Follow us on Facebook to receive important updates Follow us on Twitter to receive important updates Follow us on sina.com's microblogging site to receive important updates Follow us on Douban to receive important updates
Chinese Text Project
Translation setting:[None] [English]
-> -> -> -> Annals of Emperor Suzong Xiaozhang

《肅宗孝章帝紀 - Annals of Emperor Suzong Xiaozhang》

 English translation: AI and Chinese Text Project users [?] Library Resources
1 肅宗孝章... :
肅宗孝章皇帝諱炟，顯宗第五子也。母賈貴人。永平三年，立為皇太子。少寬容，好儒術，顯宗器重之。
Suzong Xiaozhang Huangdi, given name Da, was the fifth son of Xianzong. His mother was Jia Guiren. In Yongping third year, he was established as the Crown Prince. He was from an early age broad-minded and tolerant, fond of Confucian learning; Xianzong held him in high regard.

2 肅宗孝章... :
十八年八月壬子，即皇帝位，年十九。尊皇后曰皇太后。
On the Renzi day of the eighth month in the eighteenth year, he ascended the imperial throne at the age of nineteen. The empress was honored as Empress Dowager.

3 肅宗孝章... :
壬戌，葬孝明皇帝于顯節陵。
lou On the Renxu day, Emperor Xiaoming was buried in Xianjie Ling.

4 肅宗孝章... :
冬十月丁未，大赦天下。賜民爵，人二級，為父後及孝悌、力田人三級，脫無名數及流人欲占者人一級，爵過公乘得移與子若同產子；鰥、寡、孤、獨、篤缮、貧不能自存者粟，人三斛。詔曰：「朕以眇身，託于王侯之上，統理萬機，懼失厥中，兢兢業業，未知所濟。深惟守文之主，必建師傅之官。詩不云乎：『不愆不忘，率由舊章。』行太尉事節鄉侯憙三世在位，為國元老；司空融典職六年，勤勞不怠。其以憙為太傅，融為太尉，並錄尚書事。『三事大夫，莫肯夙夜』，小雅之所傷也。『予違汝弼，汝無面從』，股肱之正義也。群后百僚勉思厥職，各貢忠誠，以輔不逮。申敕四方，稱朕意焉。」
In winter, on the Dingwei day of the tenth month, a general pardon was granted throughout the realm. The people were granted ranks of nobility; two ranks for each person, three ranks for those who served as the heir to their fathers and for filial sons and brothers, and diligent farmers, one rank for nameless individuals and itinerant persons wishing to settle down. If a noble title exceeded that of Gongcheng, it could be transferred to his son or full brother; Widowers, widows, orphans, the elderly without family, those with serious illnesses, and the poor unable to support themselves were each given three hu of grain. The edict stated: "I, with my humble person, have been placed above the marquises and dukes. Managing myriad state affairs, I fear failing to strike the right balance; I remain vigilant and diligent, yet I do not know whether I can achieve success." I deeply consider that a ruler who upholds established principles must certainly establish the offices of teachers and mentors. Is it not said in the Book of Songs: "Do not commit errors, do not forget; always follow the old regulations." Jiexiang Hou Xi, who was in charge of Taiwei affairs for three generations while holding office, was a senior statesman of the nation; Sikong Rong, who held his post for six years, worked diligently without slack. Therefore, let Xi be made Tai Fu and Rong Taiwei, both to concurrently oversee the Shangshu Office affairs. "The 'Three Officials' who are not willing to work day and night"—this is what the Minor Odes lament. "If I go astray, you must correct me; do not merely agree with my face"—this is the proper duty of a trusted minister. All ministers and officials should diligently consider their duties, each offering loyalty to assist where I fall short. Issue orders to all directions so that they may carry out my intent."

5 肅宗孝章... :
十一月戊戌，蜀郡太守第五倫為司空。
On the Wuxu day of the eleventh month, Diwu Lun, governor of Shu Jun, was appointed as Sikong.

6 肅宗孝章... :
詔征西將軍耿秉屯酒泉。遣酒泉太守段彭救戊己校尉耿恭。
An edict ordered General Guan Bing, Commander-in-Chief of the Western Expedition, to station troops in Jiuquan. Jiuquan Jun's governor Duan Peng was dispatched to rescue General Geng Gong, the Wei Ji Xiao Wei.

7 肅宗孝章... :
甲辰晦，日有食之。於是避正殿，寑兵，不聽事五日。詔有司各上封事。
On the Jiachen day of the last day of the month, there was a solar eclipse. Therefore, he avoided the main hall, suspended military activities, and did not attend to state affairs for five days. An edict was issued ordering officials in charge to submit sealed memorials.

8 肅宗孝章... :
十二月癸巳，有司奏言：「孝明皇帝聖德淳茂，劬勞日昃，身御浣衣，食無兼珍。澤臻四表，遠人慕化，僬僥、儋耳，款塞自至。克伐鬼方，開道西域，威靈廣被，無思不服。以烝庶為憂，不以天下為樂。備三雍之教，躬養老之禮。作登歌，正予樂，博貫六蓺，不舍晝夜。聰明淵塞，著在圖讖。至德所感，通於神明。功烈光於四海，仁風行於千載。而深執謙謙，自稱不德，無起寑廟，埽地而祭，除日祀之法，省送終之禮，遂藏主於光烈皇后更衣別室。天下聞之，莫不悽愴。陛下至孝烝烝，奉順聖德。臣愚以為更衣在中門之外，處所殊別，宜尊廟曰顯宗，其四時禘祫，於光武之堂，閒祀悉還更衣，共進武德之舞，如孝文皇帝祫祭高廟故事。」制曰：「可。」
On the Gusi day of the twelfth month, officials in charge submitted a report stating: "Emperor Xiaoming possessed profound and virtuous moral excellence. He toiled diligently from dawn till dusk, personally wearing washed clothes, and ate without multiple delicacies. His virtue extended to all quarters; distant peoples admired his civilization, with Jiaoji and Dan'er arriving at the frontier voluntarily. He subdued the Gui Fang, opened roads to the Western Regions; his authority and spiritual influence were widely spread, with none failing to submit. He was concerned about the welfare of the common people rather than taking pleasure in ruling over all under heaven. He personally observed the education at the three academies and performed the rites for honoring the elderly. He composed songs of ascent, regulated court music, thoroughly studied the Six Arts, never ceasing day or night. His wisdom and profound insight were recorded in charts and prophecies. The virtue he possessed was so great that it moved the spirits and deities. His achievements shone across the four seas, and his benevolent influence endured for a thousand years. Yet he remained deeply humble, calling himself unworthy; he did not build a temple for ancestral worship but instead swept the ground for sacrifices. He abolished daily sacrificial rites and simplified funeral ceremonies, placing his spirit tablet in a separate room used by Empress Guanglie for changing clothes. When people across the realm heard of this, none failed to feel sorrow and grief. Your Majesty's filial devotion is profound; you have honored and followed the sacred virtue. Your humble servant believes that the changing room is located outside the central gate, a distinct and separate place. Therefore, it would be appropriate to honor the temple as Xianzong; for the four seasonal ancestral rites of 禘 and 祫, they should take place in the hall of Guangwu. All other sacrificial ceremonies should return to the changing room, where together the Wu De dance will be performed, following the precedent set by Emperor Xiaowen's 祫 sacrifice at Gao Temple." The imperial decree stated: "Approved."

9 肅宗孝章... :
是歲，牛疫。京師及三州大旱，詔勿收兗、豫、徐州田租、芻稿，其以見穀賑給貧人。
In this year, there was an epidemic among cattle. A great drought occurred in the capital and three provinces. An edict was issued not to collect land taxes, straw, or fodder from Yanzhou, Yuzhou, and Xuzhou; instead, existing grain reserves were to be used to provide relief for the poor.

10 肅宗孝章... :
建初元年春正月，詔三州郡國：「方春東作，恐人稍受稟，往來煩劇，或妨耕農。其各實覈尤貧者，計所貸并與之。流人欲歸本者，郡縣其實稟，令足還到，聽過止官亭，無雇舍宿。長吏親躬，無使貧弱遺脫，小吏豪右得容姦妄。詔書既下，勿得稽留，刺史明加督察尤無狀者。」
In the first month of spring in Jianchu first year, an edict was issued to all commanderies and states of the three provinces: "Now is the time for spring plowing; I fear that people receiving grain may have frequent travel back and forth, which could interfere with farming. Each should carefully assess the most impoverished individuals and calculate the amount of grain to be lent, then give it directly to them." Itinerant persons wishing to return to their original homes should be given sufficient grain by the commandery and county authorities for the journey, allowing them to pass through official inns without needing to hire private accommodations. Senior officials should personally oversee these matters and ensure that the poor and weak are not overlooked, preventing petty officials or powerful local gentry from engaging in fraud or deceit. Once this edict is issued, no delays are to be allowed; the Inspector General must clearly supervise and investigate those who show particular negligence."

