生平经历

靖康之耻

元符三年（1100年）四月十三日，生于坤宁殿。七月，赐名亶、授检校太尉、山南东道节度使、封韩国公，建中靖国元年（1101年）六月，迁兴德军节度使、开府仪同三司、进封京兆郡王。崇宁元年（1103年）二月甲午，赐名烜，十一月丁亥，赐名桓。大观二年（1108年）正月，迁司空、武昌军节度使、进封定王。政和元年（1111年）三月，讲学于资善堂。三年（1113年）正月，加太保。四年（1114年）二月癸酉，在文德殿加冠。五年（1115年）二月乙巳，立为皇太子，大赦天下。丁巳，谒太庙。诏乘金辂，设卤簿，如至道、天禧故事，宫僚参谒、称臣，都辞让。六年（1116年）六月癸未，纳朱氏为太子妃。宣和七年（1125年）十二月，除开封府牧。

北宋末年，金朝南侵。赵桓受父宋徽宗禅让后即位为皇帝，是为宋钦宗，改元靖康。徽宗称太上皇，率亲信蔡京、童贯等人逃奔江南。钦宗即位后立刻贬被称为奸臣的蔡京、童贯等人，然后重用李纲抗金，一度令金军有北返之意。后来钦宗听从奸臣谗言，罢免了李纲，向金朝求和，加上在背后受徽宗牵制，作用有限。钦宗装作恭顺迎接太上皇回京后即贬去太上皇左右，软禁太上皇于龙德宫，因为对太上皇怀有戒心，甚至在太上皇过寿时连太上皇敬的酒都不喝，气得太上皇哭著回宫。钦宗亦将蔡京、童贯等「六贼」皆贬杀。

但钦宗在抗金时战和不定，又写密信交给金使萧仲恭意图策反降金的原辽将耶律余睹，给了金朝再度发难的理由。金朝趁此机会再次南下渡黄河再次包围宋京东京（今开封）。宋钦宗误信宰相何栗、枢密使孙傅，以为无赖郭京可以用神兵退敌，提拔郭京，并撤去东京外城守备让郭京用神兵退敌，郭京大败，金军趁机攻破东京外城，同时又放言和谈让钦宗心存幻想。钦宗率大臣亲赴金营和谈，金军趁机派萧庆入住北宋尚书省。钦宗在上表投降称藩及同意召在外的皇弟康王赵构回京并废除其大元帅头衔等条件后被放回，萧庆则以北宋朝廷名义搜刮钱物满足金军所需。靖康二年（1127年）正月，钦宗再赴金营求和，被扣押，金军以放回钦宗为条件继续向北宋索要财物，宋将范琼等将太上皇、钦宗太子赵谌及后妃、亲王、公主等交给金军作为抵债，史称靖康之变。

北宋靖康二年（金朝天会五年）二月初六（1127年3月20日），金太宗下诏废徽、钦二帝，贬为庶人，强行脱去二帝龙袍，随行的李若水抱著钦宗身体，严斥金人为狗贼之辈，金人将其割喉残忍杀害，并册封张邦昌为帝，国号大楚，他成为亡国之君，立国一百六十八年的北宋灭亡。

金国拘禁

七月，二帝被俘北上，迁到燕京，天会六年（1128年）八月二十一日抵达金上京会宁府。二十四日，二帝著素服跪拜金太祖庙，行「牵羊礼」，在乾元殿拜谒金太宗完颜吴乞买。金太宗封宋徽宗为昏德公，钦宗为重昏侯，十月，二帝迁往韩州（吉林省梨树县北偏脸城）。天会八年（1130年）七月，又将二帝迁到五国城（今黑龙江省依兰县城北旧古城）软禁。

八年后，天会十三年（绍兴五年，1135年）四月，徽宗病死于五国城。

天眷三年（1140年），金主战派完颜宗弼率领金国军队南侵，先在开封正南的顺昌败于刘锜所部的「八字军」，再于开封西南的郾城和颍昌，在金国女真精锐部队所拿手的骑兵对阵中两次败于岳飞的岳家军，只在开封东南面的淮西亳州、宿州一带战胜了宋军中最弱的张俊一军，在宋高宗以「十二道金牌」敕召回岳家军前，金军已被压缩到汴梁东部和北部。完颜宗弼开始转向接受与宋议和。

皇统元年（1141年） 二月，金熙宗为与南宋达成完颜宗弼期望中的和议，将死去的徽宗追封为天水郡王，将钦宗封为天水郡公。第一提高了级别，原来封徽宗为二品昏德公，追封为王升为一品，原封钦宗为三品重昏侯，现封为公升为二品。第二是去掉了原封号中的侮辱含义。第三是以赵姓天水郡望作为封号，以示尊重。同时南宋朝廷解除了岳飞、韩世忠、刘锜、杨沂中等将的兵权，为《绍兴和议》做好了准备。十一月间，宋、金为《绍兴和议》达成书面协议。十二月末除夕夜（1142年1月27日），宋高宗在馀杭风波亭赐死了岳飞，据《宋史》记载是为了满足议和所设前提。

