao has heard that for a gentleman, the difficulty is not in lacking bribes, but in standing upright without a good reputation." "Qiao has heard that governing a state is not difficult in being unable to serve the great and protect the small, but rather in lacking ritual propriety to establish one's proper position." "People from a great state issue commands to small states, and if they all receive what they demand, how can we possibly satisfy them? If we comply with one request but refuse another, the resulting offense will only grow greater." "If a great state makes demands and we lack ritual propriety to reject them, how can they ever be satisfied? If I were to act as an outlying town, I would lose my proper position." "If Lord Han, entrusted with a mission, were to demand jade, that would be extremely greedy. Would that not also constitute a crime? To give up one piece of jade and incur two crimes—losing my position and enabling Lord Han's greed—what use is it? And if I offer jade only to invite blame, wouldn't that be too hasty?" Lord Han purchased it from a merchant; the transaction was already completed. The merchant said, "You must inform your lord and officials." Lord Han requested from Zi Chan: "I have repeatedly asked for the ring, but the chief official did not consider it proper. I dare not ask again." "Now I have purchased it from a merchant, and the merchant said that I must report this to you. I dare to make this request of you." Zi Chan replied: "In former times, our late lord Duke Huan and the merchants both originated from Zhou. We worked together in groups, clearing this land of weeds and thorny plants to cultivate it side by side. For generations we have had oaths and covenants to trust one another: 'You shall not betray me, I shall not impose heavy prices; neither shall you beg or seize from the other. If you gain profit, fine goods, or treasures in trade, I will not inquire.' Relying on these solemn vows, we were able to protect each other and reach this day." "Now, you have come here in kindness to honor us, yet you accuse our small state of forcibly seizing from merchants. This would be teaching us to break the oaths we made. Would that not be unacceptable? Surely you would not act so as to gain jade and lose the feudal lords." "If a great state issues commands, yet we respond without limit—V Zheng is but an outlying town and would not do so either." "If Qiao were to present jade, I do not know what it would accomplish. I dare only to state my position plainly." Lord Han declined the jade, saying: "Qi is not wise. To dare to seek jade and invite two crimes upon myself—I respectfully decline."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，鄭六卿餞宣子於郊。宣子曰：「二三君子請皆賦，起亦以知鄭志。」子齹賦《野有蔓草》。宣子曰：「孺子善哉，吾有望矣。」子產賦鄭之《羔裘》。宣子曰：「起不堪也。」子大叔賦《褰裳》。宣子曰：「起在此，敢勤子至於他人乎？」子大叔拜。宣子曰：「善哉，子之言是。不有是事，其能終乎？」子游賦風雨，子旗賦有女同車，子柳賦《蘀兮》。宣子喜曰：「鄭其庶乎！二三君子，以君命貺起，賦不出鄭志，皆昵燕好也，二三君子，數世之主也，可以無懼矣。」宣子皆獻馬焉，而賦《我將》。子產拜，使五卿皆拜，曰：「吾子靖亂，敢不拜德？」宣子私覲於子產，以玉與馬，曰：「子命起舍夫玉，是賜我玉而免吾死也，敢藉手以拜？」
		In summer, in the fourth month, Zheng's six high ministers gave a farewell banquet for Duke Xuan at the outskirts. Duke Xuan said: "Lords, I request that you all recite a verse; this will allow Qi to understand the will of Zheng." Zi Bo recited the poem "Wild Vines in the Field." Duke Xuan said: "This young man is excellent! Now I have hope!" Zi Chan recited Zheng's poem "The Sheepskin Coat." Duke Xuan said: "Qi is unworthy of such praise." Zi Doushao recited the poem "Roll Up Your Skirt." Duke Xuan said: "Qi is right here; how dare I trouble you to address someone else?" Zi Doushao bowed. Duke Xuan said: "Well done! Your words are right." "Without such matters, how could one maintain harmony until the end?" Zi You recited "Wind and Rain," Zi Qi recited "A Lady in a Chariot," and Zi Liu recited "Xixi." Duke Xuan was pleased and said: "Zheng must be prosperous indeed! "These several gentlemen have bestowed kindness upon Qi in the name of their lord. Their recitations did not depart from Zheng's will; they all express intimacy and friendly relations. These several gentlemen are the leaders of many generations to come, so there is no need for fear." Duke Xuan presented horses to them all and recited "I Will Go." Zi Chan bowed, and made the five high ministers bow as well, saying: "You have brought peace to chaos; how could we not bow in gratitude for your virtue?" Duke Xuan privately met with Zi Chan and presented jade and horses, saying: "Your command for Qi to give up that jade is like granting me the jade while sparing my life. How dare I use your hands as a medium to express my gratitude?"
Jump to dictionary		公至自晉。子服昭伯語季平子曰：「晉之公室，其將遂卑矣。君幼弱，六卿彊而奢傲，將因是以習。習實為常，能無卑乎？」平子曰：「爾幼，惡識國？」
		The Duke returned from Jin. lington Zifu Zhaobo said to Jipingzi: "The royal house of Jin will soon become even more humble." The lord is young and weak, while the six high ministers are powerful and arrogant; they will likely grow accustomed to such behavior as a result. "When habitual conduct becomes customary, how can there not be submissiveness?" Pingzi said: "You are young; how would you know about state affairs?"
Jump to dictionary		秋，八月，晉昭公卒。
		In autumn, on the eighth month, Duke Zhao of Jin died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，大雩，旱也。鄭大旱，使屠擊，祝款，竪柎，有事於桑山，斬其木，不雨。子產曰：「有事於山，蓺山林也。而斬其木，其罪大矣。」奪之官邑。
		In the ninth month, a grand rain rite was held due to drought. Zheng suffered from severe drought and sent Tu Ji, Zhu Kuan, and Shu Fu to perform rituals at Sangshan. They cut down the trees there, but still no rain fell. Zi Chan said: "Performing a ritual for the mountain is to cultivate its forest." "Yet cutting down its trees constitutes a grave offense." They were stripped of their official positions and fiefs.
Jump to dictionary		冬，十月，季平子如晉，葬昭公。平子曰，子服回之言猶信，子服氏有子哉。」
		In winter, in the tenth month, Jipingzi went to Jin for the burial rites of Duke Zhao. Pingzi said: "The words of Zifu Hui are still trustworthy; the Zifu clan has a worthy son indeed."

《昭公十七年 - Duke Zhao Year 17 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公十七年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十七年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十七年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十七年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十七年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十七... :	十有七年，春，小邾子來朝。
		In the seventeenth year [of his reign], spring, the ruler of Xiao Zhu came to pay homage.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，六月，甲戌，朔，日有食之。
		In summer, on the Jiaxu day of the sixth month, the first day of the month, there was a solar eclipse.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，郯子來朝。
		In autumn, the ruler of Tan came to pay homage.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		八月，晉荀吳帥師滅陸渾之戎。
		In August, Jin Xunwu led an army and destroyed the Lu hun Rong.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，有星孛于大辰。
		In winter, a comet appeared near Dachen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚人及吳戰于長岸。
		The people of Chu and Wu fought a battle at Chang'an.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十七... :	十七年，春，小邾穆公來朝，公與之燕。季平子賦《采叔》，穆公賦《菁菁者莪》。昭子曰：「不有以國，其能久乎？」
		In the seventeenth year, spring, Xiao Zhu Mugong came to pay homage; the Duke entertained him with a banquet. Ji Pingzi recited "Cai Shu," and Mu Gong recited "Jingjing Zhe E." Zhao Zi said, "Without a state to rely on, how can one endure for long?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，六月，甲戌，朔，日有食之。祝史請所用幣。昭子曰，日有食之，天子不舉，伐鼓於社。諸侯用幣於社，伐鼓於朝。禮也，平子禦之，曰：『止也。唯正月朔，慝未作，日有食之，於是乎有伐鼓用幣，禮也，其餘則否。』大史曰：『在此月也。』」日過分而未至，三辰有災，於是乎百官降物，君不舉辟，移時樂奏鼓，祝用幣，史用辭，故夏書曰，辰不集于房，瞽奏鼓，嗇夫馳，庶人走。』此月朔之謂也。當夏四月，是謂孟夏。」平子弗從。昭子退曰：「夫子將有異志，不君君矣。」
		In summer, on the jiaxu day of the first day of the sixth month, there was a solar eclipse. The diviners and historians asked what kind of offering should be used. Zhao Zi said, "When there is a solar eclipse, the Son of Heaven does not partake in meals and beats drums at the earth altar." The feudal lords offer sacrifices to the earth deity with offerings and beat drums in court. This is according to ritual. Pingzi controlled it, saying, "Stop it." "Only on the first day of the first month, before evil has taken hold, when there is a solar eclipse—then beating drums and using offerings are required by ritual. Otherwise, they are not." The chief historian said, "It was in this month." "When the sun has passed its node but not yet reached it, and there is a disaster among the three luminaries, then all officials lower their offerings, the ruler does not partake in food or appear in public, and for the duration of the eclipse drums are played. Diviners use offerings, and historians recite words. Hence the Book of Xia says: 'The celestial bodies did not align with the constellation Fang; the blind musicians beat the drum, the scribes rushed about, and commoners ran.'" This refers to a solar eclipse on the first day of this month. It was in the fourth month of summer, which is called early summer. Pingzi did not follow this advice. Zhao Zi withdrew and said, "The master is about to have different intentions; he no longer respects the ruler."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，郯子來朝，公與之宴。昭子問焉，曰：「少皞氏鳥名官，何故也？」郯子曰：「吾祖也，我知之。昔者黃帝氏以雲紀，故為雲師而雲名。炎帝氏以火紀，故為火師而火名。共工氏以水紀，故為水師而水名。大皞氏以龍紀，故為龍師而龍名。我高祖少皞摯之立也，鳳鳥適至，故紀於鳥，為鳥師而鳥名。鳳鳥氏，歷正也。玄鳥氏，司分者也。伯趙氏，司至者也。青鳥氏，司啟者也。丹鳥氏，司閉者也。」祝鳩氏，司徒也。鴡鳩氏，司馬也。鳲鳩氏，司空也。爽鳩氏，司寇也。鶻鳩氏，司事也。五鳩，鳩民者也。五雉，為五工正。」利器用，正度量，夷民者也。九扈為九農正，扈民無淫者也。自顓頊以來，不能紀遠，乃紀於近。為民師而命以民事，則不能故也。」仲尼聞之，見於郯子而學之。既而告人曰：「吾聞之，天子失官，學在四夷，猶信。」
		In autumn, the Duke of Tan came to pay homage, and the Duke entertained him with a feast. Zhao Zi asked about it, saying, "The Xiaohao clan named their officials after birds; what was the reason for that?" Tanzi said, "My ancestor did so; I know about it. "In the past, the Yellow Emperor used clouds as a record, hence he named his officials after clouds." "The Yandi clan used fire as a record, so they named their officials after fire." "The Gonggong clan used water as a record, therefore they named their officials after water." The Dahao clan used dragons as a record; thus, they had dragon officers and named them after dragons. "When my great ancestor Xiaohao Zhi was enthroned, a phoenix happened to arrive; therefore, we recorded things according to birds and named our officials after them." "The Fengniao Shi was the official in charge of calendars. Huaniao Shi was the one who oversaw the solstices. lık The Bozhao Shi was the one who presided over the arrival of the summer solstice. The Qingniao Shi were the officials who presided over the beginning of spring. "The Danniao Shi were the officials in charge of the end of autumn." The Zhujiu Shi was the Minister of Works. The Jiujiu Shi was the Master of War. The Shijiou Shi was the Minister of Public Works. The Shuangjiu Shi was the Chief Justice. The Hujiu Shi was in charge of state affairs. These five Jiu were officials who managed the people. "The Five Chi served as the heads of the five crafts." "They standardized tools and measurements, and were officials who regulated the people." "The Nine Hu served as the nine heads of agriculture; they were officials ensuring that the people did not indulge in idleness." "Since Zhuanxu, they could no longer record distant things, so they recorded according to nearby ones. "They named officials after civil matters and served as teachers for the people; this was because they could not do otherwise." Zhong Ni heard of it, met Tanzi, and studied from him. Later he told others, "I have heard that when the Son of Heaven loses his officials, learning resides among the four barbarian regions; this is still true."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉侯使屠蒯如周，請有事於雒與三塗。萇弘謂劉子曰：「客容猛，非祭也。其伐戎乎陸渾氏甚睦於楚，必是故也。君其備之！」乃警戎備，九月，丁卯，晉荀吳帥師，涉自棘津，使祭史先用牲于雒，陸渾人弗知，師從之。庚午，遂滅陸渾，數之以其貳於楚也。陸渾子奔楚，其眾奔甘鹿。周大獲，宣子夢文公攜荀吳而授之陸渾，故使穆子帥師，獻俘于文宮。
		Duke Jin sent Tu Kuai to Zhou, requesting permission to conduct affairs at Luo and the Three Tu. Chang Hong said to Liu Zi, "The guest's demeanor is fierce; this is not for a sacrifice." "He must be going to attack the Rong people. The Lu Hun clan has been very friendly with Chu, and this is surely the reason." "You should prepare for it!" They then prepared for a defense against the Rong. On the dingmao day of September, Jin Xun Wu led his troops across from Jijin, sending the priest to sacrifice animals at Luo before they moved forward; the Lu Hun people did not know about it, and the army followed. On the gengwu day, Jin then destroyed the state of Lu Hun, citing their duplicity toward Chu as the reason. The ruler of Lu Hun fled to Chu, and his people fled to Ganlu. The Zhou state captured many prisoners; Xunzi dreamed that Duke Wen carried Xun Wu and gave him Lu Hun, so he sent Mu Zi to lead the troops and present the captives at the Temple of Duke Wen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，有星孛于大辰，西及漢。申須曰：「彗所以除舊布新也。天事恆象。」今除於火，火出必布焉。諸侯其有火災乎？」梓慎曰：「往年吾見之，是其徵也。火出而見。今茲火出而章，必火入而伏。其居火也久矣，其與不然乎？火出，於夏為三月於商為四月，於周為五月。夏數得天，若火作，其四國當之，在宋、衛、陳、鄭乎？宋大辰之虛也，陳，大皞之虛也，鄭，祝融之虛也，皆火房也。星孛天漢，漢，水祥也。衛，顓頊之虛也，故為帝丘。其星為大水，水，火之牡也。其以丙子若壬午作乎水火所以合也。若火入而伏，必以壬午，不過其見之月。」鄭裨灶言於子產曰：「宋、衛、陳、鄭將同日火，若我用瓘斝玉瓚，鄭必不火。」子產弗與。
		In winter, a comet appeared in Dachen, extending westward as far as Han. Shen Xu said, "A comet is the sign to remove the old and bring forth the new." "Heavenly affairs are always symbolized by omens." "Now it is appearing in the fire constellation; when the fire constellation appears, this will surely spread." "Will there be a fire disaster among the feudal lords?" Zi Shen said, "Last year I saw it; this is its omen. The fire constellation appeared and was visible. "Now this fire appears clearly; it must enter and be hidden." "It has been in the position of fire for a long time; would it not act accordingly?" "When the fire constellation appears, it corresponds to March in Xia, April in Shang, and May in Zhou. "The Xia calendar aligns with the heavens; if a fire disaster occurs, it would affect four states—probably Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng? "Song is the empty place of Dachen; Chen is the empty place of Dahao; Zheng is the empty place of Zhurong. All are in the constellation of fire." "A comet appears in Tianhan, which represents an omen of water. "Wei is the empty place of Zhuanxu; therefore, it is called Diqiu." "The star associated with it is a great water omen. Water is the counterpart to fire." "It will likely occur on the day of Bingzi or Renwu, for these are the days when water and fire combine. "If the fire enters and is hidden, it must be on the day of Renwu, no later than the month in which it was seen." Zheng Biza spoke to Zichan, saying, "Song, Wei, Chen and Zheng will all suffer a fire disaster on the same day. If we use the guanjia yuzan (ceremonial vessels), Zheng must certainly avoid the fire." Zichan did not agree to this.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		吳伐楚，陽匄為令尹，卜戰不吉，司馬子魚曰：「我得上流，何故不吉且楚故，司馬令龜，我請改卜，令曰，魴也以其屬死之，楚師繼之，尚大克之！」吉戰于長岸，子魚先死，楚師繼之，大敗吳師，獲其乘舟餘皇。使隨人與後至者守之，環而塹之，及泉，盈其隧炭，陳以待命。吳公子光請於其眾曰：「喪先王之乘舟，豈唯光之罪，眾亦有焉。請藉取之，以救死。」眾許之，使長鬣者三人，潛伏於舟側，曰，我呼皇則對，師夜從之。三呼，皆迭對。楚人從而殺之。楚師亂，吳人大敗之，取餘皇以歸。
		Wu attacked Chu. Yang Gai was made Lingyi (Minister of Justice). He divined for battle and the result was not auspicious. Sima Ziyu said, "If we gain control of the upstream position, why should it be inauspicious? Moreover, this is a matter of old enmity with Chu. I will command the diviner to change the oracle. Let me request another divination. The order was: 'Fang and his men shall die for their post,' then the Chu army would follow, but we can still achieve great victory!" The divination was auspicious. A battle took place at Chang'an, where Ziyu died first; the Chu army followed and heavily defeated the Wu forces, capturing their warship Yu Huang. They ordered the people of Sui and those who arrived later to guard it, dug trenches around it until reaching water, filled their tunnels with charcoal, and stationed them in readiness for orders. Prince Guang of Wu asked his people, "Losing the ancestral warship of our late king—how could this be only my fault? You all share in it as well. "Please allow me to borrow it temporarily, so that we may save ourselves from death." The people agreed. He sent three men with long beards to hide by the side of the ship, saying, "When I call out 'Huang,' you respond; then the army will follow at night." He called out three times, and each time they responded in turn. The Chu people followed them and killed them. The Chu army became disordered, and the Wu forces heavily defeated them, taking Yu Huang back with them.

《昭公十八年 - Duke Zhao Year 18 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公十八年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十八年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十八年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十八年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十八年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十八... :	十有八年，春，王三月，曹伯須卒。
		In the eighteenth year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king's calendar, Lord Cao Boyu died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，五月，壬午，宋、衛、陳、鄭災。
		Summer, fifth month, on the Renwu day, Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng suffered disasters.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		六月，邾人入鄅。
		In the sixth month, the people of Zhu entered Yu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，葬曹平公。
		Autumn, Lord Cao Pinggong was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，許遷于白羽。
		Winter, Xu moved to Baiyu.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十八... :	十八年，春，王二月，乙卯，周毛得殺毛伯過而代之，萇弘曰：「毛得必亡，是昆吾稔之日也，侈故之以。而毛得以濟侈於王都，不亡何待！」
		In the eighteenth year, spring, second month of the king's calendar on the Yimao day, Zhou Mao De killed Mao Bo Guo and took his place. Zhang Hong said: "Mao De will surely perish; this is the day Kunwu was destroyed, indulgence leads to it." "And yet Mao De has indulged in extravagance within the royal capital. What else must happen for him not to perish!"
Jump to dictionary		三月，曹平公卒。
		In March, Lord Cao Pinggong died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，五月，火始昏見。丙子，風，梓慎曰：「是謂融風，火之始也。七日，其火作乎？」戊寅，風甚。壬午，大甚。宋、衛、陳、鄭皆火。梓慎登大庭氏之庫以望之，曰：「宋、衛、陳、鄭也。」數日，皆來告火。裨灶曰：「不用吾言，鄭又將火。」鄭人請用之。子產不可。子大叔曰：「寶，以保民也。若有火，國幾亡。可以救亡，子何愛焉？」子產曰：「天道遠，人道邇，非所及也，何以知之灶焉知天道是亦多言矣，豈不或信？」遂不與，亦不復火。鄭之未災也，里析告子產曰，將有大祥，民震動，國幾亡。吾身泯焉，弗良及也。國遷，其可乎？」子產曰：「雖可，吾不足以定遷矣。」及火，里析死矣，未葬，子產使輿三十人遷其柩。火作，子產辭晉公子、公孫于東門。使司寇出新客，禁舊客勿出於宮。使子寬、子上巡群屏攝，至于大宮。使公孫登徙大龜。使祝史徙主祏於周廟，告於先君，使府人、庫人各儆其事。商成公，儆司宮，出舊宮人，寘諸火所不及，司馬，司寇，列居火道，行火所焮。城下之人，伍列登城。明日，使野司寇，各保其徵，郊人助祝史除於國北，禳火于玄冥回祿，祈于四鄘，書焚室而寬其征，與之材。三日哭，國不市。使行人告於諸侯。宋、衛皆如是。陳不救火，許不弔災，君子是以知陳、許之先亡也。
		Summer, fifth month, the fire star first appeared at dusk. On the Bingzi day, there was a wind; Zi Shen said: "This is called Rongfeng, the beginning of fire." "Will its fire arise in seven days?" On the Wuyin day, the wind was very strong. On the Renwu day, it became extremely intense. Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng all experienced fires. Zi Shen climbed the granary of Datingshi to observe it, saying: "This is Song, Wei, Chen and Zheng." After several days, they all came to report the fires. Bi Zao said: "If you do not heed my words, Zheng will suffer fire again." The people of Zheng requested to use his advice. Zi Chan would not agree. Zi Doushao said: "Treasures are kept to protect the people." "If there is a fire, the state will nearly be lost." "It can save from destruction; what do you care about it?" Zi Chan said: "The ways of Heaven are distant, the ways of humanity are near; this is not something we can reach. How could one know it? The diviner Zao knows the way of Heaven? This is merely much talk, and will people not perhaps believe?" Thus they did not give in, nor did fire strike again. Before Zheng suffered disaster, Li Xi informed Zi Chan, saying that a great calamity was about to occur, the people would be frightened and shaken, and the state would nearly perish. My body will vanish; it is not something I can avoid. "Is moving the capital possible?" Zi Chan said: "Although it is possible, I am not sufficient to decide on relocation." When the fire occurred, Li Xi had already died. Before his burial, Zi Chan sent thirty men to move his coffin. When the fire broke out, Zi Chan dismissed the Jin marquises and grandsons of the dukes at the eastern gate. He ordered the Minister of Punishments to expel new guests, and prohibited old guests from leaving the palace. He sent Zi Kuan and Zi Shang to patrol the inner courtyards and outer screens, reaching as far as the Grand Temple. He ordered Gongsun Deng to relocate the large tortoises (used for divination). He ordered the priests and historians to move the ancestral tablets to the Zhou Temple, informing the ancestors of this action, and instructed the officials in charge of the treasury and storehouses to remain vigilant in their duties. Shang Chenggong, the official in charge of palace affairs, ordered the removal of former palace attendants and placed them where fire could not reach. The Master of War and Minister of Punishments took up positions along the path of the fire, walking through areas affected by smoke and heat. The people from below the city walls formed groups to ascend onto the city wall. The next day, he ordered the rural magistrates of punishment to each protect their assigned areas. The people from the suburbs assisted the priests and historians in clearing land north of the city, performing rituals to appease Xuanming Huilu (deities associated with fire), and made offerings at four locations. Records were kept of burned houses, and taxes for these were reduced while materials were provided. For three days they mourned; the city ceased all market activities. He sent envoys to inform the feudal lords. Song and Wei both acted in a similar manner. Chen did not help to extinguish the fire, Xu did not offer condolences for the disaster; thus, gentlemen knew that Chen and Xu would perish first.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		六月，鄅人鄅藉，稻邾人襲，鄅人將閉門，邾人羊羅攝其首焉。遂入之，盡俘以歸。鄅子曰，余無歸矣，從帑於邾。邾莊公反鄅夫人，而舍其女。
		In June, the people of Yu were preparing to close their gates when Zhu forces led by Yang Luo captured their leader. They then entered and took all as captives back with them. Lord Yu said, "I have nowhere to return; I will follow the captives to Zhu." Zhu Zhuanggong returned Lady Yu and housed his own daughter in her place.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，葬曹平公。往者見周原伯魯焉。
		Autumn, Lord Cao Ping Gong was buried. Previously, I met Zhou Yuan Bulu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		與之語，不說學。歸以語閔子馬。閔子馬曰：「周其亂乎夫必多有是說，而後及其大人。大人患失而惑，又曰，可以無學，無學不害。不害而不學，則苟而可，於是乎下陵上替，能無亂乎夫學，殖也，不學將落，原氏其亡乎！」
		I spoke with him, and he did not enjoy learning. Upon returning, I told Min Zima about it. Min Zima said: "Will Zhou fall into chaos? There must be many who hold such views before reaching the higher authorities." "Superiors fear losing power and are confused. They also say, 'One can do without learning,' yet not learning does no harm." "If there is no harm in not learning, then it may be acceptable to act carelessly. Thus, the lower ranks will overstep and the higher ones will neglect their duties; can chaos be avoided? Learning fosters growth; without learning, one will decline. The Yuans must be doomed!"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		七月，鄭子產為火故，大為社，祓禳於四方，振除火災，禮也。乃簡，兵大蒐，將為蒐除，子大叔之廟在道南，其寢在道北，其庭小。過期三日，使除徒陳於道南廟北，曰：「子產過女而命速除，乃毀於而鄉。子產朝，過而怒之，除者南毀。子產及衝，使從者止之曰：「毀於北方。」火之作也，子產授兵登陴。子大叔曰：「晉無乃討乎！」子產曰：「吾聞之，小國忘守則危，況有災乎國之不可小，有備故也。」既，晉之邊吏讓鄭曰：「鄭國有災，晉君大夫不敢寧居，卜筮走望，不愛牲玉。鄭之有災，寡君之憂也。今執事撊然授兵登陴，將以誰罪邊人恐懼，不敢不告。」子產對曰：「若吾子之言，敝邑之災，君之憂也。敝邑失政，天降之災，又懼讒慝之間謀之，以啟貪人，荐為敝邑不利，以重君之憂。幸而不亡，猶可說也。不幸而亡，君雖憂之，亦無及也。鄭有他竟，望走在晉。既事晉矣，其敢有二心？」
		In July, because of the fire incident, Lord Zi Chan of Zheng greatly expanded the construction of altars and performed purification rituals in all four directions to exorcise the fire disaster; this was in accordance with ritual propriety. Then, preparations were made for a grand military muster to clear the area for the gathering. Lord Zi Doushao's temple was located south of the road, while his private residence lay north of it; however, its courtyard was small. Three days after the scheduled time, they ordered workers to clear and arrange the site between the southern road and northern temple, saying: "Lord Zi Chan will pass by you and order a quick clearance; then he will destroy it in your direction." Zi Chan went to court in the morning, passed by them, and became angry. The workers destroyed the site toward the south. When Zi Chan reached the crossing, he ordered his attendants to stop them, saying: "Demolish it in the north." When the fire broke out, Lord Zi Chan distributed weapons and climbed onto the city walls. Lord Zi Doushao said: "Will Jin not come to investigate this?" Zi Chan replied: "I have heard that a small state which forgets to defend itself is in danger; how much more so when there is disaster? A country cannot be underestimated because it has prepared for such events." Later, a Jin border official rebuked Zheng, saying: "Zheng has suffered disaster; the Jin ruler and his ministers dared not rest in peace. They performed divinations, ran to observe omens, and did not spare sacrificial animals or jade." "The disaster in Zheng is my lord's concern as well." "Now, you suddenly distribute weapons and ascend the city walls. Against whom will blame be directed? The border officials are frightened and dared not fail to report this." Zi Chan replied: "If your words are true, the disaster in our humble city is indeed a concern for you, my lord." "Due to poor governance in our city, Heaven has sent this disaster. We also fear that malicious slanderers might take advantage of the situation and plot against us, opening the door for greedy individuals to act further harm upon our humble city, thus adding to your lord's worries." "Fortunately we have not perished; it is still possible to explain this situation." "If misfortune leads us to destruction, even your lord's concern will be too late to help." Zheng has other borders; we have already sent messengers running to Jin. "We are already subjects of Jin, how could we dare harbor any divided loyalties?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚左尹王子勝言於楚子曰：「許於鄭，仇敵也，而居楚地，以不禮於鄭。晉、鄭方睦，鄭若伐許，而晉助之，楚喪地矣。君盍遷許？許不專於楚，鄭方有令政，許曰，余舊國也，鄭曰，余俘邑也，葉在楚國，方城外之蔽也。土不可易，國不可小，許不可俘，讎不可啟。君其圖之。楚子說，冬，楚子使王子勝遷許於析，實白羽。
		Zuo Yin Wang Zi Sheng said to the King of Chu: "Xu, which is close to Zheng, is an enemy. Yet it resides on Chu territory and treats Zheng with disrespect." "Jin and Zheng are currently at peace; if Zheng attacks Xu, and Jin supports them, Chu will lose territory." "Why not move Xu?" "Xu does not exclusively belong to Chu. Zheng is currently governed well, and Xu claims, 'This was my old state,' while Zheng says, 'It is our captured territory.' Ye lies within the borders of Chu, serving as a shield beyond Fangcheng." "The land cannot be easily transferred; a state must not be underestimated. Xu cannot be claimed as a conquest, and an enemy should not be provoked." "Your Majesty should consider this carefully." The King of Chu was pleased. In winter, the King sent Wang Zi Sheng to relocate Xu to Xi, which became Baiyu.