11 肅宗孝章... :
丙寅，詔曰：「比年牛多疾疫，墾田減少，穀價頗貴，人以流亡。方春東作，宜及時務。二千石勉勸農桑，弘致勞來。群公庶尹，各推精誠，專急人事。罪非殊死，須立秋案驗。有司明慎選舉，進柔良，退貪猾，順時令，理冤獄。『五教在寬』，帝典所美；『愷悌君子』，大雅所歎。布告天下，使明知朕意。」
On the Bingyin day, an edict stated: "In recent years, many cattle have been afflicted by disease and plague; cultivated land has decreased, grain prices have risen somewhat, and people are fleeing or becoming displaced. Now is the time for spring farming; it is appropriate to attend to agricultural matters promptly. You, the two-thousand-dan officials, should encourage agriculture and sericulture diligently, promoting labor and attracting people back." All ministers and high-ranking officials should each demonstrate sincerity and dedication, focusing urgently on matters concerning the people. Those whose crimes do not warrant death must await investigation after the beginning of autumn. The officials in charge should carefully and prudently conduct appointments, promoting gentle and virtuous individuals while demoting greedy and cunning ones. They must follow seasonal commands and resolve wrongful cases of imprisonment. "The five teachings lie in leniency"—this is praised in the imperial classics; "Kind and benevolent gentlemen"—this is what the Major Odes lament." Announce this to all under heaven, so that they may clearly understand my intent."

12 肅宗孝章... :
酒泉太守段彭討擊車師，大破之。罷戊己校尉官。
Duan Peng, the governor of Jiuquan Jun, attacked and defeated the Che Shi. The office of Wei Ji Xiao Wei was abolished.

13 肅宗孝章... :
二月，武陵澧中蠻叛。
In the second month, the Li Zhong Miao people in Wuling rebelled.

14 肅宗孝章... :
三月甲寅，山陽、東平地震。己巳，詔曰：「朕以無德，奉承大業，夙夜慄慄，不敢荒寧。而災異仍見，與政相應。朕既不明，涉道日寡；又選舉乖實，俗吏傷人，官職秏亂，刑罰不中，可不憂與！昔仲弓季氏之家臣，子游武城之小宰，孔子猶誨以賢才，問以得人。明政無大小，以得人為本。夫鄉舉里選，必累功勞。今刺史、守相不明真偽，茂才、孝廉歲以百數，既非能顯，而當授之政事，甚無謂也。每尋前世舉人貢士，或起甽畝，不繫閥閱。敷奏以言，則文章可採；明試以功，則政有異跡。文質彬彬，朕甚嘉之。其令太傅、三公、中二千石、二千石、郡國守相舉賢良方正、能直言極諫之士各一人。」
On the Jiayin day of the third month, an earthquake occurred in Shanyang and Dongping. On the Jisi day, an edict was issued: "I, unworthy and lacking virtue, have inherited this great undertaking. I tremble with anxiety from morning till night, daring not to indulge in idleness or peace. Yet disasters and omens continue to appear, corresponding to the governance of state affairs. I am not wise enough, and my understanding of the Way grows less each day; Furthermore, appointments deviate from merit, vulgar officials harm people, official positions are wasted and chaotic, punishments are unjust—how can this not be a cause for concern! In the past, Zhonggong was merely a retainer of Ji Shi's family, and Ziyou served as a minor official in Wucheng; yet Confucius still advised them on cultivating virtue and asked about acquiring capable people. Clearly, governance—whether great or small—is fundamentally based on securing virtuous individuals. The system of recommending officials from the native districts must necessarily accumulate merit and accomplishments. Now, the Inspector Generals and governors do not discern truth from falsehood; every year, hundreds are recommended as outstanding talents or filial and upright individuals. Yet many of them are clearly unqualified to be entrusted with official duties—this is most inappropriate. Whenever I reflect on the people recommended and officials selected in previous generations, some rose from humble fields, unbound by family lineage. They presented their abilities through speech; thus, their writings were worth collecting; When tested by achievements, their governance showed remarkable results. Those who combined literary talent with moral integrity were greatly praised by me. Therefore, I order the Tai Fu, the Three Dukes, officials of Zhong Erqianshi rank, Erqianshi officials, and governors of commanderies and states to each recommend one person who is virtuous, upright, and capable of speaking truthfully and offering bold remonstrances."

15 肅宗孝章... :
夏五月辛酉，初舉孝廉、郎中寬博有謀，任典城者，以補長、相。
In summer, on the Xinyou day of the fifth month, for the first time, those recommended as filial and upright or as Langzhong who were broad-minded and strategic, and qualified to manage cities, were appointed to fill vacancies among magistrates and assistant magistrates.

16 肅宗孝章... :
秋七月辛亥，詔以上林池烃田賦與貧人。
In autumn, on the Xinhai day of the seventh month, an edict was issued granting land from the Shanglin marshes and ponds to poor people.

17 肅宗孝章... :
八月庚寅，有星孛于天市。
On the Gengyin day of the eighth month, a comet appeared in the celestial market constellation.

18 肅宗孝章... :
九月，永昌哀牢夷叛。
In September, the Ailao Yi people of Yongchang rebelled.

19 肅宗孝章... :
冬十月，武陵郡兵討叛蠻，破降之。
In winter, in the tenth month, Wuling Jun's troops suppressed the rebellious Miao and defeated them, bringing about their surrender.

20 肅宗孝章... :
十一月，阜陵王延謀反，貶為阜陵侯。
In November, Prince Fuling Yan plotted rebellion and was demoted to Hou of Fuling.

21 肅宗孝章... :
二年春三月辛丑，詔曰：「比年陰陽不調，肌饉屢臻。深惟先帝憂人之本，詔書曰『不傷財，不害人』，誠欲元元去末歸本。而今貴戚近親，奢縱無度，嫁聚送終，尤為僭侈。有司廢典，莫肯舉察。春秋之義，以貴理賤。今自三公，並宜明糾非法，宣振威風。朕在弱冠，未知稼穡之艱難，區區管窺，豈能照一隅哉！其科條制度所宜施行，在事者備為之禁，先京師而後諸夏。」
In the second year, in spring, on the Xinchou day of the third month, an edict stated: "In recent years, yin and yang have been out of harmony, and famines have occurred repeatedly. I deeply reflect on the fundamental concern of previous emperors for the people. The imperial edict said, 'Do not waste wealth and do not harm people,' truly wishing that all commoners would abandon trivial pursuits and return to fundamentals. Yet now, noble relatives and close kin indulge in extravagance without restraint; especially in matters of marriage, funerals, and other ceremonies, they act with excessive luxury. The officials in charge neglect the regulations, none willing to investigate or report. According to the principles of Spring and Autumn Annals, those of higher status should manage those of lower status. Now, beginning with the Three Dukes, all officials must clearly investigate and punish illegal acts to proclaim authority and restore discipline. When I was young and barely of age, I did not understand the hardships of farming; my narrow perspective could hardly illuminate even a corner! Therefore, all regulations and systems that should be implemented must be fully enforced by those in charge. First apply them to the capital before extending them throughout the realm."

22 肅宗孝章... :
甲辰，罷伊吾盧屯兵。
On the Jiacheng day, troops stationed at Yiwulu were disbanded.

23 肅宗孝章... :
永昌、越巂、益州三郡民、夷討哀牢，破平之。
The people and Yi tribes from Yongchang, Yuexi, and Yizhou commanderies attacked the Ailao and defeated them.

24 肅宗孝章... :
夏四月戊子，詔還坐楚、淮陽事徙者四百餘家，令歸本郡。
In summer, on the Wuzi day of the fourth month, an edict ordered more than four hundred families who had been relocated due to their involvement in the Chu and Huaiyang incidents to return to their original commanderies.

25 肅宗孝章... :
癸巳，詔齊相省冰紈、方空縠、吹綸絮。
On the Kesi day, an edict ordered the governor of Qi Jun to reduce the production of ice silk, fangkong hu fabric, and chunlun xiu stuffing.

26 肅宗孝章... :
六月，燒當羌叛，金城太守郝崇討之，敗績，羌遂寇漢陽。秋八月，遺行車騎將軍馬防討平之。
In June, the Shaochang Qiang rebelled; Governor Hao Chong of Jincheng Jun led a campaign against them but suffered defeat. The Qiang then raided Hanyang. In autumn, in August, General Ma Fang, acting as the Commander of the Cavalry, was dispatched and suppressed them.

27 肅宗孝章... :
十二月戊寅，有星孛于紫宮。
On the Wuyin day of December, a comet appeared near the Zi Gong constellation.

28 肅宗孝章... :
三年春正月己酉，宗祀明堂。禮畢，登靈臺，望雲物。大赦天下。
In spring, on the Jiyou day of January in the third year, ancestral rites were performed at Mingtang Hall. After the ceremony concluded, he ascended Ling Tai to observe clouds and celestial phenomena. A general pardon was granted throughout the land.

29 肅宗孝章... :
三月癸巳，立貴人竇氏為皇后。賜爵，人二級，三老、孝悌、力田人三級，民無名數及流民欲占者人一級；鰥、寡、孤、獨、篤缮、貧不能自存者粟，人五斛。
On the Kesi day of March, Guiren Dou Shi was established as Empress. Ranks of nobility were granted: two ranks for each person; three ranks for the Three Lao, filial sons and brothers, diligent farmers; one rank for unnamed individuals and itinerant people wishing to settle. Widowers, widows, the orphaned, the elderly without family support, those with serious illnesses and the poor who cannot sustain themselves were each given five hu of grain.

30 肅宗孝章... :
夏四月己巳，罷常山呼沱石臼河漕。
In summer, on the Jisi day of April, the canal system along the Shidou River in Changshan was discontinued.

31 肅宗孝章... :
行車騎將軍馬防破燒當羌於臨洮。
General Ma Fang, acting as Commander of the Cavalry, defeated the Shaochang Qiang at Lintao.

32 肅宗孝章... :
閏月，西域假司馬班超擊姑墨，大破之。
In the intercalary month, Ban Chao, acting as Sima in the Western Regions, attacked Gu Mo and achieved a decisive victory.

