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秦之先，帝颛顼之苗裔孙曰女修。女修织，玄鸟陨卵，女修吞之，生子大业。大业取少典之子，曰女华。女华生大费，与禹平水土。已成，帝锡玄圭。禹受曰：“非予能成，亦大费为辅。”帝舜曰：“咨尔费，赞禹功，其赐尔皂游。尔后嗣将大出。”乃妻之姚姓之玉女。大费拜受，佐舜调驯鸟兽，鸟兽多驯服，是为柏翳。舜赐姓嬴氏。 |
| | The ancestors of the Qin traced back to a descendant of Emperor Zhuanxu named Nüxiu. Nüxiu was weaving when a black bird fell and dropped an egg; Nüxiu swallowed it, and gave birth to a son named Daye. Daye married the daughter of Shaodian, who was named Nühua. Nühua gave birth to Dafei, who assisted Yu in controlling floods and managing water and land. After the task was completed, the emperor bestowed on him a black jade tablet. Yu accepted it and said: "It is not my ability alone that accomplished this; Dafei also served as an assistant." Emperor Shun said: "Ah, you Fei, for assisting Yu's achievements, I shall bestow upon you a black flag. Your descendants will greatly flourish." He then married a woman of the Yao clan, the daughter of Yu. Dafei bowed and accepted it; he assisted Shun in taming birds and beasts, many of which became domesticated. He was thus known as Baiyi. Shun bestowed upon him the surname Ying.
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大费生子二人：一曰大廉，实鸟俗氏；二曰若木，实费氏。其玄孙曰费昌，子孙或在中国，或在夷狄。费昌当夏桀之时，去夏归商，为汤御，以败桀于鸣条。大廉玄孙曰孟戏、中衍，鸟身人言。帝太戊闻而卜之使御，吉，遂致使御而妻之。自太戊以下，中衍之后，遂世有功，以佐殷国，故嬴姓多显，遂为诸侯。 |
| | łoż Dafei had two sons: one was named Dalian, who became the ancestor of the Niaosu clan; the other was named Ruomu, who became the ancestor of the Fei clan. His great-great-grandson was Feichang; his descendants were either in China or among the Yi and Di peoples. During the time of Jie, ruler of Xia, Feichang left Xia and joined Shang; he served as a charioteer for Tang and helped defeat Jie at Mingtiao. Dalian's great-great-grandson was Mengxi, Zhongyan; he had a bird-like body but spoke human language. Emperor Taipu heard of this and divined whether to appoint him as a charioteer; the result was auspicious, so he appointed him as his charioteer and married him to one of his daughters. From Emperor Taipu onward, Zhongyan's descendants continued to achieve great accomplishments and assisted the Yin state; thus, many of the Ying clan became prominent and eventually became feudal lords.
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其玄孙曰中潏，在西戎，保西垂。生蜚廉。蜚廉生恶来。恶来有力，蜚廉善走，父子俱以材力事殷纣。周武王之伐纣，并杀恶来。是时蜚廉为纣石北方，还，无所报，为坛霍太山而报，得石棺，铭曰“帝令处父不与殷乱，赐尔石棺以华氏”。死，遂葬于霍太山。蜚廉复有子曰季胜。季胜生孟增。孟增幸于周成王，是为宅皋狼。皋狼生衡父，衡父生造父。造父以善御幸于周缪王，得骥、温骊、骅骝、騄耳之驷，西巡狩，乐而忘归。徐偃王作乱，造父为缪王御，长驱归周，一日千里以救乱。缪王以赵城封造父，造父族由此为赵氏。自蜚廉生季胜已下五世至造父，别居赵。赵衰其后也。恶来革者，蜚廉子也，蚤死。有子曰女防。女防生旁皋，旁皋生太几，太几生大骆，大骆生非子。以造父之宠，皆蒙赵城，姓赵氏。 |
| | His great-great-grandson named Zhongyu lived among the western Rong tribes and was in charge of protecting the western frontier. He gave birth to Feilian. Feilian had a son named Elai. Elai was strong and powerful, while Feilian was fast; father and son both served Yin Zhou with their talents and strength. When King Wu of Zhou attacked Zhou, he also killed Elai. At that time, Feilian was quarrying stone in the north for Zhou and returned without anything to report. He built an altar on Huotaishan Mountain to make a sacrifice; there he found a stone coffin with an inscription stating: "The Emperor commanded Chu Fu not to be involved in the chaos of Yin, and bestowed upon you this stone coffin as the Hua clan." After his death, he was buried on Huotaishan Mountain. Feilian also had a son named Jisheng. Jisheng gave birth to Mengzeng. Mengzeng was favored by King Cheng of Zhou; he was known as Zaigao Lang. Zaigao Lang had a son named Hengfu, and Hengfu had a son named Zao Fu. Zaofu was favored by King Miao of Zhou for his skill in driving chariots. He obtained a team of four fine horses: Ji, Wenli, Huailou, and Luer, and accompanied the king on a western tour; he enjoyed it so much that he forgot to return. When Xu Yanwang rebelled, Zaofu drove the chariot for King Miao and galloped back to Zhou at full speed, covering a thousand li in one day to quell the rebellion. King Miao granted Zaofu the city of Zhao as his fief, and from then on, Zaofu's descendants bore the surname Zhao. From Feilian to Jisheng down five generations until Zaofu, they lived separately in Zhao. Zhao Cui was a descendant of them. Elaige was the son of Feilian, who died young. He had a son named Nufang. Nufang gave birth to Panggao, who in turn had a son named Taiji; Taiji had a son named Daluo, and Daluo had a son named Feizi. Because of Zaofu's favor, they were all granted the city of Zhao and took the surname Zhao.
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非子居犬丘，好马及畜，善养息之。犬丘人言之周孝王，孝王召使主马于汧渭之闲，马大蕃息。孝王欲以为大骆适嗣。申侯之女为大骆妻，生子成为适。申侯乃言孝王曰：“昔我先郦山之女，为戎胥轩妻，生中潏，以亲故归周，保西垂，西垂以其故和睦。今我复与大骆妻，生适子成。申骆重婚，西戎皆服，所以为王。王其图之。”于是孝王曰：“昔伯翳为舜主畜，畜多息，故有土，赐姓嬴。今其后世亦为朕息马，朕其分土为附庸。”邑之秦，使复续嬴氏祀，号曰秦嬴。亦不废申侯之女子为骆适者，以和西戎。 |
| | Feizi lived in Quanqiu; he loved horses and livestock and was good at breeding and raising them. The people of Quanqiu spoke highly of him to King Xiaowang of Zhou, who summoned Feizi and appointed him to oversee horse breeding between the Qian and Wei rivers; as a result, the horses multiplied greatly. King Xiaowang wanted to appoint him as the legitimate heir of Daluo. Shen Hou's daughter was married to Daluo and gave birth to a son, Cheng, who became his legitimate heir. Shen Hou then said to King Xiaowang: "In the past, my ancestor's daughter of Lishan married Rong Xuxuan and gave birth to Zhongyu. Because of their kinship, they returned to Zhou and protected the western frontier; because of this, the western frontier remained peaceful and harmonious. Now I have once again married my daughter to Daluo, giving birth to his legitimate son Cheng. By marrying into the family of Daluo repeatedly, the western Rong all submitted; this is why we became kings." "Your Majesty should consider this." Thus King Xiaowang said: "In the past, Boyi was in charge of breeding livestock for Shun; because his livestock multiplied greatly, he received land and was granted the surname Ying. Now his descendants have also bred many fine horses for me; I shall therefore grant them a portion of land as vassals." He granted them the fief of Qin, allowing them to continue the ancestral rites of the Ying clan and called them Qinying. The daughter of Shen Hou who had been married as Daluo's legitimate wife was also not abandoned, in order to maintain harmony with the western Rong.
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秦嬴生秦侯。秦侯立十年，卒。生公伯。公伯立三年，卒。生秦仲。 |
| | Qinying gave birth to Qin Hou. Ten years after Qin Hou ascended the throne, he died. He had a son named Gongbo. Three years after Gongbo ascended the throne, he died. He had a son named Qin Zhong.
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秦仲立三年，周厉王无道，诸侯或叛之。西戎反王室，灭犬丘大骆之族。周宣王即位，乃以秦仲为大夫，诛西戎。西戎杀秦仲。秦仲立二十三年，死于戎。有子五人，其长者曰庄公。周宣王乃召庄公昆弟五人，与兵七千人，使伐西戎，破之。于是复予秦仲后，及其先大骆地犬丘并有之，为西垂大夫。 |
| | Three years after Qin Zhong ascended the throne, King Li of Zhou was tyrannical and unjust; some feudal lords rebelled against him. The western Rong rebelled against the royal court and destroyed the Daluo clan of Quanqiu. When King Xuanwang of Zhou ascended the throne, he appointed Qin Zhong as a grand officer to punish the western Rong. The western Rong killed Qin Zhong. Twenty-three years after Qin Zhong's enthronement, he died at the hands of the Rong people. He had five sons; the eldest was named Zhuang Gong. King Xuanwang of Zhou summoned Zhuanggong and his four brothers, gave them 7,000 troops, and ordered them to attack the western Rong; they defeated them. Thus, Quanqiu, which had belonged to Daluo and the descendants of Qin Zhong, was once again granted to them, and they were appointed as dukes in charge of the western frontier.
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庄公居其故西犬丘，生子三人，其长男世父。世父曰：“戎杀我大父仲，我非杀戎王则不敢入邑。”遂将击戎，让其弟襄公。襄公为太子。庄公立四十四年，卒，太子襄公代立。襄公元年，以女弟缪嬴为丰王妻。襄公二年，戎围犬丘，（世父）世父击之，为戎人所虏。岁馀，复归世父。七年春，周幽王用褒姒废太子，立褒姒子为适，数欺诸侯，诸侯叛之。西戎犬戎与申侯伐周，杀幽王郦山下。而秦襄公将兵救周，战甚力，有功。周避犬戎难，东徙雒邑，襄公以兵送周平王。平王封襄公为诸侯，赐之岐以西之地。曰：“戎无道，侵夺我岐、丰之地，秦能攻逐戎，即有其地。”与誓，封爵之。襄公于是始国，与诸侯通使聘享之礼，乃用骝驹、黄牛、羝羊各三，祠上帝西畤。十二年，伐戎而至岐，卒。生文公。 |
| | Zhuanggong lived at his former residence in Xiquanqiu and had three sons, the eldest of whom was Shifu. Shifu said: "The Rong people killed my grandfather Zhong; I will not dare to enter the city until I have killed their king." He therefore led an attack on the Rong and passed his position as ruler to his younger brother Xianggong. Xianggong became the crown prince. Forty-four years after Zhuanggong's enthronement, he passed away; Crown Prince Xianggong succeeded him as ruler. In the first year of Xianggong's reign, he married his younger sister Miu Ying to King Fengwang. In the second year of Xianggong's reign, the Rong surrounded Quanqiu (Shifu). Shifu attacked them but was captured by the Rong people. After more than a year, he returned with Shifu. In the spring of the seventh year, King Youwang of Zhou deposed the crown prince because of Baosi and instead made Baosi's son his legitimate heir. He repeatedly deceived the feudal lords, who then rebelled against him. The western Rong and Quanrong allied with Shen Hou to attack Zhou; they killed King Youwang at the foot of Lishan Mountain. Meanwhile, Qin Xianggong led troops to rescue Zhou and fought with great determination, achieving notable merit. The Zhou dynasty fled from the Quanrong threat and moved eastward to Luoyi; Xianggong sent troops to escort King Pingwang of Zhou. King Pingwang enfeoffed Xianggong as a feudal lord and granted him the land west of Qi. He said: "The Rong are unjust and have invaded and seized our lands of Qi and Feng; if Qin can attack and drive out the Rong, then they may possess that land." They made an oath, and enfeoffed him with a noble title. Xianggong thus began to establish his state, engaging in diplomatic exchanges and ceremonial visits with the feudal lords. He sacrificed three luoju horses, three yellow oxen, and three male sheep at the western altar (Zhi) to worship the Supreme Deity. In his twelfth year of reign, Xianggong attacked the Rong and reached Qi, where he died. He had a son named Wengong.
