Nalan Xingde (纳兰性德; January 19, 1655 – July 1, 1685), Manchu name
Nara Singde, courtesy name
Rongruo (容若|s=|t= |labels=no), was a
Qing dynasty Chinese poet, famous for his ci poetry. He was born
Nalan Chengde (纳兰成德), but had to change his name when the
Kangxi Emperor named
Yunreng his crown prince. The character
cheng (成) became taboo because it was phonetic part of Yunreng's birth name.
Born in Beijing in January 1655, Nalan Xingde came from a powerful Manchu family that not only belonged to the Plain Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners, but was also related to royalty. His father Mingju, who became Grand Secretary in 1677, was second cousin to the Shunzhi Emperor, and his mother was the fifth daughter of Ajige, Prince Ying of the First Rank, and thus first cousin to the Shunzhi Emperor. Xingde's genealogical origins could have been Mongolian, however, since his clan was originally a tribe of the Mongol Yehe who defeated the Manchu Nara tribe and adopted their name.
He was reportedly a bright child with a talent in writing poetry and essays. Like all Manchu boys, however, he was also taught riding and archery, and was said to be quite proficient in both.
By nineteen, he was already enjoying a literary reputation. However, success at the national civil service examination eluded him until 1676, when he obtained the Chin-shih Degree. In contrast to the more common practice of naming a chin-shih a bureaucrat/official, the Kangxi Emperor gave Xingde a military position as a junior grade officer in the Imperial Bodyguard (三等侍卫).
Xingde became a close associate of the emperor, perhaps due to their similar ages, and often accompanied the emperor on royal tours of inspection. Later, Xingde was promoted to a higher position (一等侍卫). He was sent on a tour of the northern border to assess the damage caused by the Russian border raids and skirmishes.