绍兴十二年（1142年）三月，宋金《绍兴和议》彻底完成所有手续。夏四月丁卯（1142年5月1日），宋高宗生母韦贤妃同徽宗棺椁归宋。离行时，钦宗挽住她的车轮，请她转告高宗，若能回去，他绝对不争权，不当皇帝，只要当个「太乙宫」之主就满足了。韦贤妃哭著说，如果我看不到你回来，我宁愿眼睛瞎掉算了。宋高宗曾提出钦宗南归，金朝也答应了，高宗令临安府为钦宗修宫殿；但金朝出现政局变动，执政者完颜兀术等反悔。绍兴十六年（1146年）即皇统六年，何铸出使金朝请求放回钦宗及宗室，亦遭拒绝。兀术临终说：一旦对宋作战不利，可以让天水郡公坐镇汴京，那时作为弟弟的高宗就没有与兄长争位的道理，金朝也可以打著辅佐钦宗的名义讨伐高宗。而韦太后晚年果真因眼疾而双目俱盲，后遇道人治愈一眼，另一眼则因道人曰：「后以一目视，足矣。以一目存誓，可也。」而未获医治。

去世

南宋绍兴二十六年（金朝正隆元年，1156年）六月，宋钦宗去世。关于死因众说纷纭，有指钦宗是病死。另据《大宋宣和遗事》记载，金朝皇帝完颜亮叫57岁的钦宗和81岁的辽天祚帝耶律延禧去比赛马球，宋钦宗从马上跌下来，被马乱践而死。

宋绍兴三十一年（金正隆六年，1161年），钦宗的死讯才传到南宋，宋高宗发丧。钦宗死后，高宗再无后顾之忧，因而翌年传位于宋孝宗。

人物评价

• 元朝官修正史《宋史》脱脱等的评价是：「帝在东宫，不见失德。及其践阼，声技音乐一无所好。靖康初政，能正王黼、朱勔等罪而窜殛之，故金人闻帝内禅，将有卷甲北旆之意矣。惜其乱势已成，不可救药，君臣相视，又不能同力协谋，以济斯难，惴惴然讲和之不暇。卒致父子沦胥，社稷芜茀。帝至于是，盖亦巽懦而不知义者欤！享国日浅，而受祸至深，考其所自，真可悼也夫！真可悼也夫！」

• 《靖康稗史》金国方面所记录的俘虏供词：二王令成棣译询宫中事：……少帝贤，务读书。不迩声色。受禅半年，无以备执事，乃立一妃、十夫人，仅三人得幸。自余俭德，不可举数。