33 肅宗孝章... :
冬十二月丁酉，以馬防為車騎將軍。
In winter, on the Dingyou day of December, Ma Fang was appointed as Commander of the Cavalry.

34 肅宗孝章... :
武陵漊中蠻叛。
The Man people in Guanzhong, Wuling, rebelled.

35 肅宗孝章... :
是歲，零陵獻芝草。
In this year, Lingling presented lingzhi grass as an offering.

36 肅宗孝章... :
四年春二月庚寅，太尉牟融薨。
In spring, on the Gengyin day of February in the fourth year, Taiwei Mou Rong died.

37 肅宗孝章... :
夏四月戊子，立皇子慶為皇太子。賜爵，人二級，三老、孝悌、力田人三級，民無名數及流人欲自占者人一級；鰥、寡、孤、獨、篤缮、貧不能自存者粟，人五斛。
In summer, on the Wuzi day of April, Crown Prince Qing was established as heir apparent to the throne. Ranks of nobility were conferred: two ranks per person; three ranks for Three Lao, filially pious sons and brothers, and diligent farmers; one rank each for unnamed commoners and itinerants wishing to register themselves. Widowers, widows, orphans, the elderly without support, those with severe illnesses, and the poor unable to sustain themselves each received five hu of millet.

38 肅宗孝章... :
己丑，徙鉅鹿王恭為江陵王，汝南王暢為梁王，常山王疠為淮陽王。辛卯，封皇子伉為千乘王，全為平春王。
On the Jichou day, Ju Lu Wang Gong was transferred to become King of Jiangling; Ruanan Wang Chang became King of Liang; and Changshan Wang Li became King of Huaiyang. On the Xinmao day, Crown Prince Kang was enfeoffed as King of Qiansheng and Quan as King of Pingchun.

39 肅宗孝章... :
五月丙辰，車騎將軍馬防罷。
In May, on the Bingchen day, General Ma Fang was dismissed from his post as Commander of the Cavalry.

40 肅宗孝章... :
甲戌，司徒鮑昱為太尉，南陽太守桓虞為司徒。
On the Jiayu day, Sutu Bao Yu was appointed as Taiwei, and Governor Huan Yu of Nanyang became Sutu.

41 肅宗孝章... :
六月癸丑，皇太后馬氏崩。秋七月壬戌，葬明德皇太后。
On the Guichou day of June, Empress Dowager Ma Shi passed away. In autumn, on the Renxu day of July, Mingde Empress Dowager was buried.

42 肅宗孝章... :
冬，牛大疫。
In winter, a severe cattle plague occurred.

43 肅宗孝章... :
十一月壬戌，詔曰：「蓋三代導人，教學為本。漢承暴秦，褒顯儒術，建立五經，為置博士。其後學者精進，雖曰承師，亦別名家。孝宣皇帝以為去聖久遠，學不厭博，故遂立大、小夏侯尚書，後又立京氏易。至建武中，復置顏氏、嚴氏春秋，大、小戴禮博士。此皆所以扶進微學，尊廣道蓺也。中元元年詔書，五經章句煩多，議欲減省。至永平元年，長水校尉鯈奏言，先帝大業，當以時施行。欲使諸儒共正經義，頗令學者得以自助。孔子曰：『學之不講，是吾憂也。』又曰：『博學而篤志，切問而近思，仁在其中矣。』於戲，其勉之哉！」於是下太常，將、大夫、博士、議郎、郎官及諸生、諸儒會白虎觀，講議五經同異，使五官中郎將魏應承制問，侍中淳于恭奏，帝親稱制臨決，如孝宣甘露石渠故事，作白虎議奏。
On the Renxu day of November, an imperial edict stated: "Indeed, in the three dynasties, guiding people was based on education and teaching. The Han dynasty inherited from the tyrannical Qin, honored Confucianism, established the Five Classics, and appointed doctors to teach them. After that, scholars made great progress; although they followed their teachers, they also formed distinct schools of thought. Emperor Xiaoxuan believed that since the time of the sage kings was long past, learning should not be limited in breadth; therefore, he established the major and minor Xiahou schools for the Book of Documents, and later also established the Jing School for the I Ching. By the middle of the Jianwu period, the Yan and Yan schools of the Spring and Autumn Annals were once again established, as well as the major and minor Dai schools for the Rites. These measures were all intended to support obscure learning and honor and expand the arts of the Dao. In the first year of Zhongyuan, an imperial decree stated that the commentaries on the Five Classics were overly complex and lengthy; discussions arose about wanting to reduce them. By the first year of Yongping, Zhangshui Jiao Wei Tiao submitted a memorial stating that the great achievements of the late emperor should be implemented in due time. He wished for all Confucian scholars to jointly correct and standardize the meanings of the classics, allowing students considerable freedom to study independently. Confucius said: "Not discussing what one has learned is my concern." He also said: "Extensive learning with a steadfast will, earnest inquiry and thoughtful reflection—benevolence is found within these." Ah! Strive diligently!" Thus, an order was issued to Taichang, generals, high officials, doctors, Yilang, Langguan officers, as well as scholars and Confucian masters, to gather at Baihu Guan to discuss the similarities and differences among the Five Classics. The Wuguan Zhonglangjiang Wei Ying was entrusted with asking questions on behalf of imperial authority, while Shizhong Chunyu Gong submitted reports. The emperor personally presided over decisions in person, following the precedent set by Emperor Xiaoxuan during the Ganlu Stone Channel discussions, and compiled the Baihu Yizou (Records of the White Tiger Debates).

44 肅宗孝章... :
是歲，甘露降泉陵、洮陽二縣。
In this year, sweet dew fell in Quanling and Taoyang counties.

45 肅宗孝章... :
五年春二月庚辰朔，日有食之。詔曰：「朕新離供養，愆咎眾著，上天降異，大變隨之。詩不云乎：『亦孔之醜。』又久旱傷麥，憂心慘切。公卿已下，其舉直言極諫、能指朕過失者各一人，遣詣公車，將親覽問焉。其以巖穴為先，勿取浮華。」
On the first day of February, on the Gengchen day in spring, there was a solar eclipse. An edict stated: "I have recently been separated from the care of my parents, and numerous faults are evident. Heaven has sent omens of change, followed by great transformations. Is it not said in the Book of Poetry: 'It is indeed a great disgrace.' Moreover, prolonged drought has damaged wheat crops, and I am deeply distressed. Ministers of the first rank and those below them should each recommend one person who can speak frankly, offer bold remonstrances, and point out my faults. These individuals shall be sent to Gongche Office, where I will personally examine and question them." Give priority to those in seclusion or hiding in remote places; do not select those who are superficially ornate."

46 肅宗孝章... :
甲申，詔曰：「春秋書『無麥苗』，重之也。去秋雨澤不適，今時復旱，如炎如焚。凶年無時，而為備未至。朕之不德，上累三光，震慄忉忉，痛心疾首。前代聖君，博思咨諏，雖降災咎，輒有開匱反風之應。令予小子，徒慘慘而已。其令二千石理冤獄，錄輕繫；禱五嶽四瀆，及名山能興雲致雨者，冀蒙不崇朝遍雨天下之報。務加肅敬焉。」
On the Jiashen day, an edict stated: "The Spring and Autumn Annals recorded 'No wheat seedlings,' emphasizing its seriousness. Last autumn's rains were inappropriate, and now there is drought again, as if the land were burning. Famine years come unexpectedly, yet preparations have not been made in time. It is my lack of virtue that has burdened the Three Lights above; I am trembling with anxiety and deeply grieved, in pain and distress. Previous sage rulers extensively sought advice and deliberated carefully; even when calamities or blame descended, there were always responses such as opening granaries to relieve famine or winds reversing direction. Now I, this humble ruler, can only be filled with sorrow and distress. Therefore, order all officials of the second rank to clear wrongful cases and release those lightly sentenced; Offer prayers at the Five Peaks, Four Great Rivers, and famous mountains capable of summoning clouds and bringing rain, hoping to receive a reward in which it rains across the land within no more than one morning. Make sure to conduct these matters with utmost solemnity and reverence."

47 肅宗孝章... :
三月甲寅，詔曰：「孔子曰：『刑罰不中，則人無所措手足。』今吏多不良，擅行喜怒，或案不以罪，迫脅無辜，致令自殺者，一歲且多於斷獄，甚非為人父母之意也。有司其議糾舉之。」
On the Jiayin day of March, an edict stated: "Confucius said: 'If punishments are not just, people will have no idea where to place their hands or feet.'" Nowadays, many officials are corrupt and act on their own whims of anger or favor. Some investigate cases without regard for guilt, coercing the innocent until they commit suicide—such incidents occur in a single year almost as frequently as court judgments, which is far from the intention of being parents to the people. The relevant officials should deliberate and propose measures for investigation and punishment."

48 肅宗孝章... :
荊、豫諸郡兵討破武陵漊中叛蠻。
Armies from the commanderies of Jing and Yu suppressed the rebellious Man people in Guanzhong of Wuling.

49 肅宗孝章... :
夏五月辛亥，詔曰：「朕思遲直士，側席異聞。其先至者，各以發憤吐懣，略聞子大夫之志矣，皆欲置於左右，顧問省納。建武詔書又曰，堯試臣以職，不直以言語筆札。今外官多曠，並可以補任。」
In summer, on the Xinhai day of May, an edict stated: "I have longed for upright men and eagerly awaited unusual news. Those who arrived first have already expressed their frustrations and concerns, and I have heard the aspirations of your gentlemen. I wish to place them at my side for consultation and advice. The Jianwu edict also stated: "Yao tested his ministers through their duties, not merely by words or writings." Now many local officials are vacant; these individuals may be appointed to fill those positions."

