The
Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces, fully in Chinese as the
Governor-General of the Three Eastern Provinces and Other Local Areas, and in Charge of Managing the Generals of the Three Provinces and the Governor of Fengtian, was one of eight regional Viceroys during the
Qing dynasty. The Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces had jurisdiction of military, civil, and political affairs over then Fengtian Province, Jilin Province, and Heilongjiang Province (approx. nowadays Jilin, Heilongjiang and central and eastern part of Liaoning).
Read more...: History List of Viceroys of the Three Eastern Provinces
History
The office of the Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces previously existed as the "General of Liaodong", which was created in 1662 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor. The post was subsequently renamed to "General of Fengtian" (奉天将军) and "General of Shengjing" (盛京将军).
In 1876, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, the General of Shengjing was given additional concurrent appointments as Secretary of Defence and Secretary of Justice and Prefect of Fengtian Prefecture (奉天府尹). He also gained honorary titles as a Viceroy, Secretary of Defence, and Right Censor-in-Chief of the Detection Branch. In 1907, the offices of General of Jilin, General of Heilongjiang and General of Shengjing were merged under a single office, Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces. The Viceroy also received an additional honorary title as an Imperial Commissioner.
From 1910 to 1911, the Viceroy concurrently held the appointment of Provincial Governor of Fengtian.
List of Viceroys of the Three Eastern Provinces
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东三省总督（ᡩ᠋ᡝ᠋ᡵᡤᡳ ᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᡤᠣᠯᠣᡳ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡴᠠᡩ᠋ᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ|v=dergi ilan goloi uheri kadalara amban），正式官衔为
总督东三省等处地方兼管三省将军、奉天巡抚事，是
清朝九位最高级的封疆大臣之一，在清末总管奉天省、吉林省和黑龙江省三省的军民政务。历任东三省总督均在位于奉天府（今渖阳市）的总督府办公，但理论上，吉林、黑龙江行省公署也为其办公驻地。
Read more...: 沿革 历任总督
沿革
清朝入关后视东北为「龙兴之地」，采用与汉地不同的管理制度，逐步设立三个将军辖区。东三省总督前身为康熙元年（1662年）所置的辽东将军，后改为奉天将军、盛京将军。
光绪元年（1875年），盛京将军崇实建议将军一职改为「管理兵刑两部、兼管奉天府尹事务，加兵部尚书衔」，另颁「总督奉天旗民地方军务」关防一颗，并加「兼理粮饷」字样，此建议经朝廷审议后执行。盛京将军统揽奉天民政、财政、军事大权，成为事实上的「总督」，奉天也因而具行省之实。此后，吉林将军、黑龙江将军吏治也进行类似的改制。
光绪年间的甲午战争、八国联军之役与日俄战争严重动摇清朝在东北地区的统治，清政府被迫寻求东北统治模式的变革。光绪三十二年（1906年），载振、徐世昌赴东北考察探访，提出东三省改制建议。
光绪三十三年三月己亥（1907年4月20日），东北正式改制，三个将军辖区改建为奉天、吉林、黑龙江三个行省，裁撤吉林将军和黑龙江将军，改盛京将军为东三省总督，并加授钦差大臣的头衔。东三省总督同时为三省最高行政、军事长官，理论驻地分别为三省的行省公署，但原则上在奉天行省公署办公。同年五月壬辰（6月12日），徐世昌正式上任首任东三省总督。
宣统元年（1909年）正月，徐世昌调回中央，任职邮传部尚书，锡良接任东三省总督。
宣统二年（1910年），东三省总督兼任奉天巡抚。
宣统三年（1911年）三月，锡良告病离职，赵尔巽继任，为末任东三省总督。同年10月，辛亥革命爆发。次年2月12日，清帝逊位，东三省总督一职仅历三任，不到五年时间便告终结。
历任总督
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