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文公元年，居西垂宫。三年，文公以兵七百人东猎。四年，至汧渭之会。曰：“昔周邑我先秦嬴于此，后卒获为诸侯。”乃卜居之，占曰吉，即营邑之。十年，初为鄜畤，用三牢。十三年，初有史以纪事，民多化者。十六年，文公以兵伐戎，戎败走。于是文公遂收周馀民有之，地至岐，岐以东献之周。十九年，得陈宝。二十年，法初有三族之罪。二十七年，伐南山大梓，丰大特。四十八年，文公太子卒，赐谥为竫公。竫公之长子为太子，是文公孙也。五十年，文公卒，葬西山。竫公子立，是为宁公。 |
| | In the first year of Wengong's reign, he resided in Xichui Palace. In the third year, Wengong led 700 soldiers on an eastern hunting expedition. In the fourth year, he reached the confluence of the Qian and Wei Rivers. He said: "Long ago, King Xiaowang granted my ancestor Qinying this land as a fief; later, he was finally enfeoffed as a feudal lord." He then divined to determine whether it would be suitable for settlement. The omen was auspicious, so they established a city there. In the tenth year, he first built the Fu Zhi altar and performed sacrifices with three sets of livestock (three oxen). łó In the thirteenth year, they first appointed historians to record events; many people were thus influenced and transformed. In the sixteenth year, Wengong led troops against the Rong, who were defeated and fled. Thus, Wengong gathered the remaining people of Zhou under his control; his territory extended to Qi, which he then offered eastward back to Zhou. In the nineteenth year, they obtained the Chenbao treasure. In the twentieth year, legal codes were first established to punish crimes involving three clans. In the twenty-seventh year, they attacked the large zhi trees in Nanshan and captured a particularly large deer from Feng. In the forty-eighth year, Wengong's crown prince died; he was posthumously honored with the title Jinggong. Jinggong's eldest son became the crown prince, who was a grandson of Wengong. In the fiftieth year, Wengong died and was buried in Xishan Mountain. Jinggong's son ascended the throne; this was Ninggong.
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宁公二年，公徙居平阳。遣兵伐荡社。三年，与亳战，亳王奔戎，遂灭荡社。四年，鲁公子翬弑其君隐公。十二年，伐荡氏，取之。宁公生十岁立，立十二年卒，葬西山。生子三人，长男武公为太子。武公弟德公，同母鲁姬子。生出子。宁公卒，大庶长弗忌、威垒、三父废太子而立出子为君。出子六年，三父等复共令人贼杀出子。出子生五岁立，立六年卒。三父等乃复立故太子武公。 |
| | In the second year of Ninggong's reign, the ruler moved his residence to Pingyang. He sent troops to attack Dangshe. In the third year, they fought against Bo; King of Bo fled to Rong and thus Dangshe was destroyed. In the fourth year, Gongzi Hui of Lu assassinated his ruler Duke Yin. In the twelfth year, they attacked Dangshi and captured it. Ninggong was ten years old when he ascended the throne; he reigned for twelve years before dying, and was buried in Xishan. He had three sons, with his eldest son Wugong being named crown prince. Wugong's younger brother Dugong was the son of Lu Jizi, their same mother. He had a son named Chuzi. After Ninggong died, Dashu chang Fuji, Weilei, and Sanfu deposed the crown prince and enthroned Chuzi as ruler. In the sixth year of Chuzi's reign, Sanfu and others again conspired to have assassins kill Chuzi. Chuzi was five years old when he became ruler; he reigned for six years before dying. Sanfu and others then restored the former crown prince Wugong to the throne.
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武公元年，伐彭戏氏，至于华山下，居平阳封宫。三年，诛三父等而夷三族，以其杀出子也。郑高渠眯杀其君昭公。十年，伐邽、冀戎，初县之。十一年，初县杜、郑。灭小虢。 |
| | In the first year of Wugong's reign, he attacked Pengxi Shi and advanced as far as beneath Mount Hua, where he resided in the palace at Pingyang Feng. In the third year, he executed Sanfu and others, exterminating three clans for their role in killing Chuzi. Gao Qumai of Zheng killed his ruler Duke Zhao. In the tenth year, they attacked Gui and Ji Rong tribes and established them as counties for the first time. In the eleventh year, Du and Zheng were first established as counties. They destroyed Xiao Guo.
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十三年，齐人管至父、连称等杀其君襄公而立公孙无知。晋灭霍、魏、耿。齐雍廪杀无知、管至父等而立齐桓公。齐、晋为强国。 |
| | In the thirteenth year, Guan Zhifu and Liancheng of Qi killed their ruler Duke Xiang and enthroned Gongsun Wuzhi. Jin destroyed Huo, Wei, and Geng. Yonglin of Qi killed Wuzhi, Guan Zhifu, and others, then enthroned Duke Huan of Qi. Qi and Jin became powerful states.
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十九年，晋曲沃始为晋侯。齐桓公伯于鄄。 |
| | In the nineteenth year, Quwo of Jin first became ruler of Jin. Duke Huan of Qi held hegemony at Juan.
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二十年，武公卒，葬雍平阳。初以人从死，从死者六十六人。有子一人，名曰白，白不立，封平阳。立其弟德公。 |
| | In the twentieth year, Wugong died and was buried at Yong Pingyang. Initially, people were sacrificed to accompany him in death; sixty-six individuals were sacrificed along with him. He had one son named Bai, but Bai was not enthroned and instead granted the fief of Pingyang. His younger brother Dugong ascended the throne.
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德公元年，初居雍城大郑宫。以牺三百牢祠鄜畤。卜居雍。后子孙饮马于河。梁伯、芮伯来朝。二年，初伏，以狗御蛊。德公生三十三岁而立，立二年卒。生子三人：长子宣公，中子成公，少子穆公。长子宣公立。 |
| | In the first year of Dugong's reign, he initially resided in Dayizheng Gong palace in Yongcheng. He sacrificed three hundred sacrificial animals at Fu Zhi to perform ancestral rites. They divined the suitability of residing in Yong. Later, his descendants would drink horse water from the Yellow River. Liang Bo and Rui Bo came to pay homage. In the second year, they first observed the summer solstice; dogs were used to ward off malevolent spirits. Dugong was thirty-three years old when he ascended throne and reigned for two years before dying. He had three sons: the eldest son Xuangong, the second son Chenggong, and the youngest son Mugu. The eldest son Xuangong ascended the throne.
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宣公元年，卫、燕伐周，出惠王，立王子颓。三年，郑伯、虢叔杀子颓而入惠王。四年，作密畤。与晋战河阳，胜之。十二年，宣公卒。生子九人，莫立，立其弟成公。 |
| | In the first year of Xuangong's reign, Wei and Yan attacked Zhou, expelled King Hui, and enthroned Prince Tui. In the third year, Duke Zheng of Bo and Guo Shu killed Prince Tui and restored King Hui to power. In the fourth year, they built Mi Zhi. They fought against Jin at Heyang and won. In the twelfth year, Xuangong died. He had nine sons, none of whom were enthroned; instead, his younger brother Chenggong became ruler.
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成公元年，梁伯、芮伯来朝。齐桓公伐山戎，次于孤竹。 |
| | In the first year of Chenggong's reign, Liang Bo and Rui Bo came to court for homage. ões Duke Huan of Qi attacked Shan Rong and stationed his troops at Gudong.
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成公立四年卒。子七人，莫立，立其弟缪公。 |
| | Chenggong reigned for four years before dying. He had seven sons, none of whom succeeded him; instead, his younger brother Mugu became ruler.
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缪公任好元年，自将伐茅津，胜之。四年，迎妇于晋，晋太子申生姊也。其岁，齐桓公伐楚，至邵陵。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Muhao's reign, he personally led an attack on Maojin and won a victory. In the fourth year, he married a woman from Jin; she was the elder sister of Crown Prince Shen Sheng of Jin. That same year, Duke Huan of Qi attacked Chu and advanced as far as Shaoling.
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五年，晋献公灭虞、虢，虏虞君与其大夫百里傒，以璧马赂于虞故也。既虏百里傒，以为秦缪公夫人媵于秦。百里傒亡秦走宛，楚鄙人执之。缪公闻百里傒贤，欲重赎之，恐楚人不与，乃使人谓楚曰：“吾媵臣百里傒在焉，请以五羖羊皮赎之。”。楚人遂许与之。当是时，百里傒年已七十馀。缪公释其囚，与语国事。谢曰：“臣亡国之臣，何足问！”缪公曰：“虞君不用子，故亡，非子罪也。”固问，语三日，缪公大说，授之国政，号曰五羖大夫。百里傒让曰：“臣不及臣友蹇叔，蹇叔贤而世莫知。臣常游困于齐而乞食铚人，蹇叔收臣。臣因而欲事齐君无知，蹇叔止臣，臣得脱齐难，遂之周。周王子颓好牛，臣以养牛干之。及颓欲用臣，蹇叔止臣，臣去，得不诛。事虞君，蹇叔止臣。臣知虞君不用臣，臣诚私利禄爵，且留。再用其言，得脱，一不用，及虞君难：是以知其贤。”于是缪公使人厚币迎蹇叔，以为上大夫。 |
| | In the fifth year, Duke Xian of Jin destroyed Yu and Guo, capturing Duke Yu and his minister Bai Li Xi; this was because they had previously offered jade and horses as bribes to Yu. After capturing Bai Li Xi, he was sent as a concubine attendant for Duke Muhao of Qin's wife to Qin. Bai Li Xi fled from Qin and went to Wan, where he was captured by a border official in Chu. Duke Muhao heard that Bai Li Xi was virtuous and wished to redeem him with a generous ransom, but feared the people of Chu would not agree. So he sent someone to tell Chu: "My 媵 (ying) servant Bai Li Xi is among you; please allow me to redeem him for five black-sheep hides." The people of Chu then agreed and allowed his release. At that time, Bai Li Xi was already over seventy years old. Duke Muhao released him from imprisonment and discussed state affairs with him. Bai Li Xi replied, "I am a minister of a fallen state; how could I be worthy of being asked?" Duke Muhao said, "Your former ruler Duke Yu did not employ you properly, so he fell; this is not your fault." He insisted on asking for advice and held discussions with him for three days. Duke Muhao was greatly pleased, entrusted him with state affairs, and gave him the title "Wugu Da Fu." Bai Li Xi declined, saying: "I am not as capable as my friend Jian Shu; Jian Shu is virtuous but the world does not know of him. When I was once in distress while traveling in Qi and begging for food at Zhi, it was Jian Shu who took me in." I then wanted to serve Duke Wuzhi of Qi, but Jian Shu stopped me. Because of his warning, I escaped the troubles in Qi and went on to Zhou. Prince Tui of Zhou loved cattle; I approached him by offering my skills in raising cattle. When Prince Tui wanted to employ me, Jian Shu again stopped me; I left and thus avoided being executed. When I served Duke Yu of Yu, it was also Jian Shu who advised me." I knew that Duke Yu would not employ me. If I had truly desired personal gain and official rank, I would have stayed. I heeded his advice twice and thus escaped danger; once when I ignored it, I encountered the downfall of Duke Yu: this is why I know him to be virtuous." Hearing this, Duke Muhao sent generous gifts to invite Jian Shu and appointed him as an upper-ranking official.
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秋，缪公自将伐晋，战于河曲。晋骊姬作乱，太子申生死新城，重耳、夷吾出奔。 |
| | In autumn, Duke Muhao personally led a campaign against Jin, fighting them at Hequ. Li Ji of Jin instigated a rebellion; Crown Prince Shen Sheng was killed in Xincheng, and Chonger and Yiwu fled into exile.
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九年，齐桓公会诸侯于葵丘。 |
| | In the ninth year, Duke Huan of Qi convened a meeting with feudal lords at Kuichiu.