50 肅宗孝章... :
戊辰，太傅趙憙薨。
On the Wuchen day, Taifu Zhao Xi died.

51 肅宗孝章... :
冬，始行月令迎氣樂。
In winter, the lunar calendar's seasonal music for welcoming qi (vital energy) was first implemented.

52 肅宗孝章... :
是歲，零陵獻芝草。有八黃龍見於泉陵。西域假司馬班超擊疏勒，破之。
In this year, Lingling offered lingzhi grass as a tribute. Eight yellow dragons were seen in Quanling. Ban Chao, acting as a Sima in the Western Regions (Xiyu), attacked Shule and defeated it.

53 肅宗孝章... :
六年春二月辛卯，琅邪王京薨。
In spring, on the Xinmao day of February in the sixth year, Langya Wang Jing died.

54 肅宗孝章... :
夏五月辛酉，趙王盱薨。
In summer, on the You day of May, Zhao Wang Xu died.

55 肅宗孝章... :
六月丙辰，太尉鮑昱薨。
On the Bingchen day of June, Taiwei Bao Yu died.

56 肅宗孝章... :
辛未晦，日有食之。
On the Xinwei day, which was also the last day of the month, there was a solar eclipse.

57 肅宗孝章... :
秋七月癸巳，以大司農鄧彪為太尉。
In autumn, on the Gengsi day of July, Daisinong Deng Biao was appointed as Taiwei.

58 肅宗孝章... :
七年春正月，沛王輔、濟南王康、東平王蒼、中山王焉、東海王政、琅邪王宇來朝。
In spring, in the first month of the seventh year, Pei Wang Fu, Jining Wang Kang, Dongping Wang Cang, Zhongshan Wang Yan, Donghai Wang Zheng, and Langya Wang Yu came to court.

59 肅宗孝章... :
夏六月甲寅，廢皇太子慶為清河王，立皇子肇為皇太子。
In summer, on the Jiayin day of June, Crown Prince Qing was deposed and made King of Qinghe; Crown Prince Zhao was established as heir apparent.

60 肅宗孝章... :
己未，徙廣平王羨為西平王。
On the Jiwu day, Guangping Wang Xian was transferred to become King of Xiping.

61 肅宗孝章... :
秋八月，飲酎高廟，禘祭光武皇帝、孝明皇帝。甲辰，詔：「書云『祖考來假』，明哲之祀。予末小子，質又菲薄，仰惟先帝烝烝之情，前修禘祭，以盡孝敬。朕得識昭穆之序，寄遠祖之思。今年大禮復舉，加以先帝之坐，悲傷感懷。樂以迎來，哀以送往，雖祭亡如在，而空虛不知所裁，庶或饗之。豈亡克慎肅雍之臣，辟公之相，皆助朕之依依。今賜公錢四十萬，卿半之，及百官執事各有差。」
In autumn, in August, a sacrificial wine offering was made at the Gao Temple for the ancestral rites, honoring Emperor Guangwu and Emperor Xiaoming. On the Jiachen day, an edict was issued: "The Book of Documents says 'Ancestors and fathers come to partake,' which clarifies the rites for wise sages. I, this humble and unworthy ruler, am of lowly virtue; I look up to the sincere devotion of my late emperor ancestors. Following their example, I have restored the ancestral sacrifices in order to fully express filial piety and reverence. I am now able to understand the proper order of ancestors' names and honor the thoughts toward our distant forebears. This year, the great ceremony was once again held; adding to it the seats of my late emperors brought sorrow and deep emotion. Music was used to welcome them, and mourning to send them off; though we offer sacrifices as if they were present, the emptiness leaves me unsure how to proceed. I hope perhaps they may partake of our offerings. Are there not ministers who can be cautious and harmonious, as well as prime ministers like Bi Gong, to assist me in this heartfelt endeavor? Now I bestow 400,000 coins on the public officials; half that amount is given to the ministers, and other officials in charge receive varying amounts according to their ranks."

62 肅宗孝章... :
九月甲戌，幸偃師，東涉卷津，至河內。下詔曰：「車駕行秋稼，觀收穫，因涉郡界。皆精騎輕行，無它輜重。不得輒修道橋，遠離城郭，遣吏逢迎，刺探起居，出入前後，以為煩擾。動務省約，但患不能脫粟瓢飲耳。所過欲令貧弱有利，無違詔書。」遂覽淇園。己酉，進幸鄴，勞饗魏郡守令已下，至于三老、門闌、走卒，賜錢各有差。勞賜常山、趙國吏人，復元氏租賦三歲。辛卯，車駕還宮。詔天下繫囚減死一等，勿笞，詣邊戍；妻子自隨，占著所在；父母同產欲相從者，恣聽之；有不到者，皆以乏軍興論。及犯殊死，一切募下蠶室；其女子宮。繫囚鬼薪、白粲已上，皆減本罪各一等，輸司寇作。亡命贖：死罪入縑二十匹，右趾至髡鉗城旦舂十匹，完城旦至司寇三匹，吏人有罪未發覺，詔書到自告者，半入贖。
In September, on the Jiawu day, he visited Yanshi, crossed Juanjin in the east, and arrived at Hedong. An edict was issued: "The imperial procession traveled through autumn fields to observe the harvest, passing through commandery boundaries. All proceeded with light cavalry and swift travel, without additional baggage or supplies. No one was to hastily repair roads and bridges, travel far from cities and towns, send officials to meet the procession along the way, or inquire about my daily activities by following in front or behind, causing disturbances. All actions should be simple and frugal; I only fear being unable to live on plain grain and water from a gourd. Those passing through the areas visited should ensure that the poor and weak benefit, without violating this edict." He then inspected Qi Yuan. On the Jiyou day, he proceeded to Ye and honored and entertained officials from Wei Jun down to county magistrates, as well as Three Lao elders, gatekeepers, and footmen, granting them money in varying amounts. He honored and bestowed gifts upon officials and commoners of Changshan and Zhao Guo, exempting Yuan Shi from taxes for three years. On the Xinmao day, the imperial procession returned to the palace. An edict was issued: all prisoners throughout the land should have their death sentences reduced by one degree, not be subjected to caning, and instead be sent for border garrison duty; their wives and children may accompany them and register in the locality where they are stationed; if parents or siblings wish to join them, they shall be allowed to do so freely; those who fail to arrive will all be treated as having failed in military mobilization. And for those convicted of capital crimes, they were all conscripted into the castrated eunuch class; female convicts underwent gynecological punishment. Prisoners sentenced to tasks such as gathering firewood (guixun) or making white rice (baican) and above were all reduced by one degree from their original crimes, and assigned for labor under the Office of the Sikou. For fugitives seeking redemption: those sentenced to death could redeem their punishment by paying twenty bolts of silk; those sentenced from right foot amputation up to 髡钳城旦舂 (a form of penal servitude) would pay ten bolts each; and those sentenced from complete 城旦 (penal labor) up to 司寇 (a lower level of penal labor) would pay three bolts. Officials who had committed crimes but had not yet been discovered, if they voluntarily confessed upon receiving the imperial edict, could redeem their punishment at half price.

63 肅宗孝章... :
冬十月癸丑，西巡狩，幸長安。丙辰，祠高廟，遂有事十一陵。遣使者祠太上皇於萬年，以中牢祠蕭何、霍光。進幸槐里。岐山得銅器，形似酒樽，獻之。又獲白鹿。帝曰：「上無明天子，下無賢方伯。『人之無良，相怨一方。』斯器亦曷為來哉？」又幸長平，御池陽宮，東至高陵，造舟於涇而還。每所到幸，輒會郡縣吏人，勞賜作樂。十一月，詔勞賜河東守、令、掾以下。十二月丁亥，車駕還宮。
In winter, on the Gouchou day of the tenth month, he embarked on a western inspection tour and visited Chang'an. On the Bingchen day, he paid homage at the High Temple, then proceeded to perform rituals at the eleven mausoleums. Envoys were sent to offer sacrifices to Taishang Huang (the Retired Emperor) at Wannian, and medium-level offerings were made to Xiao He and Huo Guang. He proceeded to Huali. A bronze vessel resembling a wine cup was found in Qishan and presented as an offering. They also captured a white deer. The emperor said, "Above there is no enlightened Son of Heaven, and below there are no virtuous regional governors. "The people who lack virtue blame one another in their locality." "Why, then, has this vessel come to us?" He also visited Changping, stayed at Chiyang Palace, traveled east to Gaoling, had boats built on the Jing River, and then returned. Whenever he arrived in a place, he would gather local officials and commoners, honoring them with gifts and entertainment. In the eleventh month, an edict was issued to honor and bestow rewards upon officials from the governor down to clerks in Hedong. On the Dinghai day of the twelfth month, the imperial procession returned to court.

64 肅宗孝章... :
是歲，京師及郡國螟。
In this year, locusts plagued the capital and various commanderies and states.

65 肅宗孝章... :
八年春正月壬辰，東平王蒼薨。三月辛卯，葬東平憲王，賜鑾輅、龍旂。
In the eighth year, spring, first month, on the Renchen day, Dongping Wang Cang died. On the Xinmao day of the third month, Dongping Xianwang was buried, and he was granted a luanlu carriage and a long flag.

66 肅宗孝章... :
夏六月，北匈奴大人率眾款塞降。
In summer, sixth month, the leader of the Northern Xiongnu led his people to surrender at the frontier.