《昭公十九年 - Duke Zhao Year 19 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公十九年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十九年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公十九年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公十九年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公十九年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公十九... :	十有九年，春，宋公伐邾。
		In the nineteenth year, spring, Song Gong attacked Zhu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，五月，戊辰，許世子止弒其君買。
		In summer, fifth month, on the Wuchen day, the heir of Xu, Zhi, killed his lord Mai.
Jump to dictionary		己卯，地震。
		On the Jimao day, an earthquake occurred.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，齊高發帥師伐莒。
		In autumn, Gao Fa of Qi led his troops to attack Ju.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，葬許悼公。
		In winter, the Duke Dao of Xu was buried.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公十九... :	十九年，春，楚工尹赤遷陰于下陰，令尹子瑕城郟。叔孫昭子曰：「楚不在諸侯矣其僅自完也，以持其世而已。」
		The nineteenth year, spring, Gongyin Chi moved Yin to Xiayin, and Lingyan Zixia built the city of Jia. Shusun Zhaozi said: "Chu will no longer be among the feudal lords; it can barely preserve itself, merely to sustain its dynasty."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子之在蔡也，具陽封人之女奔之，生大子建，及即位，使伍奢為之師。費無極為少師，無寵焉，欲譖諸王，曰：「建可室矣。」王為之聘於秦，無極與逆，勸王取之。正月，楚夫人嬴氏至自秦。
		When the ruler of Chu was in Cai, he took a daughter of the official in charge of Yangfeng and ran away with her; they gave birth to Taizi Jian. After ascending the throne, he appointed Wu She as his teacher. Fei Wují was a minor master of instruction but held no favor, and he wanted to slander the prince. He said: "Jian is old enough for marriage." The king arranged a marriage for him with a woman from Qin, and Wuji went to meet the bride, advising the king to take her. In the first month, Chu's Lady Yingshi arrived from Qin.
Jump to dictionary		鄅夫人，嬋向戌之女也，故向寧請師，二月，宋公伐邾，圍蟲。三月，取之。乃盡歸鄅俘。
		The wife of Yu was the daughter of Chan Xiangxu, so Xiang Ning requested troops. In the second month, Song Gong attacked Zhu and besieged Chong. In March, they captured it. They then returned all the captives from Yu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，許悼公瘧。五月，戊辰，飲大子止之藥，卒。大子奔晉。書曰：『弒其君。』君子曰：『盡心力以事君，舍藥物可也。』」
		In summer, Duke Dao of Xu suffered from malaria. On the Wuchen day of the fifth month, he drank medicine for Taizi Zhi and died. Taizi fled to Jin. The Records state: "He killed his lord." A man of virtue said, "One should use all one's heart and strength to serve the ruler; abandoning medicine is acceptable."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		邾人、郳人、徐人會宋公。乙亥，同盟于蟲。楚子為舟師以伐濮。費無極言於楚子曰：「晉之伯也，邇於諸夏，而楚辟陋，故弗能與爭。若大城城父，而寘大子焉，以通北方，王收南方，是得天下也。」王說，從之。故太子建居于城父。令尹子瑕聘于秦，拜夫人也。
		The people of Zhu, Ni, and Xu met with Song Gong. On the Yihai day, they formed a joint alliance at Chong. The ruler of Chu raised a naval force to attack Pu. Fei Wují said to the ruler of Chu, "Jin's hegemony is close to the Central States, while Chu is remote and backward; therefore, it cannot contend with them. "If we build a large city at Chengfu and place the crown prince there to connect with the northern regions, while the king controls the south, this would mean gaining dominion over all under heaven." The king was pleased and followed his advice. Thus, Taizi Jian resided in Chengfu. łó In the nineteenth year, spring; Song Gong attacked Zhu. In summer, fifth month, Wuchen day: the heir of Xu, Zhi killed his lord Mai. Jimao day: an earthquake occurred. In autumn, Gao Fa led troops to attack Ju. In winter, Duke Dao of Xu was buried. Nineteenth year, spring: Gongyin Chi relocated Yin to Xiayin; Lingyan Zixia constructed the city Jia. Shusun Zhaozi remarked: "Chu will no longer rank among the feudal lords. It can barely preserve itself and merely sustain its dynasty." When the ruler of Chu resided in Cai, he eloped with a daughter from Yangfeng's official; they bore Taizi Jian. Upon ascending the throne, Wu She was appointed as his teacher. Fei Wují served as a minor master but held no favor. He wished to slander the prince and said: "Jian is of age for marriage." The king arranged for him to marry from Qin; Fei Wují accompanied the envoy and advised the king to take her. First month, Lady Yingshi of Chu arrived from Qin. Yu's wife was the daughter of Chan Xiangju. Hence, Xiang Ning requested an army. In second month, Song Gong attacked Ju and besieged Chong. In third month, they captured it; thus, all captives from Yu were returned. In summer, Duke Dao of Xu fell ill with malaria. Fifth month, Wuchen day: he consumed medicine for Taizi Zhi but died. Taizi fled to Jin. The Records stated: "He killed his lord." A man of virtue remarked: "One should devote all one's heart and effort in serving the ruler; abandoning medication is acceptable." Zhu, Ni, Xu people met with Song Gong. Yihai day: they formed an alliance at Chong. The ruler of Chu organized a naval force to attack Pu. Fei Wují advised the ruler of Chu: "Jin's dominance lies close to the Central States; however, Chu is remote and underdeveloped. Thus, it cannot compete." "If we construct a large city in Chengfu and station Taizi there to connect with northern regions while the king governs the south, this will secure dominion over all lands." The ruler was pleased and accepted his suggestion. Therefore, Taizi Jian resided at Chengfu. Lingyan Zixia visited Qin as an envoy; it was to pay respects to Lady Yingshi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，齊高發帥師伐莒。莒子奔紀鄣。使孫書伐之。初莒有婦人，莒子殺其夫，己為嫠婦，及老，託於紀鄣，紡焉以度而去之，及師至，則投諸外。或獻諸子占。子占使師夜縋而登。登者六十人，縋絕，師鼓譟，城上之人亦譟，莒共公懼，啟西門而出。七月，丙子，齊師入紀。
		In autumn, Gao Fa led the Qi forces to attack Ju. The ruler of Ju fled to Jizhang. He sent Sun Shu to attack him. Originally, there was a woman in Ju; the ruler of Ju killed her husband, and she became a widow. When she grew old, she entrusted herself to Jizhang, spinning thread as a means to escape from it. When the army arrived, they threw her out. Someone presented her to Zidian. Zidian had the soldiers lower her by rope at night and she climbed up. Sixty people ascended, but the rope broke. The troops beat drums and shouted; those on the city walls also shouted. Duke Gong of Ju was frightened and opened the western gate to flee. In July, on the Bingzi day, the Qi forces entered Ji.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		是歲也，鄭駟偃卒。子游娶於晉大夫，生絲，弱。其父兄立子瑕。子產憎其為人也，且以為不順，弗許，亦弗止。駟氏聳，他日，絲以告其舅。冬，晉人使以幣如鄭，問駟乞之立故。駟氏懼，駟乞欲逃。子產弗遣。請龜以卜，亦弗予。大夫謀對。子產不待而對客曰，鄭國不天，寡君之二三臣，札瘥夭昏。今又喪我先大夫偃，其子幼弱，其一二父兄，懼隊宗主，私族於謀，如立長親，寡君與其二三老曰：『抑天實剝亂是，吾何知焉？』諺曰：『無過亂門。』民有亂兵，猶憚過之，而況敢知天之所亂今大夫將問其故，抑寡君實不敢知，其誰實知之？平丘之會，君尋舊盟，曰：『無或失職。』若寡君之二三臣，其即世者，晉大夫而專制其位，是晉之縣鄙也，何國之為？」辭客幣而報其使。晉人舍之。
		In this year, Si Yan of Zheng died. Ziyu married a woman from a Jin official family and had a son named Si, who was frail. His father and elder brothers installed Zixia as ruler. Zichan disliked his character, and considered it improper; he did not approve but also did not stop it. The Si family was alarmed. On another day, Si informed his maternal uncle. In winter, the Jin people sent gifts to Zheng and inquired about the reason for establishing Si Qi. The Si family was afraid; Si Qi wanted to flee. Zichan did not send him away. They requested a turtle shell for divination, but he also refused to give it. The officials plotted a response. Zichan responded to the guests without waiting, saying: "Zheng has been unfortunate; my lord's ministers have suffered from plague, early death, and misfortune. Now we have also lost our late minister Yan, whose son is young and weak. His father and elder brothers fear the disruption of their ancestral line, so they privately plotted among themselves. When they decided to establish a senior relative, my lord and his ministers said: "It must be Heaven that has caused this disorder; what do we know?" A proverb says: "Do not pass through the gate of chaos." The people fear passing through the gates of disorder, and how much more so would they dare to know what Heaven has caused? Now you officials are inquiring about its cause; if my lord indeed dares not know it, who actually does?" At the conference at Pingqiu, you honored our old alliance and said: "Let none fail in their duties." "If my lord's ministers, those who have passed away, were replaced by Jin officials taking control of their positions, then it would be like a county or border town under Jin—what kind of state would that leave us?" Zheng rejected the gifts and replied to the envoy. The Jin people let it drop.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚人城州來。沈尹戌曰：「楚人必敗。昔吳滅州來。子旗請伐之。王曰：『吾未撫吾民。』今亦如之，而城州來以挑吳，能無敗乎？」侍者曰：「王施舍不倦，息民五年，可謂撫之矣。」戌曰：「吾聞撫民者，節用於內，而樹德於外，民樂其性，而無寇讎。今宮室無量，民人日駭，勞罷死轉，忘寢與食，非撫之也。」
		The Chu people built a city at Zhoulai. Shen Yin Xu said: "The Chu people will surely fail. "In the past, Wu destroyed Zhoulai." Ziqi requested to attack it. The king said: "I have not yet pacified my people." Now we do the same, and build a city at Zhoulai to provoke Wu—how can there be no defeat?" A court attendant said: "The king has not tired in his generosity and rest for the people over five years; this can be called pacifying them." Xu said: "I have heard that to pacify the people means conserving resources internally and cultivating virtue externally, so that the people enjoy their nature without enemies. "Now palace construction is boundless, and the people are daily alarmed; they toil until exhaustion and death, forgetting sleep and food. This is not pacifying them."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		鄭大水，龍鬥于時門之外洧淵，國人請為禜焉，子產弗許，曰：「我鬥，龍不我覿也。龍鬥，我獨何覿焉禳之，則彼其室也。吾無求於龍，龍亦無求於我。」乃止也。
		Zheng suffered a great flood, and dragons fought outside the gate of Shi at Weiyuan. The people requested to perform an offering ceremony, but Zichan refused, saying: "We fight among ourselves; the dragons will not come to see us." "If dragons are fighting, why should I alone be visited? To appease them would mean they consider this my house. "I have no demands of the dragon, and the dragon has none of me." Thus, they stopped.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		令尹子瑕言蹶由於楚子曰：「彼何罪諺所謂『室於怒，市於色』者，楚之謂矣。舍前之忿可也。」乃歸蹶由。
		Lingyan Zixia said to the ruler of Chu about Jueyu: "What crime has he committed? As the proverb says, 'Anger in the room, lust in the market'—this is what they mean by Chu. "It would be better to let go of previous anger." Thus, they returned Jueyu.

《昭公二十年 - Duke Zhao Year 20 》

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Books referencing 《昭公二十年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公二十... :	二十年，春，王正月。
		In the twentieth year [of the reign period], spring, the first month of the king.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，曹公孫會自鄸出奔宋。
		In summer, Cao Gong Sun Hui fled from Fei to Song on his own initiative.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，盜殺衛侯之兄縶。
		In autumn, bandits killed the elder brother of Wei Hou, Zhizhi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，十月，宋華亥、向寧、華定出奔陳。
		In winter, the tenth month, Song Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding fled to Chen.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十有一月辛卯，蔡侯盧卒。
		On the Xinmao day of the eleventh month, Lord Lu of Cai died.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十年，春，王二月，己丑，日南至，梓慎望氛，曰：「今茲宋有亂，國幾亡，三年而後弭。蔡有大喪。」叔孫昭子曰：「然則戴、桓也。汏侈，無禮已甚，亂所在也。」
		In the twentieth year, spring, the second month of the king, on the Jichou day, the sun reached its southernmost point. Zi Shen observed an ominous atmosphere and said: "This year there will be turmoil in Song; the state is nearly lost, and it will take three years before peace returns." "There will also be a great mourning event in Cai." Shu Sun Zhaozi said: "Then it must refer to Dai and Huan. They are extravagant and have been extremely disrespectful; this is where the disorder lies."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		費無極言於楚子曰：「建與伍奢將以方城之外叛，自以為猶宋、鄭也。齊、晉又交輔之，將以害楚，其事集矣。」王信之，問伍奢。伍奢對曰，君一過多矣，何信於讒？」王執伍奢。使城父司馬奮揚殺大子。未至，而使遣之。三月，大子建奔宋。王召奮揚，奮揚使城父人執己以至，王曰，言出於余口，入於爾耳，誰告建也，對曰：「臣告之。君王命臣曰，事建如事余，臣不佞，不能苟貳，奉初以還，不忍後命，故遣之。既而悔之。亦無及，巳，王曰：「而敢來，何也？」對曰：「使而失命，召而不來，是再奸也。逃無所入。」王曰：「歸，從政如他日。」無極曰：「奢之子材，若在吳，必憂楚國，盍以免其父召之。彼仁，必來。不然，將為患。」王使召之，曰：「來，吾免而父。」棠君尚謂其弟員曰：「爾適吳，我將歸死。吾知不逮，我能死，爾能報。聞免父之命，不可以莫之奔也，親戚為戮，不可以莫之報也，奔死免父，孝也，度功而行，仁也，擇任而往，知也，知死不辟，勇也。父不可棄，名不可廢，爾其勉之相從為愈。」伍尚歸，奢聞員不來，曰：「楚君、大夫其旰食乎！」楚人皆殺之。員如吳，言伐楚之利於州于。公子光曰：「是宗為戮，而欲反其讎，不可從也。」員曰，彼將有他志，余姑為之求士，而鄙以待之。」乃見鱄設諸焉，而耕於鄙。
		Fei Wuji said to King of Chu: "Jian and Wu She are planning to rebel with the area beyond Fangcheng, regarding themselves as still being like Song and Zheng. Qi and Jin will also support them alternately, intending to harm Chu; the matter is about to come to fruition." The king believed him and questioned Wu She. Wu She replied, "Your Majesty has made one mistake too many; why should you believe the slander?" The king arrested Wu She. He ordered Chengfu Sima Fen Yang to kill the crown prince. Before he arrived, however, an envoy was sent to carry out the order. In March, Crown Prince Jian fled to Song. The king summoned Fen Yang, and Fen Yang had the people of Chengfu arrest himself and bring him to the court. The king said, "The words came from my mouth and entered your ear; who told Jian?" He replied, "I told him." "The king gave me an order: 'Treat Jian as you would treat me.' I am not eloquent enough to be deceitful, and could not act in a way that contradicted my initial loyalty. I remained faithful to the original command and thus could not bear to follow your later orders; therefore, I sent him away." Later on, he regretted it. It was too late by then. On the Si day, the king said: "How dare you come here?" He replied: "If I had been sent on a mission and failed to carry out my orders, or if I were summoned and did not come, that would be double treachery. "There would be nowhere for me to escape." The king said: "Return, and govern as you did before." Wuji said: "Wu She's son is talented. If he were in Wu, he would certainly be a concern for the State of Chu. Why not have him come here by offering to spare his father?" "He is kind-hearted and will surely come." "If not, he will become a problem." The king sent for him and said: "Come, and I shall spare your father." Tang Jun Shang told his younger brother Yuan: "You should go to Wu, while I will return and face death. My wisdom is not sufficient, but I am able to die; you are capable of taking revenge." Hearing the order to spare our father, we cannot remain idle without rushing to it; relatives being killed, we cannot refrain from seeking revenge. Rushing to face death in order to save one's father is filial piety; acting according to a measured sense of duty is benevolence; choosing an appropriate task and going forth is wisdom; knowing the risk of death yet not avoiding it is bravery. "Our father cannot be abandoned, and our name cannot be disgraced. You must strive to do this; following you will be better." Wu Shang returned, and Wu She heard that Yuan had not come. He said: "The king and officials of Chu will surely eat their meals late!" The people of Chu killed them all. Yuan went to Wu and spoke to Zhou Yu about the advantages of attacking Chu. Gongzi Guang said: "Their clan was killed, yet they wish to take revenge on their enemies; we cannot follow this." Yuan said: "He may have other intentions. I will temporarily seek out warriors for him, while remaining cautious and waiting." Thus he met Zhuanshe Zhuyan and farmed in the outskirts.
Jump to dictionary		宋元公無信多私，而惡華、向。華定、華亥與向寧謀曰：「亡愈於死，先諸？」華亥偽有疾，以誘群公子。公子問之，則執之。夏六月，丙申，殺公子寅，公子御戎，公子朱，公子固，公孫援，公孫丁，拘向勝，向行，於其廩，公如華氏請焉，弗許，遂劫之。癸卯，取大子欒與母弟辰、公子地以為質。公亦取華亥之子無慼，向寧之子羅，華定之子啟，與華氏盟以為質。
		Song Yuan Gong was untrustworthy, selfish, and disliked the Hua and Xiang families. Hua Ding, Hua Hai, and Xiang Ning plotted together: "Fleeing is better than dying; shall we act first?" Hua Hai pretended to be ill in order to lure the noble princes. When the noble princes visited him, they were arrested. In summer, the sixth month, on the Bingshen day, they killed Gongzi Yin, Gongzi Yurong, Gongzi Zhu, Gongzi Gu, Gongsun Yuan, and Gongsun Ding. They also detained Xiang Sheng and Xiang Xing in their granary. The ruler went to the Hua family's residence to plead for them but was refused; thus he was taken hostage. On the Guimo day, they took Crown Prince Luan, his maternal younger brother Chen, and Gongzi Di as hostages. The ruler also took Hua Hai's son Wuqi, Xiang Ning's son Luo, and Hua Ding's son Qi as hostages and made an oath with the Hua clan.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		衛公孟縶狎齊豹，奪之司寇與鄄。有役則反之，無則取之。公孟惡北宮喜、褚師圃，欲去之。公子朝通于襄夫人宣姜，懼，而欲以作亂。故齊豹、北宮喜、褚師圃、公子朝作亂。初齊豹見宗魯於公孟，為驂乘焉。將作亂，而謂之曰：「公孟之不善，子所知也，勿與乘，吾將殺之。」對曰：「吾由子事公孟，子假吾名焉，故不吾遠也。雖其不善，吾亦知之，抑以利故，不能去，是吾過也，今聞難而逃，是僭子也。子行事乎，吾將死之，以周事子，而歸死於公孟，其可也。」丙辰，衛侯在平壽。公孟有事於蓋獲之門外，齊子氏帷於門外，而伏甲焉。使祝蛙寘戈於車薪，以當門，使一乘從公孟以出，使華齊御公孟，宗魯驂乘。及閎中，齊氏用戈擊公孟，宗魯以背蔽之，斷肱，以中公孟之肩。殺皆之，公聞亂，乘，驅自閱門入。慶比御公，公南楚驂乘。使華寅乘貳車。及公宮，鴻騮魋駟乘于公，公載寶以出。褚師子申遇公于馬路之衢，遂從。過齊氏，使華寅肉袒執蓋，以當其闕，齊氏射公，中南楚之背，公遂出。寅閉郭門，踰而從公。公如死鳥。析朱鉏宵從竇出，徒行從公。齊侯使公孫青聘于衛，既出，聞衛亂，使請所聘。公曰：「猶在竟內，則衛君也。」乃將事焉，遂從諸死鳥。請將事，辭曰：「亡人不佞，失守社稷，越在草莽，吾子無所辱君命。」賓曰，寡君命下臣於朝曰：『阿下執事，臣不敢貳。」』主人曰：「君若惠顧先君之好，昭臨敝邑，鎮撫其社稷，則有宗祧在。」乃止衛侯固請見之。不獲命，以其良馬見，為未致使故也。衛侯以為乘馬。賓將掫，主人辭曰，亡人之憂，不可以及，吾子草莽之中，不足以辱從者，敢辭。賓曰：「寡君之下臣，君之牧圉也。若不獲扞外役，是不有寡君也。臣懼不免於戾，請以除死。」親執鐸，終夕與於燎。齊氏之宰渠子召北宮子。北官氏之宰，不與聞謀，殺渠子，遂伐齊氏，滅之，丁巳晦，公入，與北宮喜盟于彭水之上。秋七月戊午朔，遂盟國人。八月辛亥，公子朝、褚師圃、子玉霄、子高魴出奔晉。閏月戊辰，殺宣姜。衛侯賜北宮喜謚曰貞子，賜析朱鉏謚曰成子，而以齊氏之墓予之。衛侯告寧于齊，且言子石。齊侯將飲酒，遍賜大夫曰：「二三子之教也。」苑何忌辭曰，與於青之賞，必及于其罰，在《康誥》曰，父子兄弟，罪不相及，況在群臣臣敢貪君賜以干先王？」琴張聞宗魯死，將往弔之。仲尼曰：「齊豹之盜，而孟縶之賊，女何弔焉？君子不食姦，不受亂，不為利疚於回，不以回待人，不蓋不義，不犯非禮。」
		Wei Gong Meng Zhi was intimate with Qi Bao, who deprived him of his position as Sikou and the fief of Juan. During times of military service, he would take it back; in times of peace, he seized it for himself. Gong Meng hated Bei Gong Xi and Chushi Pu and wanted to get rid of them. łoż Gongzi Zhao had an affair with Xiang Fu Ren Xuanjiang, and fearing consequences, he planned to start a rebellion. Therefore, Qi Bao, Bei Gong Xi, Chushi Pu, and Gongzi Zhao rebelled. Originally, Qi Bao introduced Zong Lu to Gong Meng, who served as a charioteer for him. When planning the rebellion, he told Zong Lu: "You know well that Gong Meng is not virtuous. Do not ride with him; I will kill him." Zong Lu replied: "I have served Gong Meng because of you. You used my name, so he did not keep me at a distance. Although I know of his wickedness, I could not leave because of personal gain; that was my fault. Now if I hear of the danger and flee, I would be a coward." "You should proceed with your plan. I shall die for it, fulfilling my duty to you and returning death to Gong Meng; that would be acceptable." On the Bingchen day, Duke of Wei was in Pingshou. Gong Meng had an event outside the gate of Gaihuo, and Qi Zi Shi set up a canopy outside the gate while secretly stationing soldiers in ambush. He ordered Zhu Wa to place a halberd among the firewood on his chariot, facing the gate. He sent one carriage for Gong Meng to leave in, had Hua Qi drive Gong Meng's chariot, and Zong Lu served as the side rider. When they reached Hongzhong, Qi's faction struck Gong Meng with a halberd. Zong Lu shielded him with his back, breaking an arm and striking the middle of Gong Meng's shoulder. They killed all who were present. The duke heard about the rebellion, mounted his chariot, and drove in through Yue Gate. Qing Bi drove the duke's chariot, while Gong Nan Chu served as side rider. He ordered Hua Yin to ride in the second carriage. When they reached the palace of the duke, Hong Liu Tui Si rode with him, and the duke carried treasures as he left. Chushi Zi Shen met the duke on a crossroad along Malu Road and followed him. When they passed by Qi's residence, Hua Yin was ordered to bare his upper body and hold a canopy in front of the gate. The Qi faction shot at the duke, hitting Gong Nan Chu on the back. The duke then left. Yin closed the city gate and crossed over to follow the duke. The duke went to Siniu. Xi Zhu Chu followed secretly at night through Dou, walking on foot to join the duke. Duke of Qi sent Gongsun Qing as an envoy to Wei. After leaving, he heard about the turmoil in Wei and requested permission to cancel his mission. The duke said: "As long as he is still within our borders, he remains the ruler of Wei." He then proceeded with his mission and joined them at Siniu. Gongsun Qing requested to proceed with the mission, but was politely refused. The duke said: "I am an exile and not worthy; I have failed in my duty to protect the state and now dwell among the grasses. You should not disgrace your lord's command." The envoy said: "My lord gave orders to me in court, saying: 'Assist the officials of Wei faithfully; I dare not be disloyal.'" The host said: "If your lord would kindly honor the friendship of our late ruler and grace us with his presence to stabilize and pacify this state, then there are ancestral temples still standing." The envoy thus stayed. Duke of Wei insisted on meeting him. Permission was not granted, so he presented a fine horse as a gift, because the mission had not yet been completed. The Duke of Wei used it as his riding horse. When the envoy was about to take leave, the host politely declined, saying: "The worries of an exile should not trouble you. We are in the grasslands; we are unworthy enough to burden your attendants. I dare to decline." The envoy said: "My lord's humble servant is but a herdsman or groom in the service of your lordship. "If I am not allowed to perform this duty, it would mean my lord has no claim over me." "I fear I may be guilty of an offense; please allow me to atone for death." He personally held the bell and spent the entire night tending the fire. Qi's steward Qu Zi summoned Bei Gongzi. Bei Gong's steward had not been informed of the plot, so he killed Qu Zi and then attacked Qi's family, exterminating them. On the Dingsi day at dusk, the duke entered the city and made an oath with Bei Gong Xi on the banks of Pengshui River. In autumn, the first day of the seventh month (Wuwu), he then concluded a pact with the people of the state. On the Xinhai day of August, Gongzi Zhao, Chushi Pu, Zi Yu Xiao, and Zi Gao Fang fled to Jin. On the Wuchen day of the intercalary month, Xuanjiang was killed. The Duke of Wei posthumously honored Bei Gong Xi with the title "Zhenzi" and granted Xi Zhu Chu the title "Chengzi," giving them the tomb of the Qi family. The Duke of Wei informed Qi about peace, and also mentioned Zi Shi. Duke of Qi was about to drink wine and gave gifts to all the officials, saying: "This is due to your teachings, gentlemen." Yuan Heji declined, saying: "If I am to share in the reward given to Qing, then I must also bear his punishment. It is said in the Kanggao: 'Fathers and sons, brothers, should not be punished for each other's crimes.' How much more so among officials? How dare I greedily accept your lord's gift at the expense of our ancestors?" Qin Zhang heard about Zong Lu's death and intended to go pay his respects. Zhong Ni said: "Qi Bao was a bandit, and Meng Zhi was a traitor. Why do you wish to mourn for them?" "A gentleman does not eat the food of evildoers, nor accept disorder. He does not feel guilty for turning away profit unjustly gained, and he does not treat others with deceit. He does not cover up injustice, nor violate propriety."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		宋華向之亂，公子城，公孫忌，樂舍，司馬疆，向宜，向鄭，楚建，郳甲，出奔鄭，其徒與華氏戰于鬼閻，敗子城，子城適晉。華亥與其妻，必盥而食所質公子者，而後食。公與夫人每日必適華氏，食公子而後歸。華亥患之，欲歸公子。向寧曰：「唯不信，故質其子。若又歸之，死無日矣。」公請於華費遂，將攻華氏。對曰：「臣不敢愛死，無乃求去憂而滋長乎臣是以懼，敢不聽命？」公曰，子死亡有命，余不忍其詢，冬十月，公殺華、向之質而攻之。戊辰，華、向奔陳，華登奔吳。向寧欲殺大子。華亥曰：「干君而出，又殺其子，其誰納我且歸之有庸。」使少司寇牼以歸，曰：「子之齒長矣，不能事人。以三公子為質，必免。」公子既入，華牼將自門行。公遽見之，執其手，曰：「余知而無罪也，入，復而所。」
		During the turmoil of Hua and Xiang in Song, Gongzi Cheng, Gongsun Ji, Yue She, Sima Jiang, Xiang Yi, Xiang Zheng, Chu Jian, and Ni Jia fled to Zheng. Their followers fought against the Hua clan at Guiyan but were defeated by Zi Cheng, who then went to Jin. Hua Hai and his wife would always wash their hands before eating the food provided for the hostage princes, only after that did they eat. The ruler and his lady visited the Hua family every day, dined with the princes in captivity, and then returned home. Hua Hai was troubled by this and wanted to return the princes to their families. Xiang Ning said: "It is precisely because they are untrustworthy that we took their sons as hostages. If we return them now, there will be no day left to live." The ruler requested assistance from Hua Feisui and planned to attack the Hua clan. He replied: "I dare not cherish my life, but I fear that your action might seek to remove worries yet instead foster more. That is why I am afraid. How could I dare not obey your command?" The ruler said, "Your life and death are matters of fate. I cannot bear to hear their pleas." In the tenth month of winter, the ruler killed the hostages from Hua and Xiang clans and attacked them. On the Wuchen day, members of the Hua and Xiang families fled to Chen, while Hua Deng fled to Wu. Xiang Ning wanted to kill the crown prince. Hua Hai said: "We have defied the ruler and fled, yet now we would kill his son. Who will accept us then? Moreover, returning them might still be of some use." He sent Shaoku Kou to return [the hostages], saying: "Your teeth are long, you can no longer serve others. Take the three princes as hostages, and we will surely be spared." After the princes had entered [the city], Hua Kou was about to go through the gate himself. The ruler hurriedly met him, took his hand, and said: "I know you are innocent. Enter, and resume your position."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		齊侯疥，遂痁，期而不瘳。諸侯之賓問疾者多在。梁丘據與裔款言於公曰：「吾事鬼神豐，於先君有加矣。今君疾病，為諸侯憂，是祝、史之罪也。諸侯不知，其謂我不敬，君盍誅於祝固、史嚚以辭賓？」公說，告晏子。晏子曰，日宋之盟，屈建問范會之德於趙武，趙武曰，夫子之家事治，言於晉國，竭情無私，其祝史祭祀，陳信不愧，其家事無猜，其祝史不祈，建以語康王。康王曰：「神、人無怨，宜夫子之光輔五君以為諸侯主也。」公曰，據與款謂寡人能事鬼神，故欲誅于祝史，子稱是語，何故，對曰，若有德之君，外內不廢，上下無怨，動無違事，其祝、史薦信，無愧心矣。是以鬼神用饗，國受其福，祝、史與焉。其所以蕃祉老壽者，為信君使也，其言忠信於鬼神。其適遇淫君，外內頗邪，上下怨疾，動作辟違，從欲厭私，高臺深池，撞鍾舞女，斬刈民力，輸掠其聚，以成其違，不恤後人。暴虐淫從，肆行非度，無所還忌，不思謗讟，不憚鬼神。神怒民痛，無悛於心。其祝史薦信，是言罪也，其蓋失數美，是矯誣也。進退無辭，則虛以求媚。是以鬼神不饗其國以禍之，祝、史與焉。所以夭昏孤疾者，為暴君使也，其言僭嫚於鬼神，公曰：「然則若之何？」對曰：「不可。為也，山林之木，衡鹿守之，澤之萑蒲，舟鮫守之，藪之薪蒸，虞候守之，海之鹽蜃，祈望守之，縣鄙之人，入從其政，偪介之關，暴征其私，承嗣大夫，強易其賄。布常無藝，徵斂無度，宮室日更，淫樂不違，內寵之妾，肆奪於市，外寵之臣，僭令於鄙。私欲養求，不給則應。民人苦病，夫婦皆詛。祝有益也，詛亦有損。聊攝以東，姑尤以西，其為人也多矣。雖其善祝，豈能勝億兆人之詛？君若欲誅於祝史，脩德而後可，公說，使有司寬政，毀關，去禁，薄斂，已責。
		Duke Qi was afflicted with scabies, which then developed into a feverish illness; after one year it did not heal. Many envoys from the feudal lords who had come to inquire about his illness were still present. Liangqiu Ju and Yi Kuan said to the ruler: "We have offered lavish sacrifices to gods and spirits, even more so than we did for our former rulers. Now that Your Majesty is ill and causing concern among the feudal lords, this must be the fault of the diviners and historians." The feudal lords are unaware; they might think we are disrespectful. How about Your Majesty executes the diviner Gu Zhu and the historian Yin Shi to appease our guests?" The ruler was pleased, and informed Yanzi of this. Yanzi said: "At the time of the alliance with Song, Qu Jian asked Zhao Wu about Fan Hui's virtue. Zhao Wu replied that Master Fan managed his household affairs well; when he spoke in the state of Jin, he expressed himself sincerely and without selfishness. His diviners and historians conducted sacrifices with honesty and without shame. There were no suspicions within his family, so his diviners and historians did not need to pray for him. Jian then told King Kang about this." King Kang said: "Neither gods nor people had any grievances, which is why Master Fan was able to serve five rulers with brilliance and become the leader of the feudal lords." The ruler said: "Ju and Kuan told me that I am capable of serving gods and spirits, so they wanted to punish the diviners and historians. But you cite these words—why is that?" Yanzi replied: "If a virtuous ruler governs well, neither external nor internal affairs are neglected; there is no resentment among superiors or subordinates; all actions follow proper conduct. In such a case, his diviners and historians would offer sincere sacrifices without any sense of guilt." Therefore, gods and spirits accept the offerings, the state receives its blessings, and the diviners and historians share in this. The reason why they enjoy abundant blessings and long life is because they serve as loyal envoys of a trustworthy ruler, whose words are faithful to the gods and spirits. But if they happen to serve a corrupt ruler, internal and external affairs become crooked; resentment and hatred arise among superiors and subordinates. Their actions are deviant and improper, following desires for selfish pleasures. They build high terraces and deep pools, strike bells while dancing with concubines, exhaust the people's strength, plunder their resources, and indulge in misconduct without concern for future generations. They are violent, cruel, and indulgent, acting recklessly without restraint or fear of consequences. They do not care about criticism or blame, nor do they fear gods and spirits. The gods are angry and the people suffer; yet there is no remorse in their hearts. Their diviners and historians offer false assurances, which are nothing but admissions of guilt; to cover up their faults with fabricated praises is sheer deception. They make no apologies for their actions, advancing or retreating without justification, merely pretending to be flattering. Therefore, the gods and spirits do not accept offerings from such a state but bring calamity upon it, and this also involves the diviners and historians. This is why they suffer early death, blindness, loneliness, and illness—they are servants of a tyrant. Their words are arrogant and disrespectful toward the gods and spirits." The ruler said: "If that is so, then what should we do?" Yanzi replied: "No, it cannot be done. "Because of this, the trees in the mountains and forests are guarded by Henglu; the reeds and papyrus in the marshes are protected by Zhoujiao; firewood from the swamps is watched over by Yuhou; salt and shellfish from the sea are managed by Qiwang. The people of the counties and border towns must obey their policies, while officials at frontier checkpoints impose harsh levies on private goods. Successive high-ranking officials have grown greedy and changed their bribes for greater profit." The distribution of cloth and grain is without regulation, levies are imposed without limit. Palaces and houses are renovated daily; indulgent pleasures continue unchecked. Concubines favored within the palace seize goods openly in the market, while officials favored outside issue orders arbitrarily at the frontier. Private desires are endlessly pursued; if not satisfied, they provoke unrest and rebellion. The people suffer greatly, and even husbands and wives curse each other. Sacrifices bring benefits; curses also cause harm. From Liaoshe in the east to Guyou in the west, there are many people living there. Even if they offer excellent sacrifices, how could that possibly overcome the curses of tens of millions of people?" "If Your Majesty wishes to punish the diviners and historians, you must first cultivate virtue. Then it may be done." The ruler was pleased and ordered officials to ease policies, dismantle checkpoints, remove restrictions, reduce levies, and cancel debts.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十二月，齊侯田于沛，招虞人以弓，不進。公使執之。辭曰：「昔我先君之田也，旃以招大夫，弓以招士，皮冠以招虞人。臣不見皮冠，故不敢進。」乃舍之仲尼曰：「守道不如守官。」君子同之，齊侯至自田，晏子侍于遄臺，子猶馳而造焉，公曰：「唯據與我和夫！」晏子對曰：「據亦同也，焉得為和？」公曰：「和與同異乎！」對曰異，和如羹焉，水火醯醢鹽梅，以烹魚肉，燀之以薪，宰夫和之，齊之以味，濟其不及，以洩其過。君子食之，以平其心。君臣亦然。君所謂可，而有否焉，臣獻其否，以成其可，君所謂否而有可焉，臣獻其可，以去其否，是以政平而不干，民無爭心。故《詩》曰：『亦有和羹，既戒既平。鬷假無言，時靡有爭，先王之濟五味，和五聲也，以平其心，成其政也。聲亦如味，一氣，二體，三類，四物，五聲，六律，七音，八風，九歌，以相成也，清濁大小，長短疾徐，哀樂剛柔，遲速高下，出入周疏，以相濟也，君子聽之，以平其心。心平，德和，故《詩》曰『德音不瑕』。今據不然。君所謂可，據亦曰可，君所謂否，據亦曰否，若以水濟水，誰能食之若琴瑟之專壹，誰能聽之同之不可也如是。」飲酒樂，公曰：「古而無死，其樂若何！」晏子對曰：「古而無死，則古之樂也，君何得焉？昔爽鳩氏始居此地，季萴因之，有逢伯陵因之，蒲姑氏因之，而後大公因之。古者無死，爽鳩氏之樂，非君所願也。
		In the twelfth month, Duke Qi went hunting in Pei. He summoned a Yu person with an arrow, but he did not advance. The ruler ordered him to be arrested. He protested: "In the past, when our late ruler went hunting, he used a banner to summon officials, an arrow to summon gentlemen, and a fur hat to summon Yu people. I did not see the fur hat, so I dared not advance." They then released him. Zhong Ni said: "Upholding principles is not as important as fulfilling one's official duties." The gentlemen agreed. When Duke Qi returned from his hunting trip, Yanzi was waiting for him at Chuantai. Zi You hurried to join them. The ruler said: "Only Ju and I are in harmony!" Yanzi replied: "Ju merely agrees with you; how can that be called harmony?" The ruler asked: "Is there a difference between harmony and mere agreement?" Yanzi replied: "Yes, there is a difference. Harmony is like making a stew—water and fire, vinegar and sauce, salt and plum are used to cook fish and meat; wood is burned as fuel. The cook blends them together, adjusting the flavors so that what is lacking is supplemented and excess is reduced. When a gentleman eats it, his heart becomes balanced. The relationship between ruler and minister is the same. When the ruler considers something acceptable, there may still be flaws; a minister should point out those flaws to perfect what is good. When the ruler deems something unacceptable but it contains elements of merit, the minister should present that merit to eliminate the faults. This is why governance remains balanced and free from conflict, and people have no quarrels in their hearts. Hence, the "Odes" say: "There is a stew of harmony; it has been prepared and balanced." "Zong Jia says nothing, yet there is no contention. The former kings achieved harmony in the five flavors and the five tones to calm people's hearts and accomplish good governance." Sounds are like flavors: one breath, two forms, three categories, four objects, five tones, six pitch standards, seven musical notes, eight winds, nine songs—these complement each other. The clarity or murkiness, the magnitude or subtlety, the length or brevity, the speed or slowness, the sorrow or joy, the rigidity or softness, the delay or haste, the height or depth, and the entry or exit of sounds are all interdependent. When a gentleman listens to them, his heart is calmed. When the heart is balanced and virtue harmonious, that is why the "Odes" say: "Virtuous music has no blemish." Now Ju is not like this. When the ruler says something is acceptable, Ju also says it is acceptable; when the ruler says it is unacceptable, Ju also says so. This is like adding water to water—who would want to eat that? It is like playing a zither or se with only one note—whose ears could tolerate such monotony? Uniformity cannot be considered harmony in this way." While drinking and enjoying themselves, the ruler said: "If antiquity had no death, how joyful that would be!" Yanzi replied: "If antiquity were without death, then the joys of antiquity would remain. What could Your Majesty possibly gain from that? "In the past, Shuangjiu Shi first settled in this land. Jixian followed them, then Peng Boliang, then Pugu Shi, and finally Tai Gong inherited it. "If the ancients were immortal, the joys of Shuangjiu Shi would still exist, which are not what Your Majesty desires."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		鄭子產有疾，謂子大叔曰：「我死，子必為政。唯有德者能以寬服民，其次莫如猛。夫火烈，民望而畏之，故鮮死焉，水懦弱，民狎而翫之，則多死焉，故寬難。」疾數月而卒。大叔為政，不忍猛而寬。鄭國多盜，取人於萑苻之澤。大叔悔之，曰：「吾早從夫子，不及此。」興徒兵以攻萑苻之盜，盡殺之。盜少止，仲尼曰：「善哉政寬則民慢，慢則糾之以猛。猛則民殘，殘則施之以寬。寬以濟猛，猛以濟寬，政是以和。詩曰，民亦勞之，汔可小康，惠此中國，以綏四方，施之以寬也。毋從詭隨，以謹無良，式遏寇虐，慘不畏明』，糾之以猛也。『柔遠能邇，以定我王』，平之以和也。又曰，不競不絿，不剛不柔，布政優優，百祿是遒，和之至也。」及子產卒，仲尼聞之，出涕曰：「古之遺愛也。」
		Zi Chan of Zheng fell ill and said to his younger cousin Zidashu: "After I die, you will surely take charge of government affairs. "Only those with virtue can govern the people through leniency; next to them is severity. "Fire burns fiercely; people see it and fear it, so few die from it. Water is weak and gentle; people grow familiar with it and take it lightly, thus many drown in it. Therefore, leniency is difficult to manage." After being ill for several months, he died. Zidashu took office and, unable to bear severity, governed with leniency instead. The state of Zheng experienced many bandits who captured people in the marshes of Huanfu. Zidashu regretted this and said: "If I had followed Master's advice earlier, I would not have come to this." He raised a force of foot soldiers to attack the bandits in Huanfu and killed them all. Banditry declined somewhat. Zhong Ni said: "Good! If governance is too lenient, the people will become disrespectful; when they do, severity must be used to correct them. If it becomes too severe, the people will suffer; then leniency should be applied. Leniency tempers severity, and severity tempers leniency—thus governance achieves harmony. The "Odes" say: "The people are weary; let them have a small measure of peace. Show grace to the central land, and pacify all directions"—this is applying leniency. "Do not follow deceit and flattery, be cautious of the wicked, restrain bandits and oppression, and do not tolerate cruelty or disregard for justice"—this is correcting with severity. "Be gentle toward distant people and capable in dealing with those nearby, to stabilize our king"—this is achieving peace through harmony. It also says: "Neither striving nor slack, neither rigid nor soft; governing with ease and grace, all blessings will accumulate"—this is the highest form of harmony." When Zi Chan died, Zhong Ni heard about it and wept, saying: "He was the last remnant of virtue from ancient times."