He died at the age of 30, due to an unspecified illness.
When he was 19, he married the daughter of Lu Xingzu (卢兴祖), who was the Viceroy of Guangdong. Three years into the marriage, his wife died in childbirth. He later took a concubine whose family name was Yan (颜) and eventually married a woman whose family name was Guan (官). At thirty, he took another concubine, Shen Wan (沈宛), who was a poet of some standing herself. He had at least three sons and several daughters.
One of the daughters of Nalan Xingde was married to Han Bannerman Nian Gengyao.
Read more...: Character In fiction and popular culture
Character
Nalan was born with great talent in literature. Though his supernormal background has paved the way for his political career, it also controlled his freedom. So in Nalan's mind, he is tired of his position, freedom is the pursuit of his life. Coming from a rich family, Nalan does not value the material comforts, literature is his favorite. His dear wife's death made him painful and pessimistic, and intensified his eagerness to get close to nature.
In fiction and popular culture
• Portrayed by Stephen Wong Ka-lok in The Life and Times of a Sentinel (2011)
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.
纳兰性德(1655年1月19日 - 1685年,
清顺治十一年十二月十二日-
康熙二十四年五月三十日),
那拉氏(又称作
纳兰氏),原名
成德,避太子
保成讳改名为
性德,字
容若,号
饮水、
楞伽山人。生于北京。满洲正黄旗人,
清朝政治人物、词人、学者。
Read more...: 生平 家庭 后人 成就与作品 评价 纳兰性德墓
生平
纳兰性德生于腊月,始祖名叫星恳达尔汉(亦胜根打喇汉、打叶),曾祖父叫金台石,是叶赫部贝勒,其妹孟古为努尔哈赤的妃子(即皇太极生母,皇太极是纳兰性德的舅公)。母爱新觉罗氏,为阿济格之女,父亲纳兰明珠历任内务府总管、吏部尚书、武英殿大学士。纳兰性德十七岁进太学,十八岁中举,十九岁会试中试,因患寒疾,没有参加殿试。二十二岁即康熙十五年(1676年)补殿试,中二甲第七名,赐进士出身。康熙帝爱其才,又因他是八旗子弟,上代又与皇室沾亲,与康熙长子胤禔生母惠妃也有亲戚关系,所以被康熙留在身边,授予三等侍卫的官职,后晋升为一等侍卫,多次随康熙出巡,并奉旨出使梭龙(其方位学界尚存分歧),考察沙俄侵边情况。康熙二十四年五月三十日患急病去世,年仅三十岁(虚龄三十二),死后葬于京西皂甲屯纳兰祖坟(今北京海淀区上庄皂甲屯)。《清史稿》有传。
家庭