67 肅宗孝章... :
冬十二月甲午，東巡狩，幸陳留、梁國、淮陽、潁陽。戊申，車駕還宮。
In winter, on the Jiawu day of the twelfth month, he embarked on an eastern inspection tour and visited Chenliu, Liang Guo, Huaiyang, and Yingyang. On the Wushen day, the imperial procession returned to palace.

68 肅宗孝章... :
詔曰：「五經剖判，去聖彌遠，章句遺辭，乖疑難正，恐先師微言將遂廢絕，非所以重稽古，求道真也。其令群儒選高才生，受學左氏、穀梁春秋，古文尚書，毛詩，以扶微學，廣異義焉。」
An edict stated: "The Five Classics have been divided and interpreted, growing ever more distant from the sages. The interpretations of chapters and sentences, filled with inconsistencies and doubts, are difficult to correct. I fear that the subtle teachings of our predecessors will soon be lost; this is not in line with valuing historical scholarship or seeking true understanding of the Dao. Therefore, I order all scholars to select gifted students and have them study the Zuo Zhuan and Guliang versions of Chunqiu, the Guwen version of Shangshu, and the Mao Shi in order to support minor schools of learning and expand diverse interpretations."

69 肅宗孝章... :
是歲，京師及郡國螟。
In this year, locust plagues occurred in the capital and various commanderies.

70 肅宗孝章... :
元和元年春正月，中山王焉來朝。日南徼外蠻夷獻生犀、白雉。
In spring, first month of Yuanyou I, Zhongshan Wang Yan came to court. The barbarians beyond the southern frontier of Ri Nan presented live rhinoceroses and white pheasants.

71 肅宗孝章... :
閏月辛丑，濟陰王長薨。
On the Xinchou day, the month after the leap month, Ji Yin Wang Zhang died.

72 肅宗孝章... :
二月甲戌，詔曰：「王者八政，以食為本，故古者急耕稼之業，致耒耜之勤，節用儲蓄，以備凶災，是以歲雖不登而人無飢色。自牛疫已來，穀食連少，良由吏教未至，刺史、二千石不以為負。其令郡國募人無田欲徙它界就肥饒者，恣聽之。到在所，賜給公田，為雇耕傭，賃種餉，貰與田器，勿收租五歲，除筭三年。其後欲還本鄉者，勿禁。」
On the Jiaxu day of the second month, an edict stated: "The Son of Heaven administers eight policies, with food as the foundation. Therefore, in ancient times, farming was urgently promoted; people diligently worked with plows and hoes, practiced frugality, and stored reserves to prepare for disasters. Thus, even when harvests were poor, there was no sign of hunger among the people. Since the outbreak of cattle plague, grain supplies have been continuously scarce, mainly due to officials' failure in instruction and guidance. Cishi and Erqianshi officials do not regard this as their responsibility. Therefore, I order the commanderies and states to recruit people who have no land but wish to move to other regions with fertile and abundant resources; they shall be freely allowed to do so. Upon arrival at their destination, they will be granted public land and provided with hired laborers for farming. They will receive seeds and food supplies on loan, as well as agricultural tools given to them free of charge. No land tax will be collected for five years, and exemption from corvée labor will last three years. Those who later wish to return to their original hometowns shall not be prohibited."

73 肅宗孝章... :
夏四月己卯，分東平國，封憲王蒼子尚為任城王。
In summer, fourth month, on the Jimao day, the Dongping Guo was divided and Xianwang Cang's son Shang was enfeoffed as Rencheng Wang.

74 肅宗孝章... :
六月辛酉，沛王輔薨。
On the Xinwei day of the sixth month, Pei Wang Fu died.

75 肅宗孝章... :
秋七月丁未，詔曰：「律云『掠者唯得榜、笞、立』。又令丙，箠長短有數。自往者大獄已來，掠考多酷，鉆鑽之屬，慘苦無極。念其痛毒，怵然動心。書曰『鞭作官刑』，豈云若此？宜及秋冬理獄，明為其禁。」
In autumn, seventh month, on the Dingwei day, an edict stated: "The law says 'those who commit robbery may only be subjected to bamboo punishment, caning, or standing.'" Another regulation, Bing, specifies the length and number of whips. Since the recent major trials, many interrogations have been excessively cruel; methods such as drilling and piercing have caused unbearable suffering. Thinking of their pain and torment, I am deeply moved with concern. The Book of Documents says 'whipping is an official punishment,' how could it mean this? It is appropriate to handle legal cases during autumn and winter, clearly establishing these prohibitions."

76 肅宗孝章... :
八月甲子，太尉鄧彪罷，大司農鄭弘為太尉。
On the Jiazi day of the eighth month, Taiwei Deng Biao was dismissed and Daisinong Zheng Hong became Taiwei.

77 肅宗孝章... :
癸酉，詔曰：「朕道化不德，吏政失和，元元未諭，抵罪於下。寇賊爭心不息，邊野邑屋不修。永惟庶事，思稽厥衷，與凡百君子，共弘斯道。中心悠悠，將何以寄？其改建初九年為元和元年。郡國中都官繫囚減死一等，勿笞，詣邊縣；妻子自隨，占著在所。其犯殊死，一切募下蠶室；其女子宮。繫囚鬼薪、白粲以上，皆減本罪一等，輸司寇作。亡命者贖，各有差。」
On the Gyou day, an edict was issued: "My virtue and moral influence are insufficient; officials have failed to maintain harmony in governance. The common people remain unaware of my intentions and thus commit offenses." Bandits and thieves continue their conflicts without ceasing, while the walls and houses in border villages remain unrepaired. I have always pondered all matters and sought to understand their essence; I wish to work with you, my ministers, to jointly promote this path. My heart is full of concern—how can it be entrusted? Therefore, the ninth year of Jianchu shall be changed to Yuanyou I. Prisoners in all commanderies, states, and central government offices had their death sentences reduced by one rank; they were not to be caned but instead sent to border counties; their wives and children could accompany them and register at the location where they were assigned. Those convicted of capital crimes were all conscripted to become eunuchs; female convicts underwent castration. Prisoners sentenced to punishments such as gathering firewood or making white rice and above had their original sentences reduced by one rank, and were assigned for labor under the Office of Sikou. Fugitives seeking redemption paid varying amounts according to their crimes."

78 肅宗孝章... :
丁酉，南巡狩，詔所經道上，郡縣無得設儲跱。命司空自將徒支柱橋梁。有遣使奉迎，探知起居，二千石當坐。其賜鰥、寡、孤、獨、不能自存者粟，人五斛。
On the Dingyou day, he embarked on a southern inspection tour. An edict was issued that along the route taken, no commandery or county should prepare provisions or accommodations. He ordered Sikong to personally lead laborers in constructing and supporting bridges. Any officials who sent envoys to greet him or inquire about his daily activities would be held accountable, and Erqianshi officers should bear the punishment. Those who were widowed, orphaned, or elderly and unable to support themselves would be granted five hu of grain each.

79 肅宗孝章... :
九月乙未，東平王忠薨。
In the ninth month, on the Yiwu day, Dongping Wang Zhong died.

80 肅宗孝章... :
辛丑，幸章陵，祠舊宅園廟，見宗室故人，賞賜各有差。冬十月己未，進幸江陵，詔廬江太守祠南嶽，又詔長沙、零陵太守祠長沙定王、舂陵節侯、鬱林府君。還，幸宛。十一月己丑，車駕還宮，賜從者各有差。
On the Xinchou day he visited Zhangling, paid homage at his ancestral home and temple, met with members of the imperial clan and old acquaintances, and bestowed rewards in varying degrees. In winter, on the Jiwu day of the tenth month he proceeded to Jiangling and issued an edict ordering Lujiang Taishou to perform sacrifices at Mount Nan. He also issued another edict ordering Changsha and Lingling Taishous to offer sacrifices to Changsha Dingwang, Chongling Jiehou, and Yulin Fujun. On his return journey he visited Wan. In the eleventh month on the Jichou day, the imperial procession returned to palaces and granted rewards in varying degrees to those who had accompanied him.

81 肅宗孝章... :
十二月壬子，詔曰：「書云：『父不慈，子不祗，兄不友，弟不恭，不相及也。』往者妖言大獄，所及廣遠，一人犯罪，禁至三屬，莫得垂纓仕宦王朝。如有賢才而沒齒無用，朕甚憐之，非所謂與之更始也。諸以前妖惡禁錮者，一皆蠲除之，以明棄咎之路，但不得在宿衛而已。」
On the Renzi day of the twelfth month an edict was issued: "The Book says, 'A father who is not kind, a son who does not respect, an elder brother who is not friendly, and a younger brother who is disrespectful—these are matters that do not concern each other.' In the past, during the great trials for false accusations and heretical speech, those affected were numerous and far-reaching. When one person committed a crime, restrictions extended to three generations of relatives, preventing them from wearing official cords or serving in court. If there are virtuous talents who remain unused for life, I feel deeply sorry for them; this is not what is meant by offering a fresh start. Therefore, all those previously banned due to heretical or evil crimes shall be completely pardoned and released, in order to demonstrate a path of abandoning past faults. However, they are not allowed to serve as palace guards."