《昭公二十一年 - Duke Zhao Year 21 》

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Books referencing 《昭公二十一年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十一年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十一年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十一年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十一年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公二十... :	二十有一年，春，王三月，葬蔡平公。
		In the twenty-first year [of the reign], spring, the first month of the king's calendar, Prince Cai Ping was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，晉侯使士鞅來聘。
		Summer, Duke Jin sent Shi Yang to pay a visit.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		宋華亥、向寧、華定自陳入于宋南里以叛。
		Song Hua Hai, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding entered Nanli in the south of Song from Chen and rebelled.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月壬午朔，日有食之。
		Autumn, on the first day of the seventh month, which was a Renwu day, there was a solar eclipse.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		八月乙亥，叔輒卒。
		On Yihai day of the eighth month, Shu Zhe died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，蔡侯朱出奔楚。
		Winter, Prince Cai Zhu fled to Chu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如晉，至河乃復。
		The Duke went to Jin, but upon reaching the Yellow River he returned.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十一年，春，天王將鑄無射，泠州鳩曰：「王其以心疾死乎夫樂，天子之職也。夫音，樂之輿也，而鐘，音之器也。天子省風以作樂，器以鐘之，輿以行之。小者不窕，大者不槬，則和於物，物和則嘉成。故和聲入於耳而藏於心，心億則樂。窕則不咸，總則不容，心是以感，感實生疾。今鐘槬矣，王心弗堪，其能久乎！
		In the twenty-first year, spring, King Tian was about to cast a musical instrument called Wushè. Ling Zhoujiu said: "Will the king die of heart disease? Music is the duty of an emperor. Music, the vehicle of harmony, and bells, the instruments of music. The Son of Heaven regulates the winds to create music, uses instruments such as bells to embody it, and employs vehicles to carry it forward. If small things are not narrow-minded and large things are not arrogant, then harmony with all things can be achieved; when things are in harmony, good results will be accomplished. Therefore, harmonious sounds enter the ears and are stored in the heart; when the heart is at ease, music arises. If narrow-mindedness leads to lack of harmony and excess prevents accommodation, then the heart is thus affected; emotional disturbance gives rise to illness. Now the bells are excessive, and the king's mind cannot bear it; how can this endure for long!
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月，葬蔡平公。蔡大子朱失位，位在卑。大夫送葬者，歸見昭子。昭子問蔡故，以告。昭子歎曰：「蔡其亡乎若不亡，是君也必不終。《詩》曰：『不解于位，民之攸塈。』今蔡侯始即位，而適卑，身將從之。」
		In March, Prince Cai Ping was buried. Prince Cai Zhu lost his position as crown prince. His status is now lowly. The officials who had accompanied the funeral returned and saw Zhao Zi. Zhao Zi inquired about the events in Cai, and they informed him. Zhao Zi sighed and said: "Cai is surely going to perish! If it does not, then this ruler will certainly not have a peaceful end. The Shijing says: "He who cannot hold his position is the one on whom the people rely." Now, Prince Cai has just ascended the throne but immediately descended to a lowly status; his person will follow suit."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，晉士鞅來聘，叔孫為政。季孫欲惡諸晉，使有司以齊鮑國歸費之禮為士鞅。士鞅怒曰：「鮑國之位下，其國小，而使鞅從其牢禮，是卑敝邑也，將復諸寡君。」魯人恐，加四牢焉，為十一牢。
		Summer, Shi Yang of Jin came on an official visit, while Shu Sun was in charge of state affairs. Ji Sun wanted to show disdain toward Jin and ordered the officials to treat Shi Yang with the same courtesy as Qi Bao Guo, who had returned Fei. Shi Yang angrily said: "Bao Guo's rank is low, his state small, yet you make me follow the same protocol as him. This belittles our city-state; I will report this to my lord." The people of Lu were afraid, so they added four more courtesies, making it a total of eleven.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		宋華費遂生華貙，華多僚，華登，貙為少司馬，多僚為御士，與貙相惡，乃譖諸公曰：「貙將納亡人。」亟言之，公曰：「司馬以吾故，亡其良子。死亡有命，吾不可以再亡之。」對曰：「君若愛司馬，則如亡。死如可逃，何遠之有？」公懼，使侍人召司馬之侍人宜僚，飲之酒，而使告司馬。司馬歎曰，必多僚也，吾有讒子，而弗能殺，吾又不死。抑君有命，可若何？」乃與公謀逐華貙，將使田孟諸而遣之。公飲之酒，厚酬之。賜及從者。司馬亦如之。張匄尤之，曰：「必有故。」使子皮承宜僚以劍而訊之。宜僚盡以告。張匄欲殺多僚，子皮曰，司馬老矣，登之謂甚，吾又重之，不如亡也。」五月丙申，子皮將見司馬而行，則遇多僚御司馬而朝。張匄不勝其怒，遂與子皮，臼任，鄭翩，殺多僚，劫司馬以叛，而召亡人。壬寅，華、向入。樂大心、豐愆、華牼禦諸橫。華氏居盧門，以南里叛。六月庚午，宋城舊鄘及桑林之門而守之。
		In Song, Hua Fei gave birth to Hua Chu, Hua Duoliao, and Hua Deng. Chu became the Junior Master of War, while Duoliao served as a chariot officer. Chu and Duoliao disliked each other, so Duoliao slandered him before the ruler, saying: "Chu is going to admit fugitives." He repeated his accusations repeatedly. The ruler said: "The Master of War has lost his good son because of me. Death and life are determined by fate; I cannot cause him to perish again." He replied: "If the ruler truly cares for the Master of War, then it would be as if he had perished. "If death could be escaped, how far away could it be?" The ruler was frightened and sent a court official to summon the Master of War's attendant, Yi Liao, gave him wine to drink, and ordered him to inform the Master of War. The Master of War sighed: "It must be Duoliao! I have a slanderous son, yet I cannot kill him, and I myself am not dead." "But the ruler has given an order; what can I do about it?" He then conspired with the ruler to expel Hua Chu and planned to send him away under the care of Tian Mengzhu. The ruler gave him wine and richly rewarded him. Gifts were also given to his attendants. The Master of War did the same. Zhang Gai suspected something and said: "There must be a reason for this." He ordered Zi Pi to question Yi Liao with a sword in hand. Yi Liao revealed everything. Zhang Gai wanted to kill Duoliao, but Zi Pi said: "The Master of War is old. Hua Deng would be greatly distressed; I too would bear heavy blame. It would be better for him to flee." On the Bingshen day of the fifth month, Zi Pi was about to meet with the Master of War and leave when he encountered Duoliao driving the Master of War to court. Zhang Gai could no longer contain his anger, so he joined Zi Pi, Jiu Ren, Zheng Pian, and killed Duoliao. They then seized the Master of War and rebelled, summoning fugitives. On the Rinyin day, Hua and Xiang entered [the city]. Yue Daxin, Feng Qian, and Hua Keng defended at Heng. The Hua clan occupied Lumen Gate and rebelled from Nanli. On the Gengwu day of the sixth month, Song built walls at Jiuyong and Sanglin Gate to defend them.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，七月壬午朔，日有食之。公問於梓慎曰：「是何物也禍福何為？」對曰，二至二分，日有食之，不為災。日月之行也，分同道也，至相過也，其他月則為災，陽不克也，故常為水。」於是叔輒哭日食。昭子曰：「子叔將死，非所哭也。」八月，叔輒卒。
		Autumn, on the first day (Rhenwu) of the seventh month, there was a solar eclipse. (July 15, 498 BC) The Duke asked Zi Shen: "What is this phenomenon? What misfortune or fortune does it signify?" Zi Shen replied, "During the two solstices and two equinoxes, if there is a solar eclipse, it does not bring disaster. "The movements of the sun and moon; during equinoxes they share the same path, and during solstices they pass each other. Eclipses at other times are considered disasters, as yang cannot overcome yin, hence they often bring floods." At this time, Shu Zhe wept over the solar eclipse. Zhao Zi said: "Master Shu is about to die; that is not something for you to mourn." In August, Shu Zhe died. (August 12, 498 BC)
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十月，華登以吳師救華氏。齊烏枝鳴戍宋。廚人濮曰，「軍志有之：『先人有奪人之心，後人有待其衰。』盍及其勞且未定也伐諸若入而固，則華氏眾矣，悔無及也。」從之，丙寅，齊師，宋師，敗吳師于鴻口，獲其二帥公子苦雂、偃州員。華登，帥其餘以敗宋師，公欲出，廚人濮曰，吾小人，可藉死而不能送亡，君請待之。」乃徇曰：「楊徽者公徒也。」眾從之，公自楊門見之，下而巡之，曰：「國亡君死，二三子之恥也，豈專孤之罪也？」齊烏枝鳴曰：「用少莫如齊致死，齊致死莫如去備。彼多兵矣，請皆用劍。」從之，華氏北，復即之。廚人濮以裳裹首，而荷以走，曰：「得華登矣！」遂敗華氏于新里。翟僂新居于新里，既戰，說甲于公而歸。華姓居于公里，亦如之，十一月癸未，公子城以晉師至。曹翰胡會晉荀吳，齊苑何忌，衛公子朝，救宋，丙戌，與華氏戰于赭丘。鄭翩願為鸛，其御願為鵝，子祿御公子城，莊堇為右。于犨御呂封人，華豹張匄為右，相遇，城還。華豹曰：「城也城怒，而反之。將注，豹則關矣。曰平公之靈，尚輔相余，豹射，出其間。將注，則又關矣。曰：「不狎，鄙。」抽矢，城射之，殪。張匄抽殳而下，射之，折股。扶伏而擊之，折軫。又射之，死。干犨請一矢，城曰，余言汝於君，封曰，不死伍乘，軍之大刑也，干刑而從子，君焉用之？子速諸，乃射之，殪。大敗華氏，圍諸南里。華亥搏膺而呼，見華貙，曰：「吾為欒氏矣！」貙曰：「子無我迋，不幸而後亡。」使華登如楚乞師，華貙以車十五乘，徒七十人，犯師而出，食於睢上，哭而送之，乃復入。楚薳越帥師將逆華氏，大宰犯諫曰：「諸侯唯宋事其君，今又爭國，釋君而臣是助，無乃不可乎！」王曰：「而告我也後，既許之矣。」
		Winter, tenth month, Hua Deng led Wu forces to rescue the Hua clan. Qi Wu Zhiming garrisoned Song. Chu Ren Pu said, "There is a military saying: 'Strike first to seize the enemy's will; strike later when they are weakened.'" "Why not attack them while they are weary and unsettled? If we let them settle in, the Hua clan will grow stronger; then it will be too late to regret." They followed his advice. On the Bingyin day, the Qi and Song armies defeated the Wu forces at Hongkou, capturing their two commanders Gongzi Kujun and Yan Zhouyuan. Hua Deng, leading the remaining forces, defeated the Song army. The ruler wanted to flee, but Chu Ren Pu said: "We are commoners; we can die for you but cannot accompany your escape. Please wait a little longer, my lord." He then proclaimed publicly: "Yang Hui is the ruler's retainer." The crowd followed him. The ruler saw them from Yang Gate, descended and inspected the scene, saying: "If our state perishes and I die, it would be a shame for you all; how could it solely be my fault?" Qi Wu Zhiming said: "To use fewest resources, nothing is better than to commit fully to death; to commit fully to death, nothing is better than removing all precautions. "They have many troops already; I request we all use swords." They followed his suggestion. The Hua clan retreated north, and they pursued them again. Chu Ren Pu wrapped a sash around his head and carried it while running, shouting: "We have captured Hua Deng!" They then defeated the Hua clan at Xinli. Dian Lou Xiju was stationed in Xinli; after the battle, he removed his armor before the ruler and returned home. The Hua surname clan resided in Gongli and did likewise. On the Kuwei day of the eleventh month, Gongzi Cheng arrived with a Jin army. Cao Hanhú joined forces with Jin Xun Wu, Qi Yuan Heji, and Wei Gongzi Chao to rescue Song. On the Bingxu day, they fought against the Hua clan at Zheniu. Zheng Pian wished to be a jiao, his charioteer wished to be an e. Zi Lu drove Gongzi Cheng's chariot, and Zhuang Jin served as the right-hand man. Yu Chou drove Lü Fengren's chariot; Hua Bao Zhang Gai served as the right-hand man on their side. They met in battle, and Cheng retreated. Hua Bao said: "Cheng is angry; he will turn back." "He was about to charge, but I have already closed the gate." "May the spirit of Duke Ping still assist me," said Bao. He shot an arrow and struck between them. "As he was about to charge again, I closed it once more." He said: "Not intimate enough; too vulgar." He drew an arrow, Cheng shot at him, and he fell dead. Zhang Gai took down a staff and attacked from below, shooting at him and breaking his thigh. He struck while crouching, breaking the chariot's axle. He shot at him again, and he died. Gan Chou requested one arrow. Cheng said, "I will report you to the ruler." Feng replied: "To die in battle is the greatest punishment for a soldier; if you violate discipline and follow you, what use would the ruler have of us?" "Quickly shoot him," said Zi. Then he shot at him, killing him. They heavily defeated the Hua clan and besieged them in Nanli. Hua Hai clutched his chest and cried out, seeing Hua Chu: "I have become a 栾 clan!" Chu said: "Do not abandon me, brother. We will perish together in misfortune." He sent Hua Deng to Chu to request an army. Hua Chu led fifteen chariots and seventy footmen, defying the enemy forces to escort him out. They ate by the Sui River, wept as they saw him off, then returned inside [the city]. Chu Wei Yue led an army to assist the Hua clan, but Da Zai Fan advised: "Among the feudal lords, only Song respects its ruler. Now they are again waging civil war; abandoning their lord and aiding his subjects—would this not be inappropriate!" The king said: "You advised me too late. I have already agreed to it."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		蔡侯朱出奔楚。費無極取貨於東國，而謂蔡人曰：「朱不用命於楚，君王將立東國。若不先從王欲，楚必圍蔡。」蔡人懼，出朱而立東國。朱愬于楚，楚子將討蔡。無極曰：「平侯與楚有盟，故封。其子有二心，故廢之。靈王殺隱大子，其子與君同惡，德君必甚。又使立之，不亦可乎且廢置在君，蔡無他矣。」
		Prince Cai Zhu fled to Chu (the State of Chu). Fei Wuji obtained goods from Dongguo and told the people of Cai: "Zhu has disobeyed orders in Chu, so King Wang will appoint Dongguo as ruler. If you do not follow the king's wishes first, Chu will surely besiege Cai." The people of Cai were frightened and expelled Zhu to install Dongguo. Zhu petitioned Chu, and the ruler of Chu planned to punish Cai. Wuji said: "Prince Ping Hou had an alliance with Chu, hence his enfeoffment. His son harbored divided loyalties, so he was deposed. King Ling killed the hidden crown prince; his son and your lord share a common hatred, so your virtue toward this ruler must be great. Furthermore, having him installed again would not be unreasonable; the power to depose or appoint lies with you, and Cai has no other intentions."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如晉，及河。鼓叛晉，晉將伐鮮虞，故辭公。
		The Duke went to Jin and reached the Yellow River. Gu rebelled against Jin, so the Jin generals planned to attack Xianyu and thus postponed receiving the Duke.

