Background

Yang Wo was born in 886, during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang. He was the oldest son of Yang Xingmi, who was then the prefect of Lu Prefecture (廬州, in modern Hefei, Anhui). His mother was Yang Xingmi's concubine Lady Shi, who was also the mother to his younger brother Yang Longyan. He had four other younger brothers, Yang Meng, Yang Pu, Yang Xun (楊潯), and Yang Che (楊澈).

During Yang Xingmis rule of Huainan

The first historical reference to Yang Wo's acts was in 904, by which time Yang Xingmi had become a major warlord in control of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) as well as several other nearby circuits and carried the title of Prince of Wu, and Yang Wo was serving as the commander of all headquarter guards, but was said to not have a good reputation among Yang Xingmi's staff. In 904, when Tai Meng (臺濛) the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Xuan Prefecture (宣州, in modern Xuancheng, Anhui), died, Yang Xingmi sent Yang Wo to Xuan to replace Tai. Before he departed Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture (揚州), one of the guard commanders under him, Xu Wen, stated to him:

Yang Wo, believing Xu was advising him out of good faith, wept and thanked him. In 905, when Yang Xingmi became even more ill, he was set on summoning Yang Wo back from Xuan Prefecture and entrusting the affairs of the circuit to him. Yang Xingmi's secretary Zhou Yin (周隱), however, citing Yang Wo's frivolousness, opposed, instead suggesting that Yang Xingmi entrust the circuit to Liu Wei with a promise from Liu to transfer it to another son of Yang Xingmi's. Xu and the other guard commander, Zhang Hao, however, opposed Zhou's proposal, pointing out that Yang had fought these years to leave the state to his family. When Yang Xingmi subsequently issued an order and ordered Zhou to dispatch it to Yang Wo, Zhou did not send it for some time; when Xu and Yan found Yang Xingmi's order still on Zhou's desk, they took it and had it delivered to Yang Wo, who subsequently returned to Yang Prefecture. Yang Xingmi subsequently died, and Yang Wo, with the title of Prince of Hongnong bestowed by Li Yan, an emissary that Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (Emperor Xizong's brother and successor) had previously sent to Yang Xingmi, took over the circuit. Li Yan also bestowed on him the titles of military governor of Huainan, Shizhong (侍中, an honorary chancellor title), and supreme commander of the southeastern circuits.

As Prince of Hongnong

One of Yang Wo's first actions as prince, however, was done out of grudge. When Yang Xingmi summoned him back to Yang Prefecture, Yang Xingmi had sent the general Wang Maozhang to replace him at Xuan Prefecture. Yang Wo wanted to take the tents and screens used by the governor, as well as his guards, with him, but Wang refused to let him leave with those things and soldiers. As soon as Yang Wo became prince, he ordered the general Li Jian (李簡) to attack Wang. Wang did not believe he could resist Li, so he fled to the territory of Qian Liu the military governor of Zhenhai (鎮海, headquartered in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and Zhendong (鎮東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang) Circuits.

Subsequently, Yang Wo began to carry out campaigns to further enlarge his territory. In 906, he sent Chen Zhixin (陳知新) to attack Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan), then under the rule of Ma Yin. Chen captured Wu'an's Yue Prefecture (岳州, in modern Yueyang, Hunan) and expelled the Ma-commissioned prefect Xu Dexun). He then commissioned the general Qin Pei (秦裴) to attack Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi), whose long-time military governor Zhong Chuan had recently died, and whose succession by his son Zhong Kuangshi was being contested by his adoptive son Zhong Yangui (鍾延規), who submitted to Yang Wo. Qin quickly captured Zhennan's capital Hong Prefecture (洪州) and took Zhong Kuangshi captive. Yang Wo himself assumed the title of military governor of Zhennan, while making Qin the overseer of Hong Prefecture.

These quick military victories caused Yang Wo to be arrogant. Considering Zhou Yin to have committed treason, he executed Zhou, which caused the other staff members to be fearful. Despite being still in the mourning period for Yang Xingmi, he spent his time, day and night, in feast and games. When Xu Wen and Zhang Hao tried to tearfully dissuade him from such behavior, he angrily stated to them, "If you believe that I am not capable enough, why do you not kill me and take over yourselves?" This caused them to be fearful as well. They thus planned to act against Yang Wo. They first sent three officers who commanded Yang Wo's personal army (which he brought back from Xuan Prefecture), Zhu Siqing (朱思勍), Fan Sicong (范思從), and Chen Fan (陳璠) to join under the general Qin Pei (秦裴) in Qin's operations to pacify Zhennan, and then sent an officer, Chen You (陳祐) to execute them at Qin's camp under false charges of treason. When Yang Wo heard of this, he prepared to kill Xu and Zhang, but before he could act, they acted first. In spring 907, they took 200 guards under their command into the mansion, claiming to be carrying out bingjian (兵諫, i.e., "correction by force"). They executed a group of Yang Wo's close associates and then, while not physically acting against Yang Wo himself, effectively took control of the headquarters. If other officers disagreed with them, they found reasons to execute those officers.

Later in 907, the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang as its Emperor Taizu. Yang Wo, along with Li Keyong the Prince of Jin, Li Maozhen the Prince of Qi, and Wang Jian the Prince of Shu, refused to recognize the Later Liang emperor, and continued to use the Tang era name of Tianyou. However, a joint declaration by Yang Wo and Wang Jian calling for the entire realm to rise against Later Liang failed to effectuate a large-scale revolt. Wang Jian subsequently declared himself the Emperor of Shu (with his state known historically as Former Shu), while Yang Wo, Li Keyong, and Li Maozhen, while ruling their realms ostensibly still under Tang authority, effectively became rulers of their own realms.