82 肅宗孝章... :
二年春正月乙酉，詔曰：「令云『人有產子者復，勿筭三歲』。今諸懷妊者，賜胎養穀人三斛，復其夫，勿筭一歲，著以為令。」又詔三公曰：「方春生養，萬物莩甲，宜助萌陽，以育時物。其令有司，罪非殊死且勿案驗，及吏人條書相告不得聽受，冀以息事寧人，敬奉天氣。立秋如故。夫俗吏矯飾外貌，似是而非，揆之人事則悅耳，論之陰陽則傷化，朕甚饜之，甚苦之。安靜之吏，悃愊無華，日計不足，月計有餘。如襄城令劉方，吏人同聲謂之不煩，雖未有它異，斯亦殆近之矣。閒敕二千石各尚寬明，而今富姦行賂於下，貪吏枉法於上，使有罪不論而無過被刑，甚大逆也。夫以苛為察，以刻為明，以輕為德，以重為威，四者或興，則下有怨心。吾詔書數下，冠蓋接道，而吏不加理，人或失職，其咎安在？勉思舊令，稱朕意焉。」
In the second year, spring, first month on the Yiyou day an edict was issued: "The law states 'for those who give birth to a child, exemption from taxes and labor service for three years.'" Now, all women who are pregnant shall be granted three hu of grain for fetal care and their husbands will be exempted from taxes and corvée labor for one year. This shall be established as an official decree." Another edict was issued to the Three Dukes: "Now is spring, the season of growth and reproduction; all things are sprouting. We should assist in nurturing yang energy to foster timely growth of living beings. Therefore, I order the relevant officials: for crimes that are not capital offenses, do not investigate or verify them. Furthermore, officials must not accept reports from commoners listing accusations against others; this is to help put an end to disputes and bring peace to the people, showing reverence for the natural order of heaven." The same shall apply at the beginning of autumn as before. Common officials often pretend and put on a false appearance, appearing correct but actually not. When examined in terms of human affairs, their actions sound pleasing to the ear; however, when judged by yin-yang principles, they harm moral cultivation. I find this very distasteful and deeply troubling. Peaceful and quiet officials who are sincere without pretense may seem insufficient on a daily basis, but their achievements will be more than adequate when measured monthly. For example, Liu Fang, the magistrat of Xiangcheng, was unanimously praised by officials and commoners as not troublesome. Although he has no extraordinary achievements, this is perhaps close to what we seek. I have previously ordered Erqianshi officials to be broad-minded and lenient, yet now the wealthy and corrupt bribe those below them while greedy officials pervert justice above. This results in criminals going unpunished while innocent people suffer punishment—this is a grave injustice. To take severity as vigilance, harshness as clarity, leniency as virtue, and excessive punishment as authority—when any of these four approaches arise, resentment will grow among the people. I have issued many edicts and sent officials continuously along the roads, yet local magistrates do not properly address these matters. Some people even lose their positions—where lies the fault? Strive to reflect on past decrees and fulfill my intentions."

83 肅宗孝章... :
二月甲寅，始用四分歷。
On the Jia Yin day of the second month, the Sifen calendar was first adopted.

84 肅宗孝章... :
詔曰：「今山川鬼神應典禮者，尚未咸秩。其議增修群祀，以祈豐年。」
An edict stated: "Now, as for the spirits and deities of mountains and rivers who should respond to ritual ceremonies according to tradition, they have not yet all been properly honored. Therefore, discuss and propose additions and repairs to communal sacrifices in order to pray for a bountiful harvest."

85 肅宗孝章... :
丙辰，東巡狩。己未，鳳皇集肥城。乙丑，帝耕於定陶。詔曰：「三老，尊年也。孝悌，淑行也。力田，勤勞也。國家甚休之。其賜帛人一匹，勉率農功。」使使者祠唐堯於成陽靈臺。辛未，幸太山，柴告岱宗。有黃鵠三十從西南來，經祠壇上，東北過于宮屋，翱翔升降。進幸奉高。壬申，宗祀五帝于汶上明堂。癸酉，告祠二祖、四宗，大會外內群臣。丙子，詔曰：「朕巡狩岱宗，柴望山川，告祀明堂，以章先勳。其二王之後，先聖之胤，東后蕃衛，伯父伯兄，仲叔季弟，幼子童孫，百僚從臣，宗室眾子，要荒四裔，沙漠之北，蔥領之西，冒耏之類，跋涉懸度，陵踐阻絕，駿奔郊畤，咸來助祭。祖宗功德，延及朕躬。予一人空虛多疚，纂承尊明，盥洗享薦，慚愧祗慄。詩不云乎：『君子如祉，亂庶遄已。』歷數既從，靈燿著明，亦欲與士大夫同心自新。其大赦天下。諸犯罪不當得赦者，皆除之。復博、奉高、嬴，無出今年田租、芻稿。」戊寅，進幸濟南。三月己丑，進幸魯，祠東海恭王陵。庚寅，祠孔子於闕里，及七十二弟子，賜褒成侯及諸孔男女帛。壬辰，進幸東平，祠憲王陵。甲午，遣使者祠定陶太后、恭王陵。乙未，幸東阿，北登太行山，至天井關。夏四月乙巳，客星入紫宮。乙卯，車駕還宮。庚申，假于祖禰，告祠高廟。
On the Bingchen day he embarked on an eastern tour of inspection. On the Jiwei day, a phoenix gathered in Feicheng. On the Yichou day, the emperor plowed at Dingtao. An edict stated: "The Three Lao are a sign of respect for elders. Filial piety and fraternal duty are virtuous conduct. Diligence in farming is hard work. The state greatly values these qualities. Therefore, grant one bolt of silk to each person as a reward and encouragement for their efforts in farming." He sent envoys to offer sacrifices at the Lingtai in Chengyang to honor Tang Yao. On the Xinwei day, he visited Mount Tai and offered sacrificial wood to announce his visit to Daizong. Thirty yellow cranes came from the southwest, passed over the altar of sacrifice, flew northeast past the palace buildings, and circled up and down. He proceeded to Fenggao. On the Ren Shen day, ancestral sacrifices were offered to the Five Emperors at the Mingtang in Wenshang. On the Gouyou day, he announced and performed sacrifices for the two ancestors and four emperors, holding a grand assembly of all court officials inside and outside. On the Bingzi day, an edict stated: "I have toured Mount Tai, offered sacrificial wood and made offerings to mountains and rivers, performed sacrifices at the Mingtang hall, in order to honor the achievements of my predecessors. The descendants of the two kings, the progeny of sage ancestors, eastern vassals and guards, uncles, elder brothers, middle and younger brothers, young sons and grandchildren, officials and attendants from all ranks, members of the imperial family, numerous princes, distant tribes on all sides, regions beyond the desert to the north and west of the 葱岭 (Congling), as well as people of various ethnic groups, have braved hardships and traversed treacherous terrain. They have overcome obstacles and rushed to the suburban altars, all coming together to assist in the sacrificial rites. The virtues and achievements of our ancestors have extended to my person. I, as one man, am empty and filled with guilt; I have succeeded in upholding the dignity of our ancestors. While washing my hands and offering sacrifices, I feel ashamed and trembling with reverence. Is it not said in the Book of Songs: "When a gentleman is blessed, disorder among the people will quickly cease." Since the Mandate of Heaven has followed its course and divine radiance shines clearly, I also wish to renew myself together with the literati and officials in harmony. Therefore, a general amnesty was granted throughout the realm. Those who had committed crimes that should not have been pardoned were all absolved. The counties of Bo, Fenggao, and Ying will be exempt from paying this year's land taxes and fodder." On the Wuyin day, he proceeded to Jinan. On the Jichou day of the third month, he advanced to Lu and offered sacrifices at the Mausoleum of Gongwang, Prince of Donghai. On the Gengyin day, sacrifices were offered to Confucius at Que Li and to his seventy-two disciples; bolts of silk were bestowed upon Baocheng Hou and all male and female members of the Kong family. On the Renchen day, he proceeded to Dongping and offered sacrifices at Xianwang's Mausoleum. On the Jiawu day, envoys were sent to offer sacrifices at the mausoleums of the Empress Dowager of Dingtao and Gongwang. On the Yiwei day, he went to Donge, ascended northward Mount Taihang, and arrived at Tianjing Guan. In the fourth month of summer on the Yisi day, a guest star entered the Zi Gong (Purple Palace). On the Yimao day, the imperial procession returned to the palace. On the Gengshen day, he made a provisional sacrifice at the ancestral temple and announced offerings at the Temple of Emperor Gao.

86 肅宗孝章... :
五月戊申，詔曰：「乃者鳳皇、黃龍、鸞鳥比集七郡，或一郡再見，及白烏、神雀、甘露屢臻。祖宗舊事，或班恩施。其賜天下吏爵，人三級；高年、鰥、寡、孤、獨帛，人一匹。經曰：「無侮鰥寡，惠此煢獨。』加賜河南女子百戶牛酒，令天下大酺五日。賜公卿已下錢帛各有差；及洛陽人當酺者布，戶一匹，城外三戶共一匹。賜博士員弟子見在太學者布，人三匹。令郡國上明經者，口十萬以上五人，不滿十萬三人。」
On the Wushen day of the fifth month, an edict stated: "Recently, phoenixes, yellow dragons, and 鸾 birds have gathered in seven commanderies one after another; sometimes a single commandery has seen them twice. In addition, white crows, divine sparrows, and sweet dew have frequently arrived. These are events from the past of our ancestors, or blessings bestowed by Heaven's grace. Therefore, bestow ranks upon officials throughout the realm; three grades per person; and grant one bolt of silk each to elderly people, widowers, widows, orphans, and the childless. The Classic says: "Do not insult the widowed and the lonely; show kindness to those who are alone." Additionally, bestow cattle and wine upon a hundred households of women in Henan, and decree five days of public feasting throughout the realm. Grant money and silk to officials from the ranks of gongqing downwards according to their respective grades; And for residents of Luoyang who were entitled to participate in the public feast, grant cloth: one bolt per household within the city; three households outside the city would share one bolt. Grant cloth to the current doctoral students and disciples present at Taixue, three bolts per person. Order each commandery and kingdom to recommend those who have mastered the classics: five people from regions with a population of over 100,000; three people from areas with less than 100,00."