《昭公二十二年 - Duke Zhao Year 22 》

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Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十二年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十二年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十二年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十二年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十有二年，春，齊侯伐莒。
		In the twenty-second year [of the reign], spring, Lord Qi attacked Ju.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		宋華亥、向寧、華定自宋南里出奔楚。
		Hua Hai of Song, Xiang Ning, and Hua Ding fled from Nanli in Song to Chu.
Jump to dictionary		大蒐于昌間。
		A grand military review was held at Changjian.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏四月乙丑，天王崩。六月，叔鞅如京師，葬景王。王室亂。
		On the Yichou day of the fourth month in summer, the Heavenly King died. In June, Shuyang went to the capital to attend the burial rites for King Jing. The royal court was in chaos.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		劉子、單子以王猛居于皇。
		Prince Liu and Prince Dan placed the king securely at Huang.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，劉子，單子，以王猛入于王城。
		In autumn, Prince Liu and Prince Dan brought the king safely into Wangcheng.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十月，王子猛卒。
		In the tenth month of winter, Crown Prince Meng died.
Jump to dictionary		十有二月癸酉朔，日有食之。
		On the first day of the twelfth month, which was a Kiyou day, there was a solar eclipse.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十二年，春，王二月，甲子，齊北郭啟帥師伐莒。莒子將戰，苑羊牧之諫曰：「齊帥賤，其求不多，不如下之，大國不可怒也。」弗聽，敗齊師于壽餘。齊侯伐莒，莒子行成。司馬灶如莒蒞盟。莒子如齊蒞盟，盟于稷門之外。莒於是乎大惡其君。
		In the twenty-second year, spring, in the second month of the king's calendar, on the Jiazi day, Bei Guo Qi led an army to attack Ju. Ju zi was about to engage in battle, when Yuan Yangmuzhi advised him, saying: "The Qi commander is lowly; his demands are not great. It would be better to yield. A major state cannot be provoked." He did not listen, and defeated the Qi army at Shouyu. Lord Qi attacked Ju, and Ju zi went to make peace. Sima Zhao went to Ju to oversee the alliance. ල Ju zi went to Qi to attend the oath, and they took an oath outside Jumen. At this time, Ju greatly resented its ruler.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚薳越使告于宋曰，寡君聞君有不令之臣，為君憂，無寧以為宗羞，寡君請受而戮之。」對曰，孤不佞不能媚於父兄，以為君憂，拜命之辱。抑君臣曰戰，君曰，余必臣是助，亦唯命，人有言曰：『唯亂門之無過。』君若惠保敝邑，無亢不衷，以獎亂人，孤之望也。唯君圖之！」楚人患之。諸侯之戍謀曰：「若華氏知困而致死，楚恥無功而疾戰，非吾利也。不如出之，以為楚功，其亦能無為也巳。救宋而除其害，又何求？」乃固請出之，宋人從之。己巳，宋華亥，向寧，華定，華貙，華登，皇奄傷，省臧，士平，出奔楚，宋公使公孫忌為大司馬，邊卬為大司徒，樂祁為司馬，仲幾為左師，樂大心為右師，樂輓為大司寇，以靖國人。
		Chu's Wei Yue sent a message to Song, saying: "My lord has heard that your Majesty has an unworthy minister. My lord is worried for you and cannot find peace, as it brings shame upon the clan. My lord requests to receive him and execute him." He replied: "I am not capable, unable to please my father and elder brothers, thus causing trouble for you, my lord. I bow in gratitude for your gracious command." He continued: "Regarding the matter of subjects and ministers, you said, 'I must assist these ministers,' so I shall follow your command. There is a saying among people: 'Only those who do not pass through the gate of disorder.'" "If you, my lord, would kindly protect our humble state and not oppose what is unjust, thus rewarding those who cause disorder, that would be the hope of this unworthy one." "It is for you to decide!" The people of Chu were troubled by this. The garrisons from the feudal states plotted, saying: "If the Hua clan knows they are in dire straits and fight to the death, or if Chu is shamed for lacking merit yet fights urgently, it will not be beneficial for us." "It would be better to let them go out and make it a feat for Chu; they might also refrain from further action." "To rescue Song and remove its troubles, what more could we seek?" They thus earnestly requested their release, and the people of Song agreed. On the Jisi day, Hua Hai of Song, Xiangning, Huading, Huachu, Huadeng, Huang Yan Shang, Shengzang, and Shiping fled to Chu. Gong Gongji was appointed as Grand Master of War by Duke of Song, Bian Ang as Grand Minister of Land, Le Qi as Master of War, Zhong Ji as Left Chancellor, Le Daxin as Right Chancellor, and Le Wan as Grand Judge, in order to pacify the people of the state.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		王子朝，賓起，有寵於景王，王與賓孟說之，欲立之。劉獻公之庶子伯蚡事單穆公，惡賓孟之為人也，願殺之，又惡王子朝之言，以為亂，願去之，賓孟適郊，見雄雞自斷其尾。問之，侍者曰：「自憚其犧也。」遽歸告王，且曰：「雞其憚為人用乎人異於是。犧者實用人，人犧實難，己犧何害，王弗應，夏四月，王田北山，使公卿皆從，將殺單子、劉子。王有心疾，乙丑，崩于榮錡氏，戊辰，劉子摯卒，無子，單子立劉蚡，五月，庚辰，見王，遂攻賓起，殺之。盟群王子于單氏。
		Prince Zhao and Bin Qi were favored by King Jing; the king, along with Bin Meng, liked them and wanted to establish them as rulers. Bo Fen, a younger son of Duke Liu Xianggong, served Gongzi Dan Muguang. He disliked the character of Bin Meng and wished to kill him; he also disapproved of Prince Zhao's words, considering them seditious, and wanted to remove him. When Bin Meng went to the outskirts, he saw a rooster cutting off its own tail. He asked about it, and his attendant said: "It is afraid of being sacrificed." He hurried back to report to the king, saying: "A chicken fears being used by people; yet human beings are different in this regard. Those who are sacrificed truly use people, but it is difficult for a person to be the sacrifice. What harm could self-sacrifice bring?" The king did not respond. In April of summer, the king went hunting in Beishan and ordered all the ministers and high officials to accompany him; he intended to kill Prince Dan and Prince Liu. The king suffered from a heart ailment. On the Yichou day, he died at Rongqi Shi. On the Wuchen day, Prince Liu Zhi died without an heir; Prince Dan appointed Liu Fen as his successor. In May, on the Gengchen day, Liu Fen appeared before the king and then attacked Bin Qi, killing him. An alliance was made with all the royal princes at Dan Shi's residence.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉之取鼓也，既獻而反鼓子焉。又叛於鮮虞。六月，荀吳略東陽，使師偽糴者，負甲以息於昔陽之門外，遂襲鼓，滅之，以鼓子鳶鞮歸，使涉佗守之。
		When Jin captured Gu, after presenting it as a tribute they returned the son of the ruler of Gu. It rebelled again against Xianyu. In June, Xun Wu raided Dongyang. He sent troops pretending to be grain buyers, carrying armor and resting outside the gates of Xiyang. Then he launched a surprise attack on Gu, annihilating it. He brought back Yunti, the son of Gu's ruler, and appointed Shetuo as its governor.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		丁巳，葬景王。王子朝因舊官、百工之喪職秩者與靈、景之族以作亂。帥郊要餞之甲，以逐劉子。壬戌，劉子奔揚。單子逆悼王于莊宮以歸。王子還夜取王以如莊宮。癸亥，單子出。王子還與召莊公謀曰：「不殺單旗，不捷。與之重盟，必來。背盟而克者多矣。」從之，樊頃子曰：「非言也，必不克。」遂奉王以追單子，及領，大盟而復。殺摯荒以說。劉子如劉。單子亡，乙丑，奔于平畤。群王子追之，單子殺還，姑，發，弱，鬷，延，定，稠，子朝奔京。丙寅，伐之。京人奔山。劉子入于王城。辛未，鞏簡公敗績于京。乙亥，甘平公亦敗焉。叔鞅至自京師，言王室之亂也。閔馬父曰：「子朝必不克。其所與者，天所廢也。」單子欲告急於晉。秋七月戊寅，以王如平畤，遂如圃車，次于皇。劉子如劉。單子使王子處守于王城。盟百工于平宮。辛卯，鄩肸伐皇。大敗，獲鄩肸。壬辰，焚諸王城之市。八月，辛酉，司徒醜以王師敗績于前城，百工叛，己巳，伐單氏之宮，敗焉。庚午，反伐之。辛未伐東圉。冬十月，丁巳，晉籍談，荀躒，帥九州之戎，及焦瑕溫原之帥，以納王于王城。庚申，單子劉蚡以王師敗績于郊前城人敗陸渾于社。十一月乙酉，王子猛卒。不成喪也。己丑，敬王即位。館于子旅氏。
		On the Dingsi day, King Jing was buried. Prince Zhao incited a rebellion by uniting former officials and craftsmen who had lost their positions, as well as the clans of Ling and Jing. He led an armed force from the suburbs to chase after Prince Liu. On the Renxu day, Prince Liu fled to Yang. Prince Dan met Duke Dao at Zhuang Gong and escorted him back. At night, Prince Zhao took the king to Zhuang Gong. On the Guihai day, Prince Dan fled. Prince Zhao and Zhaohuang Gong plotted, saying: "Unless we kill Shan Qi, we cannot succeed." If we make a solemn alliance with him, he will surely come. "There have been many who broke their oaths and still succeeded." They followed this plan. Fan Qingshi said: "This is not a proper strategy; we will surely fail." So they escorted the king to pursue Prince Dan, catching up with him at Ling. They held a grand alliance and returned. They killed Zhi Huang in order to appease. Prince Liu went to Liu. Prince Dan fled; on the Yichou day, he ran to Pingzhi. The royal princes pursued him. Prince Dan killed Huan, Gu, Fa, Ruo, Zong, Yan, Ding, Chou, and Prince Zhao fled to Jing. On the Bingyin day, they attacked them. The people of Jing fled to the mountains. Prince Liu entered Wangcheng. On the Xinwei day, Gong Jian Gong suffered a defeat at Jing. On the Yihai day, Ganning Gong was also defeated. Shuyang arrived from the capital and reported on the chaos in the royal court. Min Ma Fu said: "Prince Zhao will surely not succeed." Those he allies with are the ones Heaven has destined to be abandoned." Prince Dan wanted to send a message of urgency to Jin. In autumn, on the Wuyin day of July, he took the king to Pingzhi, then went on to Puche and stayed at Huang. Prince Liu went to Liu. Prince Dan sent Prince Chu to defend Wangcheng. An alliance was made with the craftsmen at Ping Gong. On the Xinmao day, Xian Xi attacked Huang. They were heavily defeated and captured Xian Xi. On the Rencheng day, they burned down the marketplace in Wangcheng. In August, on the Xinyou day, Minister Chou suffered a crushing defeat at Qiancheng with the royal army; the craftsmen rebelled. On the Jisi day, they attacked Prince Dan's palace but were defeated. On the Gengwu day, they retaliated and launched an attack on them. On the Xinwei day, they attacked Dongyu. In winter, on the Dingsi day of October, Jin Jitan and Xun Ku led the Jiuzhou Rong tribes as well as commanders from Jiao, Xia, Wen, and Yuan to escort the king back into Wangcheng. On the Gengshen day, Prince Dan Liu Fen suffered a crushing defeat with the royal army at Jiao Qian. The people of She defeated Lu Hun. In November, on the Yiyou day, Crown Prince Meng died. The mourning rites were not completed. On the Jichou day, King Jing ascended the throne. He was lodged at Zilv Shi's residence.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十二月，庚戌，晉籍談，荀躒，賈辛，司馬督，帥師軍于陰，于侯氏，于谿泉，次于社，王師軍于氾，于解，次于任人，閏月，晉箕遺，樂徵，右行詭，濟師，取前城，軍其東南。王師軍于京楚，辛丑，伐京，毀其西南。
		In December, on the Gengxu day, Jin Jitan, Xun Ku, Jia Xin, and Sima Du led troops to station at Yin, Hou Shi, Xi Quan, and then stayed at She. The royal army stationed at Fan, Jie, and stayed at Renren. In the intercalary month, Jin Ji Yi, Le Zheng, Youhang Gui, and Ji Shi captured Qiancheng and stationed their forces in its southeast. The royal army stationed at Jingchu. On the Xinchou day, they attacked Jing and destroyed its southwest section.

《昭公二十三年 - Duke Zhao Year 23 》 Related discussion

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Books referencing 《昭公二十三年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十三年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十三年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十三年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十三年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十有三年，春，王正月，叔孫婼如晉。
		In the twenty-third year, spring, the first month of the reign of King [Wang], Shusun Nuo went to Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		癸丑，叔鞅卒。
		On the Guichou day, Shuyang died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉人執我行人叔孫婼。
		The Jin people detained our envoy Shusun Nuo.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉人圍郊。
		The Jin forces besieged Jiao.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏六月，蔡侯東國卒于楚。
		In summer, the sixth month, Marquis Dongguo of Cai died in Chu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋七月，莒子庚輿來奔。
		In autumn, the seventh month, Jvzi Gengyu came to take refuge.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		戊辰，吳敗頓、胡、沈、蔡、陳、許之師于雞父。胡子髡，沈子逞，滅獲陳夏齧。
		On the Wuchen day, Wu defeated the combined forces of Dun, Hu, Shen, Cai, Chen, and Xu at Jifu. Hu zi Kun, Shen zi Cheng, and Chen Xianie were captured or killed.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		天王居于狄泉。尹氏立王子朝。
		The Heavenly King resided at Diquan. The Yin clan installed Prince Chao as king.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		八月乙未，地震。
		On the Yiweng day of the eighth month, an earthquake occurred.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，公如晉，至河，有疾，乃復。
		In winter, the Duke went to Jin but upon reaching the Yellow River, fell ill and returned.
2 Jump to dictionary	昭公二十... :	二十三年，春，王正月，壬寅朔，二師圍郊。癸卯，郊、鄩潰。丁未，晉師在平陰，王師在澤邑。王使告間，庚戌還。
		The twenty-third year, spring, first month of King [Wang's] reign, on the Rinyin day of the first lunar day, the two armies besieged Jiao. On the Guimao day, Jiao and Xun were defeated. On the Dingwei day, the Jin forces were at Pingyin, while the royal forces were at Zeyi. The king sent envoys to negotiate a truce and returned on the Gengxu day.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		邾人城翼，還，將自離姑。公孫鉏曰：「魯將御我。」欲自武城還，循山而南。徐鉏，丘弱，茅地，曰：「道下，遇雨，將不出，是不歸也。」遂自離姑。武城人塞其前，斷其後之木而弗殊，邾師過之，乃推而蹙之，遂取邾師，獲鉏弱地，邾人愬于晉，晉人來討，叔孫婼如晉，晉執人之，書曰「晉人執我行人叔孫婼」，言使人也。晉人使與邾大夫坐，叔孫曰：「列國之卿當小國之君，固周制也。邾又夷也。寡君之命介子服回在，請使當之，不敢廢周制故也。」乃不果坐。韓宣子使邾人取其眾，將以叔孫與之。叔孫聞之，去眾與兵而朝。士彌牟謂韓宣子曰：「子弗良圖，而以叔孫與其讎，叔孫必死之。魯亡叔孫，必亡邾。邾君亡國，將焉歸子雖悔之，何及所謂盟主，討違命也。若皆相執，焉用盟主？」乃弗與，使各居一館。士伯聽其辭，而愬諸宣子，乃皆執之。士伯御叔孫，從者四人，過邾館以如吏。先歸邾子。士伯曰：「以芻蕘之難，從者之病，將館子於都。」叔孫旦而立，期焉。乃館諸箕。舍子服昭伯於他邑。范獻子求貨於叔孫，使請冠焉。取其冠法，而與之兩冠，曰：「盡矣。」為叔孫故，申豐以貨如晉。叔孫曰：「見我，吾告女所行貨。」見，而不出。吏人之與叔孫居於箕者，請其吠狗，弗與。及將歸，殺而與之食之。叔孫所館者，雖一日，必葺其牆屋，去之如始至。
		The Zhuge people built a city at Yi, then planned to depart from Ligū. Gongsun Chu said: "Lu is going to resist us." He wanted to return from Wucheng and proceed south along the mountain. Xu Chu, Qiu Ruo, Mao Di said: "The road is low-lying; if it rains, we will not be able to proceed, and this would mean we do not return." They thus departed from Ligū. The people of Wucheng blocked their front, cut down the trees behind them but did not remove them completely. When the Zhuge forces passed through, they pushed against and crushed them, capturing Shu Ruo Di. The Zhuge people complained to Jin, so the Jin forces came to punish them. Shusun Nuo was sent to Jin, where he was detained by the Jin people. This is recorded as "The Jin people detained our envoy, Shusun Nuo," indicating that he was an official representative of our state. The Jin people had him sit with the Zhuge officials, and Shusun said: "A high-ranking official from a major state sitting as equal to the ruler of a minor state is indeed in accordance with Zhou dynasty regulations. Zhuge is also a vassal state. "Our lord's envoy, Zi Fu Hui, is present; please allow him to take my place. This is because we dare not disregard the Zhou dynasty system." Thus, he did not end up sitting with them after all. Han Xuanszi ordered the Zhuge people to retrieve their forces and was about to hand Shusun over to them. Upon hearing this, Shusun dismissed his attendants and soldiers before going to court. Shi Mimou said to Han Xuanszi: "If you do not carefully consider this matter and hand Shusun over to his enemies, Shusun will surely die as a result. "If Lu loses Shusun, Zhuge will certainly be lost as well." "If the ruler of Zhuge loses his state, where would he go? Even if you regret it later, it will be too late. What is meant by a leader among allies is to punish those who defy orders." "If everyone just detains each other, then what need is there for an alliance leader?" Thus, he did not hand Shusun over and had the two sides reside in separate guest houses. Shi Bo listened to their arguments and reported them to Xuanszi, who then detained both parties. Shi Bo escorted Shusun Nuo with four attendants, passing by the Zhuge guest house on their way to the officials. They first returned Zhuzi back to his state. Shi Bo said: "Because of the hardships encountered during the journey and the illness of your attendants, I will house you in the capital." Shusun stood up at dawn and waited for a full year. He was then housed in Ji. Zi Fu Zhaobo was lodged in another town. Fan Xianszi requested a bribe from Shusun and had someone ask for a hat as well. They took the style of his official hat and gave him two hats, saying: "That is all." Because of Shusun's case, Shen Feng went to Jin with gifts. Shusun said: "If you see me, I will tell you what goods have been presented." They met, but Shusun did not go out. The officials who were staying with Shusun in Ji requested that their barking dog be given to them, but it was not granted. When they were about to return, the dog was killed and given to them as food. Wherever Shusun was lodged, even for a single day, they would necessarily repair the walls and house, leaving it as clean as when he first arrived.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏四月乙酉，單子取訾，劉子取牆人、直人。六月壬午，王子朝入于尹。癸未，尹圉誘劉佗殺之。丙戌，單子從阪道、劉子從尹道伐尹。單子先至而敗，劉子還。己丑，召伯奐、南宮極以成周人戍尹。庚寅，單子、劉子、樊齊以王如劉。甲午，王子朝入于王城，次于左巷。秋七月戊申，鄩羅納諸莊宮。尹辛敗劉師于唐，丙辰，又敗諸鄩。甲子，尹辛取西闈。丙寅，攻蒯，蒯潰。
		In summer, fourth month, on the Yiyou day, Danzi captured Zi, and Liuzi captured Qiangren and Zhiren. On the Renwu day of the sixth month, Prince Chao entered Yin. On the Guiwei day, Yin Yu lured Liu Tuo and killed him. On the Bingxu day, Danzi followed the Bandao route while Liuzi took the Yindao route to attack Yin. Danzi arrived first but was defeated, so Liuzi withdrew. On the Jichou day, Zhao Bo Huan and Nangong Ji led the Chengzhou people to garrison Yin. On the Gengyin day, Danzi, Liuzi, Fan Qi, and the king went to Liu. On the Jiawu day, Prince Chao entered Wangcheng and stationed at Zuoxiang. In autumn, seventh month, on the Wushen day, Xun Luo received them in Zhuanggong Palace. Yin Xin defeated Liu's forces at Tang; on the Bingchen day, he again defeated them near Xun. On the Jiazi day, Yin Xin captured Xiwei. On the Bingyin day, they attacked Kuai, and Kuai was defeated.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		莒子庚輿虐而好劍。苟鑄劍，必試諸人，國人患之。又將叛齊。烏存帥國人以逐之。庚輿將出，聞烏存執殳而立於道左，懼將止死。苑羊牧之曰：「君過之烏存以力聞可矣，何必以弒君成名？」遂來奔，齊人納郊公。
		Jvzi Gengyu was cruel and fond of swords. Whenever he had a sword cast, he would test it on people; the citizens were distressed by this. He was also about to rebel against Qi. Wucun led the citizens in driving him out. As Gengyu was about to leave, he heard that Wucun stood holding a halberd on the left side of the road; fearing for his life, he hesitated and nearly gave up. Yuan Yang Mou said to him: "If the people know that you overcame Wucun through strength, it would be enough; why must you gain a reputation by killing your lord?" He thus fled to Qi, and the Qi people installed Jiao Gong.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		吳人伐州來，楚薳越帥師，及諸侯之師奔命救州來。吳人禦諸鍾離，子瑕卒，楚師熸。吳公子光曰，諸侯從於楚者眾，而皆小國也，畏楚而不獲巳，是以來，吾聞之曰：『作事威克其愛，雖小，必濟。』胡沈之君幼而狂，陳大夫齧壯而頑，頓與許、蔡疾楚政。楚令尹死，其師熸。帥賤、多寵，政令不壹。七國同役而不同心，帥賤而不能整，無大威命，楚可敗也。若分師先以犯胡、沈與陳，必先奔。三國敗，諸侯之師乃搖心矣。諸侯乖亂，楚必大奔。請先者去備薄威，後者敦陳整旅。」吳子從之。戊辰晦，戰于雞父。吳子以罪人三千，先犯胡沈與陳，三國爭之。吳為三軍以繫於後，中軍從王，光帥右，掩餘帥左。吳罪之人，或奔或止，三國亂，吳師擊之，三國敗，獲胡沈之君，及陳大夫，舍胡、沈之囚，使奔許與蔡、頓，曰：「吾君死矣！」師譟而從之，三國奔，楚師大奔。書曰，胡子髡，沈子逞，滅，獲陳夏齧，君臣之辭也，不言戰，楚未陳也。
		The Wu forces attacked Zhoulai; Chu's Wei Yue led an army, along with the armies of various vassal states, rushed to rescue Zhoulai. The Wu forces confronted them at Zhongli; Zi Xia died, and the Chu army was defeated. Gongzi Guang of Wu said: "Many vassal states have followed Chu, but they are all small states. They fear Chu and cannot help themselves, so they came here. I have heard it said: 'When undertaking a task, one must overcome compassion with authority; even if the matter is small, it will surely succeed.'" The rulers of Hu and Shen were young and reckless; Chen's officials were strong but stubborn, while Dun, Xu, and Cai resented the governance of Chu. When the Lord Chancellor of Chu died, his army was defeated. The leadership was weak and filled with favorites; orders and decrees were inconsistent. Seven states are united in action but not in heart, their commanders are lowly and unable to maintain order; without a strong authority or command, Chu can be defeated. If we divide our forces first to attack Hu, Shen, and Chen, they will surely flee first. Once the three states are defeated, the allied vassal armies will begin to waver in heart. When the vassals become disunited and chaotic, Chu's forces will surely suffer a great defeat. "I request that those who lead first weaken their defenses and reduce their show of strength, while those following should reinforce formations and organize the troops." Prince Wu followed his advice. On the Wuchen final day of the month, a battle took place at Jifu. Prince Wu led three thousand convicts to first attack Hu, Shen, and Chen; the three states struggled against them. Wu divided his forces into three armies to follow behind, with the central army following the prince; Guang led the right wing and Yan Yu led the left. The Wu convicts, some fled and others stopped, causing chaos among the three states. The Wu forces attacked them, defeating the three states; they captured the rulers of Hu and Shen as well as a Chen official. They released the prisoners from Hu and Shen and sent them to flee toward Xu, Cai, and Dun, shouting: "Our lord is dead!" The allied forces cried out in alarm and followed them; the three states fled, and the Chu forces suffered a great rout. The Records state: "Hu zi Kun, Shen Zi Cheng were destroyed; Chen Xianie was captured." This is phrased in the language of lords and ministers. It does not mention a battle because Chu had not yet formed its ranks.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		八月丁酉，南宮極震。萇弘謂劉文公曰：「君其勉之先君之力可濟也。周之亡也，其三川震。今西王之大臣亦震，天棄之矣。東王必大克。」
		On the Dilyou day of the eighth month, Nangong Ji experienced an earthquake. Chang Hong said to Liu Wengong: "You should strive hard; the strength of your ancestors can yet bring success. "When Zhou declined, its three rivers experienced earthquakes." "Now the high ministers of King Xi also experience an earthquake; Heaven has abandoned them." "The Eastern King will surely achieve great victory."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚大子建之母在郹。召吳人而啟之。冬十月，甲申，吳大子諸樊入郹，取楚夫人與其寶器以歸。楚司馬薳越追之，不及。將死，眾曰：「請遂伐吳以徼之。」薳越曰：「再敗君師，死且有罪。亡君夫人，不可以莫之死也。」乃縊於薳澨。
		The mother of Crown Prince Jian of Chu was in Guo. She summoned the Wu people and opened the gates to them. In winter, tenth month, on the Jia Shen day, Wu Crown Prince Zhufan entered Guo and took back the wife of Chu and her treasured objects. Chu's Sima Wei Yue pursued them but failed to catch up. On the verge of death, his followers said: "Please proceed to attack Wu in order to redeem her." Wei Yue said: "To suffer defeat twice against our lord's army would be a crime even in death. "To lose the wife of our lord cannot justify dying without cause." He then committed suicide by hanging at Weishi.
Jump to dictionary		公為叔孫故如晉，及河，有疾，而復。
		The Duke went to Jin on account of Shusun, but upon reaching the river, fell ill and returned.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚囊瓦為令尹，城郢，沈尹戌曰：「子常必亡郢。苟不能衛，城無益也，古者天子守在四夷，天子卑，守在諸侯。諸侯守在四鄰，諸侯卑，守在四竟。慎其四竟，結其四援，民狎其野，三務成功。民無內憂，而又無外懼，國焉用城今吳是懼，而城於郢，守巳小矣。卑之不獲，能無亡乎？昔梁伯溝其公宮而民潰，民棄其上，不亡，何待？夫正其疆埸，脩其土田，險其走集，親其民人，明其伍候，信其鄰國，慎其官守，守其交禮，不僭不貪，不懦不耆，完其守備，以待不虞，又何畏矣《詩》曰：『無念爾祖，聿脩厥德。』無亦監乎，若敖蚡冒，至于武文，土不過同，慎其四竟，猶不城郢。今土數圻而郢是城，不亦難乎？」
		Chu Nangwa became Lord Chancellor and built a city at Ying; Shen Yin Xu said: "Zichang will surely lose Ying. If one cannot defend, building walls is of no benefit. In ancient times, the Son of Heaven guarded through the four barbarian regions; when the Son of Heaven was humble, he relied on the feudal lords for defense. The feudal lords guarded their neighboring states; when a lord was weak, his defense lay in the four borders of his own territory. Be cautious about your four borders, secure alliances with the four directions, let the people be at ease in their fields, and then three endeavors will succeed. When the people have no internal worries and no external fears, why would a state need walls? Now we fear Wu yet build walls at Ying; this is already too late. If one's position is low and cannot be elevated, how can there not be a loss? In the past, Liang Bo dug ditches around his palace and the people fled; when the people abandon their ruler, what is there to wait for before they perish? To properly define one's borders, cultivate the land, fortify strategic passes and gathering places, be close to one's people, clarify military ranks and watch systems, maintain trust with neighboring states, carefully manage official duties, observe diplomatic etiquette, neither overstep nor covet, neither be timid nor arrogant, complete one's defenses in readiness for unforeseen events—what then is there to fear? As the Odes say: "Do not forget your ancestors; diligently cultivate virtue." Have you also taken this as a lesson? From Ruoao Fenmou up to Wu and Wen, the land they controlled did not exceed one tóng in size; yet by carefully guarding their four borders, they still did not build walls around Ying. "Now that we control several qí of land and yet choose to fortify Ying, is this not difficult?"

《昭公二十四年 - Duke Zhao Year 24 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十四年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十四年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十四年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十四年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公二十... :	二十四年，春，王三月，丙戌，仲孫貜卒。
		In the twenty-fourth year [of the reign], spring, the third month of the king, on the Bingxu day, Zhongsun Jue died.
Jump to dictionary		婼至自晉。
		Ruozhi came from Jin.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏五月乙未朔，日有食之。
		On the first day of the fifth month of summer, which was a Yiwei day, there was a solar eclipse.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，八月，大雩。
		In autumn, the eighth month, there was a great rain ritual (da yu).
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		丁酉，杞伯郁釐卒。
		On the Dingyou day, Qi Bo Yuli died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，吳滅巢。
		In winter, Wu destroyed Chao.
Jump to dictionary		葬杞平公。
		Qi Pinggong was buried.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十四年，春，王正月，辛丑，召簡公、南宮嚚以甘桓公見王子朝。劉子謂萇弘曰：「甘氏又往矣。」對曰：「何害同德度義。大誓曰，紂有億兆夷人。」亦有離德，余有亂臣十人，同心同德，此周所以興也。君其務德，無患無人。」戊午，王子朝入于鄔。
		In the twenty-fourth year, spring, first month of the king's reign, on the Xinchou day, Zhao Jian Gong and Nangong Yin presented Gan Huan Gong to Prince Chao. Liu Zi said to Chang Hong: "The Gans have gone there again." He replied, "What harm is there in sharing the same virtue and measuring righteousness?" "The Great Oath says: 'Zhou had hundreds of millions of common people.'" "There were also those who lost virtue; I had ten loyal ministers, united in heart and virtue. This is why Zhou rose to power." "You should focus on cultivating virtue; there will be no worry of having no people." On the Wuwu day, Prince Chao entered Wu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉士彌牟逆叔孫于箕，叔孫使梁其脛待于門內，曰：「余左顧而欬，乃殺之。右顧而笑，乃止。」叔孫見士伯。士伯曰：「寡君以為盟主之故，是以久子。不腆敝邑之禮，將致諸從者，使彌牟逆吾子。」叔孫受禮而歸。二月，「婼至自晉」，尊晉也。
		Jin Shi Mimu met Shusun at Ji. Shusun sent Liang Qijing to wait inside the gate, saying: "When I glance to my left and cough, you will kill him." "If I glance to my right and smile, then stop." Shusun met Shi Bo. Shi Bo said: "My lord kept you waiting for a long time because of the reason of being the leader of the alliance." "The modest gifts from our humble state will be presented to your attendants, and he sent Mi Mou to meet you, my lord." Shusun accepted the gifts and returned. In February, "Ruozhi came from Jin," indicating respect for Jin.
Jump to dictionary		三月庚戌，晉侯使士景伯蒞問周故。士伯立于乾祭，而問於介眾，晉人乃辭王子朝，不納其使。
		On the Gengxu day of the third month, Duke of Jin sent Shi Jingbo to inquire about the affairs in Zhou. Shi Bo stood at Qianjia and asked the intermediaries, so the Jin people then rejected Prince Chao, not accepting his envoys.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏五月乙未朔，日有食之。梓慎曰「將水」。昭子曰「旱也」。日過分，無陽猶不克，克必甚，能無旱乎，陽不克莫，將積聚也。」
		On the first day of May in summer, which was a Yiwei Day, there was a solar eclipse. 🌞🌑 Zi Shen said, "There will be flooding." Zhao Zi said, "It will be a drought." "The sun has passed the Midheaven; without yang, it still cannot overcome [the situation], and if it does overcome, it must be severe. How can there not be a drought? If yang cannot prevail in darkness, it will accumulate."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		六月壬申，王子朝之師攻瑕及杏，皆潰。鄭伯如晉，子大叔相，見范獻子。獻子曰：「若王室何？」對曰：「老夫其國家不能恤，敢及王室？抑人亦有言曰，嫠不恤其緯，而憂宗周之隕，為將及焉。』今王室實蠢蠢焉，吾小國懼矣，然大國之憂也。吾儕何知焉吾子其早圖之！詩曰，缾之罄矣，惟罍之恥，王室之不寧，晉之恥也。」獻子懼，而與宣子圖之。乃徵會於諸侯，期以明年。秋，八月，大雩，旱也。
		On the Ren Shen day of the sixth month, Prince Chao's army attacked Xia and Xing; both were defeated. Duke Zheng went to Jin, with Zi Dachu as his assistant, and met Fan Xianzi. Xianzi said: "What about the royal court?" He replied, "An old man like me cannot even care for his own family; how dare I concern myself with the royal court? "Yet there is a saying: 'A widow does not worry about her weaving, but laments the fall of the royal Zhou, fearing it will reach her as well.'" "Now the royal court is indeed in confusion; our small state fears this, yet it is a concern for the great states." "What do we know? You, my lord, should plan for it early!" "The Odes say: 'When the bottle is empty, it is the shame of the jar. The unrest in the royal court is a disgrace for Jin.'" Xianzi was alarmed and discussed it with Xuansi. They then summoned a meeting of the feudal lords, setting the date for next year. In autumn, August, there was a grand rain ritual (da yu), due to drought.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十月癸酉，王子朝用成周之寶珪于河。甲戌，津人得諸河上。陰不佞以溫人南侵，拘得玉者，取其玉。將賣之，則為石。王定而獻之，與之東訾。
		On the Gouyou day of the tenth month in winter, Prince Chao used the precious jade gui from Cheng Zhou at the Yellow River. On the Jiayu day, people of Jin found it on the riverbank. Yin Bining led a southern invasion with Wen people, detained those who had obtained the jade, and took their jade. He was about to sell it, but it turned out to be stone. After the king stabilized, he presented it and gave them Dongzi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚子為舟師，以略吳疆，沈尹戌曰：「此行也，楚必亡邑。不撫民而勞之，吳不動而速之，吳踵楚，而疆埸無備，邑能無亡乎？」越大夫胥犴勞王於豫章之汭，越公子倉歸王乘舟。倉及壽夢帥師從王，王及圉陽而還。吳人踵楚，而邊人不備，遂滅巢及鍾離而還，沈尹戌曰：「亡郢之始於此在矣。王壹動而亡二姓之帥，幾如是而不及郢《詩》曰，『誰生厲階？至今為梗，其王之謂乎！」
		Prince Chu organized a naval force to raid Wu's territory. Shen Yin Xu said: "This expedition will surely result in the loss of a city for Chu." "They do not pacify the people but exhaust them; they provoke Wu without action, and Wu will follow up on Chu's weakness while the border is unprepared. How can a city avoid being lost?" Yue 大夫 Xu An labored for King Wang at Ru of Yuzhang, and Yue Gongzi Cang returned the royal barge to King Wang. Cang and Shoumeng led troops following the king; the king reached Yu Yang and then returned. The Wu people followed up on Chu, and the border guards were unprepared; thus they destroyed Chao and Zhongli before returning. Shen Yin Xu said: "The beginning of the fall of Ying started right here." "The king made one move and lost two chieftains; how close this is to not reaching Ying." The Odes say, "Who created the steps of calamity?" "They remain a thorn in our side until today. Could it be referring to the king!"

