History

Foundation

During the Zhou conquest of Shang, Jiang Ziya served as the chief minister to King Wu. After Wu's death, Jiang remained loyal to the Duke of Zhou during the Three Guards' failed rebellion against his regency. The Shang prince Wu Geng had joined the revolt along with the Dongyi states of Yan, Xu, and Pugu. These were suppressed by 1039 BC and Jiang was given the Pugu lands in what is now western Shandong as the march of Qi. Little information survives from this period, but the Bamboo Annals suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time .

In the mid-9th century BC, King Yi (. 865–58BC) attacked Qi and boiled Duke Ai to death. Under the reign of King Xuan (r.827–782), there was a local succession struggle. During this time, many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Qi state.

Spring and Autumn period

In 706BC, Qi was attacked by the Shan Rong. Qi rose to prominence under Duke Huan of Qi (685–643BC). He and his minister Guan Zhong strengthened the state by centralizing it. He annexed 35 neighboring states including Tan and brought others into submission. In 667BC, Duke Huan met with the rulers of Lu, Song, Chen and Zheng and was elected leader. Subsequently, King Hui of Zhou made him the first Hegemon. He attacked Wei for supporting a rival of the Zhou king and intervened in the affairs of Lu. In 664BC, he protected Yan from the Rong people. In 659BC, he protected Xing and in 660, Wei, from the Red Di. In 656 he blocked the northward expansion of Chu. After his death, a war of succession broke out among his sons, greatly weakening Qi. The hegemony consequently passed to Jin.

In 632BC, Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. In 589BC, Qi was defeated by Jin. In 579BC, the four great powers of Qin (west), Jin (center), Chu (south) and Qi (east) met to declare a truce and limit their military strength. In 546BC, a similar four-power conference recognized several smaller states as satellites of Qi, Jin and Qin.

Warring States period

Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532BC, the Tian clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485BC, the Tian killed the ducal heir and fought several rival clans. In 481BC, the Tian chief killed a puppet duke, most of the ruler's family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the Duke with only the capital of Linzi and the area around Mount Tai. In 386BC, the House of Tian fully replaced the House of Jiang as rulers of Qi. In 222BC, Qi was the last of the warring states to be conquered by Qin, thereby putting an end to the wars and uniting China under the Qin Dynasty.

Culture of Qi

Before Qin unified China, each state had its own customs and culture. According to the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu, composed in the 4th or 5th century BC and included in the Book of Documents, there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail in this book. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, Yu the Great, throughout each of the regions. Other texts, predominantly military, also discussed these cultural variations.

One of these texts was The Book of Master Wu, written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the other states. Wu Qi, the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said:

While visiting Qi, Confucius was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of Shao music 韶 therein.

During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for its capital's academy Jixia, renowned scholars of the era from all over China visited the academy.

Qi architecture

The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the ancestral temple, to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations.

Smaller cities known as chengyi (城邑) were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.

Qi in astronomy

Qi is represented by the star Chi Capricorni in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "Girl" lunar mansion in the "Black Turtle" symbol. Qi is also represented by the star 112 Herculis in the "Left Wall" asterism in the "Heavenly Market" enclosure.

Rulers

House of Jiang

House of Tian

Famous people

• Guan Zhong (720–645BC), prime minister to Duke Huan of Qi and known for making the state of Qi one of the most power Hegemons at the time.

• Yan Ying (578–500BC), prime minister to Duke Jing, known for Yanzi Chunqiu.

• Sun Bin (?–316BC), military strategist known for Sun Bin's Art of War.

• Chunyu Kun (386–310BC), official and master scholar at the Jixia Academy.

• Mencius (372–289BC), official and one of the most renowned Confucian philosophers.

• Xun Kuang (313–238BC), philosopher who joined the Jixia Academy when he was 50 years old, known for the Xunzi.

• Sun Tzu (544–496BC) Chinese writer, famous for writing The Art Of War.