纳兰性德20岁时(约1674年)娶两广总督卢兴祖之女为妻,颜氏为妾,纳兰与卢氏十分恩爱。可惜好景不长,才过了三年多的时间,卢氏就于康熙十六年五月三十号,因产后受风寒,缠绵病榻而去世。纳兰性德为她写下了许多感人至深的悼亡词。又过了三年多,他续娶官氏为继室。两人感情也不错。纳兰性德在扈驾至辽东、五台山、江南一带巡视及赴梭龙侦察的行役途中所写的一些思家的作品,显然是为官氏所作的。纳兰性德的子女人数、名字,由于记载年代和史料来源有别,虚实难辩,甚至自相矛盾,很久以来无法弄清。据现有材料,研究者大致认同纳兰共有三子,长子富格,次子富尔敦,三子富森,女数人。长女嫁给高其倬作原配;其中一个女儿嫁给了年羹尧,其孙名瞻岱。
纳兰性德一生,一共两位红粉知己,一个是原配夫人卢氏,另一个是南方汉家才女沈宛。沈宛是当时江南小有名气的歌妓才女,因当时民间有满汉不能通婚的不成文风气,娶沈宛后沈宛并未入住纳兰府,住在北京西郊德胜门的宅子内,他尽力给她一切,却唯独不能给她一个家。半年后,沈宛便离开京城,回到了江南。
相传,纳兰容若还有一位青梅竹马的小表妹,两人两情相悦。但按当时的规矩,凡到选秀女之年,三年一次,家有13-15岁的姑娘必须进宫参加选秀,入选进宫,落选可自由婚配。以表妹的家世,相貌,才华,想必是肯定被选中的。从此两人天各一方,徒留无数遗憾。
纳兰容若去世于康熙二十四年,同年秋天,沈宛为他生下了他的遗腹之子富森。
后人
• 直系后裔:富尔敦(进士、七品京官)、富格(福哥)、富森(福森);瞻岱(亦占岱,参领、副都统,康雍乾三朝时期人);达洪阿(恩荫,乾隆朝);那魁(那揆,乾、嘉朝)、那伦(头等侍卫、乾隆五十五年世袭佐领,嘉庆十八年癸酉之变卒)、那成(那什,乾、嘉朝人);恩隆(恩骑尉、嘉庆十八年接替父那伦为世袭佐领,嘉、道朝人)、长年(先后为那伦、恩隆佐领下人,云南陆凉州知州、湖北郧阳府知府);巴哈布(道、咸朝);容山(参领、副都统,咸、同、光朝);麟祥(容山子,清末刑部、法部主事,光、宣朝)、麟瑞(容山子,清末、民国);叶连德(民人、车夫,民国时期人)。
《钦定八旗通志》载:第三参领第七佐领系第六佐领内余丁,明珠管理佐领时分编一佐领,以其长子兴德(性德、星德)管理。兴德故,以其弟左都御史揆叙(魁绪)管理。揆叙故,以其子兵部侍郎永寿(永绶)管理。永寿故,以其子宁秀(宁琇)管理。宁秀故,以其兄之子玉琳(玉麟)管理。玉琳故,以其子成安(承安)管理。成安革职,以其叔祖之孙那伦管理。清朝内务府档案《会计司呈稿》又载,「承安(成安)之祖魁绪(揆叙)后嗣另门分居之那伦、那什等名下」的庄田。而正黄旗满洲都统咨称:「据那伦等呈称,身系明珠之子兴德三世之孙,并非魁绪后嗣,身祖瞻代名下原有雍正九年分给岫岩等处地九顷三十亩,交庄头王明等承种,此外并无另有地亩。」由此档案可以确定,那伦与那什是瞻岱的孙子,达洪阿的儿子,词人纳兰性德的直系后裔。再由清代人物传包《那伦列传》和南京大学清代官员档案资料库确定那伦之子恩隆袭佐领。
• 直系女后裔:女数人,一女嫁给高其倬、一女嫁年羹尧。纳兰容若孙瞻岱之长女许配镶蓝旗满洲人、雍正十一年( 1733年)癸丑科进士、翰林院编修鄂伦(重臣鄂尔泰侄,「鄂尔泰侄鄂昌,雍正举人;鄂伦、鄂敏,皆为雍正进士」),瞻岱次女许镶黄旗生员哈赏阿。
• 族内后裔:繁多,有那丹珠(亦纳丹珠、世袭佐领,协副将,第一历史档案馆. 乾隆二十五年那丹珠升凉州镇永昌协副将回避族兄调肃州镇永固协副将.),永绶(亦侍郎永寿)、永福;宁秀(亦宁琇)、宁秀兄;玉琳(亦玉麟);成安(亦承安,揆叙孙,乾隆年间被革职,由皇贵妃兄金简负责抄家)等。舒妃(存疑,缺乏史料证明舒妃之父永寿即为纳兰容若家族之永寿,或同名)。纳兰明珠同族亲戚主要分布在正黄旗满洲第三参领第六、七、八、九、十佐领及部分在第四参领第十一、十四佐领。《钦定八旗通志》载:正黄旗满洲第三参领第九佐领,尼雅哈之三世孙副都统占岱(即纳兰性德孙瞻岱)管理,占岱(瞻岱)升任以其侄穆尔泰管理,穆尔泰升任以其叔岱清阿管理,岱清阿升任以其侄那丹珠(亦纳丹珠)管理。乾隆二十五年,那丹珠上呈《纳丹珠承袭世管佐领家谱》,因缮写错误,乾隆阅后发怒责罚,令该佐领重新拣选人承袭。「正黄满奏臣旗进呈署理升任副将那丹珠佐领家谱内那魁(那揆)成安(承安)玉麟(玉琳)等名理应更正连写臣允禄未能悉心仍然分写进呈甚属非是请将臣等交部严加查议。」该满文族谱现藏于中国国家图书馆,《纳丹珠承袭世管佐领家谱》是明珠大家族族谱,并非详细记载纳兰性德支系后裔情况。
成就与作品
}
山一程
水一程
身向榆关那畔行
夜深千帐灯
风一更
雪一更
聒碎乡心梦不成
故园无此声