《昭公二十五年 - Duke Zhao Year 25 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公二十五年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十五年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十五年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十五年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十五年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公二十... :	二十有五年，春，叔孫婼如宋。
		In the twenty-fifth year, spring, Shu Sunruo went to Song.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，叔詣會晉趙鞅，宋樂大心，衛北宮喜，鄭游吉，曹人，邾人，滕人，薛人，小邾人，于黃父。
		In summer, Shu Yi met with Jin Zhao Yang, Song Yue Daxin, Wei Beigong Xi, Zheng Youji, Cao people, Zhu people, Teng people, Xue people, and Xiao Zhu people at Huangfu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		有鸜鵒來巢。
		A qiongzhi came to nest.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋七月上辛，大雩。季辛，又雩。
		In the first xin day of the seventh month in autumn, a great rain prayer was held. On the ji xin day, another rain prayer was conducted.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，巳月己亥，公孫于齊，次于陽州。齊侯唁公于野井。
		In the ninth month, on the jiyi and jihai days, Gong Sun went to Qi and stayed at Yangzhou. Duke of Qi consoled Gong at Yejing.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十月戊辰，叔孫婼卒。
		In the tenth month of winter, on the wuchen day, Shu Sunruo died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十有一月己亥，宋公佐卒于曲棘。十有二月，齊侯取鄆。
		On the jihai day of the eleventh month, Duke Song Gongzuo died at Quji. In the twelfth month, Duke of Qi captured Yun.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十五年，春，叔孫婼聘于宋，桐門右師見之，語，卑宋大夫而賤司城氏。昭子告其人曰：「右師其亡乎君子貴其身，而後能及人，是以有禮。今夫子卑其大夫而賤其宗，是賤其身也，能有禮乎無禮，必亡。」宋公享昭子，賦《新宮》。昭子賦《車轄》。明日宴，飲酒樂，宋公使昭子右坐，語相泣也。樂祁佐退而告人曰：「今茲君與叔孫其皆死乎！吾聞之，哀樂而樂哀，皆喪心也。』心之精爽，是謂魂魄。魂魄去之，何以能久？」
		In the twenty-fifth year: in spring, Shu Sunruo was on a mission to Song. At Tongmen Youshi, he met with someone and spoke; he showed disrespect toward the Song officials and looked down upon the Sicheng clan. Zhaoyi told his people, "The Right Shi is likely to perish. A gentleman values himself first and then can attend to others; that is why he observes propriety." "Now, the master shows disrespect toward his own officials and looks down upon his clan; this is to devalue himself. How can he observe propriety? Without propriety, he must perish." Duke of Song hosted a banquet for Zhaoyi and recited the poem "Xin Gong." Zhaoyi recited the poem "Che Xia." The next day, at a banquet where wine and music were enjoyed, Duke of Song seated Zhaoyi to his right side, and they spoke with tears. Yue Qi Zuo retreated and told others, "Now this ruler and Shu Sun will surely both die!" I have heard that to grieve for joy or rejoice in sorrow is all a sign of lost mind." The clarity and brilliance of the heart are called hunpo (soul and spirit). "If their souls and spirits leave, how can they endure long?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		季公若之姊為小邾夫人，生宋元夫人，生子，以妻季平子。昭子如宋聘，且逆之。公若從，謂曹氏勿與，魯將逐之。曹氏告公。公告樂祁。樂祁曰：「與之。如是，魯君必出。政在季氏三世矣，魯君喪政四公矣。無民而能逞其志者，未之有也，國君是以鎮撫其民。《詩》曰：『人之云亡，心之憂矣。』魯君失民焉，焉得逞其志，靖以待命猶可，動必憂。」
		Ji Gong Ruo's sister was the Lady of Xiao Zhu, who bore the Lady Yuan of Song. She had a son, who married Ji Pingzi. Zhaoyi went to Song on a diplomatic mission and also to escort her back. Gong Ruo followed, telling the Cao clan not to give it up, as Lu would expel them. The Cao clan informed the Duke. The Duke informed Yue Qi. Yue Qi said, "Give it to them." If we do so, the ruler of Lu will certainly leave. The power has been in the hands of the Ji clan for three generations; the rulers of Lu have lost political authority through four dukes already. There has never been a case where someone without the people's support could achieve his ambitions; this is why a national ruler must pacify and govern the people. The "Poem" says: "When people are lost, the heart grieves." "The ruler of Lu has lost his people; how can he achieve his ambitions? It is still acceptable for him to remain calm and await orders, but any action will surely bring worries."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，會于黃父，謀王室也。趙簡子令諸侯之大夫輸王粟，具戌人，曰，明年將納王，子大叔見趙簡子，簡子問揖讓周旋之禮焉。對曰：「是儀也，非禮也。」簡子曰：「敢問，何謂禮？」對曰，吉也聞諸先大夫子產曰，夫禮，天之經也，地之義也，民之行也。』天地之經，而民實則之。則天之明，因地之性，生其六氣，用其五行。氣為五味，發為五色，章為五聲。淫則昏亂，民失其性。是故為禮以奉之，為六畜，五牲，三犧，以奉五味，為九文，六采，五章，以奉五色，為九歌、八風、七音、六律，以奉五聲。為君臣上下，以則地義，為夫婦外內，以經二物，為父子，兄弟，姑姊，甥舅，昏媾，姻亞，以象天明，為政事，庸力行務，以從四時，為刑罰，威獄，使民畏忌，以類其震曜殺戮，為溫慈惠和，以效天之生殖長育。民有好惡喜怒哀樂，生于六氣，是故審則宜類，以制六志。哀有哭泣，樂有歌舞，喜有施舍，怒有戰鬥，喜生於好，怒生於惡。是故審行信令，禍福賞罰，以制死生，生，好物也，死，惡物也，好物樂也，惡物哀也，哀樂不失，乃能協于天地之性，是以長久。」簡子曰：「甚哉，禮之大也！」對曰，禮上下之紀，天地之經緯也，民之所以生也，是以先王尚之。故人之能自曲直以赴禮者，謂之成人。大，不亦宜乎！」簡子曰：「鞅也，請終身守此言也。」宋樂大心曰：「我不輸粟。我於周為客，若之何使客？」晉士伯曰，自踐土以來，宋何役之不會，而何盟之不同曰『同恤王室』，子焉得辟之？子奉君命以會大事，而宋背盟，無乃不可乎右師不敢對，受牒而退。士伯告簡子曰：「宋右師必亡。奉君命以使，而欲背盟以干盟主，無不祥大焉。」
		In summer, they met at Huangfu, planning about the royal court. Zhao Jianzi ordered the officials of various feudal lords to supply grain for the king and prepare soldiers, saying that they would restore the king next year. Ziqi Doushi met with Zhao Jianzi, who asked him about the rites of bowing, yielding, and proper conduct. He replied, "This is a ritual formality, not true propriety." Zhao Jianzi said, "I dare to ask, what then is propriety?" He replied: "Ji has heard from my late master Zi Chan that propriety is the principle of Heaven, the righteousness of Earth, and the conduct of the people." The principles of Heaven and Earth are followed by the people in their actions. Following the clarity of Heaven, adapting to the nature of Earth, they produce its six qi (vital energies) and employ its five elements. Qi manifests as five flavors, expresses as five colors, and becomes distinct in the five sounds. Excess leads to confusion and disorder, causing the people to lose their nature. Therefore, rites are established to serve them: six domestic animals, five sacrificial beasts, and three sacrificial oxen are provided for the five flavors; nine patterns, six colors, and five designs are used for the five colors; nine songs, eight winds, seven tones, and six pitch standards are arranged for the five sounds. Hierarchies of rulers and ministers, superiors and subordinates are established to follow the righteousness of Earth; distinctions between husband and wife, inside and outside (family) are set up to regulate these two principles. Relationships among father and son, brothers, aunts and uncles, nieces and nephews, in-laws, and relatives are arranged to emulate the clarity of Heaven. Governance and affairs, labor and duties are organized according to the four seasons. Punishments, authority, and prisons are established so that people fear and restrain themselves, corresponding to the phenomena of thunder, light, killing, and destruction. Kindness, gentleness, compassion, and harmony are practiced to emulate Heaven's nurturing and growth of life. The people have preferences, aversions, joy, anger, sorrow, and happiness, which arise from the six qi. Therefore, careful discernment of what is appropriate for each category controls these six emotions. Sorrow brings weeping, joy brings singing and dancing, happiness leads to giving and generosity, anger leads to battle. Happiness arises from preference; anger arises from aversion. Therefore, by carefully enforcing trustworthy commands and regulating blessings, misfortunes, rewards, and punishments to control life and death, we understand that life is a good thing, while death is an evil one. Good things bring joy; evil ones bring sorrow. When sorrow and joy are properly balanced, harmony with the nature of Heaven and Earth can be achieved, thus ensuring longevity." Zhao Jianzi said: "How great is the importance of rites!" He replied, "Rites are the foundation for hierarchy and order; they are the meridians of Heaven and Earth. They are what people rely on to live, which is why previous kings valued them." Therefore, a person who can adjust their own actions between crookedness and uprightness in accordance with rites is called an adult. How great! Is it not most appropriate!" Zhao Jianzi said: "Yang, I shall uphold these words for the rest of my life." Song Yue Daxin said, "I will not supply grain. "I am a guest to the Zhou dynasty; how can I be ordered like a servant?" Jin Shibai said, "Since the time of Jian Tu, in what military campaign has Song not participated, and which alliance has it not joined? It was said 'to jointly assist the royal court.' How can you avoid this responsibility?" "You are carrying your ruler's command to attend a major assembly, yet Song has violated the alliance. Is this not unacceptable?" The Right Shi dared not reply and accepted the document before retreating. Shi Bai informed Zhao Jianzi, "The Right Shi of Song is certainly going to perish. "He was entrusted with the ruler's command on a mission but wished to break an alliance and defy its leader; there could be no greater ill omen."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		有鸜鵒來巢。書所無也，師己曰，異哉，吾聞文武之世，童謠有之曰，鴝之鵒之，公出辱之，鴝鵒之羽，公在外野，往饋之馬，鴝鵒跦跦，公在乾侯，徵褰與襦。鴝鵒之巢，遠哉遙遙，稠父喪勞，宋父以驕，鴝鵒鴝鵒，往歌來哭，童謠有是。今鴝鵒來巢，其將及乎。
		A qiongzhi bird came to nest. This is an unprecedented event. Shi Ji said, "Strange! I have heard that in the time of Wen and Wu, there was a children's rhyme which said: 'Qiong zhi, zhi zhi; the ruler goes out and disgraces it. The feathers of qiongzhi; the ruler stays in the wilds, sending horses as offerings. Qiongzhi walks slowly, the ruler is at Ganhous, collecting skirts and shirts.'" "The nest of qiongzhi, so far away and remote; Chou Fu suffers toil, Song Fu grows arrogant. Qiong zhi qiong zhi, going with songs and returning with weeping—this is the children's rhyme." Now that a qiongzhi has come to nest, perhaps it will reach us.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，書再雩，旱甚也。初，季公鳥娶妻於齊鮑文子，生甲。公鳥死，季公亥與公思展與公鳥之臣申夜姑相其室。及季姒與饔人檀通，而懼，乃使其妾抶己，以示秦遄之妻，曰，公若欲使余，余不可而抶余，又訴於公甫，曰，展與夜姑將要余，秦姬以告公之。公之與公甫告平子，平子拘展於卞，而執夜姑，將殺之。公若泣而哀之，曰，殺是，是殺余也，將為之請，平子使豎勿內，日中，不得請。有司逆命，公之使速殺之。故公若怨平子。季、郈之雞鬥。季氏介其雞，郈氏為之金距。平子怒，益宮於郈氏，且讓之，故郈昭伯亦怨平子。臧昭伯之從弟會，為讒於臧氏，而逃於季氏。臧氏執旃。平子怒，拘臧氏老。將褅於襄公，萬者二人，其眾萬於季氏，臧孫曰：「此之謂不能庸先君之廟。」大夫遂怨平子。公若獻弓於公為，且與之出射於外，而謀去季氏。公為告公果、公賁。公果，公賁，使侍人僚柤告公，公寢，將以戈擊之，乃走。公曰：「執之！」亦無命也。懼而不出，數月不見。公不怒，又使言，公執戈以懼之，乃走。又使言，公曰：「非小人之所及也。」公果自言，公以告臧孫，臧孫以難。告郈孫，郈孫以可，勸。告子家懿伯，懿伯曰，讒人以君徼幸，事若不克，君受其名，不可為也。舍民數世，以求克事，不可必也。且政在焉，其難圖也。」公退之，辭曰：「臣與聞命矣，言若洩，臣不獲死。」乃館於公。叔孫昭子如闞，公居於長府。九月戊戌，伐季氏，殺公之于門，遂入之。平子登臺而請曰：「君不察臣之罪，使有司討臣以干戈，臣請待於沂上以察罪。」弗許，請囚于費，弗許。請以五乘亡，弗許。子家子曰：「君其許之！政自之出久矣，隱民多取食焉，為之徒者眾矣。日入慝作，弗可知也。眾怒不可蓄也，蓄而弗治，將薀，薀蓄民將生心，生心，同求將合。君必悔之。」弗聽，郈孫曰：「必殺之。」公使郈孫逆孟懿子。叔孫氏之司馬鬷戾言於其眾曰：「若之何？」莫對，又曰：「我，家臣也，不敢知國。凡有季氏與無，於我孰利？」皆曰：「無季氏，是無叔孫氏也。」鬷戾曰，然則救諸，帥徒以往，陷西北隅以入。公徒釋甲，執冰而踞，遂逐之，孟氏使登西北隅，以望季氏，見叔孫氏之旌，以告。孟氏執郈昭伯，殺之于南門之西，遂伐公徒，子家子曰：「諸臣偽劫君者，而負罪以出，君止。意如之事君也，不敢不改。」公曰，余不忍也，與臧孫如墓謀，遂行，己亥，公孫于齊，次于陽州。齊侯將唁公于平陰，公先至于野井，齊侯曰：「寡人之罪也。使有司待於平陰，為近故也，書曰：「公孫于齊，次于陽州。齊侯唁公于野井」，禮也。將求於人，則先下之，禮之善物也。齊侯曰，自莒疆以西，請致千社，以待君命。寡人將帥敝賦以從執事，唯命是聽。君之憂，寡人之憂也。」公喜，子家子曰：「天祿不再。天若胙君，不過周公。以魯足矣。失魯而以千社為臣，誰與之立且齊君無信，不如早之晉。」弗從，臧昭伯率從者將盟，載書曰：「戮力壹心，好惡同之。信罪之有無。繾綣從公，無通外內！」以公命示子家子。子家子曰：「如此，吾不可以盟。羈也不佞，不能與二三子同心，而以為皆有罪。或欲通外內，且欲去君。二三子好亡而惡定，焉可同也陷君於難，罪孰大焉通外內而去君，君將速入，弗通何為而何守焉？」乃不與盟。昭子自闞歸，見平子。平子稽顙，曰：「子若我何？」昭子曰：「人誰不死子以逐君成名，子孫不忘，不亦傷乎將若子何？」平子曰，苟使意如得改事君，所謂生死而肉骨也，昭子從公于齊，與公言。子家子命適公館者執之。公與昭子言於幄內，曰：「將安眾而納公。」公徒將殺昭子，伏諸道，左師展告公。公使昭子自鑄歸。平子有異志。冬十月辛酉，昭子齊於其寢，使祝宗祈死。戊辰，卒，左師展將以公乘馬而歸，公徒執之。
		In autumn, the records mention two rain prayers; this indicates an extremely severe drought. Originally, Ji Gongniao married a wife from Bao Wenzhi of Qi and had a son named Jia. After Gongniao's death, Ji Gonghai, Gong Sizhan, and Gongniao's official Shen Yegu managed his household. When Ji Si and the cook Tuan had an affair, she became fearful. She then had her concubine beat herself to show Qin Chuan's wife, saying, "If Gong Ruo wanted me to do something, I refused and was beaten." She also complained to Gong Fu, saying, "Zhan and Yegu are going to kidnap me," and the wife of Qin informed the Duke. The Duke and Gong Fu reported this to Pingzi, who detained Zhan at Bian and arrested Yegu, intending to kill them. Gong Ruo wept and mourned for them, saying, "To kill these people is to kill me." He intended to plead on their behalf, but Pingzi ordered a servant not to let him in. By midday, he had still been unable to make his request. The officials defied the order; the Duke sent someone to execute them quickly. Therefore, Gong Ruo resented Pingzi. The cocks of Ji and Hou fought. The Ji clan padded their roosters, while the Hou clan equipped theirs with metal spurs. Pingzi was angry and expanded his palace at the Hou estate, while also rebuking them. Thus, Hou Zhao Bo also resented Pingzi. Zang Zhao Bo's cousin Hui spread slander within the Zang clan and fled to the Ji clan. The Zang clan arrested him. Pingzi was furious and detained the elder of the Zang clan. They were about to perform a sacrifice at the temple of Duke Xiang, with two groups of ten thousand people. One group was stationed at Ji's estate. Zang Sun said: "This is what is called being unable to properly serve the ancestral temple of our former ruler." The officials thus resented Pingzi. Gong Ruo presented a bow to Gong Wei and went out with him for archery practice outside, while plotting to remove the Ji clan. Gong Wei informed Gong Guo and Gong Bin. Gong Guo and Gong Bin sent a servant named Liaozha to inform the Duke. The Duke was asleep, so they intended to attack him with spears but then fled instead. The Duke said: "Arrest them!" There was no order given either. They were afraid and did not appear, remaining unseen for several months. The Duke was not angry but sent a message again. The Duke held a spear to intimidate them, and they fled once more. They sent another message, and the Duke said: "This is beyond what common people can handle." Gong Guo made a personal statement. The Duke informed Zang Sun, who found it difficult to deal with. They informed Hou Sun, who considered it feasible and encouraged action. They informed Zijia Yibo, who said: "A slanderer is using the ruler to take a gamble. If this matter fails, the ruler will bear its blame; it cannot be done." To abandon the people of several generations in pursuit of success is uncertain at best. Moreover, power lies with them; it will be difficult to plot against them." The Duke withdrew from the plan. He said in parting, "I have heard your orders, and if this information leaks out, I will not be able to die honorably." He was then housed at the palace of the Duke. Shu Sun Zhaoyi went to Kan, and the ruler stayed at Changfu. On the wuxiu day of the ninth month, they attacked the Ji clan, killing Gong Zhi at the gate and then entering their estate. Pingzi climbed the platform and pleaded, saying: "Your Majesty has not examined my innocence; you have sent officials to attack me with weapons. I request to await judgment at Yishang so that my guilt may be investigated." It was not permitted. He then requested to be imprisoned in Fei, but this too was denied. He asked for permission to flee with five chariots; it was also refused. Zijiazi said, "Your Majesty should grant his request! Political authority has been in their hands for a long time; many hidden people rely on them for food, and they have numerous followers. When the sun sets, evil deeds arise, and it is unpredictable what may happen. The anger of the people cannot be contained; if suppressed without resolution, it will accumulate. Accumulated resentment among the people will lead to unrest, and once unrest arises, shared grievances will unite them. Your Majesty will surely regret it." He did not listen. Hou Sun said, "We must kill him." The ruler sent Hou Sun to meet Meng Yizi. Zong Li, the military commander of the Shu Sun clan, said to his people: "What should we do?" No one responded. He then said again: "I am a household official; I dare not concern myself with state affairs. Which is more beneficial for us, having the Ji clan or not?" They all said: "Without the Ji clan, there would be no Shu Sun clan either." Zong Li said, "If that is so, we should go to their aid. Leading his men forward, he led them in and occupied the northwest corner to enter." The ruler's troops removed their armor, held ice and sat cross-legged, thus driving them away. Mengshi sent someone to climb the northwest corner to observe the Ji clan; they saw the banner of Shu Sun clan and reported it. Mengshi seized Hou Zhao Bo and killed him west of the southern gate, then attacked the ruler's troops. Zijiazi said: "The ministers are pretending to kidnap Your Majesty while bearing guilt as they leave; please remain here, O Ruler." "As for Yi Ru's service to the ruler, I dare not fail to correct it." The ruler said, "I cannot bear it." He then went with Zang Sun to the tomb for a discussion and proceeded. On the jihai day, Gong Sun fled to Qi and stayed at Yangzhou. Duke of Qi was going to console the ruler in Pingyin, but the ruler arrived first at Yejing. Duke of Qi said: "It is my fault." He ordered officials to await him in Pingyin because it was nearby. The Records state: "The ruler fled to Qi, and stayed at Yangzhou." "Duke of Qi consoled the ruler at Yejing"—this was in accordance with ritual propriety. When one is about to seek something from others, he should first humble himself; this is a virtue of ritual. Duke of Qi said: "From the western border of Ju to the west, I request to present one thousand she in order to await Your Majesty's command." "I will lead my meager forces to follow your commands, and I shall obey whatever orders you give." "Your worries are also my worries." The ruler was pleased. Zijiazi said: "Heaven's blessings will not come again. If Heaven were to bestow favor upon Your Majesty, it would not surpass that of Duke Zhou. Lu is sufficient enough." Losing Lu and having a thousand communities as subjects, who would support such a ruler? Moreover, the Duke of Qi is not trustworthy; it is better to go to Jin sooner." He did not follow this advice. Zang Zhao Bo led his followers and was about to form an alliance, with the written oath stating: "Exerting united strength and a single heart, sharing in each other's joys and sorrows." "Believe in the existence or non-existence of guilt. "Be closely attached to the ruler, and do not communicate between inside and outside!" He showed Zijiazi the order from the ruler. Zijiazi said: "If this is the case, I cannot participate in the oath. "I am Ji Bu Neng, not eloquent enough to share a united heart with these few gentlemen, yet I believe they are all guilty. "Some wish to communicate between inside and outside, and furthermore, desire to remove the ruler." "These few gentlemen prefer to flee and dislike stability; how can we be in agreement? To involve the ruler in hardship, what greater crime could there be than that? To communicate between inside and outside and remove the ruler—should the ruler quickly enter [into their plan], why not communicate? What is there left to defend?" Thus, he did not join in the oath. Zhaoyizi returned from Kan and saw Pingzi. Pingzi kowtowed, saying: "What will you do to me?" Zhaoyizi said: "Who among men does not die? You have gained a reputation for driving away the ruler, and your descendants will never forget it. Would that not be regrettable? What should I do with you?" Pingzi said: "If only Yi Ru may be allowed to correct his service to the ruler, that would truly be like giving life and flesh back to bones. Zhaoyizi followed the ruler to Qi and spoke with him." Zijiazi ordered those who had gone to the palace to arrest them. The ruler and Zhaoyizi spoke inside a tent, saying: "We will pacify the people and welcome you back as ruler." The ruler's troops were about to kill Zhaoyizi; they lay in ambush along the road, and Zuo Shi Zhan informed the ruler. The ruler sent Zhaoyizi back from Zhu. Pingzi had ulterior intentions. In the winter, on the xinyou day of the tenth month, Zhaoyizi lay in his bedroom and had the chief priest pray for death. On the wuchen day, he died. Zuo Shi Zhan intended to return with the ruler's horses, but was seized by the ruler's troops.
Jump to dictionary		壬申，尹文公涉于鞏，焚東訾，弗克。
		On the renshen day, Yin Wengong crossed to Gong, set fire to Dongzi, but failed to conquer it.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十一月，宋公元公將為公故如晉，夢大子欒即位於廟，已與平公服而相之。旦，召六卿。公曰，寡人不佞，不能事父兄，以為二三子憂，寡人之罪也。若以群子之靈，獲保首領以歿，唯是楄柎所以藉幹者，請無及先君。」仲幾對曰，君若以社稷之故，私降昵宴，群臣弗敢知，若夫宋國之法，死生之度，先君有命矣，群臣以死守之，弗敢失隊。臣之失職，常刑不赦。臣不忍其死，君命祗辱，宋公遂行。己亥，卒于曲棘。
		In the eleventh month, Duke Yu of Song was going to Jin on behalf of the ruler; he dreamed that Crown Prince Luan took his place in the ancestral temple, and after putting on the robes of the Son of Heaven and Duke Ping, they assisted each other. In the morning, he summoned the six high ministers. The ruler said: "I am not eloquent; I have been unable to serve my father and elder brothers, causing worry for these few gentlemen. This is my fault." "If, by the grace of you gentlemen, I may preserve my head and die peacefully, then these wooden tablets used to support the coffin—please do not involve our ancestors." Zhong Ji replied: "If Your Majesty lowers yourself for the sake of the state and holds a private banquet, your ministers dare not know about it. As for the laws of Song, the measures regarding life and death—our late ruler has already given orders; we subjects will guard them with our lives and dare not deviate." "A minister who fails in his duty is subject to regular punishment without pardon. "I cannot bear the thought of his death," said the ruler, "but a royal command brings only disgrace." Thus, Duke of Song proceeded on his journey. On the jihai day, he died at Quji.
Jump to dictionary		十二月庚辰，齊侯圍鄆。
		On the gengchen day of the twelfth month, Duke of Qi besieged Yun.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		初，臧昭伯如晉，臧會竊其寶龜僂句，以卜為信與僭，僭吉，臧氏老將如晉問，會請往，昭伯問家故，盡對。及內子與母弟叔孫，則不對。再三問，不對。歸，及郊，會逆。問，又如初。至，次於外而察之，皆無之。執而戮之，逸，奔郈。郈魴假使為賈正焉。計於季氏，臧氏使五人，以戈楯伏諸桐汝之閭，會出，逐之，反奔，執諸季氏中門之外。平子怒，曰：「何故以兵入吾門？」拘臧氏老。季、臧有惡。及昭伯從公，平子立臧會。會曰，僂句不余欺也。
		Initially, Zang Zhao Bo went to Jin. Zang Hui secretly took his precious oracle turtle named Louju and used it to divinate whether to be loyal or to usurp power; the omen for usurpation was auspicious. An elder of the Zang clan planned to go to Jin to inquire about family affairs, so Hui requested to go instead. Zhao Bo asked about matters at home, and Hui answered them all. When it came to his wife and maternal younger brother Shu Sun, he did not answer. After being asked again and again, he still did not respond. When returning, upon reaching the outskirts, Hui met him. He asked again, and Hui responded as before. Upon arrival, he stayed outside the city to investigate, but found nothing at all. He was seized and executed, but escaped and fled to Hou. Hou Fang pretended to send him as a merchant. They plotted with the Ji clan. The Zang clan sent five men, who lay in ambush at Tongru's gate with spears and shields. When Hui came out, they chased him; he fled back but was captured outside the central gate of the Ji clan's estate. Pingzi became angry and said: "What is the reason for bringing weapons into my gate?" He detained an elder of the Zang clan. The Ji and Zang clans had enmity. When Zhao Bo followed the ruler, Pingzi appointed Zang Hui. Hui said: "Louju did not deceive me."
Jump to dictionary		楚子使薳射城州屈，復茄人焉，城丘皇，遷訾人焉。使熊相禖郭巢，季然郭卷。子大叔聞之，曰：「楚王將死矣。使民不安其土，民必憂，憂將及王，弗能久矣。」
		Duke of Chu sent Wei She to build a city at Zhouqu, resettling the people from Qia; he also built a city at Qiuhuang and relocated the people from Zi there. He sent Xiong Xiang to build walls around Chao, and Ji Ran to build walls around Juan. Zi Dashi heard of this and said: "The King of Chu is about to die. "He makes the people uneasy in their land; the people will surely worry, and this anxiety will reach the king. He cannot last long."

