孙传庭（1593年 - 1643年），字
百雅，号
白谷，山西代州振武卫（今代县）人，祖籍河南光山，明末政治人物，军事将领。万历己未进士，与流寇交战多年，曾生擒
高迎祥。崇祯末以兵部尚书为督师，防守潼关，在朝廷催促下强行出战
李自成，大败身死。「传庭死而明亡」。清朝追諡
忠靖。
显示更多...: 生平 争议 影视形象 延伸阅读
生平
孙传庭自幼聪颖，成年后高大魁梧，武艺精湛，弓马绝伦。万历四十七年（1619年）中进士，初授永城县知县。天启初年入京任职，为吏部验封司主事，升稽勋司郎中，两年后因不满魏忠贤专政，弃官回乡。崇祯八年（1635年）秋，孙传庭返职，任验封郎中，后改顺天府府丞。
崇祯九年（1636年）三月，请缨任陕西巡抚，负责剿灭闯军。传庭在榆林建军，号为秦军（秦兵）。此时洪承畴正与李自成战于陕北，卢象升调任宣大总督后，闯军首领闯王高迎祥自湖广复出，来到陕西，欲自汉中进攻西安。传庭领秦军镇守，高迎祥无法攻克，遂意图自子午谷入，直逼西安。传庭料之，在子午谷的黑水峪以逸待劳，激战四天后，高迎祥溃败，后被俘，送往北京处死，而其外甥李自成继任闯王。崇祯十一年（1638年）李自成在潼关南原被洪承畴与孙传庭设伏击溃，带著残部十七人往陕西商洛山逃亡。明军情势大好，然而清军在此时攻入长城，崇祯帝急调洪承畴与孙传庭回京防御，李自成大难不死。
孙传庭与农民军鏖战多年，屡建战功，卢象升战死后，孙传庭代任其职，但因与杨嗣昌等人不和，颇受抑制。崇祯十二年（1639年），杨嗣昌弹劾孙传庭假装生病请求卸任，崇祯帝怒，把孙传庭囚狱。
崇祯十三年（1640年），李自成移军河南，时河南大饥，史载：饥民「惟恐自成不至」，「从自成者数万」。崇祯十五年（1642年），李自成第三次围攻开封，崇祯帝想起孙传庭，把他从狱中释放，起用为兵部右侍郎，奉命兵援汴梁。不久孙传庭代替汪乔年为陕西总督，斩杀跋扈的贺人龙，接著传庭又转战河南之地，连战连胜，李自成遂向冢头寨（在今南阳境）转移，途中大量抛弃财物，明军竞相争夺而乱阵，贼返兵而击之，此役「天大雨，粮不至，士卒采青柿以食，冻且馁，故大败」，造成了「柿园之败」。明军是役损失将校70馀人及步骑数千。传庭败归陕西，计守潼关。
崇祯十六年（1643年）五月，朝廷命孙传庭兼督河南、四川军务，随后升为兵部尚书，改称督师，加督山西、湖广、贵州及江南、北军务，兵部侍郎张凤翔进言「孙传庭所有皆天下精兵良将，皇上只有此一付家当，不可轻动」。崇祯帝不从。孙传庭不欲仓促出战，可是在朝廷的催逼下，传庭顿足叹曰：「奈何乎！吾固知往而不返也。然大丈夫岂能再对狱吏乎！」，不得已在八月亲率白广恩、高杰等部10万人出师潼关，同时檄左良玉西上，总兵陈永福、秦翼明分别将河南与四川兵互为犄角。九月，孙传庭大军至汝州（河南郏县）进逼襄城，然天降大雨七日夜不止，久雨道路泥泞，粮车不能前行，孙传庭不得已还军迎粮，留陈永福为后拒。前军既移，后军乱，遂兵败，李自成一日内追杀四百里，直指孟津，明军四万馀人战死，损失大量兵器辎重。十月初，李自成攻克潼关，总兵白广恩、陈永福投降李自成。李自成以十万军围攻孙传庭，孙传庭向渭南撤退，十月初三，孙传庭战死，时年51岁。崇祯却认为他诈死潜逃，没有给予追赠或荫官。同年十月，李自成攻破西安。孙夫人张氏率孙家二女三妾投井自杀，年仅八岁的么子孙世宁被一老翁收养。《明史》称：「传庭死而明亡矣。」
争议
清乾隆八年《重修宝丰县志·卷五·兵燹》记载，崇祯十六年，大明督师孙传庭所统领的官军，在攻下宝丰城后，以「为贼固守」为由杀光城中居民，共有数千士兵和居民被官兵屠杀。
影视形象
• 《大明劫》，2013年中国电影（戴立忍饰）
延伸阅读
以上介绍摘自维基百科；若有错漏，敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。
Sun Chuanting (孙传庭 Sūn Chuántíng; 1 January 1593 – 3 November 1643), courtesy name
Boya (百雅), art name
Baigu (白谷), was born in Shanxi; he was the late
Ming dynasty's Minister of War (Bingbu Shangshu), and Field Marshal (Dushi). He led 10,000 Ming troops against
Li Zicheng's 70,000 troops. He was defeated and killed by Li in the Battle of Tongguan (1643).
Sun Chuanting was described by history records as a tall and muscular man who was physically strong and excelled in horseback archery in his early days. Graduating as jinshi in 1619, he rose in 1635 to be Governor of Shaanxi, and by active measures stamped out the existing rebel movement. After an unsatisfactory campaign in Henan against the rebels there, he became Viceroy of Shandong and a part of Zhili. The fall of Jinan in 1639 was made a pretext for imprisoning him; however, in 1642 he was appointed Vice President of the Board of War and hastened with the garrison of Beijing to relieve Kaifeng, long besieged by Li Zicheng.
After Sun scored some initial victories, Li retreated his forces while leaving behind mass amounts of valuables. The Ming troops were undisciplined and broke rank to loot the valuables. Li then countered attacked and scattered the Ming troops. Sun had no choice but to retreat to Shaanxi as Viceroy. He planned to hold off Li's forces until Ming reinforcements could arrive. But in spite of Sun's objections that all the trained soldiers were dead and the new recruits not yet serviceable, Chongzhen Emperor wanted a quick victory against the rebels and Sun was obliged to advance against Li. Li soon scattered his raw levies.
With great difficulty he raised fresh forces and again advanced. At first successful, he reached the Jia District only to find that heavy rains had made it impossible for supplies to come forward. He therefore fell back with two divisions, pursued by the rebels. The inexperienced artillerymen deserted their guns and a rout ensued, 40,000 men being lost. Li followed up his advantage, and in November the Tong Pass was forced and Sun was killed, fighting to the last.
显示更多...: In popular culture
In popular culture
Sun Chuanting is a primary character in the 2013 Chinese historical film Fall of Ming (大明劫), played by actor Leon Dai.
以上介绍摘自维基百科；若有错漏，敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。