|-
!
人生若只如初见
何事秋风悲画扇
等闲变却故人心
却道故人心易变
骊山语罢清宵半
泪雨零铃终不怨
何如薄幸锦衣郎
比翼连枝当日愿
|-
!
一生一代一双人
争教两处销魂
相思相望不相亲
天为谁春
浆向蓝桥易乞
药成碧海难奔
若容相访饮牛津
相对忘贫
|}
纳兰性德善骑射,好读书,经史百家无所不窥,夏承焘《词人纳兰容若手简前言》称:「他是满族中一位最早笃好汉文学而卓有成绩的文人。」纳兰能诗善赋,尤工词,虽长于钟鸣鼎食之家,且「密迩天子左右,人以为贵近臣无如容若者」(《通志堂集》卷19附录),然其词境凄清哀婉,多幽怨之情。他自己在《与梁药亭书》中曾写道:「仆少知操觚,即爱《花间》致语」。从他的某些作品中,可以看到《花间集》的风味。与朱彝尊、陈维崧并称「清词三大家」。
二十四岁时,纳兰性德把自己的词作编选成集,名为《侧帽词》,康熙十七年(1678年)又委托顾贞观在吴中刊成 《饮水词》,取自宋朝岳珂《桯史·记龙眠海会图》「至于有法无法,有相无相,如鱼饮水,冷暖自知。」惜此两本词集今皆不见传本。后有人将两部词集增遗补缺,共342首,编辑一处,名为《纳兰词》(道光十二年汪元治结铁纲齐本和光绪六年许增榆园本),今存词一共348首。
纳兰性德去世后,他的师友徐乾学、顾贞观、严绳孙、秦松龄等人为其编成《通志堂集》二十卷,包括赋一卷,诗、词、文、《渌水亭杂识》各四卷,杂文一卷,附录二卷。其中包含历史、地理、天文、历法、佛学、音乐、文学、考证等方面知识。此外,他还编刊过《大易集义粹言》、《词韵正略》、《今词初集》、《通志堂经解》等书。
《通志堂经解》一书,本为徐乾学所辑,同官纳兰成德慕之,央友与徐关说,言此书卷帙浩繁,锓工颇费,愿出赀镌印,署其姓名。徐曰:「但愿传薪于后学,岂吝纤芥之浮名?」慨然允诺。阅者知为纳兰氏,不知出徐氏手也。
书法作品
纳兰性德手简真迹,被中国纳兰性德研究界奉为「国宝」,今藏上海图书馆。手简共三十六通。可以说,这是迄今为止发现的唯一被证实的纳兰性德手稿遗墨,价值极高。
有一幅对联,署名纳兰成德,应是改名之前所书。被专家认定为真迹,可能是纳兰容若唯一传世的大幅书法作品。
评价
• 顾贞观:「容若天资超逸,悠然尘外,所为乐府小令,婉丽凄清,使读者哀乐不知所主,如听中宵梵呗,先凄惋而后喜悦。」「容若词一种凄忱处,令人不能卒读,人言愁,我始欲愁。」
• 陈维崧:「饮水词哀感顽艳,得南唐二主之遗。」
• 周之琦:「纳兰容若,南唐李重光后身也。予谓重光天籁也,恐非人力所能及。容若长调多不协律,小令则格高韵远,极缠绵婉约之致,能使残唐坠绪,绝而复续,第其品格,殆叔原、方回之亚乎?」
• 况周颐:「容若承平少年,乌衣公子,天分绝高。适承元、明词敝,甚欲推尊斯道,一洗雕虫篆刻之讥。独惜享年不永,力量未充,未能胜起衰之任。其所为词,纯任性灵,纤尘不染,甘受和,白受采,进于沉著浑至何难矣。」
• 王国维:「纳兰容若以自然之眼观物,以自然之舌言情,此由初入中原,未染汉人风气,故能真切如此,北宋以来,一人而已!」
• 陈廷焯:「容若饮水词,在国初亦推作手,较东白堂词〔佟世南撰,〕似更闲雅。然意境不深厚,措词亦浅显。余所赏者,惟临江仙〔寒柳〕第一阕,及天仙子〔渌水亭秋夜、〕酒泉子〔谢却荼蘼一篇〕三篇耳,余俱平衍。又菩萨蛮云:『杨柳乍如丝。故园春尽时。』亦凄忱,亦闲丽,颇似飞卿语,惜通篇不称。又太常引云:「梦也不分明。又何必催教梦醒。」亦颇凄警,然意境已落第二乘。」 《白雨斋词话》
• 陈梦渠:「纳兰词最重名句效应,若之于全词,未必人人都知之。如:『临来无限伤心事。』又:『当时只道是寻常。』又:『人到情多情转薄,而今真个悔多情。』又:『谁道飘零不可怜。』又:『人生若只如初见。』于白话文情感中皆可朗朗上口。然全词如何,读者未必知。」
纳兰性德墓
纳兰家族墓位于北京海淀区上庄乡上庄村北皂甲屯西一处台地上。尼迓韩(尼雅翰、尼雅哈)及夫人墨尔根氏;明珠及夫人觉罗氏;纳兰性德及夫人卢氏;揆叙及夫人耿氏;揆方及夫人觉罗氏;永寿等。民国多次被盗,后人叶连德奔走相告无果,直到文革完全破坏。现附近有纳兰性德纪念馆。存有纳兰性德墓志铭石碑上书:「皇清通议大夫一等侍卫佐领纳兰君墓志铭」
The text above has been excerpted automatically from Wikipedia - please correct any errors in the
original article.