《昭公二十六年 - Duke Zhao Year 26 》

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Books referencing 《昭公二十六年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十六年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十六年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十六年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十六年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公二十... :	二十有六年，春，王正月，葬宋元公。
		In the twenty-sixth year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king, the Duke Yuan of Song was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月，公至自齊，居于鄆。
		In March, the duke returned from Qi and resided in Yun.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，公圍成。
		In summer, the duke besieged Cheng.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，公會齊侯、莒子、邾子、杞伯，盟于鄟陵。公至自會，居于鄆。
		In autumn, the duke met with Duke Qi of Qi, Jizi, Zhuzi, and Bobo of Qi, and they formed an alliance at Chuling. The duke returned from the meeting and resided in Yun.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月庚申，楚子居卒。
		On the Gengshen day of the ninth month, King Ju of Chu died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十月，天王入于成周。尹氏、召伯、毛伯以王子朝奔楚。
		In the tenth month of winter, the Son of Heaven entered Chengzhou. Yin Shi, Zhao Bo, and Mao Bo fled to Chu with Prince Chao.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十六年，春，王正月庚申，齊侯取鄆。
		In the twenty-sixth year, spring, on the Gengshen day of January, Duke Qi captured Yun.
Jump to dictionary		葬宋元公，如先君，禮也。
		The burial of Duke Yuan of Song followed the rites for previous kings; this was in accordance with propriety.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月，公至自齊，處于鄆，言魯地也。夏，齊侯將納公，命無受魯貨。申豐從女賈，以幣錦二兩，縛一如瑱，適齊師，謂子猶之人高齮，「能貨子猶，為高氏後，粟五千庾」。高齮以錦示子猶，子猶欲之。齮曰：「魯人買之，百兩一布。以道之不通，先入幣財。」子猶受之，言於齊侯曰：「群臣不盡力于魯君者，非不能事君也。然據有異焉。宋元公為魯君如晉，卒於曲棘，叔孫昭子求納其君，無疾而死，不知天之棄魯耶，抑魯君有罪於鬼神故及此也君若待于曲棘，使群臣從魯君以卜焉。若可，師有濟也，君而繼之，茲無敵矣。若其無成，君無辱焉。」齊侯從之。使公子鉏帥師從公成大夫公孫朝謂平子曰：「有都，以衛國也，請我受師。」許之，請納質，弗許，曰：「信女，足矣。」告於齊師曰：「孟氏，魯之敝室也。用成已甚，弗能忍也，請息肩于齊。」齊師圍成。成人伐齊師之飲馬于淄者，曰：「將以厭眾。」魯成備而後告曰：「不勝眾。」師及齊師戰于炊鼻。齊子淵捷從洩聲子，射之中楯瓦，繇朐汏輈，匕入者三寸。聲子射其馬，斬鞅，殪。改駕，人以為鬷戾也，而助之。子車曰：「齊人也。」將擊子車，子車射之，殪。其御曰：「又之。」子車曰：「眾可懼也，而不可怒也。」子囊帶從野洩，叱之。洩曰：「軍無私怒，報乃私也，將亢子。」又叱之，亦叱之，冉豎射陳武子，中手，失弓而罵。以告平子曰，有君子白皙，鬒鬚眉，甚口，平子曰：「必子彊也，無乃亢諸？」對曰：「謂之君子，何敢亢之？」林雍羞為顏鳴右，下。苑何忌取其耳。顏鳴去之。苑子之御曰：「視下！」顧苑子刜林雍，斷其足，鑋而乘於他車以歸，顏鳴三入齊師，呼曰：「林雍乘！」
		In March, the duke returned from Ji and stayed in Yun, indicating that it was within Lu territory. In summer, Duke Qi planned to restore the duke but ordered that no goods be accepted from Lu. Shen Feng followed Nu Jia, carrying two liang of embroidered silk as a gift, one bundle tied like a tian. He went to the Qi army and told Gao Yi of Ziyou, "If you can bribe Ziyou, I will be considered a descendant of the Gao family and give you five thousand gu of millet." Gao Yi showed the embroidered silk to Ziyou, and Ziyou wanted it. Yi said, "The Lu people buy them at a hundred liang for one piece of cloth." "Because the road is not open, we should first send in gifts and wealth." Ziyou accepted it and told Duke Qi, "Ministers who do not exert themselves for the ruler of Lu are not incapable of serving you. Yet there is something different about them." Duke Yuan of Song acted as the ruler for Lu and went to Jin, but died at Quji. Shusun Zhaosi sought to restore his lord, yet he died without illness; it is unknown whether Heaven has abandoned Lu or if the ruler of Lu committed a crime against ghosts and gods that led to this fate. If Your Majesty waits in Quji, you may send ministers with the ruler of Lu to consult the oracle. If it is favorable, our army will succeed; if Your Majesty follows up on this, we shall be invincible. "If it does not succeed, Your Majesty will suffer no disgrace." Duke Qi followed his advice. lords The ruler of Qi sent Gongzi Chu to lead the army and follow the duke. Cheng Daifu Gongsun Chao told Pingzi, "We have a capital city to defend the state; please allow me to accept command of the troops." He agreed, and requested to send a hostage, but this was not allowed; it was said, "Trusting you is sufficient." They informed the Qi army, "The Meng family is a humble house of Lu. Their arrogance has gone too far; we can no longer endure it. Please allow us to rest our burdens with Qi." The Qi army besieged Cheng. The people of Cheng attacked the Qi troops drawing water for their horses from the Zhi River, saying, "This is to suppress the multitude." After Lu and Cheng had made preparations, they reported, "We cannot withstand the numbers." The army engaged the Qi forces in battle at Chuibi. Zi Yuanjie, following Xie Shengzi, shot an arrow that struck the shield and pierced through a tile. The arrow passed between the yaoqu and diao zhou, penetrating three cun into the object. Shengzi shot at its horse, cut off the reins, and killed it. They changed horses; people thought they were Zong Li and assisted them. Ziche said, "They are Qi people." They were about to attack Ziche, but Ziche shot them and killed one. His charioteer said, "Attack again." Ziche said, "The enemy can be frightened, but not provoked." Zinang Dai followed Ye Xie and scolded him. Xie said, "In the army, there is no private anger; this retaliation is personal, I will oppose you." He scolded again, and was also scolded in return. Ran Shu shot Chen Wuzi, hitting his hand, causing him to drop his bow while cursing. He reported this to Pingzi, saying there was a gentleman with fair skin, thick eyebrows and beard, who spoke eloquently. Pingzi said, "It must be Ziqiang; would he not oppose others?" He replied, "Calling him a gentleman, how dare I oppose him?" Lin Yong was ashamed to serve as the right-hand man of Yan Ming and stepped down. Yuan Heji took his ear. Yan Ming left him behind. The charioteer of Yuanzi said, "Look below!" Looking back, Yuanzi beheaded Lin Yong, cut off his foot, and placed the head on another chariot to return. Yan Ming entered the Qi army three times, shouting, "Lin Yong is riding!"
Jump to dictionary		四月，單子如晉告急。五月戊午，劉人敗王城之師于尸氏。戊辰，王城人、劉人戰于施谷，劉師敗績。
		In April, Dansi went to Jin to report an emergency. On the Wuwu day of May, the Liu people defeated the army at Wangcheng in Shishi. On the Wuchen day, the people of Wangcheng and the Liu people fought a battle at Shigu, where the Liu army suffered a crushing defeat.
Jump to dictionary		秋，盟于剸陵，謀納公也。
		In autumn, an alliance was formed at Zhuling, to plan for restoring the duke.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		七月，己巳，劉子以王出，庚午，次于渠。王城人焚劉。丙子，王宿于褚氏。丁丑，王次于萑谷。庚辰，王入于胥靡。辛巳，王次于滑。晉知躒、趙鞅帥師納王，使汝寬守關塞。
		In July, on the Jisi day, Liuzi led the king out; on the Gengwu day, they stopped at Qu. The people of Wangcheng set Liu on fire. On the Bingzi day, the king stayed at Chushi. On the Dingchou day, the king stopped at Huangu. On the Gengchen day, the king entered Xumi. On the Xinsi day, the king stopped in Hua. Jin Zhiqian and Zhao Yang led an army to restore the king and ordered Ru Kuan to guard the pass and blockades.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		九月，楚平王卒。令尹子常欲立子西，曰，大子壬弱，其母非適也，王子建實聘之。子西長而好善。立長則順，建善則治。王順、國治，可不務乎？」子西怒曰：「是亂國而惡君王也。國有外援，不可瀆也，王有適嗣，不可亂也。敗親速讎亂嗣，不祥。我受其名。賂吾以天下，吾滋不從也，楚國何為必殺令尹！」令尹懼，乃立昭王。
		In September, King Ping of Chu died. Lingyi Zichang wanted to install Zi Xi as ruler, saying, "The crown prince Ren is weak, and his mother was not the principal wife; it was actually Prince Jian who arranged for her." Zi Xi is older and fond of virtue. To establish the elder is to follow order; to build on virtue brings good governance. "Would it not be worth pursuing a king who follows order and a state that is well governed?" Zi Xi angrily said, "This would bring chaos to the state and displease the king. The state has external support; it cannot be trifled with. The king has a legitimate heir; he cannot be replaced." Disobeying one's kin invites swift enmity and disrupts the line of succession, which is an ill omen. "I will bear its name." "Even if you bribe me with the whole world, I would still refuse. Why must Chu necessarily kill the Lingyi?" Lingyi was frightened and thus installed King Zhao.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十月丙申，王起師于滑。辛丑，在郊，遂次于尸。十一月辛酉，晉師克鞏。召伯盈逐王子朝，王子朝及召氏之族，毛氏得，尹氏固，南宮嚚，奉周之典籍，以奔楚，陰忌奔莒以叛。召伯逆王于尸，及劉子、單子盟。遂軍圉澤，次于隄上。癸酉，王入于成周。甲戌，盟于襄宮。晉師成公般戍周而還。十二月癸未，王入于莊宮。王子朝使告于諸侯曰，昔武王克殷，成王靖四方，康王息民，並建母弟，以蕃屏周，亦曰，吾無專享文武之功，且為後人之迷敗傾覆而溺入于難，則振救之。』至于夷王，王愆于厥身，諸侯莫不並走其望，以祈王身。至于厲王，王心戾虐，萬民弗忍，居王于彘。諸侯釋位，以間王政。宣王有志，而後效官。至于幽王，天不弔周，王昏不若，用愆厥位，攜王奸命，諸侯替之，而建王嗣，用遷郟鄏，則是兄弟之能用力於王室也。至于惠王，天不靖周，生頹禍心，施于叔帶，惠、襄辟難，越去王都。則有晉鄭，咸黜不端，以綏定王家。則是兄弟之能率先王之命也。在定王六年，秦人降妖，曰，周其有髭王，亦克能脩其職，諸侯服享，二世共職，王室其有間王位，諸侯不圖，而受其亂災』。至于靈王，生而有髭，王甚神聖，無惡於諸侯。靈王、景王克終其世。今王室亂，單旗，劉狄，剝亂天下，壹行不若，謂先王何常之有，唯余心所命，其誰敢請之，帥群不弔之人，以行亂于王室，侵欲無厭，規求無度，貫瀆鬼神，慢棄刑法，倍奸齊盟，傲很威儀，矯誣先王。晉為不道，是攝是贊，思肆其罔極。茲不穀震盪播越，竄在荊蠻，未有攸厎。若我一二兄弟甥舅，獎順天法，無助狡猾，以從先王之命，毋速天罰，赦圖不穀，則所願也，敢盡布其腹心及先王之經，而諸侯實深圖之。昔先王之命曰：『王后無適，則擇立長。年鈞以德，德鈞以卜。』王不立愛，公卿無私，古之制也。穆后及大子壽，早天即世，單、劉贊私立少，以間先王。亦唯伯仲叔季圖之！」閔馬父聞子朝之辭，曰：「文辭以行禮也，子朝干景之命，遠晉之大，以專其志，無禮甚矣，文辭何為？」
		In the tenth month of winter on the Bingshen day, the king raised an army in Hua. On the Xinchou day, he was at Jiao and then stopped at Shi. In November on the Xinyou day, the Jin army captured Gong. Zhao Bo Ying drove out Prince Chao, who fled with the Zhao clan, Mao Shi De, Yin Shi Gu, and Nan Gong Yin, carrying the Zhou classics to Chu. Yin Ji fled to Ju in rebellion. Zhao Bo met the king at Shi and formed an alliance with Liuzi and Dansi. The army then moved to Yuzhe and stopped at Dishang. On the Gueyou day, the king entered Chengzhou. On the Jiayu day, an alliance was formed at Xianggong. The Jin army, under Gong Ban, garrisoned Zhou and then returned. In December on the Guwei day, the king entered Zhuanggong. Prince Chao sent a message to the feudal lords, saying: "In ancient times, King Wu defeated Yin, and King Cheng pacified all directions. King Kang gave rest to the people and established his maternal uncles as fiefs to serve as a protective barrier for Zhou. It was also said, 'I shall not exclusively enjoy the achievements of Wenwang and Wugong, but will instead rescue future generations from confusion, collapse, and drowning in calamity.'" By the time of King Yi, the king was at fault with his own person; no feudal lord failed to converge on his expectations in hopes for the king's well-being. By the time of King Li, the king's heart was cruel and tyrannical; the ten thousand people could no longer endure it, so they exiled him to Zhi. The feudal lords abandoned their posts in order to intervene in the king's governance. King Xuan had aspirations, and then officials followed his example. By the time of King You, Heaven did not assist Zhou. The king was dim and unworthy, thus losing his position. He carried a false royal command; the feudal lords replaced him and established the king's heir, thereby relocating to Jiru. This demonstrated that brothers were able to exert effort for the royal house. By the time of King Hui, Heaven did not bring peace to Zhou. A treacherous heart was born and passed on to Shudai; Kings Hui and Xiang fled from calamity and left their royal capital behind. At that time, Jin and Zheng jointly deposed the corrupt to stabilize the royal family. This demonstrated that brothers could lead by following the mandate of former kings. In the sixth year of King Ding's reign, a Qin person foretold an omen: "Zhou will have a bearded king who can also fulfill his duties. The feudal lords will submit and offer tribute; for two generations they will share responsibilities. There shall be an interim royal position in the royal house, yet the feudal lords do not plan for it and thus suffer chaos and disaster." By the time of King Ling, he was born with a beard; the king was very sacred and virtuous, causing no harm to the feudal lords. Kings Ling and Jing were able to complete their reigns successfully. Now the royal house is in chaos. Danshi, Liudi, and others have disrupted order throughout the world; they act without restraint, claiming that former kings had no fixed standards, but rather whatever their hearts decree. Who dares to question them? Leading a crowd of unscrupulous people, they bring disorder to the royal house, with insatiable greed and boundless ambition. They desecrate ghosts and gods, disregard laws and punishments, betray oaths made in Qi, show arrogance toward rites and ceremonies, and falsely claim the achievements of former kings. Jin acted immorally, seizing control and offering support while seeking to indulge in boundless disorder. Because of this, I, the unworthy ruler, have been shaken and driven into exile in Jingmian, without a place to settle. If my one or two brothers and in-laws would encourage me to follow the laws of Heaven, not assist the cunning, but obey the mandate of former kings, avoiding swift heavenly punishment, and plan for my relief, that would be what I desire. I dare now fully express my innermost thoughts and the teachings of former kings; it is up to the feudal lords to deeply consider this matter. In ancient times, the mandate of former kings said: "If a queen has no legitimate heir, then choose to establish the eldest." "If their ages are equal, select based on virtue; if virtues are equal, decide by divination." The king does not establish a favorite, and the high officials have no private interests—this is the ancient system. Queen Mu and Crown Prince Shou died young; Danshi and Liushi supported a younger prince to install him, thereby disrupting the mandate of former kings. This is something only the elder brothers and younger siblings should plan for!" Min Ma Fu heard Prince Chao's words and said, "Eloquent speech is used to carry out rites. Prince Chao defied the mandate of King Jing, ignored the great power of Jin, and pursued his own ambitions—this was extremely disrespectful. What use are eloquent words?"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		齊有彗星，齊侯使禳之。晏子曰，無益也，祇取誣焉，天道不諂不貳其命，若之何禳之且天之有彗也，以除穢也。君無穢德，又何禳焉若德之穢，禳之何損《詩》曰：『惟此文王，小心翼翼。昭事上帝，聿懷多福。厥德不回，以受方國。』君無違，德方國將至，何患於彗《詩》曰：『我無所監，夏后及商。用亂之故，民卒流亡。』若德回亂，民將流亡，祝史之為，無能補也。」公說，乃止。齊侯與晏子坐于路寢。公歎曰：「美哉室其誰有此乎？」晏子曰：「敢問，何謂也？」公曰：「吾以為在德。」對曰：「如君之言，其陳氏乎陳氏雖無大德，而有施於民。豆區釜鍾之數，其取之公也薄，其施之民也厚。公厚斂焉，陳氏厚施焉，民歸之矣。《詩》曰：『雖無德與女，式歌且舞。』陳氏之施，民歌舞之矣。後世若少惰，陳氏而不亡，則國其國也已。」公曰：「善哉是可若何？」對曰：「唯禮可以已之。在禮家施不及國，民不遷晨，不移工，賈不變士，不濫官，不滔大夫不收公利。」公曰：「善哉我不能矣。吾今而後知禮之可以為國也。」對曰：「禮之可以為國也久矣，與天地並。君令、臣共，父慈、子孝，兄愛、弟敬，夫和、妻柔，姑慈、婦聽，禮也。君令而不違，臣共而不貳，父慈而教，子孝而箴，兄愛而友，弟敬而順，夫和而義，妻柔而正，姑慈而從，婦聽而婉，禮之善物也。」公曰：「善哉，寡人今而後聞此禮之上也！」對曰：「先王所稟於天地以為其民也，是以先王上之。」
		A comet appeared in Qi; Duke Qi ordered rituals to ward it off. Yanzi said, "It will be of no benefit; it will only invite false accusations. The way of Heaven is not fawning and does not alter its mandate. How then can we ward off a comet? Moreover, when Heaven sends a comet, it is to remove filth." "If the ruler has no corrupt virtue, then why perform rituals to ward it off? If his virtue is corrupt, what harm would such rituals do?" The "Poem" says: "This was King Wen, who acted with utmost care and caution." "He clearly served the Supreme Deity and thus received much blessings in his heart." "His virtue was upright, and thereby he received the lands of many states." "If a ruler does not deviate from virtue, then the lands of many states will come to him. What should one fear about comets? The "Poem" says: 'I have no mirror but observe the Xia and Shang kings.'" "They used disorder as a result, causing the people to finally flee and wander." "If virtue is perverted into chaos, the people will be driven away. What priests and historians do cannot make up for it." The duke was convinced and so stopped [the rituals]. Duke Qi of Qi sat with Yanzhi in the hall. The duke sighed and said, "How beautiful this room is! Who will possess it?" Yanzi asked, "May I ask what you mean by that?" The duke said, "I thought it would belong to those with virtue." Yanzi replied, "According to your words, then it must be the Chen family. Although the Chen family may not have great virtue, they do show kindness to the people." "Their levies from the state in terms of dou, qu, fu, and zhong are light, while their distribution to the people is generous." "You heavily tax the people, whereas the Chen family generously gives; thus, the people have turned to them." The "Poem" says: "Though there is no virtue given to you, still sing and dance." "The kindness of the Chen family has already caused the people to sing and dance in joy." "If future generations slightly become idle, if the Chen family does not perish, then they will be the true rulers of this state." The duke said, "Well spoken! If that is so, what should we do?" Yanzi replied, "Only rites can stop it." "In accordance with rites, a family's distribution does not exceed the state; the people do not change their morning routines, artisans do not move from their trades, merchants do not alter prices, scholars are not appointed to offices inappropriately, officials do not overstep their bounds, and gentlemen do not appropriate public benefits." The duke said, "Well spoken! But I am unable to do so." "I now understand that rites can indeed preserve a state." Yanzi replied, "The role of rites in preserving the state has been long-standing; it exists alongside Heaven and Earth. "When the ruler issues commands, ministers cooperate; fathers are kind and sons filial; elder brothers love, younger brothers respect; husbands are harmonious and wives gentle; mothers-in-law are kind and daughters-in-law obedient—this is what rites are." "When the ruler issues commands and is not defied, when ministers cooperate without disloyalty; when fathers are kind and instructive, sons filial and admonishing; elder brothers loving and friendly, younger brothers respectful and obedient; husbands harmonious and righteous, wives gentle yet upright; mothers-in-law kind and yielding, daughters-in-law attentive and graceful—these are the good things of rites." The duke said, "Well spoken! I have now heard for the first time about this supreme aspect of rites!" Yanzi replied, "This is what former kings received from Heaven and Earth for their people; therefore, the former kings held it in high esteem."

《昭公二十七年 - Duke Zhao Year 27 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公二十七年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十七年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十七年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十七年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十七年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十有七年，春，公如齊。公至自齊，居于鄆。
		In the twenty-seventh year, spring, the Gong went to Qi. The Gong returned from Qi and resided in Yun.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏四月，吳弒其君僚。
		In the fourth month of summer, Wu assassinated its ruler Liao.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚殺其大夫郤宛。
		Chu killed its high official Xi Wan.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，晉士鞅，宋樂祁犁，衛北宮喜，曹人，邾人，滕人，會于扈。
		In autumn, Jin Shi Yang, Song Yue Qi Li, Wei Beigong Xi, Cao Ren, Zhu Ren, and Teng Ren met at Hu.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十月，曹伯午卒。
		In the tenth month of winter, Gao Bo Wu died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		邾快來奔。
		Zhu Kuai came to take refuge.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如齊，公至自齊，居于鄆。
		The Gong went to Qi, and upon returning from Qi, resided in Yun.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十七年春，公如齊。公至自齊，處于鄆，言在外也。
		In spring of the twenty-seventh year, the Gong went to Qi. The Gong returned from Qi and stayed in Yun, indicating that he was outside [the capital].
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		吳子欲因楚喪而伐之，使公子掩餘，公子燭庸，帥師圍潛。
		Prince Wu wanted to take advantage of the death of a member of the Chu royal family and attack them, so he sent Gongzi Yan Yu and Gongzi Zhu Yong to lead troops in besieging Qian.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		使延州來季子聘于上國，遂聘于晉，以觀諸侯，楚莠尹然，工尹麇，帥師救潛，左司馬，沈尹戌。帥都君子與王馬之屬，以濟師，與吳師遇于窮，令尹子常以舟師及沙汭而還，左尹郤宛，工尹壽，帥師至于潛，吳師不能退，吳公子光曰：「此時也，弗可失也。」告鱄設諸曰：「上國有言曰：『不索，何獲？』我，王嗣也，吾欲求之。事若克，季子雖至，不吾廢也。」鱄設諸曰：「王可弒也。母老、子弱，是無若我何？」光曰：「我，爾身也。」夏四月，光伏甲於堀室而享王。王使甲坐於道，及其門，門、階、戶、席皆王親也，夾之以鈹。羞者獻體改服於門外。執羞者坐行而入，執鈹者夾承之，及體，以相授也。光偽足疾，入于堀室。鱄設諸寘劍於魚中以進，抽劍刺王，鈹交於胸，遂弒王，闔廬以其子為卿。季子至曰，苟先君無廢祀，民人無廢主，社稷有奉，國家無傾，乃吾君也，吾誰敢怨，哀死事生，以待天命。非我生亂，立者從之，先人之道也。」復命哭墓，復位而待。吳公子掩餘奔徐，公子燭庸奔鍾吾，楚師聞吳亂而還。
		He sent Yan Zhoulai Jizi to pay a visit to the superior states, and thus also visited Jin, in order to observe the feudal lords. Chu You Yin Ran and Gong Yin Jun led troops to rescue Qian, while Zuo Sima Shen Yin Xu was involved as well. They led the gentlemen of Dujun and those in charge of royal horses, to support the army. They encountered the Wu forces at Qiong. Ling Yin Zichang led a naval force that reached Sha Rui and then returned. Zuo Yin Xi Wan and Gong Yin Shou led troops all the way to Qian. The Wu forces could not retreat. Wu Gongzi Guang said, "This is the moment; we must not miss it." Gao Zhuan Shezhu said: "There is a saying among the superior states that goes, 'Without seeking, how can one obtain?'" "I am the heir to the throne. I wish to pursue it." "If this endeavor is successful, even if Jizi arrives, he will not depose me." Gao Zhuan Shezhu replied: "The king can be assassinated. "The mother is old, the son is weak; there's nothing they can do to me." Guang said: "I am your own flesh and blood." In the fourth month of summer, Guang concealed armor in a pit chamber and entertained the king. The king had armored men sit along the road, all the way to his gate. The doors, steps, rooms, and mats were all personally arranged by the king, with spear-wielding guards stationed on both sides. The attendants offering food changed their bodies' appearance and clothes outside the gate. The food bearers sat while moving forward into the hall, with spear-bearers flanking and supporting them until they reached their bodies to hand over the offerings. Guang pretended to have a foot ailment and entered the pit chamber. Gao Zhuan Shezhu placed a sword inside the fish to present it, then drew the sword and stabbed the king. The spears pierced his chest, so they assassinated the king. Helu appointed his son as an official. Jizi arrived and said, "As long as the late ruler's ancestral rites are not abandoned, the people have no abandoned sovereign, the state altars and granaries are properly maintained, and the country is not in peril, then he was my lord. Who could I possibly blame? I will mourn his death and serve the living, awaiting the mandate of heaven." "It is not I who have caused disorder. Whoever is established as ruler, I will follow—this is the way of our ancestors." He returned to mourn at the tomb and resumed his position in waiting. Wu Gongzi Yanyu fled to Xu, and Gongzi Zhu Yong fled to Zhongwu. The Chu forces heard of the chaos in Wu and returned.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		郤宛直而和，國人說之。鄢將師為右領，與費無極比而惡之。令尹子常賄而信讒，無極譖郤宛焉，謂子常曰：「子惡欲飲子酒。」又謂子惡：「令尹欲飲酒於子氏。」子惡曰：「我，賤人也，不足以辱令尹。令尹將必來辱，為惠巳甚，吾無以酬之，若何，無極曰：「令尹好甲兵，子出之，吾擇焉。」取五甲五兵，曰，寘諸門，令尹至，必觀之，而從以酬之。」及饗日，帷諸門左。無極謂令尹曰：「吾幾禍子。子惡將為子不利，甲在門矣。子必無往！且此役也，吳可以得志。子惡取賂焉而還，又誤群帥，使退其師，曰『乘亂不祥』。吳乘我喪，我乘其亂，不亦可乎？」令尹使視郤氏，則有甲焉。不往，召鄢將師而告之。將師退，遂令攻郤氏，且爇之。子惡聞之，遂自殺也。國人弗爇，令曰：「不爇郤氏，與之同罪。」或取一編菅焉，或取一秉稈焉，國人投之，遂弗爇也。令尹炮之，盡滅郤氏之族黨，殺陽令終，與其弟完，及佗，與晉陳及其子弟。晉陳之族，呼於國曰，鄢氏費氏，自以為王，專禍楚國，弱寡王室，蒙王與令尹，以自利也，令尹盡信之矣，國將如何？」令尹病之。
		Xi Wan was upright yet harmonious; the people of the state liked him. Yan Jiangshi served as You Ling, and he conspired with Fei Wuji to hate Xi Wan. Ling Yin Zichang was greedy and believed slander; Wuji defamed Xi Wan, saying to Zichang: "Master Wu wants to offer you a drink." He also told Master Wu: "Ling Yin wishes to have wine at your residence." Master Wu said, "I am a lowly person; I am not worthy of dishonoring the Ling Yin. "The Ling Yin will surely come to visit, which is already a great favor. I have no way to repay him. What should I do?" Wuji said: "The Ling Yin likes armor and weapons; you bring them out, and I shall choose some for him." They took five sets of armor and five weapons, saying: "Place them at the gate. When the Ling Yin arrives, he will surely look at them, and you can follow up to present a gift in return." On the day of the banquet, they concealed them behind curtains at the left side of the gate. Wuji said to Ling Yin: "I almost brought disaster upon you. "Master Wu is about to bring misfortune to you; armor has already been placed at the gate." You must not go there!" Moreover, in this campaign, Wu can achieve its ambitions. Master Wu accepted bribes and returned, misleading the commanders to withdraw their troops, saying "To take advantage of chaos is inauspicious." "Wu took advantage of our mourning; should we not take advantage of their disorder? Is that not acceptable?" Ling Yin sent someone to inspect the Xi family's residence, and indeed found armor there. He did not go but summoned Yan Jiangshi and informed him. Jiangshi withdrew, then Ling Yin ordered an attack on the Xi family and set their residence on fire. Master Wu heard about it and committed suicide as a result. The people did not set the house on fire, so an order was issued: "Those who do not burn down the Xi residence will share the same guilt." Some took a bundle of jian grass, others took a handful of stalks; the people threw them in, and so it was not burned. Ling Yin ordered the executions, completely exterminating the Xi clan and its allies. Yang Lingzhong was killed along with his younger brother Wan and Tuo, as well as Jin Chen and their descendants. The Jin Chen clan cried out in the state: "The Yan and Fei families have taken it upon themselves to act as kings, bringing calamity exclusively onto Chu. They have weakened the royal house, deceived the king and the Ling Yin for their own benefit. The Ling Yin has completely trusted them—what will become of our country?" Ling Yin was troubled by this.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，會于扈，令成周，且謀納公也。宋、衛皆利納公，固請之。范獻子取貨於季孫，謂司城子梁與北宮貞子曰：「季孫未知其罪，而君伐之。請囚、請亡，於是乎不獲，君又弗克，而自出也。夫豈無備而能出君乎季氏之復，天救之也。休公徒之怒，而啟叔孫氏之心。不然，豈其伐人而說甲執冰以游叔孫氏懼禍之濫，而自同於季氏，天之道也。魯君守齊，三年而無成。季氏甚得其民，淮夷與之，有十年之備，有齊楚之援，有天之贊，有民之助，有堅守之心，有列國之權，而弗敢宣也，事君如在國。故鞅以為難。二子皆圖國者也，而欲納魯君，鞅之願也，請從二子以圍魯。無成，死之。」二子懼，皆辭。乃辭小國，而以難復。孟懿子陽虎伐鄆，鄆人將戰。子家子曰，天命不慆久矣，使君亡者，必此眾也。天既禍之，而自福也，不亦難乎猶有鬼神，此必敗也。嗚呼，為無望也夫其死於此乎！」公使子家子如晉。公徒敗于且知。
		In autumn, a meeting took place at Hu to discuss the restoration of Cheng Zhou and also to plan for the reinstatement of the Gong. Song and Wei both had an interest in reinstating the Gong, so they firmly requested it. Fan Xianzi obtained goods from Ji Sun and said to Shicheng Ziliang and Beigong Zhenzi: "Ji Sun does not yet know of his crime, but the ruler is attacking him. He requested to be imprisoned or to flee, and in doing so was not captured. The ruler could not overcome him, yet Ji Sun left on his own. "Could he possibly have escaped without preparation? The restoration of the Ji clan is a salvation by heaven itself." You provoke the anger of Gongtu, and awaken Shushunshi's ambitions. Otherwise, how could he attack others and yet have Jia Zhici travel freely? Shushunshi feared the spread of disaster and aligned himself with the Ji clan—this is in accordance with the will of heaven. The ruler of Lu took refuge in Qi, but after three years there was no success. The Ji clan had won the hearts of the people. The Huai Yi supported them, with a decade's worth of preparations, and they had support from Qi and Chu. They had heavenly favor, popular assistance, a resolute determination to hold their ground, and influence among various states, yet dared not declare it openly, serving their ruler as if still within the state. Therefore, Yang considered it difficult. These two men are both concerned with the state's affairs and wish to restore the ruler of Lu. This is what Yang desires; I request to follow these two men in surrounding Lu. "If we fail, let us die for it." The two men were afraid and both declined. They then excused themselves by citing the small state's difficulties and returned with an evasive response. Meng Yizi and Yang Hu attacked Yun, and the people of Yun prepared for battle. Zijiazi said: "The mandate of heaven has not been delayed for long. Those who caused the ruler to flee must be this very crowd." "Heaven has already brought misfortune upon them, yet they bring it upon themselves—would that not be difficult? There are still spirits and gods; this campaign will surely fail." "Alas! To have no hope at all. Will he die here?"!" The Gong sent Zijiazi to Jin. Gongtu was defeated at Quzhi.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		楚郤宛之難，國言未已，進胙者莫不謗令尹。沈尹戌言於子常曰，夫左尹與中廄尹，莫知其罪，而子殺之，以興謗讟，至于今不已，戌也惑之：仁者殺人以掩謗，猶弗為也。今吾子殺人以興謗，而弗圖，不亦異乎夫無極，楚之讒人也，民莫不知。去朝吳，出蔡侯宋，喪太子建，殺連尹奢，屏王之耳目，使不聰明。不然，平王之溫惠共儉，有過成、莊，無不及焉。所以不獲諸侯，邇無及也。今又殺三不辜，以興大謗，幾及子矣。子而不圖，將焉用之夫鄢將師矯子之命，以滅三族。國之良也，而不愆位。吳新有君，疆埸日駭，楚國若有大事，子其危哉知者除讒以自安也，今子愛讒以自危也，甚矣，其惑也！」子常曰：「是瓦之罪，敢不良圖！」九月，己未，子常殺費無極與鄢將師，盡滅其族，以說于國，謗言乃止。
		During the Xi Wan crisis in Chu, public complaints had not ceased; those who presented sacrificial meat all criticized Ling Yin. Shen Yin Xu said to Zichang: "That the Left Yin and Zhongzhou Yin were killed without their crimes being known, you executed them, thus inciting criticism. To this day, it has not stopped. I am confused by your actions: a benevolent person would not kill people in order to suppress blame; such an act is still unacceptable." "Now, you kill people to incite criticism and do not even consider the consequences—does this not seem strange? Wuji is a well-known slanderer in Chu; no one among the people does not know of him. "He drove Wu from court, expelled Cai Hou Song, caused the death of Crown Prince Jian, executed Lian Yin She, and blocked the king's ears and eyes so that he could not be wise or discerning. "Otherwise, King Ping's warmth, kindness, harmony, and frugality surpassed those of Kings Cheng and Zhuang without any shortcomings. "The reason he failed to gain the feudal lords' support is because there was no one nearby who could match him." "Now you have killed three innocent men, inciting great criticism. It will soon befall you as well." "If you do not consider the consequences, then what use are you? Yan Jiangshi forged your orders to exterminate three clans." "They were good people of the state and did not violate their positions." "Wu has a new ruler, and its borderlands are daily in turmoil. If Chu faces any major crisis, you will be in danger. A wise person would eliminate slander to ensure his own safety; now you embrace slander and bring danger upon yourself—how great is your confusion!" Zichang said: "This is my fault, like that of a broken tile. How dare I not make proper plans?" On the Jiwu day of the ninth month, Zichang killed Fei Wuji and Yan Jiangshi, exterminating their entire clans to appease the state; thus, the slanderous remarks ceased.
Jump to dictionary		冬，公如齊，齊侯請饗之。子家子曰：「朝夕立於其朝，又何饗焉其飲酒也。」乃飲酒，使宰獻，而請安。子仲之子曰重，為齊侯夫人，曰，請使重見，子家子乃以君出。十二月，晉籍秦致諸侯之戍于周，魯人辭以難。
		In winter, the Gong went to Qi, where Lord Qi requested a banquet in his honor. Zijiazi said: "He has stood before the court morning and night; what more is there to be banqueting for? It's just a drinking session." So they held a drinking gathering, had the steward present offerings, and requested peace. The son of Zizhong was named Zhong, who had married the Lady of Lord Qi. She said: "Please let Zhong meet him." Thus, Zijiazi escorted the ruler out to do so. In the twelfth month, Jin Ji Qin assigned feudal lords' garrisons to Zhou; the Lu people declined on grounds of difficulty.