Later in the year, Yang Wo sent Liu Cun and Chen Zhixin to launch a major attack on Ma (who had submitted to Later Liang and was created the Prince of Chu), with his trusted officer Xu Xuanying (許玄應) as the army monitor. The Hongnong army, however, was crushed by Chu forces, and Liu and Chen were captured (and executed by Ma, after they refused to submit to him). Xu Xuanying fled back, but Zhang and Xu Wen used this as an excuse to have him killed.

Meanwhile, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu decided to attack Hongnong's vassal Lei Yangong the military governor of Wuzhen Circuit (武貞, headquartered in modern Changde, Hunan), ordering Ma and Gao Jichang the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) to attack Lei. Lei sought aid from Hongnong. Yang Wo sent the generals Ling Ye (泠業) and Li Rao (李饒) to try to aid Lei, but they were defeated, captured, and executed by Xu Dexun. (After Yang Wo's subsequent death, Lei would be forced to flee to Hongnong territory by himself, with his territory taken by Chu.)

Meanwhile, Yang Wo continued to be unable to control the growing powers of Zhang and Xu Wen, but was trying to find ways to do so. They considered their own positions precarious, and they resolved to kill Yang Wo, divide the domain between themselves, and then submit to Later Liang. On June 9, 908, Zhang sent his subordinate Ji Xiang (紀祥) into Yang Wo's mansion with soldiers under Zhang's command and killed him in his bedroom (The reason why only Zhang's soldiers were used was that Xu pointed out that if they mixed soldiers, the soldiers may not cooperate with each other, and Zhang did not want to let Xu's soldiers conduct the assassination). It was said that when the assassins entered Yang Wo's bedroom, he tried to convince them to turn against Zhang and Xu, offering them prefects' positions. Most assassins were enticed, but Ji was not, and Ji personally strangled Yang Wo. Zhang and Xu subsequently declared that Yang Wo had died of a sudden illness. Xu later killed Zhang and declared Yang Wo's younger brother Yang Longyan the new Prince of Hongnong.

Personal information

• Father

　• Yang Xingmi, Prince Wuzhong of Wu

• Mother

　• Lady Shi, later honored as Lady Dowager and then Queen Dowager

• Son

　• Yang Gong, Duke of Nanchang, Prince of Jian'an 927, demoted to Duke 937

Notes and references

• History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 134.

• New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 61.

• Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (十國春秋), vol. 2.

• Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 265, 266.

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生平

楊行密在位時，任牙內諸軍使，楊行密晚年病重後被任命為宣州觀察使。楊行密臨終欲召回楊渥以傳位，節度判官周隱認為楊渥不務正業且好酒，反對其繼業，建議楊行密將領地託管給廬州刺史劉威，等楊行密諸子年長後劉威自然會還政。但在左牙（衙）指揮使張顥、右牙（衙）指揮使徐溫等勸說下，楊行密仍然決定傳位楊渥。徐溫和幕僚嚴可求得知周隱沒有發出召回楊渥的牒文，奪取牒文將其發出，楊渥回到揚州軍部。

唐哀帝天祐二年（905年），楊行密過世，楊渥嗣位，為宣諭使李儼承制授為淮南節度使、東南諸道行營都統、兼侍中、弘農郡王。

楊渥喜好遊玩作樂，居喪當中燃十圍之燭以擊毬，一燭費錢數萬。又常單騎出遊，左右莫知所之。天祐三年（906年）楊渥任命的西南行營都招討使秦裴吞併鎮南軍，楊渥愈發驕傲，殺死周隱，致使將佐不自安。張顥、徐溫屢勸，楊渥不聽，說：「你們認為我不才，為什麼不殺了我，自己坐我的位子！」其親信又不斷欺壓元勳舊臣，將領們頗感不安。楊渥為修建毬場，將揚州牙城中的親軍悉數遷出，張顥、徐溫二人因此無所忌憚。他們讓楊渥從宣州帶來的指揮使朱思勍、范思從、陳璠幫助秦裴平定鎮南軍，又誣陷三將謀反，派別將陳祐前去秦裴帳中處死三人。楊渥因而想殺死張顥、徐溫，但天祐四年（907年），張顥、徐溫搶先發動兵變，露刃入宮，以鐵撾擊殺楊渥親信數十人。此後諸將與張顥、徐溫意見不同者，輒被殺，二人遂控制軍政。楊渥大權盡失。

天祐五年（908年）五月戊寅，張顥、徐溫遣親信紀祥、陳暉、黎璠、孫殷等人入子城，弒楊渥于寢室。楊渥說：「你們要是殺了張顥、徐溫，我讓你們做刺史。」很多刺客都被說動，但紀祥仍將楊渥縊死。楊渥終年二十三歲，張顥、徐溫對外聲稱暴卒。死後諡威王（弘農威王）；楊隆演登南吳國王位時，改諡景王（南吳景王），廟號烈宗；楊溥登南吳帝位時，再改諡景皇帝（南吳景帝）。楊渥雖被認為是南吳君主之一，惟其在位時尚未稱吳王。

楊溥還封兄子南昌公楊珙為建安王。楊溥的三個哥哥中，二哥楊隆演僅有一子見于《十國春秋》，三哥楊濛尚在人世且一併被封為常山王。故楊珙很可能是楊渥之子。楊溥禪位後，楊珙降為公。

陵墓

其弟楊溥即皇帝位時，追尊楊渥為烈祖景皇帝，陵墓號紹陵。紹陵地望不詳，應在其父楊行密墓附近。

注釋