87 肅宗孝章... :
改廬江為六安國，江陵復為南郡。徙江陵王恭為六安王。
Luyang was changed to Liu'an Guo (Six-An State), and Jiangling was restored as Nan Jun. Prince Gong of Jiangling was transferred and made King of Liu'an.

88 肅宗孝章... :
秋七月庚子，詔曰：「春秋於春每月書『王』者，重三正，慎三微也。律十二月立春，不以報囚。月令冬至之後，有順陽助生之文，而無鞠獄斷刑之政。朕咨訪儒雅，稽之典籍，以為王者生殺，宜順時氣。其定律，無以十一月、十二月報囚。」
In the seventh month of autumn on the Gengzi day, an edict was issued: "The 'Wang' (king) is recorded every month in spring by the Spring and Autumn Annals; this emphasizes the three calendars and shows caution regarding the three subtle signs. The law states that on the first day of spring, which occurs in the twelfth month, prisoners should not be executed. The Rites of Months state that after the winter solstice there are passages about following yang energy and aiding life, but no policies regarding interrogating prisoners or carrying out punishments. I have consulted learned Confucian scholars and examined the classics, and I believe that a ruler's decisions to give life or take it should follow the seasonal qi (vital energy). Therefore, establish a law: prisoners shall not be executed in the eleventh and twelfth months."

89 肅宗孝章... :
九月壬辰，詔：「鳳皇、黃龍所見亭部無出二年租賦。加賜男子爵，人二級；先見者帛二十匹，近者三匹，太守三十匹，令、長十五匹，丞、尉半之。《詩》云：『雖無德與汝，式歌且舞。』它如賜爵故事。」
On the Renchen day of the ninth month, an edict was issued: "The tings and districts where phoenixes and yellow dragons have been seen shall be exempt from two years' taxes and levies. Grant male subjects a rank increase, two grades per person; those who first reported the sightings shall receive twenty bolts of silk, those nearby three bolts; governors thirty bolts, magistrates and district officials fifteen bolts each, and assistants and military officers half that amount. The Book of Songs says: "Though I have no virtue to give you, still sing and dance in joy." Other rewards shall follow the precedent for granting ranks as before."

90 肅宗孝章... :
丙申，徵濟南王康、中山王焉會烝祭。
隆重 On the Bingshen day, Prince Kang of Jinan and Prince Yan of Zhongshan were summoned to attend a sacrificial ceremony.

91 肅宗孝章... :
冬十一月壬辰，日南至，初閉關梁。
In winter on the Renchen day of the eleventh month, the sun reached its southernmost point; for the first time, border passes and bridges were closed.

92 肅宗孝章... :
三年春正月乙酉，詔曰：「蓋君人者，視民如父母，有憯怛之憂，有忠和之教，匍匐之救。其嬰兒無父母親屬，及有子不能養食者，稟給如律。」
In the first month of spring in the third year, an edict was issued: "Indeed, a ruler should regard his people as parents, share their deep concerns, offer teachings of loyalty and harmony, and strive to rescue them. Therefore, for infants without parents or relatives, as well as those who have children they cannot support and feed, grain shall be provided according to the law."

93 肅宗孝章... :
丙申，北巡狩，濟南王康、中山王焉、西平王羨、六安王恭、樂成王黨、淮陽王疠、任城王尚、沛王定皆從。辛丑，帝耕于懷。
On the Bingshen day he embarked on a northern tour of inspection, and Prince Kang of Jinan, Prince Yan of Zhongshan, Prince Xian of Xiping, Prince Gong of Liu'an, Prince Dang of Lecheng, Prince Li of Huaiyang, Prince Shang of Rencheng, and Prince Ding of Pei all accompanied him. On the Xichou day, the emperor tilled the soil in Huai.

94 肅宗孝章... :
二月壬寅，告常山、魏郡、清河、鉅鹿、平原、東平郡太守、相曰：「朕惟巡狩之制，以宣聲教，考同遐樯，解釋怨結也。今『四國無政，不用其良』，駕言出游，欲親知其劇易。前祠園陵，遂望祀華、霍，東祡岱宗，為人祈福。今將禮常山，遂徂北土，歷魏郡，經平原，升踐隄防，詢訪耆老，咸曰『往者汴門未作，深者成淵，淺則泥塗』。追惟先帝勤人之德，底績遠圖，復禹弘業，聖跡滂流，至于海表。不克堂桓，朕甚慚焉。月令，孟春善相丘陵土地所宜。今肥田尚多，未有墾闢。其悉以賦貧民，給與糧種，務盡地力，勿令游手。所過縣邑，聽半入今年田租，以勸農夫之勞。」
On the Renyin day of the second month, he addressed the Tai Shou (governors) and Xiang (magistrates) of Changshan Jun, Wei Jun, Qinghe Jun, Ju Lu Jun, Ping Yuan Jun, and Dongping Jun: "I have considered the system of touring inspections, which is intended to spread teachings, unify distant regions, and resolve grievances. Now, 'In four states there are no policies; the virtuous are not used.' I have embarked on this tour to personally understand their hardships and ease. Previously, when offering sacrifices at ancestral mausoleums, I also performed distant offerings to Mount Hua and Mount Huo, and made sacrificial fires on Mount Tai for the people's blessings. Now I will perform rites at Changshan, proceed to the northern lands, pass through Wei Jun, travel through Pingyuan, ascend and inspect dikes and defenses, and inquire of the elderly. All said: 'In the past, before the Bian Gate was constructed, deep areas became lakes, while shallow ones turned into muddy swamps.' Reflecting on the former emperor's virtue of diligence for his people, he achieved great accomplishments and long-term planning, restored Yu's grand legacy, and his holy deeds spread widely even to the sea. Failing to complete the task of building the hall, I am deeply ashamed. The Rites of Months states that in the first month of spring one should carefully examine hills and land to determine their suitability for cultivation. Now, there are still many fertile fields yet to be cultivated. Therefore, all of these should be assigned to the poor people and provided with grain seeds; make sure to fully utilize the land's potential, and do not allow idleness. For counties passed through on this journey, half of their taxes for this year will be waived to encourage the hard work of farmers."

95 肅宗孝章... :
乙丑，敕侍御史、司空曰：「方春，所過無得有所伐殺。車可以引避，引避之；騑馬可輟解，輟解之。《詩》云：『敦彼行葦，牛羊勿踐履。』禮，人君伐一草木不時，謂之不孝。俗知順人，莫知順天。其明稱朕意。」
On the Yichou day, he issued an order to the Shiyushi and Sikong: "It is now spring; no one may cut down trees or kill living things along the route of passage. If a carriage can be diverted, divert it; if the side horses can be removed, remove them. The Book of Songs says: "Thick are those reeds along the path; let not cattle and sheep trample upon them." According to rites, if a ruler cuts down even one plant or tree at an improper time, it is considered unfilial. Customs may know how to follow people, but few know how to follow Heaven's will. Make this clear and proclaim my intent."

96 肅宗孝章... :
戊辰，進幸中山，遣使者祠北嶽，出長城。癸酉，還幸元氏，祠光武、顯宗於縣舍正堂；明日又祠顯宗于始生堂，皆奏樂。三月丙子，詔高邑令祠光武於即位壇。復元氏七年傜役。己卯，進幸趙。庚辰，祠房山於靈壽。辛卯，車駕還宮。賜從行者各有差。
On the Wuchen day, he proceeded to Zhongshan and sent envoys to perform sacrifices at Beiyue before exiting beyond the Great Wall. On the Guoyou day, he returned to Yuanshi and offered sacrifices to Guangwu and Xianzong in the main hall of the county office; The next day, another sacrifice was held for Emperor Xianzong at Shisheng Tang, with music performed on both occasions. On the Bingzi day of the third month, an edict ordered the county magistrate of Gaoyi to perform sacrifices for Emperor Guangwu at the Jiwei Tan (the Altar of Ascension). Yuanshi was exempted from corvée labor for seven years. On the Jimao day, he proceeded to Zhao. On the Gengchen day, sacrifices were offered at Fangshan in Lingshou. On the Xinmao day, the imperial procession returned to court. Rewards were given in varying degrees to those who had accompanied him on his journey.

97 肅宗孝章... :
夏四月丙寅，太尉鄭弘免，大司農宋由為太尉。
In the fourth month of summer, on the Bingyin day, Taiwei Zheng Hong was dismissed and Da Siniang Song You became the new Taiwei.

98 肅宗孝章... :
五月丙子，司空第五倫罷，太僕袁安為司空。
On the Bingzi day of May, Sikong Diwu Lun was dismissed and Taifu Yuan An became the new Sikong.

99 肅宗孝章... :
秋八月乙丑，幸安邑，觀鹽池。九月，至自安邑。
In autumn on the Yichou day of August, he visited Anyi to observe the salt pools. In September, he returned from Anyi.

100 肅宗孝章... :
冬十月，北海王基薨。
In the tenth month of winter, Prince Ji of Beihai died.

101 肅宗孝章... :
燒當羌叛，寇隴西。
The Shaochang Qiang rebelled and raided Longxi.

102 肅宗孝章... :
是歲，西域長史班超擊斬疏勒王。
In this year, Ban Chao, the longshi (commander) of the Western Regions, attacked and beheaded the king of Shule.

103 肅宗孝章... :
章和元年春三月，護羌校尉傅育追擊叛羌，戰歿。
In spring in March of Zhanghe Yuan Nian, Huqiang Jiaowei Fu Yu pursued and fought against the rebellious Qiang people, where he died in battle.