《昭公二十八年 - Duke Zhao Year 28 》

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Books referencing 《昭公二十八年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十八年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十八年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十八年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十八年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公二十... :	二十有八年，春，王三月，葬曹悼公。
		In the twenty-eighth year, spring, the third month of the king's reign, Duke Cao Dao was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如晉，次于乾侯。
		The duke went to Jin and stayed at Qianhou.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏四月丙戌，鄭伯寧卒。
		In the fourth month of summer, on the Bingxu day, Lord Ning of Zheng died.
Jump to dictionary		六月，葬鄭定公。
		In June, Duke Ding of Zheng was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋七月癸巳，滕子寧卒。冬，葬滕悼公。
		In the seventh month of autumn, on the Guisi day, Prince Ning of Teng died. In winter, Duke Dao of Teng was buried.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十八年，春，公如晉，將如乾侯。子家子曰：「有求於人，而即其安，人孰矜之其造於竟。」弗聽，使請逆於晉。晉人曰：「天禍魯國，君淹恤在外，君亦不使一個辱在寡人，而即安於甥舅，其亦使逆君？」使公復于竟而後逆之，晉祁勝與鄔臧通室。祁盈將執之，訪於司馬叔游，叔游曰：「《鄭書》有之：『惡直醜正，實蕃有徒。』無道立矣，子懼不免。詩曰，民之多辟，無自立辟，姑已，若何？」盈曰：「祁氏私有討，國何有焉？」遂執之，祁勝賂荀躒，荀躒為之言於晉侯。晉侯執祁盈，祁盈之臣曰，鈞將皆死，憖使吾君聞勝與臧之死也以為快。」乃殺之，夏六月，晉殺祁盈及楊食我。食我，祁盈之黨也，而助亂，故殺之，遂滅祁氏、羊舌氏。初叔向欲娶於申公巫臣氏，其母欲娶其黨。叔向曰：「吾母多而庶鮮，吾懲舅氏矣。」其母曰，子靈之妻，殺三夫，一君，一子，而亡一國，兩卿矣，可無懲乎吾聞之：『甚美必有甚惡。』是鄭穆少妃姚子之子，子貉之妹也。子貉早死無後，而天鍾美於是，將必以是大有敗也。昔有仍氏生女，黰黑，而甚美，光可以鑑，名曰玄妻。樂正后夔取之，生伯封，實有豕心，貪惏無饜，忿纇無期，謂之封豕，有窮后羿滅之，夔是以不祀。且三代之亡，共子之廢，皆是物也。女何以為哉？夫有尤物，足以移人，苟非德義，則必有禍，叔向懼，不敢取。平公強使取之，生伯石。伯石始生，子容之母走謁諸姑，曰：「長叔姒生男。」姑視之，及堂，聞其聲而還，曰：「是豺狼之聲也，狼子野心。非是，莫喪羊舌氏矣。」遂弗視。
		The twenty-eighth year: in spring, the duke went to Jin and was about to go to Qianhou. Zijiazi said, "To seek something from a person and yet take advantage of their comfort—how can anyone pity such a person? He should go to the frontier." He did not listen and sent someone to request an escort from Jin. The people of Jin said, "Heaven has brought calamity upon the State of Lu. Your lordship lingers in mourning abroad; yet you have not even sent a single envoy to humble himself before me, but instead takes comfort among your maternal relatives. Should we then send someone to meet you?" They ordered the duke to return to the frontier before sending an escort; at Jin, Qi Sheng and Wu Zang shared a wife. Qi Ying was about to arrest them and consulted Sima Shuyou. Shuyou said, "The Zhen Book says: 'Hating uprightness and despising virtue, indeed have many followers.'" "Immorality has already taken root; you fear that you cannot escape it." "The Book of Songs says, 'When the people have many wrongdoers, do not set an example yourself.' Let us stop for now. What else can be done?" Ying said, "The Qi clan has its own private justice; what does the state have to do with it?" So they arrested them. Qi Sheng bribed Xun Lian, who then spoke on their behalf to the ruler of Jin. The ruler of Jin arrested Qi Ying. A retainer of Qi Ying said, "We are all about to die; let our lord at least be pleased by hearing that Sheng and Zang have died." So they killed them. In the sixth month of summer, Jin executed Qi Ying and Yang Shiwo. Shiwo was a follower of Qi Ying but had assisted in the rebellion, so he was executed. Thus, the Qi and Yangshe clans were exterminated. At first, Shu Xiang wanted to marry into the family of Shen Gong Wuchen; his mother wished for him to marry a woman from their own clan. Shu Xiang said, "My mother has many relatives and few commoners; I have already learned a lesson from my maternal uncle's family." His mother said, "The wife of Ziling killed three husbands, one lord, one son, and caused the fall of a state—two high-ranking officials. Can there be no punishment? I have heard it said: 'Great beauty must necessarily bring great evil.'" "She was the daughter of Yaozi, a minor wife of Duke Mu of Zheng, and the younger sister of Zihuo." "Zihuo died young without an heir, yet Heaven has bestowed such beauty upon her. She will surely bring great misfortune because of this." In the past, a woman was born to the family of Yingsheng. She had jet-black hair and was extremely beautiful; her skin was so smooth it could be used as a mirror. Her name was Xuanqi. Yuezheng Houkui married her and they had a son named Bo Feng, who was actually the pig-hearted man. He was greedy without satisfaction and angry without end; he was called Fengshi. The later Hou Yi of Youqiong destroyed them, so the descendants of Kuí ceased to offer sacrifices. Moreover, the downfall of the three dynasties and the deposition of Gongzi were all caused by such things. "What can you do about it?" "A particularly beautiful woman is enough to sway a man. If one lacks virtue and righteousness, there will surely be disaster." Shu Xiang was afraid and dared not take her. Duke Ping strongly urged him to marry her; they had a son named Bose. When Bose was first born, Zirong's mother hurried to visit her aunt and said, "The eldest sister of Shusi has given birth to a son." Her aunt went to see him. When she reached the hall, she heard his voice and returned, saying, "This is the sound of a jackal or wolf; he has the ambition of a wolf cub." "If not for this one, the Yangshe clan will surely perish." So she did not go to see him.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，晉韓宣子卒，魏獻子為政，分祁氏之田，以為七縣，分羊舌氏之田以為三縣。司馬彌牟為鄔大夫，賈辛為祁大夫，司馬烏為平陵大夫，魏戊為梗陽大夫，知徐吾為塗水大夫，韓固為馬首大夫，孟丙為盂大夫，樂霄為銅鞮大夫，趙朝為平陽大夫，僚安為楊氏大夫。謂賈辛，司馬烏，為有力於王室，故舉之，謂知徐吾，趙朝，韓固，魏戊，餘子之不失職，能守業者也，其四人者，皆受縣而後見於魏子，以賢舉也。魏子謂成鱄，「吾與戊也縣，人其以我為黨乎？」對曰：「何也！戊之為人也，遠不忘君，近不偪同，居利思義，在約思純，有守心而無淫行，雖與之縣，不亦可乎！昔武王克商，光有天下，其兄弟之國者十有五人，姬姓之國者四十人，皆舉親也。夫舉無他，唯善所在，親疏一也。《詩》曰：『唯此文王，帝度其心。莫其德音，其德克明。克明克類，克長克君。王此大國，克順克比。比于文王，其德靡悔。既受帝祉，施于孫子。』心能制義曰度，德正應和曰莫，照臨四方曰明，勤施無私曰類，教誨不倦曰長，賞慶刑威曰君，慈和遍服曰順，擇善而從之曰比，經緯天地曰文。九德不愆，作事無悔，故襲天祿，子孫賴之。主之舉也，近文德矣，所及其遠哉！」賈辛將適其縣，見於魏子。魏子曰：「辛來！昔叔向適鄭，鬷蔑惡欲觀叔向，從使之收器者，而往，立於堂下，一言而善。叔向將飲酒，聞之，曰：『必鬷明也！』下執其手，以上曰，昔賈大夫惡，娶妻而美，三年不言不笑，御以如皋，射雉，獲之，其妻始笑而言。賈大夫曰：「才之不可以已。我不能射，女遂不言不笑夫！」今子少不颺，子若無言，吾幾失子矣。言不可以已也如是！』遂如故知。今女有力於王室，吾是以舉女。行乎敬之哉，毋墮乃力！」仲尼聞魏子之舉也，以為義，曰，近不失親，遠不失舉，可謂義矣。」又聞其命賈辛也，以為忠，「《詩》曰『永言配命，自求多福』，忠也。魏子之舉也義，其命也忠，其長有後於晉國乎！」
		In autumn, Duke Xuanzi of Han in Jin died. Weixiansi assumed power and divided the lands of the Qi clan into seven counties; he also divided the lands of the Yangshe clan into three counties. Sima Mimu became the magister of Wu; Jia Xin became the magister of Qi; Sima Wu became the magister of Pingling; Wei Wu became the magister of Gengyang; Zhi Xuwu became the magister of Tushui; Han Gu became the magister of Mashou; Meng Bing became the magister of Yu; Yueliao became the magister of Tongdi; Zhao Chao became the magister of Pingyang; Liao An became the magister of Yangshi. Jia Xin and Sima Wu were said to have been powerful supporters of the royal court, so they were appointed. Zhi Xuwu, Zhao Chao, Han Gu, and Wei Wu were described as descendants who had not failed in their duties and could preserve their family's legacy. These four men all received counties before appearing before Weizi; they were recommended for their virtue. Weizi said to Cheng Zhuan, "I have given a county to Wu, will people think I am partial?" Zhuan replied, "Why not!" "Wu's character is such that he does not forget the lord when far away, and does not oppress his peers when close by. When in a favorable position, he thinks of righteousness; when in hardship, he considers purity. He has a sense of duty without immoral conduct. Even if you give him a county, isn't it acceptable?" In the past, King Wu conquered Shang and brightly ruled over all under heaven. He established fifteen states for his brothers and forty states for those of the Ji surname; he appointed relatives in every case. The principle of appointment is no different—only virtue matters, whether close or distant relatives are concerned. "The Book of Songs says: 'Only this King Wen, the Mandate of Heaven guided his heart.'" "His virtuous influence was unmatched; his virtue could illuminate all." "He illuminated and categorized, he led and ruled." "Ruling this great state, he was obedient and harmonious." "Compared to King Wen, his virtue knew no regret." "He had received Heaven's blessings and passed them on to his descendants." "He who controls righteousness with his heart is called 'Du'; he whose virtue and harmony respond to each other is called 'Mo'; he who shines upon all directions is called 'Ming'; he who diligently acts without selfishness is called 'Lei'; he who teaches tirelessly is called 'Chang'; he who rewards virtue and enforces punishment with authority is called 'Jun'; he who shows kindness and harmony that universally subdue others is called 'Shun'; he who selects goodness to follow is called 'Bi'; he who organizes the heavens and earth is called 'Wen'." With these nine virtues unblemished, one acts without regret; thus, he inherits Heaven's blessings, and his descendants rely upon him. "The lord's appointment is close to the virtue of Wen. How far-reaching will its influence be!" Jia Xin was about to go to his county and paid a visit to Weizi. Weizi said, "Xin comes!" "In the past, Shu Xiang went to Zheng. Zongmie was evil and wanted to observe Shu Xiang; he sent someone following him who collected his belongings, then went himself and stood in the hall below. With one word, [Shu Xiang] spoke well." When Shu Xiang was about to drink wine and heard of this, he said, "It must be Zongming!" He went down, took his hand, and said to those above: "In the past, Master Jia was evil. He married a wife who was beautiful; for three years he neither spoke nor smiled. When they were taken to Gaoshan, he shot a pheasant and caught it—his wife began to smile and speak." Master Jia said, "Talent cannot be stopped." "I could not shoot, so you did not speak or smile!" "Now that you are young and do not boast, if you had remained silent, I almost missed recognizing you." "Speech cannot be restrained like this!" So they became as close as old friends. "Now you have strength for the royal court; that is why I appointed you." "Act with reverence, and do not fall into idleness!" Confucius heard of Weizi's appointment and considered it righteous. He said, "To appoint close relatives without losing favor for them, and to appoint distant ones without neglecting virtue—this can be called righteousness." He also heard of his appointment of Jia Xin and considered it loyal. "The Book of Songs says: 'Forever align with the Mandate, and seek much happiness for yourself'—this is loyalty." "Weizi's appointments were righteous; his commands were loyal. Will he have a long and prosperous lineage in the State of Jin!"
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，梗陽人有獄，魏戊不能斷，以獄上。其大宗，賂以女樂，魏子將受之。魏戊謂閻沒女寬曰：「主以不賄聞於諸侯，若受梗陽人，賄莫甚焉。吾子必諫！」皆許諾，退朝，待於庭。饋入，召之。比置，三歎。既食，使坐。魏子曰：「吾聞諸伯叔，諺曰：『唯食忘憂。』吾子置食之間三歎，何也？」同辭而對曰：「或賜二小人酒，不夕食。饋之始至，恐其不足，是以歎。中置，自咎曰：『豈將軍食之而有不足？』是以再歎。及饋之畢，願以小人之腹，為君子之心，屬厭而已，獻子辭梗陽人。
		In winter, there was a case involving people from Gengyang that Wei Wu could not decide; he submitted the case for review. The head of their main clan bribed him with female entertainers, and Weizi was about to accept them. Wei Wu said to Yan Me and Nü Kuan, "Our lord is known among the feudal lords for not accepting bribes. If we accept a bribe from the people of Gengyang, there could be no greater scandal." "You must certainly advise him!" They both agreed and promised. After the court session ended, they waited in the courtyard. When the gift was brought in, he summoned them. Before placing it down, he sighed three times. After eating, he had them sit. Weizi said, "I have heard from my uncles and elder brothers a proverb: 'Only food can forget worries.'" "My sons sighed three times while placing the food. Why is that?" They answered in unison, saying, "Someone gave these two humble servants wine, so we did not have our evening meal." "When the gift first arrived, we were afraid it might be insufficient; that is why we sighed." "During the middle of placing it, we blamed ourselves and said: 'Could it be that our lord's food is insufficient?'" "That is why we sighed a second time." "When the gift was finally completed, we wished to use our humble hearts as those of a gentleman and thought it must be more than enough. Thus, Master Xiansi rejected the people from Gengyang."

《昭公二十九年 - Duke Zhao Year 29 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公二十九年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十九年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公二十九年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公二十九年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公二十九年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十有九年，春，公至自乾侯，居于鄆，齊侯使高張來唁公。
		In the twenty-ninth year [of his reign], in spring, the Gong returned from Qianhou and resided in Yun. Duke Qi sent Gao Zhang to console the Gong.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		公如晉，次于乾侯。
		The Gong went to Jin and stayed at Qianhou.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏四月庚子，叔詣卒。
		In the fourth month of summer, on the Gengzi day, Shu Yi died.
Jump to dictionary		秋，七月。
		In autumn, seventh month.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十月，鄆潰。
		In the tenth month of winter, Yun collapsed.
2 Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages	昭公二十... :	二十九年，春，公至自乾侯，處于鄆，齊侯使高張來唁公，稱主君。子家子曰，齊卑君矣，君祇辱焉，公如乾侯。
		In the twenty-ninth year, in spring, the Gong returned from Jianhou and stayed at Yun. Duke Qi sent Gao Zang to console the Gong, addressing him as "Zhu Jun." Zijiazi said: The ruler of Qi has shown disrespect toward our lord. To accept such an insult would be shameful for you, Lord Gong. Therefore, the Gong went to Jianhou.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		三月己卯，京師殺召伯盈、尹氏固及原伯魯之子。尹固之復也，有婦人遇之周郊，尤之，曰：「處則勸人為禍，行則數日而反，是夫也，其過三歲乎？」夏五月庚寅，王子趙車入于鄻以叛，陰不佞敗之。
		On the Jimao day of the third month, the capital city killed Zhao Boying, Yin Shi Gu, and the son of Yuan Bolu. When Yin Gu returned, a woman met him in the outskirts of Zhou and criticized him, saying: "While staying [in power], he urged people to bring calamity; when traveling, he returned after only several days. This man—how long do you think his downfall will be delayed? More than three years?" In the fifth month of summer, on the Gingbin day, Prince Zhao Che entered Heng and rebelled. Yin Buning defeated him.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		平子每歲賈馬，具從者之衣屨，而歸之于乾侯，公執歸馬者賣之，乃不歸馬。衛侯來獻其乘馬，曰啟服，塹而死，公將為之櫝。子家子曰：「從者病矣，請以食之。」乃以幃裹之。公賜公衍羔裘，使獻龍輔於齊侯，遂入羔裘。齊侯喜，與之陽穀，公衍、公為之生也，其母偕出。公衍先生。公為之母曰：「相與偕出，請相與偕告。」三日，公為生。其母先以告，公為為兄。公私喜於陽穀，而思於魯，曰，務人為此，禍也，且後生而為兄，其誣也久矣。」乃黜之，而以公衍為大子。
		Pingzi purchased horses every year, prepared the clothes and shoes for his attendants, and sent them back to Jianhou. The Gong detained those who returned with the horses and sold them, so no more horses were sent back. Duke Wei came to present his favorite horse, named Qifu. The horse died after being buried alive in a pit. The Gong was going to make a wooden case for it [as if for burial]. Zijiazi said: "The attendants are suffering. Please give the food to them instead." They then wrapped it in a curtain. łó In the twenty-ninth year of Duke Xiang's reign, in spring, after returning from Jianhou, the Gong stayed at Yun. Duke Qi of Qi sent Gao Zhang to visit and console him, addressing him as "Zhu Jun." Zijiazi said: "The ruler of Qi has lowered himself before our lord; accepting such an insult would bring shame upon you, Lord Gong." Therefore, the Gong went back to Jianhou. On the Jimao day in the third month, the capital executed Zhao Boying, Yin Shigu, and the son of Yuan Bulu. When Yin Gu returned from exile, a woman encountered him at the outskirts of Zhou. She criticized him, saying: "While staying [in power], you urged people to bring disaster; when traveling away, you returned after only several days—this man will not last more than three years." In the fifth month of summer on the Gingbin day, Crown Prince Zhao Che entered Heng in rebellion. Yin Buning defeated him. Every year Pingzi purchased horses and prepared clothes and shoes for his followers before sending them back to Jianhou; however, the Gong detained those returning with the horses and sold their belongings, so no more horses were returned. Duke Wei of Wei came to present a favorite horse named Qifu. After being buried alive in a trench, it died. The Gong intended to prepare a wooden coffin for it. Zijiazi said: "The attendants are already suffering; please give the food [meant for the horse] to them instead." They then wrapped the horse's body in a curtain. The Gong gave Gongyang a lamb 裘 (a fine wool coat) and ordered him to present Longfu as tribute to Duke Qi of Qi. Gongyang took the lamb 裘 with him into Qi. Duke Qi was pleased and gave him Yanggu. Gong Yan and Gong Wei were born to the same mother, who left with them. Gong Yan was the elder of the two. The mother of Gong Wei said: "Since we left together, please allow us to inform them together." Three days later, Gong Wei was born. Their mother reported the birth first, so Gong Wei became the elder brother. The Gong secretly rejoiced over Yanggu but was troubled by the matter in Lu, saying: "This is a calamity caused by human affairs. Moreover, being born later yet considered the elder brother—this false claim has persisted for too long." He then deposed him and appointed Gong Yan as the crown prince.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，龍見于絳郊，魏獻子問於蔡墨曰：「吾聞之，蟲莫知於龍，以其不生得也，謂之知，信乎？」對曰：「人實不知，非龍實知。古者畜龍，故國有豢龍氏，有御龍氏。」獻子曰：「是二氏者，吾亦聞之，而知其故，是何謂也？」對曰，昔有飂叔安有裔子，曰董父實甚好龍，能求其耆欲以飲食之，龍多歸之，乃擾畜龍，以服事帝舜。帝賜之姓，曰董氏，曰豢龍，封諸鬷川，鬷夷氏其後也。故帝舜氏世有畜龍。及有夏孔甲，擾于有帝，帝賜之乘龍，河漢各二，各有雌雄。孔甲不能食，而未獲豢龍氏。有陶唐氏既衰，其後有劉累學擾龍于豢龍氏，以事孔甲，能飲食之，夏后嘉之，賜氏曰御龍，以更豕韋之後。龍一雌死，潛醢以食，夏后，夏后饗之，既而使求之。懼而遷于魯縣，范氏其後也，獻子曰：「今何故無之？」對曰，夫物物有其官，官脩其方，朝夕思之，一日失職，則死及之，失官不食。官宿其業，其物乃至。若泯棄之，物乃坻伏，鬱湮不育。故有五行之官，是謂五官，實列受氏姓，封為上公，祀為貴神。社稷五祀，是尊是奉。」木正曰句芒，火正曰祝融，金正曰蓐收，水正曰玄冥，土正曰后土。龍，水物也，水官棄矣，故龍不生得。不然，周易有之，在乾之姤曰，潛龍勿用，其同人曰，見龍在田，其大有曰，飛龍在天，其夬曰，亢龍有悔，其坤曰，見群龍無首，吉，坤之剝曰，龍戰于野，若不朝夕見，誰能物之？」獻子曰：「社稷五祀，誰氏之五官也？」對曰，少皞氏有四叔，曰重、曰該、曰脩、曰熙，實能金、木及水。使重為句芒，該為蓐收，脩及熙為玄冥，世不失職，遂濟窮桑，此其三祀也。顓頊氏有子曰犁，為祝融，共工氏有子曰句龍，為后土，此其二祀也。后土為社，稷，田正也。有烈山氏之子曰柱，為稷，自夏以上祀之。周棄亦為稷，自商以來祀之。」
		In autumn, a dragon appeared in the outskirts of Jiang. Wei Xiansi asked Cai Mo: "I have heard that among creatures, none is wiser than the dragon, because it cannot be captured when alive; thus, it is called wise. Is this true?" Cai Mo replied: "It is people who do not know, not the dragon that knows." "In ancient times, dragons were kept in captivity. Hence, there was a clan called Huanlongshi and another called Yulongshi in the state." Xiansi said: "I have also heard of these two clans and know their origins. What exactly does this mean?" Cai Mo replied: "Long ago, Liao Shuan had a descendant named Dong Fu, who was particularly fond of dragons. He could discern their desires and provide them with food and drink accordingly. Many dragons came to him. Thus, he tamed and kept dragons, using them to serve Emperor Shun." The emperor bestowed a surname upon him: Dong Shi, and the title Huanlong. He was enfeoffed in Zongchuan; the Zongyi clan were his descendants. Therefore, the house of Emperor Shun had generations that kept dragons. When Kongjia of Xia was in power, he offended the gods. The god bestowed upon him four dragons: two from the Yellow River and two from the Milky Way, each pair consisting of a male and female. Kongjia was unable to feed them and had not yet found descendants of Huanlongshi. After the Tao Tangshi clan declined, one of its descendants named Liu Lei studied dragon taming from Huanlongshi to serve Kongjia. He was able to feed and care for them. The Xia Hou praised him and bestowed upon him the surname Yulong, replacing the descendants of Shiw ei. One female dragon died; Liu Lei secretly made it into a meat dish and served it to the Xia Hou. The Xia Hou enjoyed it, and later ordered him to find out what kind of animal had been used. Liu Lei was afraid and moved to Luxian; the Fan clan were his descendants." Xiansi said: "Why are there none of them now?" Cai Mo replied: "Each creature has its designated official in charge. The official must diligently attend to his duties, thinking of it day and night. If he fails in his duty for even a single day, disaster will befall him. Losing one's post means losing the ability to care for the creature." As long as officials remain steadfast in their duties, the creatures will come and stay. If they abandon it, the creature will vanish or hide away, becoming stagnant and unable to reproduce. Therefore, there are five officials in charge of the Five Elements; these are called the Five Officials. They were granted surnames and titles, enfeoffed as high-ranking dukes, and honored as noble deities in worship. "The five ancestral rites of Sheji are thus revered and served." The official in charge of wood was called Goumang; the official in charge of fire, Zhurong; the official in charge of metal, Rushou; the official incharge of water, Xuanming; and the official in charge of earth, Houtu. "Dragons are creatures of water. The office for managing water has been abandoned, so dragons cannot be captured alive." "If not, the Zhouyi mentions it. In Qian's hexagram Gou, it says: 'A hidden dragon should not be used.' In Tongren, it says: 'The dragon appears in the field.' In Dayou, it says: 'The flying dragon is in the sky.' In Guai, it says: 'The overreaching dragon will have regrets.' In Kun, it says: 'Many dragons appear without a leader; this is auspicious.' In Kun's Bo hexagram, it says: 'Dragons battle in the wilds.' If they are not seen day and night, who could recognize them?" Xiansi asked: "Which clan's Five Officials were responsible for the five ancestral rites of Sheji?" Cai Mo replied: "The Shao Hao clan had four uncles, named Zhong, Gai, Xiu, and Xi, who were capable of managing metal, wood, and water." They appointed Zhong as Goumang, Gai as Rushou, and Xiu and Xi as Xuanming. For generations they did not neglect their duties, thus aiding the people of Qongsang. These were three of the rites. Zhuanxu had a son named Li, who became Zhurong. The Gonggong clan had a son named Goulong, who became Houtu. These were the other two rites. Houtu was in charge of She (the earth deity), and Ji, the official overseeing fields. There was a son of the Lieshan clan named Zhu, who served as Ji (the grain deity). He was honored in worship from the Xia dynasty and earlier. In Zhou, Qi also became Ji; he has been worshipped since the Shang dynasty."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，晉趙鞅，荀寅，帥師城汝濱，遂賦晉國一鼓鐵，以鑄刑鼎，著范宣子所謂刑書焉，仲尼曰：「晉其亡乎失其度矣。夫晉國將守唐叔之所受法度，以經緯其民，卿大夫以序守之，民是以能尊其貴，貴是以能守其業。貴賤不愆，所謂度也。文公是以作執秩之官，為被廬之法，以為盟主。今棄是度也，而為刑鼎，民在鼎矣，何以尊貴貴何業之守貴賤無序，何以為國？且夫宣子之刑，夷之蒐也，晉國之亂制也，若之何以為法？」蔡史墨曰：「范氏、中行氏其亡乎中行寅為下卿，而干上令，擅作刑器，以為國法，是法姦也。又加范氏焉，易之，亡也。其及趙氏，趙孟與焉。然不得已，若德，可以免。」
		In winter, Jin Zhao Yang and Xun Yin led an army to build a city at Rubin. They then levied one gudou of iron from the entire state of Jin to cast a penal tripod, inscribing on it the legal code known as the "Xingshu" attributed to Fan Xuansi. Confucius said: "Jin is going to perish; they have lost their standards." The state of Jin was supposed to uphold the laws and regulations received by Duke Tang, using them as a framework for governing its people. The high officials and ministers maintained these in order; thus the people respected their superiors, and the superiors were able to preserve their positions and responsibilities. The proper distinctions between noble and common remained intact—this was what was meant by "standard" or "measure." Duke Wen of Jin therefore established the office of Zhizhi and created the Pilu laws, to serve as a leader among the feudal lords. Now they have abandoned this standard and cast a penal tripod. The people are now subject to the tripod's laws—how can nobility be respected? If nobles cannot maintain their positions, what remains for them to preserve? With no order between noble and common, how can a state possibly endure? Moreover, the legal code of Fan Xuansi was formulated during the Shou campaign against Yi; it is a law born from disorder in Jin. How can such a thing be used as a model for governance?" Cai Shi Mo said: "The Fan and Zhonghang clans are going to perish. Zhonghang Yin, as a lower-ranking minister, dared to interfere with the commands of higher authorities and 擅自 created penal instruments to serve as state law; this is a law that encourages corruption." And now they have added the Fan clan's involvement, altering it. This will lead to their downfall. This will also reach the Zhao clan; Zhao Meng was involved in it. "Nevertheless, if they possess virtue, they may yet escape disaster."