家庭成员

祖先

妻妾

• 朱皇后，原为皇太子妃，因自杀而被金世宗追封为靖康郡贞节夫人，后被宋宁宗追封为皇后。

• 朱慎德妃，仅见于《靖康稗史笺证》。

• 才人郑庆云，被押运到金国后因其怀孕而发还给钦宗。

• 才人韩静观，被押运到金国时已怀孕，后入宝山大王寨成为完颜斜保的姬妾。

• 才人刘月娥

• 才人卢顺淑，入宝山大王寨成为完颜斜保的姬妾。

• 才人何风龄

• 才人狄玉辉，被押运到金国后因其怀孕而发还给钦宗。

子女

• 皇太子赵谌，母为朱皇后

• 赵谨，建炎元年九月初六日生，母慎德妃（《靖康稗史笺证·呻吟语》）。

• 赵训，建炎三年七月初六日生于金国，母郑夫人（《靖康稗史笺证·呻吟语》），「训乃北地所生」（《宋史·宗室》）。

• 柔嘉公主，靖康之难随钦宗到五国城

• 赵氏，生于金国，母才人狄玉辉

• 赵氏，生于金国，母慎德妃（《靖康稗史笺证·呻吟语》）

授予官职

宰相

• 何栗

• 张邦昌

女官

• 夫人⁹

　• 戚小玉

　• 刘月宫

　• 蒋长金

　• 鲍春蝶

• 内宰

　• 宋淑媛。

• 副宰

　• 田芸芳。

• 内史

　• 曹妙婉。

　• 卜女盂

　• 席进士

　• 程巧

　• 俞玩月

　• 黄勤

• 尚仪

　• 徐金五

• 许春云

• 尚服

　• 周男儿

　• 徐宝莲

• 尚食

　• 何红梅

　• 杨调儿

• 尚寝

　• 方芳香

　• 陈文婉

• 尚功

　• 沈知礼

　• 叶寿星

• 宫正

　• 华正仪

• 使令

　• 吕吉祥

　• 褚月奴

　• 骆蝶儿

　• 顾顽童

　• 芮秀

　• 严莺簧

　• 姜田田

　• 卫猫儿

影视形象

• 1986年《盗日英雄传》新加坡制作30集电视剧（安哲明饰）。

• 2013年《精忠岳飞》鞠觉亮执导电视剧（程武饰）。

注释

Reign

Left to deal with the Jin invasion by himself, Emperor Qinzong appointed the general Li Gang (李纲) to lead the Song military to fend off the invaders. However, Emperor Qinzong was not a decisive leader and often made poor judgments. Eventually, he removed Li Gang from his appointment in the hope of starting peace talks with the Jin Empire and sent his younger brother Zhao Gou to negotiate but he was captured and ransomed. This may contribute to Emperor Gaozong's decision to not rescue Qinzong. The first siege of Bianjing ended after Qinzong gave a city to the Jurchens and paid them annual tribute. Emperor Huizong returned after hearing that the siege was over.

Causes of the Second Siege of Bianjing

Despite this, almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian. An army of 90,000 soldiers and another of 60,000 were defeated by Jin forces by June. A second expedition to rescue Taiyuan was also unsuccessful. Emperor Qinzong rejected an proposal to reinforce the northern borders reasoning that they may never come back and sent his generals to other parts of the country. The Jin imperial court sent two ambassadors to Song. The two ambassadors were nobles from the former Liao dynasty. Emperor Qinzong misjudged the situation and believed that they could be used to turn against the Jin ruler, Emperor Taizong. Emperor Qinzong sent a coded letter which was sealed in candle wax, inviting them to join Song to form an Anti–Jin alliance but the ambassadors handed the letter to Emperor Taizong and in retaliation, accused Emperor Qinzong for violating the peace treaty and sent an even bigger army against the Song.

Capture

Since Qinzong mistakenly removed the army to post in different parts of the country, the Jin forces eventually breached the walls of the Song capital, Bianjing, in 1127 and occupied the city in an event historically known as the Jingkang Incident ("Jingkang" was the era name of Emperor Qinzong.) Emperor Qinzong, along with his father Emperor Huizong and the rest of their family, were taken prisoner by Jin forces, marking the end of the Northern Song. Qinzong's brother Zhao Gou managed to escape to southern China, where he reestablished the empire as the Southern Song dynasty and became historically known as Emperor Gaozong.

Life in the Jin Dynasty

Emperor Qinzong and his father were demoted to the status of commoners on 20 March 1127 and deported to Huining Prefecture, the Jin capital, on 13 May 1127. In 1128, the two former Song emperors were forced to wear mourning dresses and pay homage to the ancestors of the Jin Emperors at their ancestral temple in Huining Prefecture. Furthermore, the Jurchen ruler, Emperor Taizong, gave the two former Song emperors contemptuous titles to humiliate them: Emperor Qinzong was called "Marquis Chonghun" (重昏侯; literally "Doubly Muddle-headed Marquis") while Emperor Huizong was called "Duke Hunde" (昏德公; literally "Muddle-headed Duke").

In 1141, as the Jin Empire normalised relations with the (Southern) Song Empire, the Jurchens renamed Emperor Qinzong's title to the more neutral-sounding "Duke of Tianshui Commandery" (天水郡公), which is based on a commandery located in the upper reaches of the Wei River. A few months later, the former emperor started receiving a stipend due to his nobility status. He lived the rest of his life as a captive in the Jin Empire, which used him as a hostage to put pressure on the Song Empire.

In 1142, Emperor Gaozong signed the Treaty of Shaoxing which made peace with the Jin Dynasty. This destroyed Qinzong's chance of returning.

In 1156, in an act of humiliation, the Jin Emperor who at the time was the Prince of Hailing ordered him and the former Emperor Tianzuo of Liao to compete in a match of polo. Emperor Qinzong was weak and frail, thus quickly fell off the horse. Emperor Tianzuo himself despite being very old, was more familiar to horse riding, tried to escape but was shot to death by Jurchen archers.

Emperor Qinzong died as a sick and broken man in 1161 having spent two-thirds of his life in the Jin Dynasty. He was 61. His temple name means "Venerate Ancestor".

Family

Consorts and Issue:

• Empress Renhuai, of the Zhu clan (仁怀皇后 朱氏; 1102–1127)

　• Zhao Chen, Crown Prince (皇太子 赵谌; 1117–1128), first son

　• Princess Roujia (柔嘉公主; b. 1121)

• Defei, of the Zhu clan (慎德妃 朱氏; 1110–1142)

　• Zhao Jin (赵谨; b. 1127), second son

　• A daughter (b. 1130)

• Cairen, of the Zheng clan (才人 郑氏), personal name Qingyun (庆云)

　• Zhao Xun (赵训; b. 1129), third son

• Cairen, of the Di clan (才人 狄氏; b. 1114), personal name Yuhui (玉辉)

　• A daughter (b. 1129)

Ancestry