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晋献公卒。立骊姬子奚齐，其臣里克杀奚齐。荀息立卓子，克又杀卓子及荀息。夷吾使人请秦，求入晋。于是缪公许之，使百里傒将兵送夷吾。夷吾谓曰：“诚得立，请割晋之河西八城与秦。”及至，已立，而使丕郑谢秦，背约不与河西城，而杀里克。丕郑闻之，恐，因与缪公谋曰：“晋人不欲夷吾，实欲重耳。今背秦约而杀里克，皆吕甥、郤芮之计也。愿君以利急召吕、郤，吕、郤至，则更入重耳便。”缪公许之，使人与丕郑归，召吕、郤。吕、郤等疑丕郑有闲，乃言夷吾杀丕郑。丕郑子丕豹奔秦，说缪公曰：“晋君无道，百姓不亲，可伐也。”缪公曰：“百姓茍不便，何故能诛其大臣？能诛其大臣，此其调也。”不听，而阴用豹。 |
| | Duke Xian of Jin died. Li Ji's son Xi Qi was enthroned, but his minister Li Ke killed Xi Qi. Xun Xi enthroned Zhuozi, but Li Ke then killed Zhuozi and Xun Xi as well. Yiwu sent envoys to request assistance from Qin in order to return to Jin. Thus, Duke Muhao agreed and dispatched Bai Li Xi with troops to escort Yiwu back. Yiwu said: "If I truly become ruler, I will cede eight cities in the western part of Jin to Qin." After arriving and being enthroned, he sent Pi Zheng to thank Qin but broke the agreement by not giving the western cities of Jin, while also killing Li Ke. Pi Zheng heard about this and became fearful; thus he conspired with Duke Muhao, saying: "The people of Jin do not want Yiwu as ruler; they truly desire Chonger. Now that we have broken our agreement with Qin and killed Li Ke, it was all the plan of Lü Sheng and Xi Rui. I wish Your Majesty would urgently summon Lü and Xi with some advantage; once they arrive, we can then easily replace Yiwu with Chonger." Duke Muhao agreed and sent someone along with Pi Zheng to return, summoning Lü Sheng and Xi Rui back. Lü Sheng, Xi Rui, and others suspected that Pi Zheng had ulterior motives, so they claimed Yiwu ordered the killing of Pi Zheng. Pi Zheng's son Pi Bao fled to Qin and advised Duke Muhao: "The ruler of Jin is unjust, the people do not support him; he can be attacked." Duke Muhao replied: "If the common people are indeed dissatisfied, why were they able to execute their ministers?" "The fact that they could execute their ministers shows that it is well-organized." He did not listen openly, but secretly employed Pi Bao.
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十二年，齐管仲、隰朋死。 |
| | In the twelfth year, Guan Zhong and Xi Peng of Qi died.
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晋旱，来请粟。丕豹说缪公勿与，因其饥而伐之。缪公问公孙支，支曰：“饥穰更事耳，不可不与。”问百里傒，傒曰：“夷吾得罪于君，其百姓何罪？”于是用百里傒、公孙支言，卒与之粟。以船漕车转，自雍相望至绛。 |
| | Jin suffered from a drought and came to request grain aid. Pi Bao advised Duke Muhao not to give it, suggesting instead that they should take advantage of Jin's famine and attack them. Duke Muhao asked Gongsun Zhi, who said: "Famine or abundance are just natural occurrences; we cannot refuse to give aid." He asked Bai Li Xi, and Bai Li Xi said: "Yiwu has offended Your Majesty; what crime have his people committed?" Thus, following the advice of Bai Li Xi and Gongsun Zhi, they finally gave grain to Jin. Using boats for water transport and carts for land transport, grain was conveyed from Yong, with caravans stretching continuously all the way to Jiang.
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十四年，秦饥，请粟于晋。晋君谋之群臣。虢射曰：“因其饥伐之，可有大功。”晋君从之。十五年，兴兵将攻秦。缪公发兵，使丕豹将，自往击之。九月壬戌，与晋惠公夷吾合战于韩地。晋君弃其军，与秦争利，还而马騺。缪公与麾下驰追之，不能得晋君，反为晋军所围。晋击缪公，缪公伤。于是岐下食善马者三百人驰冒晋军，晋军解围，遂脱缪公而反生得晋君。初，缪公亡善马，岐下野人共得而食之者三百馀人，吏逐得，欲法之。缪公曰：“君子不以畜产害人。吾闻食善马肉不饮酒，伤人。”乃皆赐酒而赦之。三百人者闻秦击晋，皆求从，从而见缪公窘，亦皆推锋争死，以报食马之德。于是缪公虏晋君以归，令于国，齐宿，吾将以晋君祠上帝。周天子闻之，曰“晋我同姓”，为请晋君。夷吾姊亦为缪公夫人，夫人闻之，乃衰绖跣，曰：“妾兄弟不能相救，以辱君命。”缪公曰：“我得晋君以为功，今天子为请，夫人是忧。”乃与晋君盟，许归之，更舍上舍，而馈之七牢。十一月，归晋君夷吾，夷吾献其河西地，使太子圉为质于秦。秦妻子圉以宗女。是时秦地东至河。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, Qin suffered a famine and requested grain aid from Jin. The ruler of Jin consulted his ministers about it. Guoye said: "Take advantage of their famine to attack them; we can achieve great success." The ruler of Jin followed his advice. In the fifteenth year, they raised an army and prepared to attack Qin. Duke Muhao mobilized his troops, appointed Pi Bao as their commander, and personally went to fight them. On the Renxu day of the ninth month (October 10, 645 BC), Duke Muhao and Jin Hui Gong Yiwu engaged in battle at the Han region. The ruler of Jin abandoned his army to compete for advantage with Qin, and when he returned, his horses were exhausted. Duke Muhao rode with his subordinates in pursuit of the Jin ruler, but failed to catch him and was instead surrounded by the Jin army. The Jin forces attacked Duke Muhao, wounding him. At that time, the three hundred men from Qi Xia who had been fed and trained with good horses rushed into the Jin army. The Jin forces lifted their siege, allowing Duke Muhao to escape and capturing the ruler of Jin alive in return. Originally, Duke Muhao had lost a fine horse, which was found and eaten by more than three hundred local people from Qi Xia. Officials caught them and intended to punish them according to the law. Duke Muhao said: "A gentleman does not harm others because of livestock." "I have heard that eating the meat of a fine horse without drinking wine harms people." He then gave them all wine and pardoned them. The three hundred men, upon hearing that Qin was attacking Jin, all requested to join the campaign. When they saw Duke Muhao in a difficult situation, they rushed forward and fought fiercely for their lives, seeking to repay his kindness of sparing them after they had eaten his horse meat. Thus, Duke Muhao captured the ruler of Jin and brought him back, issuing an order in the state: "Prepare accommodations for me; I will sacrifice the ruler of Jin to Heaven." The Zhou emperor heard about it and said, "Jin is my fellow surname," and he pleaded for the ruler of Jin. Yiwu's sister was also Duke Muhao's wife, and upon hearing this, the lady put on mourning clothes, removed her shoes, and said: "My brothers are unable to rescue each other; I am disgracing Your Majesty's command." Duke Muhao said: "I captured the ruler of Jin as a feat, but now the Son of Heaven is pleading for him, and my wife is worried." He then made an oath with the ruler of Jin, agreed to return him, lodged him in a superior residence, and provided him with seven sets of sacrificial offerings. In the eleventh month, Duke Muhao returned Yiwu, the ruler of Jin; in return, Yiwu offered the western region of the Yellow River and sent his crown prince Yu as a hostage to Qin. Qin gave Yu's wife a noblewoman from their clan. At that time, Qin territory extended eastward to the Yellow River.
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十八年，齐桓公卒。二十年，秦灭梁、芮。 |
| | In the eighteenth year, Duke Huan of Qi died. In the twentieth year, Qin annexed Liang and Rui.
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二十二年，晋公子圉闻晋君病，曰：“梁，我母家也，而秦灭之。我兄弟多，即君百岁后，秦必留我，而晋轻，亦更立他子。”子圉乃亡归晋。二十三年，晋惠公卒，子圉立为君。秦怨圉亡去，乃迎晋公子重耳于楚，而妻以故子圉妻。重耳初谢，后乃受。缪公益礼厚遇之。二十四年春，秦使人告晋大臣，欲入重耳。晋许之，于是使人送重耳。二月，重耳立为晋君，是为文公。文公使人杀子圉。子圉是为怀公。 |
| | In the twenty-second year, Jin's Prince Yu heard that his father was ill and said: "Liang is my mother's hometown, yet it has been destroyed by Qin." "I have many brothers; if the ruler lives a hundred years, after his death, Qin will surely keep me as hostage, and Jin will be weak. They may also install another son instead." Prince Yu then fled back to Jin. In the twenty-third year, King Hui of Jin died, and his son Yu was enthroned as ruler. Qin resented Prince Yu for fleeing, so they welcomed Jin's prince Chonger from Chu and married him to the former wife of their son Yu. Chonger initially refused but later accepted. Duke Muhao treated him with increasing courtesy and generous hospitality. In the spring of the twenty-fourth year, Qin sent envoys to inform Jin's ministers that they wished to bring Chonger into power. Jin agreed, and thus sent people to escort Chonger. In the second month, Chonger was enthroned as the ruler of Jin; this is known as Duke Wen. Duke Wen sent people to kill Prince Yu. Prince Yu was later known as King Huai.
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其秋，周襄王弟带以翟伐王，王出居郑。二十五年，周王使人告难于晋、秦。秦缪公将兵助晋文公入襄王，杀王弟带。二十八年，晋文公败楚于城濮。三十年，缪公助晋文公围郑。郑使人言缪公曰：“亡郑厚晋，于晋而得矣，而秦未有利。晋之强，秦之忧也。”缪公乃罢兵归。晋亦罢。三十二年冬，晋文公卒。 |
| | That autumn, Duke Xiang of Zhou's younger brother Dai, with the help of Di people, attacked the king; the king fled and took refuge in Zheng. In the twenty-fifth year, the Zhou king sent envoys to seek help from Jin and Qin regarding his crisis. Duke Muhao of Qin led troops to assist Duke Wen of Jin in restoring King Xiang, killing the king's younger brother Dai. In the twenty-eighth year, Duke Wen of Jin defeated Chu at Chengpu. In the thirtieth year, Duke Muhao assisted Duke Wen of Jin in besieging Zheng. Zheng sent envoys to tell Duke Muhao: "Destroying Zheng would strengthen Jin; this benefit goes to Jin, but brings no advantage to Qin." "A strong Jin is a concern for Qin." Duke Muhao then withdrew his troops and returned. Jin also withdrew its forces. In the winter of the thirty-second year, Duke Wen of Jin died.
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郑人有卖郑于秦曰：“我主其城门，郑可袭也。”缪公问蹇叔、百里傒，对曰：“径数国千里而袭人，希有得利者。且人卖郑，庸知我国人不有以我情告郑者乎？不可。”缪公曰：“子不知也，吾已决矣。”遂发兵，使百里傒子孟明视，蹇叔子西乞术及白乙丙将兵。行日，百里傒、蹇叔二人哭之。缪公闻，怒曰：“孤发兵而子沮哭吾军，何也？”二老曰：“臣非敢沮君军。军行，臣子与往；臣老，迟还恐不相见，故哭耳。”二老退，谓其子曰：“汝军即败，必于淆厄矣。”三十三年春，秦兵遂东，更晋地，过周北门。周王孙满曰：“秦师无礼，不败何待！”兵至滑，郑贩卖贾人弦高，持十二牛将卖之周，见秦兵，恐死虏，因献其牛，曰：“闻大国将诛郑，郑君谨修守御备，使臣以牛十二劳军士。”秦三将军相谓曰：“将袭郑，郑今已觉之，往无及已。”灭滑。滑，晋之边邑也。 |
| | A Zheng man offered to sell Zheng to Qin, saying: "I control its city gates; Zheng can be attacked by surprise." Duke Muhao consulted Jian Shu and Bai Li Xi, who replied: "Marching through several states for a thousand li to launch a surprise attack is rarely successful." "Moreover, if someone sells Zheng, how can we be sure that our own people have not informed Zheng of our plans?" "Therefore, it is not advisable." Duke Muhao said: "You do not understand; I have already made up my mind." He then mobilized the troops, appointing Meng Ming Shi, son of Bai Li Xi; Xi Qishu, son of Jian Shu; and Bai Yi Bing as commanders. On the day they set out, Bai Li Xi and Jian Shu both wept for them. Duke Muhao heard about this and became angry, saying: "I have sent out my troops, yet you two are discouraging them with your weeping. Why?" The two elders said: "We dare not discourage Your Majesty's army." "The troops are marching, and our sons have gone with them; we are old men, and we fear that by the time we return, it may be too late to see each other again. That is why we cried." After the two elders left, they told their sons: "If your army is defeated, it will surely be trapped in the Xiao Pass." In the spring of the thirty-third year, Qin's troops marched eastward, crossing Jin territory and passing through the northern gate of Zhou. King Zhou's grandson Man said: "The Qin army is disrespectful; what else awaits but defeat!" When the troops reached Hua, Zhang Gao, a merchant from Zheng who was selling cattle in Zhou, saw the Qin army and feared being killed or captured. He therefore presented his twelve oxen and said: "I have heard that your great state is going to punish Zheng; our ruler has carefully prepared defenses, but he sent me with these twelve oxen as a gift for your soldiers." The three Qin generals said to each other: "We were going to attack Zheng, but it seems that Zheng has already learned of our plan. If we go now, it will be too late." They then destroyed Hua. Hua was a border town of Jin.