104 肅宗孝章... :
夏四月丙子，令郡國中都官繫囚減死一等，詣金城戍。
In summer on the Bingzi day of April, an order was issued that prisoners held by commanderies, kingdoms, and central officials should have their death sentences reduced by one degree and be sent to Jin Cheng for garrison duty.

105 肅宗孝章... :
六月戊辰，司徒桓虞免。癸卯，司空袁安為司徒，光祿勳任隗為司空。
On the Wuchen day of June, Sutu Huan Yu was dismissed from office. On the Gaimao day, Sikong Yuan An became Sutu and Guanglu Xun Ren Wei became Sikong.

106 肅宗孝章... :
秋七月癸卯，齊王晃有罪，貶為蕪湖侯。壬子，淮陽王疠薨。
In autumn on the Gaimao day of July, Prince Huang of Qi was found guilty and demoted to Marquis of Wuhu. On the Renzi day, Prince Li of Huaiyang died.

107 肅宗孝章... :
鮮卑擊破北單于，斬之。
The Xianbei defeated and killed the northern Chanyu.

108 肅宗孝章... :
燒當羌寇金城，護羌校尉劉盱討之，斬其渠帥。
The Shaochang Qiang raided Jincheng, and Huqiang jiaowei Liu Xu attacked them, killing their chushuai (commander).

109 肅宗孝章... :
壬戌，詔曰：「朕聞明君之德，啟迪鴻化，緝熙康乂，光照六幽，訖惟人面，靡不率俾，仁風翔于海表，威霆行乎鬼區。然後敬恭明祀，膺五福之慶，獲來儀之貺。朕以不德，受祖宗弘烈。乃者鳳皇仍集，麒麟並臻，甘露宵降，嘉穀滋生，芝草之類，歲月不絕。朕夙夜祗畏上天，無以彰于先功。今改元和四年為章和元年。」
On the Renxu day, an edict was issued: "I have heard that a wise ruler's virtue initiates great transformation, brings about peace and order, shines light into the most remote corners of the world. All human faces are illuminated by it, none left untouched; benevolence spreads across the seas like wings, while authority thunders through the realm of spirits." "Only then can one with reverence and humility conduct solemn sacrifices, receive the blessings of the Five Fortunes, and obtain the gift of harmony and order." "I am unworthy, yet I have inherited the great achievements of my ancestors." Recently, phoenixes have continued to gather, qilins have arrived together, sweet dew has fallen at night, and auspicious grains have grown abundantly; fungi and other miraculous plants appear without ceasing from month to month. Day and night I revere Heaven with diligence, yet find no way to adequately honor the achievements of my predecessors. "Therefore, I now change the fourth year of Yuanhe to Zhanghe Yuan Nian."

110 肅宗孝章... :
秋，令是月養衰老，授几杖，行糜粥飲食。其賜高年二人共布帛各一匹，以為醴酪。死罪囚犯法在丙子赦前而後捕繫者，皆減死，勿笞，詣金城戍。
In autumn, an order was given that in this month, the elderly and infirm should be cared for, provided with canes and stools, and fed porridge. Each of two elderly people was to be granted one bolt of cloth or silk as a gift for making sweet wine and dairy products. All death-row prisoners whose crimes occurred before the Bingzi amnesty but were captured and detained afterward should have their sentences reduced, not be subjected to caning, and instead be sent for garrison duty in Jin Cheng.

111 肅宗孝章... :
八月癸酉，南巡狩。壬午，遣使者祠昭靈后於小黃園。甲申，徵任城王尚會睢陽。戊子，幸梁。己丑，遣使祠沛高原廟，豐枌榆社。乙未，幸沛，祠獻王陵，徵會東海王政。乙未晦，日有食之。九月庚子，幸彭城，東海王政、沛王定、任城王尚皆從。辛亥，幸壽春。壬子，詔郡國中都官繫囚減死罪一等，詣金城戍；犯殊死者，一切募下蠶室；其女子宮；繫囚鬼薪、白粲已上，減罪一等，輸司寇作。亡命者贖：死罪縑二十匹，右趾至髡鉗城旦舂七匹，完城旦至司寇三匹；吏民犯罪未發覺，詔書到自告者，半入贖。復封阜陵侯延為阜陵王。己未，幸汝陰。冬十月丙子，車駕還宮。
In August on the Gaiyou day, he embarked on a southern tour of inspection. On the Renwu day, envoys were sent to offer sacrifices at Xiaohuangyuan to Zhaoling Hou. On the Jiashen day, Rencheng Wang Shang was summoned to Suiyang. On the Wuzi day, he visited Liang. On the Jichou day, envoys were dispatched to offer sacrifices at the Gaoyuan Temple in Pei and Feng Fenyu She. On the Yiw ei day, he visited Pei to offer sacrifices at Xianwang Ling (the tomb of the Duke of Xian), and summoned Donghai Wang Zheng. On the last day of the Yiw ei, there was a solar eclipse. In September on the Gengzi day, he visited Pengcheng, and Donghai Wang Zheng, Pei Wang Ding, and Rencheng Wang Shang all accompanied him. On the Xinhai day, he went to Shouchun. On the Renzi day, an edict was issued that prisoners held in commanderies, kingdoms and central offices should have their death sentences commuted by one degree, and be assigned to garrison duty at Jin Cheng; Those sentenced to special execution were all conscripted into the castration punishment. And women received the palace punishment; Prisoners who had already been sentenced to tasks such as gathering firewood (guixun) and collecting white rice (baican) would have their crimes reduced by one degree, then be assigned for labor under the Sikou. Fugitives could redeem their sentences: twenty bolts of silk for a death sentence, seven bolts for crimes ranging from right foot amputation to 髡钳城旦舂 (a form of penal servitude), and three bolts for those sentenced to complete city labor up to Sikou. Officials and commoners who had committed crimes but not yet been discovered could, upon the arrival of this edict, voluntarily confess and pay half the redemption amount. Fu Ling Hou Yan was again enfeoffed as Fu Ling Wang. On the Jiwei day, he visited Ruyin. In winter on the Bingzi day of October, the imperial carriage returned to the palace.

112 肅宗孝章... :
北匈奴屋蘭儲等率眾降。
The northern Xiongnu Wulan Chu and others led their people in surrendering.

113 肅宗孝章... :
是歲，西域長史班超擊莎車，大破之。月氏國遣使獻扶拔、師子。
In this year, Ban Chao the longshi (commander of) the Western Regions attacked Shache and defeated them decisively. The Yuezhi Kingdom sent envoys to present Fuba and Shizi as tributes.

114 肅宗孝章... :
二年春正月，濟南王康、阜陵王延、中山王焉來朝。
In spring, the first month of Zhanghe Nian Er, Prince Kang of Jinan, Prince Yan of Fuling, and Prince Yan of Zhongshan came to court.

115 肅宗孝章... :
壬辰、帝崩於章德前殿，年三十三。遺詔無起寑廟，一如先帝法制。
On the Rencheng day, the emperor passed away in the Qian Dian of Zhangde Hall at the age of thirty-three. The posthumous edict stated that no mausoleum or temple should be built, following exactly the regulations and systems established by previous emperors.

116 肅宗孝章... :
論曰：魏文帝稱「明帝察察，章帝長者」。章帝素知人厭明帝苛切，事從寬厚。感陳寵之義，除慘獄之科。深元元之愛，著胎養之令。奉承明德太后，盡心孝道。割裂名都，以崇建周親。平傜簡賦，而人賴其慶。又體之以忠恕，文之以禮樂。故乃蕃輔克諧，群后德讓。謂之長者，不亦宜乎！在位十三年，郡國所上符瑞，合於圖書者數百千所。烏呼懋哉！
Commentary: Wei Wendi remarked, "Mingdi was meticulous in his scrutiny, while Zhangdi was a man of integrity and virtue." Zhangdi had always known that the people were weary of Mingdi's strictness and severity, so he governed with leniency and kindness. Moved by the righteousness of Chen Chong, he abolished the harsh regulations for cruel prisons. He deeply cherished his love for the common people and issued an edict encouraging prenatal care and child-rearing. He honored Mingde Taihou with reverence, devoting himself wholeheartedly to filial piety. He divided famous cities and fiefs to honor and elevate his close relatives. By reducing corvée labor and easing taxes, the people benefited from his blessings. He also governed with loyalty and tolerance, and cultivated culture through rites and music. Thus, the vassal states were harmonious in their support, and all officials displayed virtue and humility. To call him a man of integrity is not inappropriate at all! During his thirteen-year reign, the auspicious omens reported by commanderies and kingdoms matched those recorded in ancient texts at hundreds of thousands of locations. How great and glorious!

117 肅宗孝章... :
贊曰：肅宗濟濟，天性愷悌。於穆后德，諒惟淵體。左右蓺文，斟酌律禮。思服帝道，弘此長懋。儒館獻歌，戎亭虛候。氣調時豫，憲平人富。
Eulogy: Suzong was dignified and composed, with a natural disposition of kindness and benevolence. O how reverent is the virtue of this later ruler! Indeed, it is profound in its essence. He guided literary and artistic affairs on both sides, carefully weighing laws and rites. He pondered the way of imperial rule, greatly promoting enduring virtue. Confucian academies offered songs in tribute; border outposts stood empty in anticipation. He regulated the climate and seasons with foresight, maintained order through just laws, and brought prosperity to the people.

URN: ctp:hou-han-shu/su-zong-xiao-zhang-di-ji