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张百熙[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]ctext:215959

张百熙以进士出身入仕,在京为官多年,历任吏部、户部等部尚书及管学大臣等职,官至邮传部尚书。身后获赠太子少保,谥文达。他思想开明,主张施行新政,是中国教育改革的先驱者,制定了中国近代第一个由国家颁布的学制《钦定学堂章程》,时有「大学之父」之誉。
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Zhang Baixi was born in Changsha County of Hunan province, where he studied in the top local school, Chengnan 城南书院, under Guo Songtao (1818-1891). In 1874, he earned a Jinshi degree and was elevated to the Hanlin Academy. As high administrator for many years, Zhang Baixi advocated profound political, economical and educational reforms. Although he was a member of the reform group led by Kang Youwei in the Hundred Days Reform of 1898, his role was small enough that his career continued to develop after the reformers were suppressed. After the Boxer Rebellion, partly because there were few surviving officials of ability and experience, he became a close advisor to the Empress Dowager.
Zhang proposed to reopen the Imperial Capital University (京师大学堂, former Peking University) founded in 1898. He had several motivations. One was national pride, to show the world that China could have a world-class university even after the Boxer debacle. A second was to keep higher education under the control of the central government, not local or provincial governments or private universities. He succeeded in getting government funding for an expanded and more impressive campus in the heart of the capital and for a well-supported faculty. Among his priorities for the university was a bureau to translate Japanese books and a compilation bureau which would publish text books of modern knowledge. According to one later official, Zhang's contribution to the development of Peking University was second only to that of Cai Yuanpei.
In 1902, Zhang drafted the "Authorized School Regulation" (《钦定学堂章程》, alternatively called Renyin Educational system), "renyin" being the year 1902, which was put into effect by Qing government. In 1904, Zhang participated in the establishment of the "Presented School Regulation" (《奏定学堂章程》, also called "Guimao Educational System"), "guimao" being the year 1904, which was the first modern Chinese educational system.
Zhang died in Beijing in 1907.
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