《昭公三十年 - Duke Zhao Year 30 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公三十年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公三十年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公三十年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公三十年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公三十... :	三十年，春，王正月，公在乾侯。
		In the thirtieth year [of his reign], spring, the king's first month, the Duke was in Qianhou.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏六月庚辰，晉侯去疾卒。
		In summer, on the Gengchen day of the sixth lunar month, Jin Hou Quji died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋八月，葬晉頃公。
		In autumn, in the eighth lunar month, Duke Qing of Jin was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬十有二月，吳滅徐，徐子章羽奔楚。
		In winter, on the twelfth lunar month, Wu destroyed Xu; the ruler of Xu, Zhangyu, fled to Chu.
2 Jump to dictionary	昭公三十... :	三十年，春，王正月，公在乾侯，不先書鄆與乾侯，非公，且徵過也。
		In the thirtieth [year], spring, first month of the king's calendar, the Duke was in Qihan. The records do not mention Yun and Qihan first because they were not considered as the Duke's own territory, and also to indicate that he had committed an offense by being there.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏六月，晉頃公卒。秋八月，葬。鄭游吉弔，且送葬，魏獻子使士景伯詰之，曰，悼公之喪，子西弔，子蟜送葬，今吾子無貳，何故？」對曰：「諸侯所以歸晉君，禮也。禮也者，小事大、大字小之謂。事大在共其時命，字小在恤其所無。以敝邑居大國之間，共其職貢，與其備御不虞之患，豈忘共命？先王之制，諸侯之喪，士弔，大夫送葬，唯嘉好聘享，三軍之事，於是乎使卿，晉之喪事，敝邑之間，先君有所助執紼矣。若其不間，雖士、大夫有所不獲數矣。大國之惠，亦慶其加，而不討其乏，明厎其情，取備而已，以為禮也。靈王之喪，我先君簡公在楚，我先大夫印段實往，敝邑之少卿也。王吏不討，恤所無也。今大夫曰：『女盍從舊？』舊有豐有省，不知所從。從其豐，則寡君幼弱，是以不共。從其省，則吉在此矣。唯大夫圖之！」晉人不能詰。
		In summer, sixth lunar month, Duke Qing of Jin died. In autumn, eighth lunar month, [he was] buried. You Ji of Zheng came to offer condolences and also accompanied the funeral procession. Wei Xianzi sent Shi Jingbo to question him, saying: "During the mourning period for Duke Dao, Zi Xi offered condolences and Zi Jiao accompanied the burial. Now you have no double allegiance; why is this happening?" He replied: "The reason why feudal lords return to Duke Jin is because of ritual propriety. Ritual propriety means that the small respects the great, and the great protects the small." Respecting the great lies in fulfilling one's timely duties; protecting the small lies in showing concern for what they lack. Being situated between great states, our small state has fulfilled its duties by providing tribute and preparing for unexpected dangers; how could we ever forget to fulfill our commands? The system of the former kings stipulated that for the mourning of a feudal lord, commoners would offer condolences and officials would accompany the funeral. Only in matters of friendly envoys and banquets, or military affairs, were ministers sent. In the case of Jin's funerals, our late ruler had once assisted by holding the ropes at the funeral procession. If there was no such opportunity, even commoners and officials would not have been able to participate in these matters. The kindness of a great state is also manifested by rejoicing at added benefits and not demanding for what is lacking, clearly understanding the situation, and merely ensuring preparedness; this is considered as ritual propriety. During the mourning for King Ling, our late Duke Jian was in Chu; it was actually my former official Yinduan who went there, and he was a junior minister of our small state. The royal officials did not demand anything, showing concern for what we lacked. Now the minister says: "Why don't you follow the old ways?" The past had both abundance and reduction; we do not know which to follow. If we followed the more demanding standards, our lord was young and weak, so we were unable to fulfill them. If we follow the reduced standard, then it is appropriate for me to be here. Minister, please consider this!" The Jin people could not refute it.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		吳子使徐人執掩餘，使鍾吾人執燭庸，二公子奔楚。楚子大封，而定其徙」。使監馬尹大心逆吳公子，使居養，莠尹然，左司馬，沈尹戌。城之，取於城父與胡田以與之，將以害吳也。子西諫曰：「吳光新得國，而親其民，視民如子，辛苦同之，將用之也。若好吳邊疆，使柔服焉，猶懼其至。吾又疆其讎，以重怒之，無乃不可乎！吳周之冑裔也，而棄在海濱，不與姬通，今而始大，比于諸華，光又甚文，將自同於先王。不知天將以為虐乎，使翦喪吳國而封大異姓乎，其抑亦將卒以祚吳乎，其終不遠矣。我盍姑億吾鬼神，而寧吾族姓，以待其歸，將焉用自播揚焉？」王弗聽，吳子怒，冬，十二月，吳子執鍾吳子，遂伐徐，防山以水之。己卯，滅徐。徐子章禹斷其髮，攜其夫人以逆吳子。吳子唁而送之，使其邇臣從之，遂奔楚。楚沈尹戌帥師救徐，弗及。遂城夷，使徐子處之。吳子問於伍員曰，初而言伐楚，余知其可也，而恐其使余往也，又惡人之有余之功也，今余將自有之矣，伐楚何如？」對曰：「楚執政眾而乖，莫適任患。」若為三師之肄焉，一師至，彼必皆出。彼出則歸，彼歸則出，楚必道敝。亟肄以罷之，多方以誤之。既罷而後以三軍繼之，必大克之。」闔廬從之，楚於是乎始病。
		Prince Wu ordered the people of Xu to arrest Yanyu, and ordered the Zhongwu people to arrest Zhu Yong; the two crown princes fled to Chu. King Chu greatly expanded his fiefs and settled their relocation." He sent Jianmai Yin Daxin to welcome the crown prince of Wu, and ordered him to reside in Yang. Youyin Ran, Zuo Sima Shen Yin Xu were appointed as officials. They built a city for him and allocated land from Chengfu and Hutan to give to him, intending to use this as a means to harm Wu. lords Zixi advised: "Prince Wu Guang has recently gained the state and treats his people like children, sharing their hardships. He is preparing to use them." If they befriend the borders of Wu and make them submit peacefully, we would still fear their arrival. We are strengthening our enemies and thus provoking greater anger; is this not unwise! The Wu Zhou are descendants of the royal family, but have been abandoned on the seashore and not allowed to communicate with the Ji clan. Now they have just grown powerful, comparable to the Huaxia states, their culture is even more refined, and they will seek to align themselves with the former kings. We do not know whether Heaven will use this to be cruel, causing the destruction of Wu and granting great fiefs to a different surname; or perhaps it is destined ultimately to bestow blessings upon Wu. Its final outcome should not be far off. Why don't we temporarily rely on our ancestral spirits and pacify our clans, waiting for their return? Why do we need to provoke them ourselves?" King Chu did not listen. Prince Wu was angry; in winter, the twelfth lunar month, Prince Wu arrested Zhongwu Zi and then attacked Xu, blocking the mountains to flood them with water. On the Jimao day, Xu was destroyed. Zhangyu, ruler of Xu, cut off his hair and brought along his wife to meet Prince Wu in person. Prince Wu condoled with him and sent him away, ordering some of his close ministers to accompany him; thus he fled to Chu. Chu's Shen Yin Xu led an army to rescue Xu, but arrived too late. He then built a city at Yi and ordered the ruler of Xu to reside there. Prince Wu asked Wu Yuan, "Initially when you spoke of attacking Chu, I knew it was feasible but feared that you might be sent there. Also, I disliked others taking credit for my achievements. Now I will take the initiative myself; how about we attack Chu?" Wu Yuan replied: "Chu has many administrators in power, but they are discordant and no one is suitable to bear the burden of responsibility." "If we divide our forces into three divisions as a distraction, when one division attacks, they will all come out. If they emerge to fight, we withdraw; if they retreat, we attack again. Chu's forces will surely be exhausted by this strategy. We should frequently launch feints to exhaust them and use multiple strategies to mislead them. After they are exhausted, we can follow up with our entire army; then we will surely achieve a great victory." Helu followed his advice. From this point on, Chu began to suffer from repeated troubles.

《昭公三十一年 - Duke Zhao Year 31 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Books referencing 《昭公三十一年》 Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公三十一年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公三十一年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公三十一年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公三十一年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公三十... :	三十有一年，春，王正月，公在乾侯。
		In the thirty-first year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king, the Gong was in Qianhou.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		季孫意如會晉荀躒於適歷。
		Jisun Yiru met with Jin Xunlue at Shili.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，四月，丁巳，薛伯穀卒。
		In summer, the fourth month, on the Dingji day, Xue Bogu died.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉侯使荀躒唁公于乾侯。
		Jin Hou sent Xunlue to console the Gong at Qianhou.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，葬薛獻公。
		In autumn, Xue Xiangong was buried.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，黑肱以濫來奔。
		In winter, Heigong came to take refuge from Lan.
Jump to dictionary		十有二月，辛亥，朔，日有食之。
		On the Xinhai day of the twelfth month, on the first day of the month, there was a solar eclipse.
2 Jump to dictionary	昭公三十... :	三十一年，春，王正月，公在乾侯，言不能外內也。
		In the thirty-first year, spring, in the first month of the reign of the king, the Gong remained at Qianhou, indicating that he was unable to manage both internal and external affairs.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		晉侯將以師納公。范獻子曰：「若召季孫而不來，則信不臣矣，然後伐之，若何？」晉人召季孫。獻子使私焉，曰：「子必來，我受其無咎。」季孫意如會晉荀躒于適歷。荀躒曰：「寡君使躒謂吾子：『何故出君有君不事，周有常刑。子其圖之！」季孫練冠麻衣跣行，伏而對曰：「事君，臣之所不得也，敢逃刑命？君若以臣為有罪，請囚于費，以待君之察也，亦唯君，若以先臣之故，不絕季氏，而賜之死。若弗殺弗亡，君之惠也，死且不朽。若得從君而歸，則固臣之願也，敢有異心，夏，四月，季孫從知伯如乾侯。子家子曰：「君與之歸。一慚之不忍，而終身慚乎？」公曰，諾，眾曰：「在一言矣，君必逐之！」荀躒以晉侯之命唁公，且曰：「寡君使躒以君命討於意如，意如不敢逃死，君其入也！」公曰：「君惠顧先君之好，施及亡人，將使歸糞除宗祧以事君，則不能見夫人。已所能見夫人者，有如河！」荀躒掩耳而走，曰：「寡君其罪之恐，敢與知魯國之難臣請復於寡君。」退而謂季孫：「君怒未怠，子姑歸祭。」子家子曰：「君以一乘入于魯師，季孫必與君歸。」公欲從之。眾從者脅公，不得歸。
		Jin Hou planned to send an army to restore the Gong [to his position]. Fan Xianzi said, "If we summon Jisun and he does not come, then his disloyalty will be evident. After that, if we attack him, what do you think?" The Jin people summoned Jisun. لوم Xianzi sent a private message, saying, "You must come; I will bear no blame for it." Jisun Yiru met Jin Xunlue at Sh ili. Xunlue said, "My lord sent me to say to your lord: 'For what reason have you driven out the ruler? To have a ruler and yet not serve him violates the established punishments of Zhou." "You should consider this carefully!'" Jisun, wearing a plain cap and hemp clothes with bare feet, knelt down to reply, "Serving the ruler is something I have failed as a minister; how could I dare to escape punishment?" "If the ruler considers me guilty, I request to be imprisoned in Fei and await your investigation. It is entirely up to you. If out of respect for my late father, you do not cut off the Ji family but instead grant me death," "if you neither kill nor exile me, it will be your grace, and I shall die with a name that endures forever." "If I may return and follow the ruler, that would indeed be my wish. How could I dare have any other thoughts?" In summer, in the fourth month, Jisun followed Zhi Bo to Qianhou. Zijiazi said, "The ruler should allow him to return with us." "How can one bear the shame of a single disgrace and yet face lifelong disgrace?" The Gong said, "Agreed." The crowd replied, "It depends on one word; the ruler must certainly expel him!" Xunlue conveyed the command of Jin Hou to console the Gong, and also said, "My lord has ordered me to carry out his command against Yiru. Yiru dares not evade death; your lordship should return!" The Gong said, "Your lord remembers the friendship with my late father and extends kindness even to a fugitive like me. If I am allowed to return to clean the ancestral temple and serve you, then I cannot meet the Lady." "If there is anything I can do to see the Lady, may it be as impossible as crossing a river!" Xunlue covered his ears and ran away, saying, "My lord is afraid of being blamed for this; how dare I be involved in the difficulties of Lu? I shall report back to my lord." Afterwards, he told Jisun, "The ruler's anger has not subsided; you should return for the sacrifice for now." Zijiazi said, "If your lord enters Lu's army with a single chariot, Jisun will certainly return with you." The Gong wanted to follow his suggestion. The crowd of followers pressured the Gong, preventing him from returning.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		薛伯穀卒，同盟，故書。
		Xue Bogu died; he was an ally, hence it is recorded.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，吳人侵楚，伐夷，侵潛、六。楚沈尹戌帥師救潛，吳師還。楚師遷潛於南岡而還。吳師圍弦，左司馬戌，右司馬稽，帥師救弦，及豫章，吳師還，始用子胥之謀也。
		In autumn, the Wu people invaded Chu, attacking Yi and also invading Qian and Liu. Chu Shen Yin Xu led an army to rescue Qian, and the Wu forces withdrew. The Chu army relocated Qian to Nangang and then returned. The Wu forces besieged Xian. Zuo Sima Xu and You Sima Ji led an army to rescue Xian, reaching Yuzhang when the Wu forces withdrew; this was the first time Sun Wu's strategy was employed.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，邾黑肱以濫來奔。賤而書名，重地故也。君子曰，名之不可不慎也如是夫有所有名而不如其已。以地叛，雖賤，必書。地以名其人，終為不義，弗可滅已。是故君子動則思禮，行則思義，不為利回，不為義疚。或求名而不得，或欲蓋而名章，懲不義也。齊豹為衛司寇，守嗣大夫，作而不義，其書為『盜』。」邾庶其，莒牟夷，邾黑肱以土地出，求食而已，不求其名，賤而必書。此二物者，所以懲肆而去貪也。若艱難其身，以險危大人，而有名章徹，攻難之士將奔走之。若竊邑叛君，以徼大利，而無名，貪冒之民，將寘力焉，是以《春秋》書齊豹曰『盜』，三叛人名，以懲不義，數惡無禮，其善志也。故曰，春秋之稱，微而顯，婉而辨，上之人能使昭明，善人勸焉，淫人懼焉，是以君子貴之。」
		In winter, Zhu Heigong fled from Lan and came to take refuge. He was of low rank but his name is recorded; this is because the land [he surrendered] was considered important. The gentlemen said, "How careful one must be with names! Indeed, it is better not to have a name at all than for the name to be so." Those who rebel by surrendering land will be recorded, even if they are of low rank. Land is used to name a person; ultimately, it becomes an act of injustice, and cannot be erased. Therefore, gentlemen think of propriety when they act, and consider righteousness before proceeding; they do not turn back for the sake of profit, nor feel guilty over righteousness. Some seek fame but fail to obtain it, while others try to conceal their deeds yet the name becomes prominent; this serves as a punishment for injustice. Qi Bao served as the Siku of Wei and was a Shidi Daifu, assuming office but acting unjustly; thus he is recorded as a "thief." Zhu Shuqi, Ju Mouyi, and Zhu Heigong left their lands for personal gain, seeking only sustenance, not fame; though of low rank, they are necessarily recorded. These two examples serve as a warning against recklessness and the removal of greed. If someone endangers himself in perilous ways to threaten a superior, yet gains prominent fame and clear recognition, then those who seek to challenge authority will rush to follow him. If someone steals a territory and rebels against his ruler in pursuit of great profit, yet remains unnamed, then greedy and reckless people will still exert effort for such acts. Therefore, the "Spring and Autumn Annals" records Qi Bao as a "thief," naming three traitors to punish injustice, count evil deeds, and lack of courtesy—this is its commendable intent. Hence it is said, the records of "Spring and Autumn" are subtle yet clear, gentle yet discerning. Those in power can make things evident: the virtuous are encouraged, while the licentious are frightened; therefore, gentlemen value it highly."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十二月，辛亥，朔，日有食之。是夜也，趙簡子夢童子臝而轉以歌，旦占諸史墨，曰：「吾夢如是，今而日食，何也？」對曰：「六年及此月也，吳其入郢乎，終亦弗克。入郢必以庚辰，日月在辰尾。庚午之日，日始有謫。火勝金，故弗克。」
		On the Xinhai day, on the first of the twelfth month, there was a solar eclipse. On this night, Zhao Jianzi dreamed of a naked child turning around and singing. In the morning, he consulted Shi Mo and said, "I had such a dream, and now there is a solar eclipse; what does it mean?" The reply was: "In six years from this month, Wu will enter Ying, but ultimately they will not succeed." The entry into Ying must occur on the Gengchen day, when the sun and moon are in the constellation of Chenwei. On the Gengwu day, the sun began to show a blemish. "The fire element overcame metal; therefore, it was not successful."

《昭公三十二年 - Duke Zhao Year 32 》

English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?]

Library Resources 底本：《武英殿十三經注疏》本《春秋左傳正義》：昭公三十二年 《阮元校刻十三經注疏》本《左傳正義》：昭公三十二年 《春秋左傳正義》：昭公三十二年 《四部叢刊初編》本《春秋經傳集解》：昭公三十二年 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳附注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳紀事本末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜林合注》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左氏傳說》 《守約篇》本《左傳義法舉要.儀禮釋宮.古本大學解》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳注疏》 《指海》本《左傳杜解補正》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳事類始末》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳要義》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳事緯》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋左氏傳注疏》 《欽定四庫全書》本《春秋左傳屬事》 《乾隆御覽四庫全書薈要》本《春秋傳》 《春秋左傳詁》 《欽定四庫全書》本《左傳拆諸》 [Show all]

1 Jump to dictionary	昭公三十... :	三十有二年，春，王正月，公在乾侯。取闞。
		In the thirty-second year [of his reign], spring, the first month of the king, the Gong was in Qianhou. Kan was captured.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，吳伐越。
		In summer, Wu attacked Yue.
Jump to dictionary		秋，七月。
		Autumn, seventh month.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		冬，仲孫何忌會晉韓不信、齊高張、宋仲幾、衛世叔申、鄭國參、曹人、莒人、薛人、杞人、小邾人城成周。十有二月，己未，公薨。于乾侯。
		In winter, Zhongsun Heji met with Jin Han Buxin, Qi Gao Zhang, Song Zhong Ji, Wei Shishu Shen, Zheng Guocan, Cao Ren, Ju Ren, Xue Ren, Qi Ren, and Xiao Zhu Ren to build the city of Chengzhou. On the Jimei day of the twelfth month, the Gong died. At Qianhou.
2 Jump to dictionary	昭公三十... :	三十二年，春，王正月，公在乾侯，言不能外內，又不能用其人也。
		In the thirty-second year, spring, first month of the king: The Gong was in Qianhou; this indicates that he could not manage both internal and external affairs, nor could he properly employ his people.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		夏，吳伐越，始用師於越也。史墨曰：「不及四十年，越其有吳乎越得歲而吳伐之，必受其凶。」
		In summer, Wu attacked Yue; this was the first time Wu used military force against Yue. Shi Mo said: "Within less than forty years, Yue will probably possess Wu. Yue has the year's fortune and Wu attacks it; Wu must suffer misfortune as a result."
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		秋，八月，王使富辛與石張如晉，請城成周。天子曰：「天降禍于周，俾我兄弟並有亂心，以為伯父憂。我一二親昵甥舅，不皇啟處，於今十年，勤戍五年。余一人無日忘之，閔閔焉如農夫之望歲，懼以待時。伯父若肆大惠，復二文之業，弛周室之憂，徼文武之福，以固盟主，宣昭令名，則余一人有大願矣，昔成王合諸侯城成周，以為東都，崇文德焉。今我欲徼福假靈于成王，脩成周之城，俾戍人無勤，諸侯用寧，蝥賊遠屏，晉之力也。其委諸伯父，使伯父實重圖之，俾我一人，無徵怨于百姓，而伯父有榮施，先王庸之。」范獻子謂魏獻子曰：「與其戍周，不如城之。天子實云，雖有後事，晉勿與知可也。從王命以紓諸侯，晉國無憂，是之不務，而又焉從事？」魏獻子曰：「善。」使伯音對，曰，天子有命，敢不奉承，以奔告於諸侯，遲速衰序，於是焉在。」冬，十一月，晉魏舒、韓不信如京師，合諸侯之大夫于狄泉，尋盟，且令城成周。魏子南面。衛彪徯曰：「魏子必有大咎。干位以令大事，非其任也，詩曰，敬天之怒，不敢戲豫，敬天之渝，不敢馳驅，況敢干位以作大事乎？」己丑，士彌牟營成周，計丈數，揣高卑，度厚薄，仞溝洫，物土方，議遠邇，量事期，計徒庸，慮財用，書餱糧，以令役於諸侯。屬役賦丈，書以授帥，而效諸劉子。韓簡子臨之，以為成命。
		Autumn, eighth month: The king sent Fu Xin and Shi Zhang to Jin, requesting the construction of Chengzhou. The Son of Heaven said: "Heaven has brought calamity upon Zhou, causing my brothers to harbor rebellious intentions together and troubling my elder uncle." My one or two close relatives, nephews and uncles, have not had time to settle down; for ten years now, they have been diligently on military service for five of those years. I myself never forget a single day; I anxiously await the outcome, like a farmer looking forward to harvest time, fearing and waiting for the right moment. "If my elder uncle would kindly extend great favor, restore the legacy of the two Wen rulers, relieve the worries of the Zhou dynasty, invoke the blessings of Wen and Wu, to consolidate leadership, and proclaim a noble reputation, then I alone would have fulfilled my greatest wish. In ancient times, King Cheng gathered feudal lords to build Chengzhou as an eastern capital, honoring literary virtue." Now I wish to invoke blessings and spiritual power from King Cheng, repairing the city of Chengzhou, so that those on military service may no longer labor in hardship, feudal lords may enjoy peace, malefactors are kept far away—this will be due to Jin's strength. I entrust this matter to my elder uncle, so that you may earnestly plan it out. This will allow me personally to avoid arousing resentment among the people, and bring honor and grace upon my elder uncle; previous kings would surely commend such an act." Fan Xianzi said to Wei Xianzi: "Rather than garrisoning Zhou, it is better to build its city. The Son of Heaven himself has said this; even if there are subsequent matters, Jin need not be involved or informed. "Following the king's command to relieve the feudal lords of their burdens, Jin will have no worries. If we do not pursue this, then what else should we be occupied with?" Wei Xianzi said: "That is a good idea." He sent Bo Yin to respond, saying: "The Son of Heaven has given an order; how dare we not obey and carry it out, rushing to inform the feudal lords? The speed or delay in carrying this out depends entirely on us." In winter, the eleventh month: Jin Wei Shu and Han Buxin went to the capital, where they convened feudal lords' ministers at Diquan to renew an alliance and also ordered the construction of Chengzhou. Duke Wei faced south. Wei Biaoxi said: "Lord Wei must certainly suffer a great misfortune. "To usurp a position to command major affairs is not his responsibility. The Odes say, 'Revere Heaven's anger; dare not indulge in leisure. Revere Heaven's will; dare not act recklessly.' How then could one dare to usurp a position and initiate great matters?" On the Jimou day, Shi Mimu planned the construction of Chengzhou; he measured distances and dimensions, assessed elevations and depressions, determined thicknesses, marked ditches, identified soil types, discussed proximity and distance, estimated timeframes for tasks, calculated labor requirements, considered financial resources, recorded provisions and rations, and issued orders to feudal lords regarding their duties in the project. He assigned tasks by measuring land, documented them for distribution to commanders, and submitted reports to Liu Zi. Han Jianzi oversaw the project in person, regarding it as a completed command.
Jump to dictionary Show parallel passages		十二月，公疾，遍賜大夫，大夫不受。賜子家子雙琥，一環，一璧，輕服，受之，大夫皆受其賜。己未，公薨。子家子反賜於府人，曰：「吾不敢逆君命也。」大夫皆反其賜。書曰，公薨于乾侯，言失其所也，趙簡子問於史墨曰，季氏出其君，而民服焉，諸侯與之，君死於外，而莫之或罪也，對曰：「物生有兩、有三、有五、有陪貳。故天有三辰，地有五行，體有左右，各有妃耦，王有公，諸侯有卿，皆有貳也。天生季氏，以貳魯侯，為日久矣。民之服焉，不亦宜乎魯君世從其失，季氏世脩其勤，民忘君矣。雖死於外，其誰矜之？社稷無常奉，君臣無常位，自古以然。故《詩》曰：『高岸為谷，深谷為陵。』三后之姓於今為庶，王所知也。在易卦，雷乘乾曰，大壯，天之道也。昔成季友，桓之季也，文姜之愛子也。始震而卜，卜人謁之曰，生有嘉聞，其名曰友，為公室輔。』及生，如卜人之言，有文在其手曰「友』，遂以名之。既而有大功於魯，受費以為上卿。至於文子，武子。世增其業，不費舊績。魯文公薨，而東門遂殺適立庶。魯君於是乎失國，政在季氏，於此君也四公矣。民不知君，何以得國是以為君慎器與名，不可以假人。」
		Twelfth month: The Gong fell ill and distributed gifts to all his ministers; however, the ministers did not accept them. The Gong gave Zi Jiazi a pair of hǔ, one ring, one bi, and light clothing; he accepted them. All the ministers then accepted their respective gifts. On the Jimei day, the Gong died. Zi Jiazi returned the gifts to the officials in charge of the treasury, saying: "I dare not defy the lord's command." All the ministers also returned their respective gifts. The Records state, "the Gong died in Qianhou," indicating that he perished outside his proper place. Zhao Jianzi asked Shi Mo: "The Ji clan expelled their lord, yet the people submitted to them; feudal lords supported them. The lord died abroad and no one held them accountable." Shi Mo replied: "Things have duals, triples, fives, or counterparts. Therefore, Heaven has three luminaries; Earth has five elements; the body has left and right sides; each has a spouse or counterpart. The king has ministers, feudal lords have officials—each has their counterparts as well. "Heaven created the Ji clan to serve as the counterpart of the ruler of Lu; this arrangement has existed for a long time." The people's submission to them is not unexpected. The rulers of Lu have generation after generation followed their mistakes, while the Ji clan has generation after generation diligently served; thus, the people have forgotten their lord. Even though he died abroad, who would pity him? The service to the state is not fixed; the positions of ruler and minister are not permanent—this has been true since ancient times. Therefore, the Odes say: "The high bank becomes a valley; the deep valley becomes a hill." The surnames of the three later generations are now commoners—this is something even the king knows. In the Yijing hexagrams, thunder riding over Qian is called "Dazhuang," which reflects the way of Heaven. Long ago, Cheng Jiyou was Duke Huan's younger brother and a beloved son of Wen Jiang. At his birth, an omen was taken by divination; the diviner announced: "This child will have a distinguished reputation. His name shall be You, and he will serve as an assistant to the public house." When he was born, it matched what the diviner had said. There was a mark on his hand that read "You," so they named him accordingly. Later, he rendered great service to Lu and received Fei as his fief, becoming a high-ranking minister. Down to Duke Wenzǐ and Duke Wuzǐ. Each generation enhanced their achievements, without diminishing past accomplishments. When Duke Wen of Lu died, Dongmen Sui killed the legitimate heir and installed a younger son instead. Since then, the rulers of Lu have lost control of their state; power has rested with the Ji clan. For this current ruler, four previous dukes have already reigned. The people no longer recognize their lord; how can they retain the state? Therefore, a ruler must be cautious about symbols and titles, which cannot be entrusted to others."