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当是时，晋文公丧尚未葬。太子襄公怒曰：“秦侮我孤，因丧破我滑。”遂墨衰绖，发兵遮秦兵于淆，击之，大破秦军，无一人得脱者。虏秦三将以归。文公夫人，秦女也，为秦三囚将请曰：“缪公之怨此三人入于骨髓，愿令此三人归，令我君得自快烹之。”晋君许之，归秦三将。三将至，缪公素服郊迎，向三人哭曰：“孤以不用百里傒、蹇叔言以辱三子，三子何罪乎？子其悉心雪耻，毋怠。”遂复三人官秩如故，愈益厚之。 |
| | At that time, the funeral rites for Duke Wen of Jin had not yet been completed. Crown Prince Xiang Gong was furious and said: "Qin has insulted our young ruler, taking advantage of the mourning period to destroy our Hua." He then donned black mourning clothes and mobilized troops, blocking the Qin forces at Xiao Pass. He attacked them and utterly defeated the Qin army, leaving not a single soldier to escape. They captured the three Qin generals and returned with them. Duke Wen's wife, a daughter of Qin, pleaded for the three captured Qin generals, saying: "The resentment Duke Muhao holds against these three men is deep in his bones. I wish to have them returned so that my lord may personally execute them and find satisfaction." Duke Wen of Jin agreed, returning the three Qin generals to Qin. When the three generals arrived, Duke Muhao wore plain clothes and met them in the suburbs. Facing the three men, he wept and said: "I was wrong not to follow the advice of Bai Li Xi and Jian Shu, thus disgracing you three. What crime have you committed?" "You must all work diligently to avenge this disgrace; do not be lazy." He then restored their official ranks as before and treated them even more generously.
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三十四年，楚太子商臣弑其父成王代立。 |
| | In the thirty-fourth year, Crown Prince Shangchen of Chu assassinated his father King Chengwang and took the throne in his place.
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缪公于是复使孟明视等将兵伐晋，战于彭衙。秦不利，引兵归。 |
| | Duke Muhao therefore once again sent Meng Ming Shi and others to lead troops against Jin, engaging them in battle at Pengya. Qin suffered a disadvantage and withdrew its forces back.
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戎王使由余于秦。由余，其先晋人也，亡入戎，能晋言。闻缪公贤，故使由余观秦。秦缪公示以宫室、积聚。由余曰：“使鬼为之，则劳神矣。使人为之，亦苦民矣。”缪公怪之，问曰：“中国以诗书礼乐法度为政，然尚时乱，今戎夷无此，何以为治，不亦难乎？”由余笑曰：“此乃中国所以乱也。夫自上圣黄帝作为礼乐法度，身以先之，仅以小治。及其后世，日以骄淫。阻法度之威，以责督于下，下罢极则以仁义怨望于上，上下交争怨而相篡弑，至于灭宗，皆以此类也。夫戎夷不然。上含淳德以遇其下，下怀忠信以事其上，一国之政犹一身之治，不知所以治，此真圣人之治也。”于是缪公退而问内史廖曰：“孤闻邻国有圣人，敌国之忧也。今由余贤，寡人之害，将奈之何？”内史廖曰：“戎王处辟匿，未闻中国之声。君试遗其女乐，以夺其志；为由余请，以疏其闲；留而莫遣，以失其期。戎王怪之，必疑由余。君臣有闲，乃可虏也。且戎王好乐，必怠于政。”缪公曰：“善。”因与由余曲席而坐，传器而食，问其地形与其兵势尽察，而后令内史廖以女乐二八遗戎王。戎王受而说之，终年不还。于是秦乃归由余。由余数谏不听，缪公又数使人闲要由余，由余遂去降秦。缪公以客礼礼之，问伐戎之形。 |
| | The Rong king sent You Yu to Qin. You Yu was originally a native of Jin, who had fled into the Rong and could speak the Jin language. Having heard that Duke Muhao was virtuous, he therefore sent You Yu to observe Qin. Duke Muhao showed You Yu the palaces and accumulated wealth of Qin. You Yu said: "If ghosts built these, they would be exhausted from their efforts. If humans did it, the people must have suffered greatly." Duke Muhao found this strange and asked: "In the Central States, governance is based on poetry, books, rites, music, laws, and regulations, yet disorder still occurs from time to time. Now, the Rong and Yi peoples have none of these; how can they govern? Is it not difficult?" You Yu smiled and said: "This is precisely why the Central States are in disorder. The most exalted Yellow Emperor himself established rites, music, laws and regulations as a model for the people to follow, yet could only achieve minor governance. In later generations, however, rulers became increasingly arrogant and licentious. They relied on the authority of laws and regulations to impose demands upon their subjects, and when the people were exhausted from this oppression, they resented their rulers for not showing benevolence or righteousness. Thus, resentment arose between ruler and subject, leading to usurpation and regicide, until entire clans were destroyed—this was all due to such causes. The Rong and Yi peoples are not like this. Their rulers embody pure virtue in dealing with their subjects, while the people hold loyalty and trust to serve their leaders. The governance of a single state is like the regulation of one body; they do not know how it is governed—this is truly the rule of a sage." At this, Duke Muhao withdrew and asked Neishi Liao: "I have heard that a neighboring state has a sage; this is a concern for an enemy state. Now You Yu is virtuous, and thus a threat to me—what should I do about it?" Neishi Liao said: "The Rong king resides in seclusion, and has not heard of the customs of the Central States. Your Majesty should try sending him female musicians to distract his mind; make a request for You Yu, in order to create an opening between them; keep him here without sending him back so that he misses his return date. The Rong king will find this strange and must surely suspect You Yu. Once there is a rift between ruler and minister, he can then be captured." Moreover, the Rong king loves music and will surely neglect his governance." Duke Muhao said: "Good." He then sat on the same mat with You Yu, shared food from the same set of vessels, and inquired thoroughly about its terrain and military situation. After this, he ordered Neishi Liao to send two groups of eight female musicians as a gift to the Rong king. The Rong king accepted them and was delighted; he did not return for an entire year. At this, Qin sent You Yu back to his homeland. You Yu repeatedly advised but was not heeded; Duke Muhao then sent people several times to secretly intercept You Yu, and thus You Yu left and surrendered to Qin. Duke Muhao received him with the courtesy of a guest and inquired about the conditions for attacking the Rong.
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三十六年，缪公复益厚孟明等，使将兵伐晋，渡河焚船，大败晋人，取王官及鄗，以报淆之役。晋人皆城守不敢出。于是缪公乃自茅津渡河，封淆中尸，为发丧，哭之三日。乃誓于军曰：“嗟士卒！听无哗，余誓告汝。古之人谋黄髪番番，则无所过。”以申思不用蹇叔、百里傒之谋，故作此誓，令后世以记余过。君子闻之，皆为垂涕，曰：“嗟乎！秦缪公之与人周也，卒得孟明之庆。” |
| | In the thirty-sixth year, Duke Muhao once again greatly increased rewards for Meng Ming and others, sending them to lead troops against Jin. They crossed the Yellow River and burned their boats, decisively defeating the Jin forces, capturing Wangguan and Hao in retaliation for the Battle of Xiao. The people of Jin all remained within their walled cities and dared not come out. At this, Duke Muhao personally crossed the Yellow River at Maojin, buried the corpses in Xiao, held a mourning ceremony for them, and wept for three days. He then made an oath before his troops, saying: "Alas, soldiers! Be quiet and do not make noise; I shall swear to you. Ancient people, with their gray-haired wisdom and careful deliberation, did nothing excessive." He made this oath to express regret for not following the strategies of Jian Shu and Bai Li Xi, so that future generations would remember his mistake. When virtuous men heard this, they all wept, saying: "Alas! The kindness of Duke Muhao toward others ultimately brought about the good fortune of Meng Ming."
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三十七年，秦用由余谋伐戎王，益国十二，开地千里，遂霸西戎。天子使召公过贺缪公以金鼓。三十九年，缪公卒，葬雍。从死者百七十七人，秦之良臣子舆氏三人名曰奄息、仲行、针虎，亦在从死之中。秦人哀之，为作歌黄鸟之诗。君子曰：“秦缪公广地益国，东服强晋，西霸戎夷，然不为诸侯盟主，亦宜哉。死而弃民，收其良臣而从死。且先王崩，尚犹遗德垂法，况夺之善人良臣百姓所哀者乎？是以知秦不能复东征也。”缪公子四十人，其太子嵤代立，是为康公。 |
| | In the thirty-seventh year, Qin used You Yu's strategy to attack the Rong king, annexing twelve states and expanding its territory by a thousand li, thus establishing dominance over the western Rong. The Son of Heaven sent Zhaogong Guo to congratulate Duke Muhao with gongs and drums made of gold. In the thirty-ninth year, Duke Muhao died and was buried in Yong. One hundred seventy-seven people were sacrificed with him; among them, three virtuous ministers of the Yu clan—named Yan Xi, Zhonghang, and Zhen Hu—were also included in those who died with him. The people of Qin mourned for them and composed the poem "Huangniao" to commemorate their sacrifice. Virtuous men said: "Duke Muhao of Qin expanded his territory and strengthened the state, subduing the powerful Jin to the east and dominating the Rong and Yi to the west. Yet he did not become a leader among the feudal lords—this is indeed appropriate. After his death, he abandoned his people and took his virtuous ministers to die with him. When a former king passed away, he still left behind virtue and laws for posterity; how much more so should one refrain from taking away the virtuous men, good ministers, and people who grieve over their loss? Therefore, it is known that Qin would never again be able to launch eastern campaigns." Duke Muhao had forty sons; his crown prince Dao succeeded him, becoming Duke Kanggong.
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康公元年。往岁缪公之卒，晋襄公亦卒；襄公之弟名雍，秦出也，在秦。晋赵盾欲立之，使随会来迎雍，秦以兵送至令狐。晋立襄公子而反击秦师，秦师败，随会来奔。二年，秦伐晋，取武城，报令狐之役。四年，晋伐秦，取少梁。六年，秦伐晋，取羁马。战于河曲，大败晋军。晋人患随会在秦为乱，乃使魏雠馀详反，合谋会，诈而得会，会遂归晋。康公立十二年卒，子共公立。 |
| | The first year of Duke Kanggong's reign. Last year, when Duke Muhao passed away, Duke Xianggong of Jin also died; Xianggong's younger brother named Yong was born to a Qin woman and remained in Qin. In Jin, Zhao Dun wanted to install him as ruler and sent Sui Hui to come and welcome Yong back; Qin sent troops to escort him as far as Linghu. Jin instead installed Xianggong's son and attacked the Qin forces, which were defeated; Sui Hui then fled to Jin. In the second year, Qin attacked Jin and captured Wucheng as retaliation for the Battle of Linghu. In the fourth year, Jin attacked Qin and captured Shaoliang. In the sixth year, Qin attacked Jin and took Jima. A battle was fought at Hequ, where the Jin army suffered a major defeat. The people of Jin were concerned that Sui Hui, who was in Qin, would cause trouble. They therefore sent Wei Chouyu to pretend to defect and conspired with him, deceiving him into returning; thus, Sui Hui returned to Jin. Duke Kanggong reigned for twelve years before dying, succeeded by his son Duke Gonggong.
