生平

公孙渊长大后，太和二年（228年）胁逼叔叔公孙恭退位。先后周旋于东吴和曹魏之间。

嘉禾二年（233年），孙权派太常张弥、执金吾许晏、将军贺达领兵万人，带著金银财宝、九锡备物渡海欲封公孙渊为燕王。但公孙渊怕孙权远水救不了近火，斩杀张弥、许晏等人。魏遣使者傅容、聂夔封公孙渊为大司马、乐浪公，但来使被公孙渊派兵包围才受拜。

景初元年（237年），魏派出幽州刺史毌丘俭攻打公孙渊，久战不胜，于是撤军。公孙渊遂自立为燕王，改元绍汉，引诱鲜卑侵扰北方。

次年（238年）正月向东吴称臣。同年春，魏又派司马懿和高句丽王位宫王攻公孙渊，是为魏灭燕之战，围城日久，公孙渊于九月丙寅日（9月3日）粮尽出逃被擒斩。

家庭

祖先

• 公孙延。公孙渊之曾祖父，与公孙度一起移居玄菟郡。

• 公孙度。公孙渊之祖父，辽东太守，不断开辟疆土，为后人打下基础。

• 公孙康。公孙渊之父。公孙度死后继承辽东太守的职位，把前来投奔的袁熙、袁尚首级送给曹操。又大破高句丽军，攻陷高句丽都城丸都城。

• 公孙恭。公孙渊之叔。公孙康死后因二子尚幼而继承辽东太守的职位。后大病，成为阉人，被长大的公孙渊胁逼退位。司马懿入城后，对襄平进行屠城，将被囚禁的公孙恭释放。

兄弟

• 公孙晃，公孙渊之嫡兄。因任子制在洛阳为官，公孙渊叛乱被杀后被下令处死。

子女

• 公孙修，公孙渊之子。与公孙渊一起出逃被擒斩首。

辽东公孙氏世系图

部下

• 卑衍、杨祚，皆任将军。受命迎击司马懿，先后被击败两次，司马懿围襄平城其间投降。

• 贾范（？-238年），将军，章回小说《三国演义》为副将。直谏公孙渊不应反叛曹魏，被公孙渊斩首。

• 纶直（？-238年），将军，章回小说《三国演义》为参军，名伦直。认同贾范之言，直谏公孙渊不应反叛曹魏，与贾范一同被公孙渊斩首。

• 校尉宿舒、郎中令孙综、将军韩起、长史柳远、西曹掾公孙珩

• 郭昕，大司马长史。（《魏志·公孙度传》注引《魏书》）

• 柳浦（？-238年），参军，后任御史大夫，被司马懿杀。（《魏志·公孙度传》注引《魏书》、《晋书·宣帝纪》）

• 王建（？-238年），相国，被司马懿杀。（《晋书·宣帝纪》）

• 卫演，侍中。（《晋书·宣帝纪》）

• 毕盛，将军，被司马懿斩首。（《晋书·宣帝纪》）

• 王赞，任玄菟郡太守。

• 秦旦、张群、杜德、黄疆等，皆任中使，隶属王赞。

轶事

• 西晋时期，为避讳晋高祖司马懿，只记公孙渊不记其字。

• 唐朝时期，为避讳唐高祖李渊，记其字公孙文懿，讳其名公孙泉。

评价

• 陈寿：（公孙）度残暴而不节，渊仍业以载凶，秪足覆其族也。

• 鱼豢：当青龙、景初之际，有彗星出于箕而上彻，是为扫除辽东而更置也。茍其如此，人不能违，则德教不设而淫滥首施，以取族灭，殆天意也。（《史通·杂说上》）

• 傅玄：（公孙）康孽子渊有儁才。（《傅子》）

注释

延伸阅读

Life

Gongsun Yuan was a son of Gongsun Kang, a warlord who controlled Liaodong, Xuantu, Lelang and Daifang commanderies in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He became a vassal of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. When Gongsun Kang died, his sons Gongsun Huang and Gongsun Yuan were still too young at the time to succeed him, so his younger brother Gongsun Gong took over. In 228, a grown-up Gongsun Yuan seized power from his uncle Gongsun Gong and imprisoned him.

Although Gongsun Yuan was nominally a vassal of the Cao Wei state, he considered switching allegiance to Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu. Gongsun Yuan eventually yielded under pressure from the Wei emperor Cao Rui. He killed the Wu delegates but some of them fled to Goguryeo. The Wu emperor Sun Quan attempted to form an alliance with Goguryeo to launch a pincer attack on Gongsun Yuan, but Goguryeo eventually sided with Wei against Gongsun Yuan.

In 237, the Wei emperor Cao Rui felt insecure about Gongsun Yuan's influence in the northeast, so he sent the general Guanqiu Jian to lead an army of Chinese, Wuhuan and Xianbei troops to attack Gongsun Yuan, but floods caused the campaign to be aborted. Gongsun Yuan declared himself "King of Yan" (燕) and concluded an alliance with Eastern Wu. The following year, the Wei generals Sima Yi and Guanqiu Jian led a campaign against Gongsun Yuan. Gongsun Yuan was defeated and killed while his clan was exterminated. As a consequence, Liaodong and present-day northwest Korea became Wei territories.