历史

姜齐

姜尚受封

齐国历史可以追溯到西周初年。当时周武王为了酬谢为周朝的功臣和宗室，大行封建制度，首封身为师父的功臣姜尚于营丘（后改称临淄），国名为齐。因国君为姜姓，故又称为姜姓齐国， 史称姜齐。太公东去就国，近邻的夷人莱侯率军与太公争夺营丘。太公至营丘后，因应当地风俗，简化礼节而修政。发展工商业，利用当地鱼盐之利，人口大增，使齐国成为大国。

早期历史

齐国在诸侯中地位崇高，周成王曾在三监之乱后，使召康公命姜太公曰：「东至海， 西至河，南至穆陵，北至无棣，五侯九伯，实得征之。」齐国由此得到征伐之权，成为大国，建都于营丘。

周康王时期，周康王分以珍宝之器分给齐丁公吕伋、卫国第二代君主卫康伯及晋国第二代君主晋侯燮和周公旦之子鲁公伯禽。

齐丁公三传至哀公，因受纪侯在周夷王前进谗言被夷王烹杀。哀公死后，他的异母弟吕静被立为齐君，是为齐胡公。前866年，齐胡公为防纪国暗算，从营丘迁都至薄姑（临淄西北五十里）。此举令齐人震动及有怨言，齐哀公同母弟公子山与私党率营丘人杀死胡公，将胡公之子驱逐出境，又把首都从薄姑迁到临淄，是为齐献公。献公两传至其孙厉公，厉公昏愦暴虐，国民痛恨他，遂联络齐胡公之子入齐国攻杀厉公。胡公之子皆战死，齐人拥立厉公之子吕赤为国君，是为齐文公。齐文公把参与杀厉公的七十人全部处死，结束长达四十馀年的宫廷内乱。

僖公小霸

文公三传至僖公。齐僖公先后与郑庄公及鲁隐公结盟，得到两国帮助，在其后十数年间齐僖公先后主持与多国会盟，平定宋、衞与郑三国之间的斗争。齐国与盟国郑、鲁以宋殇公不向周天子朝觐而讨伐宋国、以郕国不听从周天子之命令而讨伐郕国、平定许国逼使许庄公出走，立其弟许桓公为国君、平定宋国华督之乱。前706年，齐僖公又在郑国公子忽帮助下打败狄戎，但是因赠送礼物给各盟国时，鲁、郑交恶，于前702年，齐国在郑国要求下联郑伐鲁。前699年，又应宋国要求，联合宋、衞、燕三国讨伐郑国，齐国遂形成一个小霸之局面。到了僖公之子襄公在位时，国力更强。在前690年，降服纪国。前686年，齐国又与鲁国讨伐郕国，郕国降齐。

桓公即位

前685年齐大夫连称、管至父弑杀齐襄公，立其堂弟公孙无知即位。齐大夫鲍叔牙早有预感齐国将发生大乱，在襄公在位期间就保护公子小白逃到莒国（今山东莒县），另一大夫管仲则协助公子纠逃奔鲁国。前685年，齐大臣雍廪杀国君无知与大夫连称，国内无君，公子纠与公子小白争相回国，鲁国派管仲带兵堵截住莒国到齐国的路，管仲一箭射中小白带钩。小白咬舌吐血假装倒地而死，管仲派人回鲁国报捷。这时小白已兼程赶回齐国，高傒迎公子小白回到临淄即位，是为桓公。

齐桓公即位后，发兵迎击鲁国，在乾时（今山东淄博市桓台县）大战，鲁军败走。鲍叔牙给鲁庄公写了一封信，信中说：「公子纠是齐君的兄弟，不忍杀他，请鲁国自己杀他。公子纠的老师召忽、管仲是仇人，请鲁国把他们送来，剁成肉泥。如不从命，将要出兵讨伐鲁国。」鲁人害怕，杀公子纠，召忽自杀，管仲被囚禁。桓公要杀管仲，鲍叔牙劝说：「臣幸运地跟从了君上，君上现在成为了国君。如果君上只想让齐国成为强国，那么有叔牙和高傒就够了。如果君上想成就天下霸业，那么非管仲不可。管仲到哪个国家，哪个国家就能强盛，不可以失去他。」桓公听从他的建议，假装要杀仇人，把管仲接到齐国。桓公和管仲谈论霸王之术，大喜过望，以其为大夫，委以政事。

