刘秉忠(1216年 - 1274年),原名
侃,任官后,敕赐名
秉忠,法名
子聪,字
仲晦,号
藏春散人,祖籍
金国瑞州(今辽宁省绥中县前卫镇),
元朝政治家、儒学家,世祖
忽必烈时曾任
宰相。諡
文正,赠
太傅、
常山王。是元帝国都城上都、大都,政治体制,国号的设计者。
显示更多...: 生平 出身世家,怀才不遇 遇见伯乐,受到重用 辅治天下,功勋卓著 无疾而终 成就
生平
出身世家,怀才不遇
刘秉忠出身华北,祖籍瑞州,家居邢州,世代为辽朝、金朝官宦世家大族。十七岁时曾仕金朝,担任邢台节度府令史。
时逢乱世,刘侃感慨「大丈夫怀才不遇,应当隐居起来寻找机会」,于是放弃官职上了武安山,被武安山天宁寺虚照禅师招至该寺内为僧,授法名子聪。
后云游天下,至云中时,留居南堂寺。
遇见伯乐,受到重用
海云禅师奉召,路至云中时,听闻刘秉忠博学多才,便邀之同行,随后推荐给尚未即位的忽必烈,成为其重要谋臣。时人更以他才能卓著,称其「聪书记」,位列「邢州五杰」之首。
刘秉忠出仕后,他与姚枢等人,制定「广招天下英俊,讲论治道」的用人方针,大举招贤纳士。如当时的大儒许衡、王恂、张易等人入仕,为当时仍为藩王的忽必烈出谋划策。
刘秉忠跟随忽必烈曾于1253年和1254年两次征伐大理,及1259年征宋时,力劝忽必烈「王者之神武不杀」,故破城后未妄加屠戮一人。
1256年,刘秉忠受忽必烈命,于桓州东面滦水北面,设计修建一座新的城池。修建三年完成,取名为开平,于忽必烈称帝时升为上都。
1259年,蒙哥可汗在钓鱼城之战中病故,忽必烈听从张易计策,抢在其弟阿里不哥行动之前,带著刘秉忠、姚枢等重要谋士,日夜兼程,轻骑奔回北方称帝。
1260年,忽必烈正式称帝,采纳刘秉忠的建议,下诏建元纪年,年号「中统」,意即「中原正统」。并实行中原制度,建立中书省和宣抚司等机构。
至元元年(1264年),在翰林学士承旨王鹗的建议下,元世祖忽必烈诏拜刘秉忠为光禄大夫,位太保,参领中书省事。
辅治天下,功勋卓著
至元三年(1266年),刘秉忠受命,在原金中都燕京城东北设计兴建新的都城(即后来的大都),并修建宗庙宫室。
至元八年,秉忠上书忽必烈,建议根据《易经》中「大哉乾元」,将政权名为「大元」,同时他亦向忽必烈进言「治乱之道,系乎天而由乎人」、「以马上取天下,不可以马上治」,主张参照汉人法律,改善法度、革除弊政。
刘秉忠先后颁章服,举朝仪,给俸禄,定官制,是元朝政治制度的设计者。
而他担任中书令期间,他除先后参与设计上都、以及国都大都两座城市的工程外,还与同乡郭守敬一同订定授时历。而在他任太子太保期间,更在他出家的地方修建了「紫山书院」,同时在此收徒讲学,不但传授儒家经典,也教授自然科学,使紫山书院成为学习研究科学技术的基地。
无疾而终
至元十一年八月,在南屏山别墅无疾而终,时年五十九。忽必烈悲恸不已,追封太傅、赵国公,諡文贞。至元成宗时,赠太师、諡文正。迄元仁宗时,再加封常山王。
成就
秉忠于书无所不读,尤其《易经》及邵氏《经世书》,并且精通于天文、地理、律历、三式六壬遁甲之属等,论天下事如指诸掌。
其著作甚丰,计有《藏春集》六卷、《藏春词》一卷、《诗集》二十二卷、《文集》十卷、《平沙玉尺》四卷、《玉尺新镜》二卷等。
以上介绍摘自维基百科;若有错漏,敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。
Liu Bingzhong (刘秉忠; 1216–1274), or
Liu Kan (刘侃) was a
Yuan dynasty court adviser and architect. He was born in Ruizhou (Rui prefecture), during the
Jin dynasty. In 1233, he entered the Jin's bureaucracy. He still was an officer after the
Mongol Empire conquered the Jin following the Mongol–Jin wars, but later he became a monk. However his teacher thought that his talent should not be buried, so he recommended Liu Bingzhong to
Kublai Khan, to become his adviser. During this period, he was extolled as the
Five Talented in Xintai. He was credited with occult powers which allowed him to foretell the future and so assist military operations. Liu had a paramount influence on Yuan era city designs, and he is known to have planned both the Yuan capital of Dadu and its summer capital Xanadu (Shangdu).
Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu made a plan "to canvass all talented to give well-governorship suggestions". Many Confucianists, such as Xu Heng, Wang Xun, Zhang Yi, were attracted to provide ruse to Kublai Khan, who later became the founder of the Yuan Dynasty.
After the Battle of Diaoyu Fortress, Möngke Khan died and Kublai Khan succeeded his post. Liu Bingzhong suggested to name the new dynasty as "Da Yuan" (大元; "Great Yuan") with reference to I Ching, which was adopted by Kublai Khan in 1271. He also suggested Kublai Khan adopt Chinese law over that of Mongol law, and removed some Mongolian misgovernment.
Kublai Khan recognized Jin's Central Capital as the capital of the Yuan, and renamed it to Dadu ("Great Capital"). Liu Bingzhong was the planner and the original architect of the Capital Construction of Dadu. Liu also designed and planned the layout of the Yuan's summer capital at Xanadu (Shangdu). Liu formulated the Time Service Calendar with Guo Shoujing. When he became the teacher of Zhenjin, who later became the Crown Prince (皇太子), he set up the Zishan College in Wuon Mountain to teach Confucianism and Natural Science.
In 1274, he died in Nanbing Mountain Villa.
显示更多...: Literary Work
Literary Work
• Spring Corpus 藏春集 (6 volumes);
• Spring Poetry Anthology 藏春词;
• Poetry Anthology 诗集 (22 volumes);
• Corpus 文集 (10 volumes);
• Pingsha Jade Ruler 平沙玉尺 (4 volumes);
• Jade Ruler and New Mirror 玉尺新镜 (2 volumes).
以上介绍摘自维基百科;若有错漏,敬请在维基百科上修改
来源条目。