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共公二年，晋赵穿弑其君灵公。三年，楚庄王强，北兵至雒，问周鼎。共公立五年卒，子桓公立。 |
| | In the second year of Duke Gonggong's reign, Zhao Chuan of Jin assassinated his ruler King Linggong. In the third year, King Zhuangwang of Chu grew powerful and led troops north to Luo, where he inquired about the Zhou dynasty's tripod cauldrons. Duke Gonggong reigned for five years before dying; his son Duke Huangong succeeded him.
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桓公三年，晋败我一将。十年，楚庄王服郑，北败晋兵于河上。当是之时，楚霸，为会盟合诸侯。二十四年，晋厉公初立，与秦桓公夹河而盟。归而秦倍盟，与翟合谋击晋。二十六年，晋率诸侯伐秦，秦军败走，追至泾而还。桓公立二十七年卒，子景公立。 |
| | In the third year of Duke Huangong's reign, Jin defeated one of our generals. In the tenth year, King Zhuangwang conquered Zheng and defeated Jin forces north of the Yellow River. At that time, Chu was dominant and convened alliances among the feudal lords. In the twenty-fourth year, Duke Li of Jin had just ascended the throne and concluded an alliance with Duke Huangong of Qin across the Yellow River. After returning, however, Qin violated the treaty and conspired with Di to attack Jin. In the twenty-sixth year, Jin led feudal lords in an attack on Qin; the Qin army was defeated and fled, pursued as far as Jing before retreating. Duke Huangong reigned for twenty-seven years before dying; his son, Duke Jinggong, succeeded him.
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景公四年，晋栾书弑其君厉公。十五年，救郑，败晋兵于栎。是时晋悼公为盟主。十八年，晋悼公强，数会诸侯，率以伐秦，败秦军。秦军走，晋兵追之，遂渡泾，至棫林而还。二十七年，景公如晋，与平公盟，已而背之。三十六年，楚公子围弑其君而自立，是为灵王。景公母弟后子针有宠，景公母弟富，或谮之，恐诛，乃奔晋，车重千乘。晋平公曰：“后子富如此，何以自亡？”对曰：“秦公无道，畏诛，欲待其后世乃归。”三十九年，楚灵王强，会诸侯于申，为盟主，杀齐庆封。景公立四十年卒，子哀公立。后子复来归秦。 |
| | In the fourth year of Duke Jinggong's reign, Luan Shu of Jin assassinated his king, Duke Li. In the fifteenth year, Qin rescued Zheng and defeated the Jin forces at Lu. At that time, Duke Dao of Jin was the leader among feudal lords. In the eighteenth year, Duke Dao of Jin grew powerful and frequently convened feudal lords to lead them in attacks on Qin, defeating its army. The Qin forces retreated, and the Jin troops pursued them across the Jing River to Yulin before returning. In the twenty-seventh year, Duke Jinggong went to Jin and formed an alliance with King Ping of Jin; however, he later violated it. In the thirty-sixth year, Gongzi Wei of Chu assassinated his king and declared himself ruler, becoming King Lingwang. Duke Jinggong's maternal younger brother, Houzi Zhen, was favored; however, because he was wealthy, someone slandered him. Fearing punishment, he fled to Jin with a thousand chariots and retinue. King Ping of Jin said: "If Houzi is so wealthy, why did he flee on his own?" He replied: "The Duke of Qin is unjust. I feared punishment and wanted to return only in the reign of a later generation." In the thirty-ninth year, King Lingwang of Chu was powerful and convened feudal lords at Shen to become their leader, killing Qing Feng of Qi. Duke Jinggong reigned for forty years before dying; his son became Duke Aigong. Houzi returned once again to Qin.
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哀公八年，楚公子弃疾弑灵王而自立，是为平王。十一年，楚平王来求秦女为太子建妻。至国，女好而自娶之。十五年，楚平王欲诛建，建亡；伍子胥奔吴。晋公室卑而六卿强，欲内相攻，是以久秦晋不相攻。三十一年，吴王阖闾与伍子胥伐楚，楚王亡奔随，吴遂入郢。楚大夫申包胥来告急，七日不食，日夜哭泣。于是秦乃发五百乘救楚，败吴师。吴师归，楚昭王乃得复入郢。哀公立三十六年卒。太子夷公，夷公蚤死，不得立，立夷公子，是为惠公。 |
| | In the eighth year of Duke Aigong's reign, Gongzi Qiji of Chu assassinated King Lingwang and declared himself ruler, becoming King Pingwang. In the eleventh year, King Pingwang of Chu came to seek a Qin princess as a wife for his crown prince Jian. Upon arriving in the state, he found her beautiful and took her as his own wife. In the fifteenth year, King Pingwang of Chu wanted to execute Jian, who then fled; Wu Zixu fled to Wu. The Jin royal house had become weak while the six powerful ministers grew strong, and they desired to attack each other internally; thus, for a long time, Qin and Jin did not engage in war against one another. In the thirty-first year, King Helu of Wu and Wu Zixu attacked Chu; the king of Chu fled to Sui, and Wu forces entered Ying. Chu's official Shen Baoxu came to plead for help, fasting for seven days while crying day and night. At this, Qin dispatched five hundred chariots to rescue Chu, defeating the Wu forces. After the Wu army withdrew, King Zhao of Chu was able to return to Ying. Duke Aigong reigned for thirty-six years before dying. The crown prince Yigong died early and did not ascend the throne; his son was instead installed as ruler, becoming Duke Huigong.
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惠公元年，孔子行鲁相事。五年，晋卿中行、范氏反晋，晋使智氏、赵简子攻之，范、中行氏亡奔齐。惠公立十年卒，子悼公立。 |
| | In the first year of Duke Huigong's reign, Confucius served as an official in Lu. In the fifth year, Jin's ministers Zhongxing and Fan clans rebelled against Jin; Jin sent the Zhi clan and Zhao Jianzi to attack them. The Fan and Zhongxing clans fled to Qi. Duke Huigong reigned for ten years before dying; his son was installed as Duke Daogong.
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悼公二年，齐臣田乞弑其君孺子，立其兄阳生，是为悼公。六年，吴败齐师。齐人弑悼公，立其子简公。九年，晋定公与吴王夫差盟，争长于黄池，卒先吴。吴强，陵中国。十二年，齐田常弑简公，立其弟平公，常相之。十三年，楚灭陈。秦悼公立十四年卒，子厉共公立。孔子以悼公十二年卒。 |
| | In the second year of Duke Daogong's reign, Tian Qi, a minister of Qi, assassinated his ruler Ruzi and installed his elder brother Yangsheng, who became known as Duke Daogong. In the sixth year, Wu defeated the army of Qi. The people of Qi assassinated Duke Daogong and installed his son as Duke Jian Gong. In the ninth year, Duke Dinggong of Jin formed an alliance with King Fuchai of Wu; they vied for supremacy at Huangchi, and in the end, Jin prevailed over Wu. Wu grew strong and became arrogant toward the Central States. In the twelfth year, Tian Chang of Qi assassinated Duke Jian Gong and installed his younger brother as Duke Pinggong, with Chang serving as prime minister. In the thirteenth year, Chu annexed Chen. Duke Daogong of Qin reigned for fourteen years before dying; his son became Duke Ligong. Confucius died in the twelfth year of Duke Daogong's reign.
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厉共公二年，蜀人来赂。十六年，堑河旁。以兵二万伐大荔，取其王城。二十一年，初县频阳。晋取武成。二十四年，晋乱，杀智伯，分其国与赵、韩、魏。二十五年，智开与邑人来奔。三十三年，伐义渠，虏其王。三十四年，日食。厉共公卒，子躁公立。 |
| | In the second year of Duke Ligong's reign, envoys from Shu came with tribute. In the sixteenth year, ditches were dug along the riverbanks. With an army of twenty thousand, they attacked Dali and captured its royal city. In the twenty-first year, Pingyang was first established as a xian (district). Jin captured Wucheng. In the twenty-fourth year, chaos erupted in Jin; Zhibo was killed and his territory was divided among Zhao, Han, and Wei. In the twenty-fifth year, Zhi Kai fled with townspeople to seek refuge. In the thirty-third year, they attacked Yiqu and captured its king. In the thirty-fourth year, a solar eclipse occurred. Duke Ligong died; his son was installed as ruler and became Duke Zao Gong.
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躁公二年，南郑反。十三年，义渠来伐，至渭南。十四年，躁公卒，立其弟怀公。 |
| | In the second year of Duke Zao's reign, Nanzheng rebelled. In the thirteenth year, Yiqu launched an attack and reached Weinan. In the fourteenth year, Duke Zao died; his younger brother was installed as ruler and became Huai Gong.
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怀公四年，庶长朝与大臣围怀公，怀公自杀。怀公太子曰昭子，蚤死，大臣乃立太子昭子之子，是为灵公。灵公，怀公孙也。 |
| | In the fourth year of Huai Gong's reign, Shuzhang Chao and high-ranking ministers surrounded him; Huai Gong committed suicide. Huai Gong's crown prince was Zhaozi, who died early; the ministers then installed Zhaozi's son as ruler, who became Duke Linggong. Duke Linggong was a grandson of Huai Gong.
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灵公六年，晋城少梁，秦击之。十三年，城籍姑。灵公卒，子献公不得立，立灵公季父悼子，是为简公。简公，昭子之弟而怀公子也。 |
| | In the sixth year of Duke Linggong's reign, Jin built a city at Shaoliang; Qin attacked it. In the thirteenth year (of Duke Linggong's reign), they built a fortress at Jigu. Duke Linggong died; his son Xianggong did not ascend the throne, and instead Duke Linggong's younger uncle Daozi was installed as ruler, becoming known as Jian Gong. Jian Gong was the younger brother of Zhaozi and thus a son of Huai Gong.
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简公六年，令吏初带剑。堑洛。城重泉。十六年卒，子惠公立。 |
| | In the sixth year (of Jiangong's reign), officials were first ordered to wear swords. Ditches were dug along the Luo River. A city was built at Chongquan. In the sixteenth year he died; his son became ruler and was known as Huigong.
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惠公十二年，子出子生。十三年，伐蜀，取南郑。惠公卒，出子立。 |
| | In the twelfth year (of Huigong's reign), a son, Chuzi, was born. In the thirteenth year they attacked Shu and captured Nanzheng. Huigong died, and Chuzi was installed as ruler.
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出子二年，庶长改迎灵公之子献公于河西而立之。杀出子及其母，沈之渊旁。秦以往者数易君，君臣乖乱，故晋复强，夺秦河西地。 |
| | In the second year (of Chuzi's reign), Shuzhang Gai welcomed Xianggong, the son of Duke Linggong from the western bank of the Yellow River, and installed him as ruler. Chuzi and his mother were killed and drowned in a nearby ravine. In the past, Qin had frequently changed rulers; as a result, its officials and subjects became disordered, so Jin regained strength and seized western bank territories from Qin.
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献公元年，止从死。二年，城栎阳。四年正月庚寅，孝公生。十一年，周太史儋见献公曰：“周故与秦国合而别，别五百岁复合，合（七）十七岁而霸王出。”十六年，桃冬花。十八年，雨金栎阳。二十一年，与晋战于石门，斩首六万，天子贺以黼黻。二十三年，与魏晋战少梁，虏其将公孙痤。二十四年，献公卒，子孝公立，年已二十一岁矣。 |
| | In the first year (of Xianggong's reign), he abolished the practice of human sacrifice upon death. In the second year, they built a city at Linyang. On the Gengyin day of the first month (January 21, 381 BC), Duke Xiao was born. In the eleventh year, Zhou's chief historian Dan met Xianggong and said: "Originally united with Qin but later separated, after five hundred years they will reunite again; seventeen (seven) years after their reunion, a hegemon or overlord shall emerge." In the sixteenth year, peach trees bloomed in winter. In the eighteenth year, it rained metal at Linyang. In the twenty-first year (of Xianggong's reign), Qin fought Jin at Shimen, beheading six thousand enemy soldiers; the Son of Heaven congratulated them with embroidered robes. In the twenty-third year (of Xianggong' reign), Qin fought Wei and Jin at Shaoliang, capturing their general Gongsun Cuo. In the twenty-fourth year (of Xianggong' reign), Xianggong died; his son Xiao Gong was installed as ruler, already twenty-one years old.
