Qiao Zhou (died 270), courtesy name
Yunnan, was an official and scholar of the state of
Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under
Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) in the late Eastern Han dynasty before becoming a subject of the warlord
Liu Bei, who established the Shu Han regime in 221. Qiao Zhou served in the Shu government from the time when Liu Bei ascended the throne (in 221) to the fall of Shu in 263. He is also known for persuading the Shu emperor
Liu Shan to surrender to Wei in 263.
He has a grandson Qiao Xiu (谯秀), a hermit.
Read more...: Assessments of Qiao Zhous surrender stance In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Assessments of Qiao Zhous surrender stance
In Sanguozhi, the historian Chen Shou praised that Qiao's proposal "preserved" the Liu ex-royal family and "help" Shu Han. Such praise was due to Chen's position as the subordinate of Western Jin dysnasty and also because Qiao was Chen's teacher. Historians with different viewpoints, such as Sun Sheng, heavily criticized Qiao Zhou's stance of surrender, called Qiao as "traitor".
Yi Zhongtian commented that Qiao's "treachery" was not due to his personality (Qiao was well-known for his good moral conduct) but because of difference in political stance. Qiao Zhou was the representative of the local Shu intelligentsia nobility (士族) who had long been at odd with Shu Han's governmentd due to:
• Shu government had long been mainly made up of "foreign" magistrates who competed against the local nobility in governmental posts and political power. Liu Yan, Liu Zhang, Liu Bei and their close associates were mostly not the local Shu nobility. Zhuge Liang later enacted a "fair" talent enrollment, employed many local Shu intelligentsia and managed to earn their respect, however he failed to completely solve the conflict.
• Zhuge Liang's fair and transparent rule of law were harmful for the nobility because it restrict their social privileges and prevented them from manipulating the politics. Meanwhile, the nine-rank system of Cao Wei and later Western Jin enable the nobility to recommend and promote their own scions, which was beneficial for the local Shu clans.
• Shu Han government relentlessly launched the northern expeditions against Cao Wei, resulted in heavy expenditure. Such expenditure was not only the burden of the common people, but also was harmful for the Shu nobility since taxes were imposed on them.
As a result, "betrayed" the Shu Han and "surrendered" to Cao Wei was beneficial for the local Shu's nobility - represented by Qiao Zhou and others, and they were eager to welcome Cao Wei's invasion.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Qiao Zhou is depicted as an astrologer whose studies greatly aided Zhuge Liang during the Northern Expeditions against Shu's rival state Cao Wei.
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谯周(199年 - 270年),字
允南,巴蜀巴西西充(今四川南部县)人,
蜀汉学者。
Read more...: 生平 人物形象 外表性格 著作 家庭 父 子 孙
生平
谯周幼贫丧父,与母、兄同居。少读典籍,精研六经,颇晓天文,为蜀地大儒之一,门下有陈寿、罗宪、文立、李密、杜轸等学生。
谯周早期时才华不被人看重,当时唯有杨戏看重,称赞说:「我子孙最后都不能像谯周这才者那样好。」
诸葛亮做益州牧时,任命他做劝学从事。诸葛亮死后,谯周前往奔丧,虽然朝廷随后下诏禁止奔丧,但谯周仍因行动迅速而得以到达。刘禅立太子刘璇时任命他做太子仆,调令家令,之后升任中散大夫,光禄大夫。炎兴元年(263年)魏入侵蜀汉,劝后主刘禅降,遂被封为阳城亭侯,迁骑都尉,散骑常侍。
在蜀汉任官时期。见姜维多次北伐而虚耗蜀汉国力,因而不满,著《仇国论》力陈姜维北伐师旅数出之失弊。
西元265年,文立拜访谯周。谯周因病说话不清楚,于是写上:「典午忽兮,月酉没兮。」典午指的是司马,月酉代表八月的时候,结果司马昭果真在八月时病逝。
蜀灭后时任益州刺史的董荣亦对其相当敬重,曾挂其图像于州学并令从事李通颂之。
人物形象
在《三国演义》中,以谯周多以星相家和反战者的角色出现。
• 第65回随刘璋投降刘备。
• 第80回诸葛亮和谯周商议劝刘备即帝位。
• 第91回诸葛亮准备北伐,谯周以天文劝阻诸葛亮不被接纳。
• 第102回再劝阻诸葛亮停止北伐,仍不被接纳。
• 第105回谯周观星看出诸葛亮逝世,报告刘禅。
• 第112回姜维准备北伐,谯周作《仇国论》劝阻不被接纳。
• 第115回再次劝阻姜维仍不被接纳。
• 第118回魏军迫近,劝刘禅投降魏国。
• 第119回随刘禅降魏。
外表性格
身高八尺,相貌纯扑,性格坦率,没有辩才,但很有学识。
著作
《仇国论》:用因馀和肇建两国的纷争,由古喻今,提及周文王,勾践以稳定而以小胜强,汉太祖处乱世而张良以速战战胜项羽。认为蜀汉当时应与民休息,减少用兵。
撰《古史考》、《蜀本纪》、《论语注》、《五经然否论》等,均佚。
家庭
父
• 谯𡸫,字荣始,尚书学者,精通河图纬书,益州州府来召请他,都没有答应,州府于是任命他为师友从事。
子
• 谯熙
• 谯贤
• 谯同:喜爱谯周的学习,被举为孝廉,任锡县县令、东宫洗马,被朝延徵召但没有就任。
孙
• 谯秀,谯熙子,晋朝隐士。
• 谯登,谯贤子,晋扬烈将军、梓潼太守。
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