齐国称霸

桓公任管仲为相，推行改革，实行军政合一、兵民合一的制度，齐国逐渐强盛。桓公于前681年在甄（今山东鄄城）召集宋国、陈国等四国诸侯会盟，而齐桓公是历史上第一个自称为中原盟主的诸侯。后宋国违背盟约，齐桓公以周天子的名义，率数国诸侯伐宋，迫使宋国求和，此即为第一次「九合诸侯」。另外，齐桓公还灭了谭、遂、鄣等小国。当时中原华夏各诸侯苦于戎狄等部落的攻击，于是齐桓公打出「尊王攘夷」的旗号，北击山戎，南伐楚国，桓公成为中原霸主，受到周天子赏赐，将齐国的霸业推至高峰。

诸子争位

桓公晚年昏庸，重用佞臣公子开方、易牙、竖刁等人，当贤臣管仲、隰朋及鲍叔牙等相继逝世，齐国开始走下坡路。

齐桓公和管仲立公子昭为太子，并嘱托宋襄公予以照应。桓公四十三年（前643年），齐桓公重病，五公子（公子无亏、公子昭、公子潘、公子元、公子商人）各率党羽争位。冬十月，齐桓公饿死。五公子互相攻打，齐国一片混乱。桓公尸体在床上放了六十七天，尸虫都从窗子里爬了出来，「身死不葬，虫流出户」。后来易牙、竖刁等人拥立的齐君无亏才把桓公收殓。公子昭逃奔宋国。前642年春，宋襄公联合曹国、衞国、邾国领兵攻齐，以助公子昭归国争位。三月，迫于诸侯军队的压力，齐众大夫在国氏、高氏两家的率领下诱杀竖刁、无亏，迎立太子昭。但其馀四公子的追随者兴兵攻打已入齐境的太子昭，迫使其逃回宋国。同年五月，宋襄公再度发兵，击败齐众公子于甗(今山东济南附近)，太子昭遂得以入齐都临淄即位。此次动乱之后，齐国国力衰落，齐桓公霸业告终。

孝公死后，其子被公子开方杀死，公子潘夺位，是为昭公。昭公死后，其子姜舍在位仅五个月，就被公子商人弑杀自立，是为懿公。四年后，懿公被弑，齐人恨懿公骄恣，废其子而迎公子姜元于衞。姜元即位，是为齐惠公。一连串的争位至此结束，但齐国因此国力衰落，只能跟随晋国与楚国争霸。

霸业崩溃

惠公死后，齐国国势日蹙。顷公在位时（前589年），齐军在鞍之战中被晋军打败。灵公在位时（前555年），齐国因背盟讨伐鲁国。晋国帅鲁、宋、卫、郑、曹、莒、邾、滕、薛、杞、小邾共十二家诸侯兴师伐齐：齐灵公亲自率师御敌，在平阴被联军大败。自此已无力称霸。

晏婴相齐

齐国一向由天子二守的国氏、高氏两公族辅政，其后有鲍氏（鲍叔牙之后）、崔氏（齐丁公嫡子季子之后）、庆氏（公子无亏之子庆克之后）、晏氏（晏弱之后）、高氏（惠公子公子祁之后）、栾氏（惠公子公子坚之后）等卿大夫掌政，卿大夫势力日大，互相兼并，更开始废立齐国国君。桓公由高傒迎立。崔杼迎立庄公姜光即位，杀太傅高厚，独掌朝政。后来因庄公与崔杼妻棠姜有染，崔杼大怒，联合棠无咎弑君，另立庄公弟公子杵臼为君，即齐景公。前546年，左相庆封（庆克之子）攻灭崔氏，崔杼自杀。前545年，鲍氏、高氏、栾氏攻灭庆氏，庆封逃到吴国。此后，齐国由上大夫晏婴主持国政。晏婴生活节俭，谦恭下士。对内匡辅国政，屡次劝谏景公，拔擢贤才司马穰苴、越石父等；对外出使别国，机敏善辩，不辱使命，使齐国名扬诸侯。

田氏专权

前532年，惠公后代的栾氏、高氏被鲍氏、田氏联合所灭，栾施和高强奔鲁，齐国公族势力大大减弱。

田氏为陈国公子田完的后代，因陈国内乱，田完流亡至齐国，被齐桓公任命为工正。田完传五世至田桓子田无宇，田氏施惠于民，民心归田氏，田氏因而强大，晏婴曾暗地对叔向说：「齐国之政卒归于田氏矣。」。