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孝公元年，河山以东强国六，与齐威、楚宣、魏惠、燕悼、韩哀、赵成侯并。淮泗之闲小国十馀。楚、魏与秦接界。魏筑长城，自郑滨洛以北，有上郡。楚自汉中，南有巴、黔中。周室微，诸侯力政，争相并。秦僻在雍州，不与中国诸侯之会盟，夷翟遇之。孝公于是布惠，振孤寡，招战士，明功赏。下令国中曰：“昔我缪公自岐雍之闲，修德行武，东平晋乱，以河为界，西霸戎翟，广地千里，天子致伯，诸侯毕贺，为后世开业，甚光美。会往者厉、躁、简公、出子之不宁，国家内忧，未遑外事，三晋攻夺我先君河西地，诸侯卑秦、丑莫大焉。献公即位，镇抚边境，徙治栎阳，且欲东伐，复缪公之故地，修缪公之政令。寡人思念先君之意，常痛于心。宾客群臣有能出奇计强秦者，吾且尊官，与之分土。”于是乃出兵东围陜城，西斩戎之獂王。 |
| | In the first year of Xiao Gong's reign, there were six powerful states east of the Yellow River and Taihang Mountains: Qi under Duke Wei, Chu under King Xuan, Wei under Duke Hui, Yan under Duke Dao, Han under Duke Ai, and Zhao under Marquis Cheng. There were more than ten small states between Huai and Si rivers. Chu, Wei, and Qin shared borders with each other. Wei built a long wall from Zheng along the Luoyang River to the north, controlling Shangjun Commandery. Chu controlled from Hanzhong in the north down to Ba and Qianzhong in the south. The Zhou royal house had declined, and feudal lords vied for power, competing to conquer one another. Qin was isolated in Yongzhou, did not participate in alliances among the Central States' feudal lords, and was treated as a barbarian. Duke Xiao thus extended kindness, supported orphans and widows, recruited warriors, and clarified rewards for meritorious service. He issued an edict throughout the state: "In former times, my predecessor Duke Mu, from between Qi and Yong, cultivated virtue and wielded military might. He pacified the chaos in Jin to the east, setting the Yellow River as a boundary; he dominated the Rong and Di tribes to the west, expanding territory by thousands of li. The Son of Heaven conferred hegemony upon him, and all feudal lords offered congratulations, laying an illustrious foundation for future generations." "However, in the past, during the reigns of Duke Li, Duke Zao, Duke Jian, and Chuzi, there was internal unrest; the state faced domestic troubles and had no time for external affairs. The Three Jins attacked and seized the western bank territories from our ancestors, and the feudal lords looked down upon Qin—nothing could be more humiliating." "When Duke Xiang ascended the throne, he stabilized and pacified the borders, moved the capital to Linyang, and wished to launch eastern campaigns to reclaim the territories once held by Duke Mu and restore his policies." "I often think of my ancestors' aspirations, which deeply pain me in my heart." "Any guest or official among you who can devise an extraordinary strategy to strengthen Qin, I shall bestow with high office and share territory with him." At this time, he dispatched troops eastward to encircle Shancheng and westward to slay the chieftain of Rong.
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卫鞅闻是令下，西入秦，因景监求见孝公。 |
| | Wei Yang heard about this decree, traveled west into Qin, and through Jing Jian requested an audience with Duke Xiao.
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二年，天子致胙。 |
| | In the second year (of Xiao Gong's reign), the Son of Heaven presented sacrificial meat as a token of recognition.
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三年，卫鞅说孝公变法修刑，内务耕稼，外劝战死之赏罚，孝公善之。甘龙、杜挚等弗然，相与争之。卒用鞅法，百姓苦之；居三年，百姓便之。乃拜鞅为左庶长。其事在商君语中。 |
| | In the third year, Wei Yang advised Duke Xiao to reform laws and strengthen punishments; internally, he promoted agriculture, and externally, he encouraged rewards and penalties for battlefield valor. Duke Xiao approved of this plan. Gan Long, Du Zhi, and others disagreed, and they debated with him over the matter. In the end, Wei Yang's reforms were implemented; the common people suffered from them; After three years, the people found it convenient. He was then appointed as Zuo Shuzhang (Left Commander). The details of these events are recorded in the Discourses on Lord Shang.
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七年，与魏惠王会杜平。八年，与魏战元里，有功。十年，卫鞅为大良造，将兵围魏安邑，降之。十二年，作为咸阳，筑冀阙，秦徙都之。并诸小乡聚，集为大县，县一令，四十一县。为田开阡陌。东地渡洛。十四年，初为赋。十九年，天子致伯。二十年，诸侯毕贺。秦使公子少官率师会诸侯逢泽，朝天子。 |
| | In the seventh year, he met Duke Hui of Wei at Duping. In the eighth year, Qin fought against Wei at Yuanli and achieved a victory. In the tenth year, Wei Yang was appointed Daliangzao (a high-ranking official) and led troops to besiege Anyi of Wei, which surrendered. In the twelfth year, construction began on Xianyang; the Jique was built, and Qin moved its capital there. Small towns and villages were consolidated into large xians (districts), each governed by a county magistrate, totaling forty-one counties. The boundaries of farmland were standardized with roads and ditches. Territories to the east crossed the Luo River. In the fourteenth year, land taxes were first levied. In the nineteenth year, the Son of Heaven conferred the title of hegemon upon Qin. In the twentieth year, all feudal lords offered their congratulations. Qin sent Gongzi Shaoguan to lead an army and join other feudal lords at Fengze to pay homage to the Son of Heaven.
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二十一年，齐败魏马陵。 |
| | In the twenty-first year, Qi defeated Wei at Maling.
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二十二年，卫鞅击魏，虏魏公子卬。封鞅为列侯，号商君。 |
| | In the twenty-second year, Wei Yang attacked Wei and captured Gongzi Ang of Wei. Wei Yang was enfeoffed as a marquis with fiefdoms, given the title Lord Shang Jun (Lord Shang).
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二十四年，与晋战雁门，虏其将魏错。 |
| | In the twenty-fourth year [of Duke Xiao's reign], Qin fought against Jin at Yanmen and captured their general Wei Cuo.
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孝公卒，子惠文君立。是岁，诛卫鞅。鞅之初为秦施法，法不行，太子犯禁。鞅曰：“法之不行，自于贵戚。君必欲行法，先于太子。太子不可黥，黥其傅师。”于是法大用，秦人治。及孝公卒，太子立，宗室多怨鞅，鞅亡，因以为反，而卒车裂以徇秦国。 |
| | Duke Xiao died; his son Huwen Jun was installed as ruler. In this year, Wei Yang (Lord Shang) was executed. When Lord Shang first implemented laws in Qin, the laws were not enforced because the crown prince violated them. Lord Shang said: "The failure to enforce the law stems from the nobles and relatives of high rank." "If Your Majesty truly wishes to implement the law, it must begin with the crown prince." "The crown prince cannot be tattooed; let us tattoo his tutors and teachers instead." Thus, the law was strictly enforced, and the people of Qin were governed effectively. After Duke Xiao died and the crown prince ascended the throne, many members of the royal family resented Lord Shang. Fleeing for his life, he was accused of rebellion and ultimately torn apart by chariots as a warning to the state of Qin.
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惠文君元年，楚、韩、赵、蜀人来朝。二年，天子贺。三年，王冠。四年，天子致文武胙。齐、魏为王。 |
| | In the first year of Huwen Jun's reign, envoys from Chu, Han, Zhao, and Shu came to pay homage. In the second year, the Son of Heaven sent congratulations. In the third year, the king was crowned. In the fourth year, the Son of Heaven presented sacrificial meat from the rites for Wen and Wu. Qi and Wei also declared themselves kings.
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五年，阴晋人犀首为大良造。六年，魏纳阴晋，阴晋更名宁秦。七年，公子卬与魏战，虏其将龙贾，斩首八万。八年，魏纳河西地。九年，渡河，取汾阴、皮氏。与魏王会应。围焦，降之。十年，张仪相秦。魏纳上郡十五县。十一年，县义渠。归魏焦、曲沃。义渠君为臣。更名少梁曰夏阳。十二年，初腊。十三年四月戊午，魏君为王，韩亦为王。使张仪伐取陜，出其人与魏。 |
| | In the fifth year, Yinjin native Xi Shou was appointed Da Liangzao (a high-ranking official title). In the sixth year, Wei ceded Yinjin; Yinjin was renamed Ningqin. In the seventh year, Gongzi Ang fought against Wei, captured their general Long Jia, and beheaded 80,000 enemy soldiers. In the eighth year, Wei ceded the Hexi region to Qin. In the ninth year, crossing the Yellow River, they captured Fenyin and Pishi. They met with King Wei at Ying. Jiao was besieged and surrendered. In the tenth year, Zhang Yi became prime minister of Qin. Wei ceded fifteen counties in Shangjun to Qin. In the eleventh year, Yiqiu was established as a county. Jiao and Quwo were returned to Wei. The ruler of Yiqiu became a vassal subject. Shaoliang was renamed Xiayang. In the twelfth year, the practice of holding a winter solstice ceremony began for the first time. On the Wuwu day of the fourth month in the thirteenth year, King Wei was declared king; Han also declared its ruler a king. Qin sent Zhang Yi to attack and capture Shan, expelling its people and transferring them to Wei.
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十四年，更为元年。二年，张仪与齐、楚大臣会啮桑。三年，韩、魏太子来朝。张仪相魏。五年，王游至北河。七年，乐池相秦。韩、赵、魏、燕、齐帅匈奴共攻秦。秦使庶长疾与战修鱼，虏其将申差，败赵公子渴、韩太子奂，斩首八万二千。八年，张仪复相秦。九年，司马错伐蜀，灭之。伐取赵中都、西阳十年，韩太子苍来质。伐取韩石章。伐败赵将泥。伐取义渠二十五城。十一年，摢里疾攻魏焦，降之。败韩岸门，斩首万，其将犀首走。公子通封于蜀。燕君让其臣子之。十二年，王与梁王会临晋。庶长疾攻赵，虏赵将庄。张仪相楚。十三年，庶长章击楚于丹阳，虏其将屈丐，斩首八万；又攻楚汉中，取地六百里，置汉中郡。楚围雍氏，秦使庶长疾助韩而东攻齐，到满助魏攻燕。十四年，伐楚，取召陵。丹、犁臣，蜀相壮杀蜀侯来降。 |
| | In the fourteenth year, it was changed to the first year [of a new era]. In the second year, Zhang Yi met with high-ranking officials from Qi and Chu at Niesang. In the third year, the crown princes of Han and Wei came to pay homage. Zhang Yi became prime minister of Wei. In the fifth year, the king toured as far north as Beihe River. In the seventh year, Yuechi became prime minister of Qin. Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Qi, and the Xiongnu led a joint attack on Qin. Qin sent Shuzhang Ji to fight against them at Xiuyu, captured their general Shen Cha, defeated Zhao's Gongzi Ke and Han's Crown Prince Huan, and beheaded 82,000 enemy troops. In the eighth year, Zhang Yi once again became prime minister of Qin. In the ninth year, Sima Cuo attacked Shu and destroyed it. Ten years later, Qin captured Zhongdu and Xiyang from Zhao. In that year, Crown Prince Cang of Han came as a hostage to Qin. Qin attacked and captured Shizhang from Han. Qin defeated Zhao's general Ni in battle. Qin attacked and captured twenty-five cities from Yiqiu. In the eleventh year, Cui Li Ji attacked Jiao in Wei and forced it to surrender. Qin defeated Han at Anmen, beheaded 10,000 soldiers, and their general Xi Shou fled. Gongzi Tong was enfeoffed in Shu. The ruler of Yan ceded the throne to his minister Zi Zhi. In the twelfth year, King of Qin met with Liang Wang at Linjin. Shuzhang Ji attacked Zhao and captured their general Zhuang. Zhang Yi became prime minister of Chu. In the thirteenth year, Shuzhang Zhang attacked Chu at Danyang, captured their general Qu Gai, and beheaded 800,000 enemies; Qin then attacked the Hanzhong region of Chu again, captured six hundred li of territory, and established the Hanzhong Commandery. Chu besieged Yongshi; Qin sent Shuzhang Ji to assist Han and launched an eastern attack on Qi, reaching Man to help Wei in its campaign against Yan. In the fourteenth year [of King Huiwen's reign], Qin attacked Chu and captured Zhaoling. Dan and Li submitted to Qin; Shu prime minister Zhuang killed the ruler of Shu, who then surrendered to Qin.
