| | The reason why the common people fight to the death in defense and warfare without disloyalty toward their superiors is... There are several reasons that lead to this: first, it is because they have relatives and ancestral tombs there; their fields, houses, and wealth are sufficient for them to live comfortably. Otherwise, the people of their prefectures, counties, native places, and clans are enough to cherish and enjoy with them. Otherwise, it is because the upper authorities have deeply instilled teachings, customs, and kindness toward the people; such benevolence cannot be found elsewhere. Otherwise, it is because the benefits from mountains, forests, lakes, and valleys are sufficient to sustain life. Otherwise, it is because of the rugged terrain, which makes defense easy and attack difficult. Otherwise, it is because punishments are severe and thus feared. Otherwise, it is because rewards are clear and sufficient to encourage people. Otherwise, it is because there is deep resentment toward the enemy. Otherwise, it is because they have rendered great service to their superiors; this is why the people fight and defend to the death without disloyalty toward those above them. Now relying on untrustworthy individuals, yet expecting wisdom in their use. To rely on people who will not defend, and wish for them to be steadfast; to command soldiers unwilling to fight, yet hope for victory—this is the third kind of ignorance in military affairs.
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