田氏的支系子孙田穰苴因打败晋、燕两军被任命为大司马，因田氏势力扩大而警惕的高张、国夏对齐景公说穰苴的坏话，司马穰苴被免官。田僖子田乞立志要除掉高氏和国氏。前500年，晏婴去世。由高、国两家把持朝政。前489年，景公病重，遗命国夏、高张扶立少子公子荼为太子，驱逐群公子，迁他们至东莱。不久，田乞发动宫廷政变，灭高、国两家，高张被杀、国夏奔莒、晏圉奔鲁。田乞弑杀安孺子，与鲍牧及诸大夫另立年龄较长的公子阳生为国君，是为悼公。前485年，田成子田恒唆使大夫鲍息弑杀齐悼公，立公子壬为国君，是为简公。前481年，田恒发动政变，杀死了阚止和简公，拥立简公弟弟公子骜为国君，是为平公。

自此之后，田恒独揽齐国大权，尽诛鲍、晏诸族。田氏家族专权于齐国平公、宣公、康公三代。

田齐

田氏代齐

前391年，齐康公被田和放逐于临海的海岛上，「食一城，以奉其先祀」，田和自立为国君，是为齐太公。前386年，田和被周安王列为诸侯，姜姓齐国为田氏取代，田和正式称侯，仍沿用齐国名号、世称「田齐」以显示别于姜姓齐国，史称「田氏代齐」，成为「战国七雄」之一。前379年，齐康公死，田氏并其食邑，姜太公至此绝祀。

战国称王

太公三传至其孙威王时，威王任用邹忌为相改革政治，任用田忌、孙膑为将，齐国遂变得强大。前353年，齐国大败魏国于桂陵。前341年，齐又大败魏军于马陵。前334年，威王与魏惠王「会徐州相王」，正式称王。威王晚年，国相邹忌与将军田忌争政。前322年，田忌中了反间计攻打临淄、谋取邹忌，战败后逃亡至楚国。直至宣王即位后，才召他回国恢复旧职。

秦齐称帝

前314年，燕国发生「子之之乱」；在孟轲劝说下，宣王命匡章率「五都之兵」、「北地之众」攻破燕国。前301年，齐联合韩、魏国攻楚，大败楚国。前298年-前296年，齐联合韩、魏连年攻秦，攻入函谷关，迫秦求和。前288年十月，秦王称西帝，遣使立泯王为东帝，且在互相称帝之后，欲约与共伐赵。苏代劝说泯王后，泯王称帝二日后而复归王号。同年十二月，吕礼自齐入秦，秦王亦去帝复称为王。前286年，泯王灭宋国，南侵楚国，西侵三晋，齐国势到达巅峰。泯王意欲吞并二周，成为天子。

乐毅破齐

前284年，燕昭王以乐毅为上将军，合燕、秦、韩、赵、魏伐齐攻入临淄，连下七十馀城，齐城不下者只有莒和即墨。泯王逃入莒，被楚将淖齿杀死。王孙贾与莒人杀淖齿，立泯王子法章为齐襄王。

田单复国

燕军引兵东围即墨，城中推举田单为将。双方相持达五年。前279年，燕昭王逝世，燕惠王继位，田单使用反间计，使得乐毅被废除职务，燕惠王改派骑劫代替乐毅为将领，乐毅被迫出奔赵国。田单组织反攻，以「火牛阵」大败燕军，收复失地。齐虽复国，但元气大伤，无力再与秦抗衡。

秦灭齐国

前265年，齐襄王死后由其子田建即位，由母亲君王后辅政。前249年，君王后逝世后，王后的族弟后胜执政。后胜为人贪婪，在秦国不断贿赂之下，齐王建听信了后胜的主张，对其馀五国袖手旁观，也不加强战备。终于到五国灭亡后，齐王才顿感到秦国的威胁，慌忙将军队集结到西部边境，准备抵御秦军的进攻。前221年，秦王在灭亡韩、赵、魏、楚、燕之后，以齐拒绝秦使者访齐为由，命王贲率领秦军伐齐，秦军避开了齐军西部主力，由原来的燕国南部南下直奔齐都临淄。齐军面对秦军突然从北面来攻，措手不及，土崩瓦解。齐王建出城投降，齐国灭亡。秦国统一天下，在齐地设置齐郡和琅邪郡。自此秦国统一天下，并建立秦朝。

齐国君主列表

姜齐君主列表

田齐君主列表

齐国田氏称王之前的领袖

田齐君主