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惠王卒，子武王立。韩、魏、齐、楚、越皆宾从。 |
| | King Huai died; his son King Wu was enthroned. Han, Wei, Qi, Chu, and Yue all submitted to Qin as vassals.
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武王元年，与魏惠王会临晋。诛蜀相壮。张仪、魏章皆东出之魏。伐义渠、丹、犁。二年，初置丞相，摢里疾、甘茂为左右丞相。张仪死于魏。三年，与韩襄王会临晋外。南公揭卒，摢里疾相韩。武王谓甘茂曰：“寡人欲容车通三川，窥周室，死不恨矣。”其秋，使甘茂、庶长封伐宜阳。四年，拔宜阳，斩首六万。涉河，城武遂。魏太子来朝。武王有力好戏，力士任鄙、乌获、孟说皆至大官。王与孟说举鼎，绝膑。八月，武王死。族孟说。武王取魏女为后，无子。立异母弟，是为昭襄王。昭襄母楚人，姓芈氏，号宣太后。武王死时，昭襄王为质于燕，燕人送归，得立。 |
| | In the first year of King Wu's reign, he met with King Hui of Wei at Linjin. The prime minister of Shu, Zhuang, was executed. Zhang Yi and Wei Zhang both left for the east to go to Wei. Qin launched a campaign against Yiqiu, Dan, and Li. In the second year [of King Wu's reign], the office of Chancellor was first established; Cui Li Ji and Gan Mao were appointed as Left and Right Chancellors, respectively. Zhang Yi died in Wei. In the third year [of King Wu's reign], he met with King Xiang of Han outside Linjin. Nan Gong Jie died; Cui Li Ji became prime minister of Han. King Wu said to Gan Mao, "I wish for my chariot to pass through the Three Rivers region and glimpse the Zhou royal court; if I die with this accomplished, I shall have no regrets." That autumn, King Wu sent Gan Mao and Shuzhang Feng to attack Yiyang. In the fourth year [of King Wu's reign}}, Yiyang was captured, and 60,000 enemy heads were beheaded. Crossing the Yellow River, they built a city at Wusui. The crown prince of Wei came to pay homage. King Wu was strong and enjoyed physical contests; the wrestlers Ren Bi, Wu Huo, and Meng Yue all attained high-ranking positions. The king and Meng Yue lifted a bronze tripod together, causing the latter to break his knee. In August, King Wu died. The Meng Yue family was exterminated. King Wu had taken a woman from Wei as his queen, but they had no children. His half-brother was enthroned; this ruler became known as King Zhaoxiang. King Zhaoxiang's mother, a native of Chu, surnamed Mi, was called the Queen Dowager Xuan. When King Wu died, King Zhaoxiang had been a hostage in Yan; the people of Yan sent him back, and he was enthroned.
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昭襄王元年，严君疾为相。甘茂出之魏。二年，彗星见。庶长壮与大臣、诸侯、公子为逆，皆诛，及惠文后皆不得良死。悼武王后出归魏。三年，王冠。与楚王会黄棘，与楚上庸。四年，取蒲阪。彗星见。五年，魏王来朝应亭，复与魏蒲阪。六年，蜀侯辉反，司马错定蜀。庶长奂伐楚，斩首二万。泾阳君质于齐。日食，昼晦。七年，拔新城。摢里子卒。八年，使将军芈戎攻楚，取新市。齐使章子，魏使公孙喜，韩使暴鸢共攻楚方城，取唐眛。赵破中山，其君亡，竟死齐。魏公子劲、韩公子长为诸侯。九年，孟尝君薛文来相秦。奂攻楚，取八城，杀其将景快。十年，楚怀王入朝秦，秦留之。薛文以金受免。楼缓为丞相。十一年，齐、韩、魏、赵、宋、中山五国共攻秦，至盐氏而还。秦与韩、魏河北及封陵以和。彗星见。楚怀王走之赵，赵不受，还之秦，即死，归葬。十二年，楼缓免，穰侯魏冉为相。予楚粟五万石。 |
| | In the first year [of King Zhaoxiang's reign], Yan Jun Ji became prime minister. Gan Mao left for Wei. In the second year, a comet appeared in the sky. Shuzhang Zhuang and high-ranking officials, feudal lords, and gongzi (princes) who conspired to rebel were all executed. The queen dowager of King Huwen also did not die a natural death. The widow of Duke Dao Wu was sent back to Wei. In the third year, [King Zhaoxiang] was crowned. He met with King of Chu at Huangji and ceded Shangyong to Chu. In the fourth year, Qin captured Puban. A comet appeared in the sky. In the fifth year, King Wei came to pay homage at Yingting; Qin returned Puban to Wei once again. In the sixth year, Lord Hui of Shu rebelled; Sima Cuo pacified Shu and restored order. Shuzhang Huan attacked Chu and beheaded 20,000 of its soldiers. Jingyang Jun was sent as a hostage to Qi. A solar eclipse occurred, and daylight turned dark. In the seventh year [of King Zhaoxiang's reign], Xincheng was captured. Chu Li zi died. In the eighth year, General Mi Rong was sent to attack Chu and captured Xinshi. Qi sent Zhang Zi, Wei sent Gongsun Xi, and Han sent Bao Yuan to jointly attack Fancheng in Chu; they captured Tangmei. Zhao defeated Zhongshan; its ruler fled and eventually died in Qi. Prince Jing of Wei and Prince Zhang of Han were enfeoffed as feudal lords. In the ninth year, Mengchang Jun Xue Wen came to serve as chancellor of Qin. Huan attacked Chu, captured eight cities, and killed its general Jing Kuai. In the tenth year, King Huai of Chu came to pay homage to Qin, but Qin detained him. Xue Wen was dismissed from office for accepting bribes in gold. Lou Huan became chancellor. In the eleventh year, Qi, Han, Wei, Zhao, Song, and Zhongshan—the five states—jointly attacked Qin; they advanced as far as Yanshi before retreating. Qin ceded the area north of the Yellow River and Fengling to Han and Wei in order to make peace. A comet appeared. King Huai of Chu fled to Zhao, but Zhao refused him entry; he was returned to Qin, where he died and was sent back for burial. In the twelfth year, Lou Huan was dismissed from office, and Ranghou Wei Ran became chancellor. Five hundred thousand dan of grain were given to Chu.
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十三年，向寿伐韩，取武始。左更白起攻新城。五大夫礼出亡奔魏。任鄙为汉中守。十四年，左更白起攻韩、魏于伊阙，斩首二十四万，虏公孙喜，拔五城。十五年，大良造白起攻魏，取垣，复予之。攻楚，取宛。十六年，左更错取轵及邓。冉免，封公子市宛，公子悝邓，魏冉陶，为诸侯。十七年，城阳君入朝，及东周君来朝。秦以垣为蒲阪、皮氏。王之宜阳。十八年，错攻垣、河雍，决桥取之。十九年，王为西帝，齐为东帝，皆复去之。吕礼来自归。齐破宋，宋王在魏，死温。任鄙卒。二十年，王之汉中，又之上郡、北河。二十一年，错攻魏河内。魏献安邑，秦出其人，募徙河东赐爵，赦罪人迁之。泾阳君封宛。二十二年，蒙武伐齐。河东为九县。与楚王会宛。与赵王会中阳。二十三年，尉斯离与三晋、燕伐齐，破之济西。王与魏王会宜阳，与韩王会新城。二十四年，与楚王会鄢，又会穰。秦取魏安城，至大梁，燕、赵救之，秦军去。魏冉免相。二十五年，拔赵二城。与韩王会新城，与魏王会新明邑。二十六年，赦罪人迁之穰。侯冉复相。二十七年，错攻楚。赦罪人迁之南阳。白起攻赵，取代光狼城。又使司马错发陇西，因蜀攻楚黔中，拔之。二十八年，大良造白起攻楚，取鄢、邓，赦罪人迁之。二十九年，大良造白起攻楚，取郢为南郡，楚王走。周君来。王与楚王会襄陵。白起为武安君。三十年，蜀守若伐楚，取巫郡，及江南为黔中郡。三十一年，白起伐魏，取两城。楚人反我江南。三十二年，相穰侯攻魏，至大梁，破暴鸢，斩首四万，鸢走，魏入三县请和。三十三年，客卿胡（伤）［阳］攻魏卷、蔡阳、长社，取之。击芒卯华阳，破之，斩首十五万。魏入南阳以和。三十四年，秦与魏、韩上庸地为一郡，南阳免臣迁居之。三十五年，佐韩、魏、楚伐燕。初置南阳郡。三十六年，客卿灶攻齐，取刚、寿，予穰侯。三十八年，中更胡（伤）［阳］攻赵阏与，不能取。四十年，悼太子死魏，归葬芷阳。四十一年夏，攻魏，取邢丘、怀。四十二年，安国君为太子。十月，宣太后薨，葬芷阳郦山。九月，穰侯出之陶。四十三年，武安君白起攻韩，拔九城，斩首五万。四十四年，攻韩南（郡）［阳］，取之。四十五年，五大夫贲攻韩，取十城。叶阳君悝出之国，未至而死。四十七年，秦攻韩上党，上党降赵，秦因攻赵，赵发兵击秦，相距。秦使武安君白起击，大破赵于长平，四十馀万尽杀之。四十八年十月，韩献垣雍。秦军分为三军。武安君归。王龁将伐赵（武安）皮牢，拔之。司马梗北定太原，尽有韩上党。正月，兵罢，复守上党。其十月，五大夫陵攻赵邯郸。四十九年正月，益发卒佐陵。陵战不善，免，王龁代将。其十月，将军张唐攻魏，为蔡尉捐弗守，还斩之。五十年十月，武安君白起有罪，为士伍，迁阴密。张唐攻郑，拔之。十二月，益发卒军汾城旁。武安君白起有罪，死。龁攻邯郸，不拔，去，还奔汾军。二月馀攻晋军，斩首六千，晋楚流死河二万人。攻汾城，即从唐拔宁新中，宁新中更名安阳。初作河桥。 |
| | In the thirteenth year, Xiang Shou attacked Han and captured Wushi. Zuogeng Bai Qi attacked Xincheng. Wudaidfu Li fled and defected to Wei. Ren Bi was appointed as the governor of Hanzhong. In the fourteenth year, Zuogeng Bai Qi attacked Han and Wei at Yique, beheaded 240,000 soldiers, captured Gongsun Xi, and seized five cities. In the fifteenth year, Daliangzao Bai Qi attacked Wei, captured Yuan, but returned it to them again. He attacked Chu and captured Wan. In the sixteenth year, Zuogeng Cuo captured Zhi and Deng. Wei Ran was dismissed; Gongzi Shi Wan, Gongzi Kui Deng, and Wei Ran Tao were enfeoffed as vassal lords. In the seventeenth year, Chengyang Jun came to pay homage, along with King of Dongzhou. Qin renamed Yuan as Puban and Pishi. The king went to Yiyang. In the eighteenth year, Cuo attacked Yuan and Heyong, breached the bridge, and captured them. In the nineteenth year, the king declared himself Western Emperor, while Qi declared itself Eastern Emperor; both later abandoned these titles. Lü Li returned from exile and came back to Qin. Qi defeated Song; King of Song, who was in Wei, died in Wen. Ren Bi died. In the twentieth year, the king went to Hanzhong, then to Shangjun and Behe. In the twenty-first year, Cuo attacked Heinei in Wei. Wei offered Anyi to Qin; Qin expelled its inhabitants and recruited people from Hedong, granting them noble ranks and pardoning criminals for relocation. Jingyang Jun was enfeoffed in Wan. In the twenty-second year, Meng Wu attacked Qi. Hedong was divided into nine counties. Met with King of Chu in Wan. Met with the King of Zhao at Zhongyang. In the twenty-third year, Wei Sili joined forces with the three Jin states and Yan to attack Qi; they defeated them at the western bank of the Ji River. The king met with King Wei in Yiyang, and with King Han in Xincheng. In the twenty-fourth year, he met with King of Chu at Yan, then again at Rang. Qin captured Ancheng from Wei and advanced as far as Daliang; however, the armies of Yan and Zhao came to its rescue, forcing Qin's troops to withdraw. Wei Ran was dismissed from his position as chancellor. In the twenty-fifth year, two cities of Zhao were captured. Met with King Han in Xincheng and with King Wei in Xinmingyi. In the twenty-sixth year, convicts were pardoned and relocated to Rang. Hou Ran was reinstated as chancellor. In the twenty-seventh year, Cuo attacked Chu. Convicts were pardoned and resettled in Nanyang. Bai Qi attacked Zhao and captured the city of Guanglang. Qin also sent Sima Cuo from Longxi, through Shu to attack Qianzhong in Chu, and captured it. In the twenty-eighth year, Daliangzao 白起 attacked Chu, capturing Yan and Deng, and pardoned convicts to relocate them there. In the twenty-ninth year, Daliangzao Bái Qǐ attacked Chu, captured Ying and established it as Nanjun; King of Chu fled. The ruler of Zhou came. The king met with the King of Chu at Xiangling. Bai Qi was conferred the title Wuan Jun. In the thirtieth year, Shou Ruo of Shu attacked Chu, captured Wujun, and took control of the southern bank of the Yangtze River, establishing it as Qianzhong Jun. In the thirty-first year, Bai Qi attacked Wei and captured two cities. The people of Chu rebelled against our forces in the southern bank region. In the thirty-second year, Chancellor Ranghou attacked Wei and advanced to Daliang. He defeated Bao Yuan, beheaded 40,000 troops; Yuan fled, and Wei offered three counties in exchange for peace. In the thirty-third year, Keqing Hu Yang attacked Juan, Caiyang, and Changshe in Wei and captured them. He defeated Mang Mao at Huayang, beheading 150,000 enemy soldiers. Wei ceded Nanyang to Qin in order to make peace. In the thirty-fourth year, Qin combined Shangyong territory of Wei and Han into one commandery; Nanyang exiles were relocated there. In the thirty-fifth year, Qin assisted Han, Wei, and Chu in attacking Yan. Nanyang Jun was first established as a commandery. In the thirty-sixth year, Keqing Zao attacked Qi and captured Gang and Shou, which were granted to Ranghou. In the thirty-eighth year, Zhonggeng Hu Yang attacked Eyu in Zhao but failed to capture it. In the fortieth year, Crown Prince Dao died in Wei and was returned for burial in Zhiyang. In summer of the forty-first year, Qin attacked Wei and captured Xingqiu and Huai. In the forty-second year, Anguo Jun was appointed crown prince. In the tenth month, Empress Dowager Xuan passed away and was buried at Lishan in Zhiyang. In September, Ranghou left for Tao. In the forty-third year, Wuan Jun Bai Qi attacked Han, captured nine cities, and beheaded 50,000 enemies. In the forty-fourth year, they attacked Nanyang in Han and captured it. In the forty-fifth year, Wudaidfu Ben attacked Han and captured ten cities. Ye Yang Jun Kui left his state but died before reaching his destination. In the forty-seventh year, Qin attacked Shangdang in Han; Shangdang surrendered to Zhao. Taking advantage of this, Qin then attacked Zhao, and Zhao mobilized troops to resist, leading to a standoff between the two sides. Qin sent Wuan Jun Bai Qi to attack and decisively defeated Zhao at Changping, killing over 400,000 Sui soldiers. In the tenth month of the forty-eighth year, Han offered Yuanyong to Qin as a tribute. The Qin army was divided into three divisions. Wuan Jun returned. Wang He led the campaign against Zhao (Wuan) Pilao and captured it. Sima Geng pacified Taiyuan to the north, completely securing Shangdang of Han. In the first month, the military campaign ended and forces were redeployed to defend Shangdang. In the tenth month of that year, Wudaidfu Ling attacked Handan in Zhao. In the first month of the forty-ninth year, more troops were dispatched to assist Ling. Ling performed poorly in battle and was relieved of his post; Wang He took over command instead. In the tenth month, General Zhang Tang attacked Wei, but Cai 尉 Juan failed to defend and retreated; he was executed upon his return. In the tenth month of the fiftieth year, Wuan Jun Bai Qi committed a crime and was demoted to commoner status, being exiled to Yinmi. Zhang Tang attacked Zheng and captured it. In the twelfth month, additional troops were deployed to reinforce the army near Fencheng. Wuan Jun Bai Qi was found guilty of a crime and died. Wang He attacked Handan but failed to capture it, withdrew, and returned to the army at Fen. After more than two months of attacking Jin's forces, they beheaded 6,000 enemy soldiers. The defeated Jin and Chu troops drowned in the river, with 20,000 perishing. They attacked Fencheng, then followed Zhang Tang to capture Ningxinzhong, which was renamed Anyang. The construction of a river bridge began for the first time.
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| | 秦本纪: |
五十一年，将军摎攻韩，取阳城、负黍，斩首四万。攻赵，取二十馀县，首虏九万。西周君背秦，与诸侯约从，将天下锐兵出伊阙攻秦，令秦毋得通阳城。于是秦使将军摎攻西周。西周君走来自归，顿首受罪，尽献其邑三十六城，口三万。秦王受献，归其君于周。五十二年，周民东亡，其器九鼎入秦。周初亡。 |
| | In the fifty-first year, General Jiu attacked Han, capturing Yangcheng and Fusu, and beheaded 40,000 enemy troops. They attacked Zhao, seizing more than twenty counties and taking 90,000 prisoners. The ruler of Xi Zhou betrayed Qin and formed an alliance with the feudal lords, mobilizing the sharpest troops from all under heaven to attack Qin through Yiqu, aiming to prevent Qin forces from passing through Yangcheng. As a result, Qin dispatched General Jiu to attack Xi Zhou. The ruler of Xi Zhou fled and surrendered himself, kowtowing in submission and offering all thirty-six walled cities and 30,000 people under his control. King Qin accepted the surrender and returned the ruler to Zhou. In the fifty-second year, the people of Zhou fled eastward, and its Nine Tripod Cauldrons were brought into Qin. The state of Zhou was first to fall.
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| | 秦本纪: |
五十三年，天下来宾。魏后，秦使摎伐魏，取吴城。韩王入朝，魏委国听令。五十四年，王郊见上帝于雍。五十六年秋，昭襄王卒，子孝文王立。尊唐八子为唐太后，而合其葬于先王。韩王衰绖入吊祠，诸侯皆使其将相来吊祠，视丧事。 |
| | In the fifty-third year, all under heaven came as guests in submission. After Wei submitted later on, Qin sent Jiu to attack Wei and captured Wucheng. The King of Han paid homage, and the ruler of Wei surrendered his state and obeyed Qin's commands. In the fifty-fourth year, the king performed a sacrificial rite to Heaven at Yong. In autumn of the fifty-sixth year, King Zhaoxiang died and his son Xiaowenwang ascended the throne. Tang Bashizi was honored as Empress Dowager Tang, and her burial was combined with that of the former king. The King of Han entered in mourning attire to pay respects and perform funeral rites, while feudal lords all sent their generals or ministers to mourn and conduct the ceremonies.
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| | 秦本纪: |
孝文王元年，赦罪人，修先王功臣，褒厚亲戚，弛苑囿。孝文王除丧，十月己亥即位，三日辛丑卒，子庄襄王立。 |
| | In the first year of Xiaowenwang's reign, convicts were pardoned; meritorious subjects from previous kings were honored and rewarded; relatives were given generous honors; and hunting reserves were opened up. After completing the mourning period, Xiaowenwang took the throne on the Jihai day of the tenth month. He died three days later, on the Xichou day, and his son Zhuangxiangwang ascended to the throne.
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| | 秦本纪: |
庄襄王元年，大赦罪人，修先王功臣，施德厚骨肉而布惠于民。东周君与诸侯谋秦，秦使相国吕不韦诛之，尽入其国。秦不绝其祀，以阳人地赐周君，奉其祭祀。使蒙骜伐韩，韩献成皋、巩。秦界至大梁，初置三川郡。二年，使蒙骜攻赵，定太原。三年，蒙骜攻魏高都、汲，拔之。攻赵榆次、新城、狼孟，取三十七城。四月日食。（四年）王龁攻上党。初置太原郡。魏将无忌率五国兵击秦，秦却于河外。蒙骜败，解而去。五月丙午，庄襄王卒，子政立，是为秦始皇帝。 |
| | In the first year of King Zhuangxiang's reign, convicts were granted a general pardon; meritorious subjects of previous kings were honored and restored to their positions; kindness was shown to close relatives, and benevolence was extended to the people. The ruler of Dong Zhou conspired against Qin with feudal lords, and Qin dispatched Chancellor Lu Buwei to execute him, completely annexing his state. Qin did not extinguish the Zhou ancestral rites but granted territory in Yangren to the Zhou ruler, allowing him to continue their sacrificial ceremonies. Qin dispatched Meng Ao to attack Han, and Han surrendered Chenggao and Gong. The Qin border reached Daliang, marking the initial establishment of the Sanchuang Commandery. In the second year, Meng Ao was sent to attack Zhao and pacify Taiyuan. In the third year, Meng Ao attacked Gaodu and Ji in Wei and captured them. They attacked Yuci, Xincheng, and Langmeng in Zhao and seized thirty-seven walled cities. On an unspecified day in the fourth month, there was a solar eclipse. (Wang He attacked Shangdang.) The Taiyuan Commandery was first established. Wei general Wu Ji led an alliance of five states to attack Qin, and the Qin forces were driven back beyond the Yellow River. Meng Ao was defeated and withdrew in retreat. On the Bingwu day of the fifth month, King Zhuangxiang died, and his son Zheng ascended the throne, later known as Qin Shi Huangdi.
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| | 秦本纪: |
秦王政立二十六年，初并天下为三十六郡，号为始皇帝。始皇帝五十一年而崩，子胡亥立，是为二世皇帝。三年，诸侯并起叛秦，赵高杀二世，立子婴。子婴立月馀，诸侯诛之，遂灭秦。其语在始皇本纪中。 |
| | In the twenty-sixth year of King Zheng's reign, he first unified all under heaven into thirty-six commanderies and declared himself the First Emperor. The First Emperor passed away in his fifty-first year, and his son Huhai ascended the throne as Second Emperor. In the third year, feudal lords rose up in rebellion against Qin simultaneously; Zhao Gao killed the Second Emperor and installed Ziying as ruler. Ziying reigned for more than a month, but feudal lords executed him and thus Qin was destroyed. The account is recorded in the Annals of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.
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| | 秦本纪: |
太史公曰：秦之先为嬴姓。其后分封，以国为姓，有徐氏、郯氏、莒氏、终黎氏、运奄氏、菟裘氏、将梁氏、黄氏、江氏、修鱼氏、白冥氏、蜚廉氏、秦氏。然秦以其先造父封赵城，为赵氏。 |
| | Grand Historian said: The ancestors of Qin were of the Ying surname. Later, they were divided into fiefs and took their states as surnames, including the Xu clan, Tan clan, Ju clan, Zhongli clan, Yunyan clan, Tuqiu clan, Jiangliang clan, Huang clan, Jiang clan, Xiuyu clan, Baiming clan, Feilian clan, and Qin clan. However, the state of Qin took its surname from Zhao Cheng, where their ancestor Zaofu was enfeoffed, making them the Zhao clan.
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