灭文郎而建国的传说

根据越南官修史书《大越史记全书》和《钦定越史通鉴纲目》的说法，蜀泮本为中国战国时代蜀国的王子。因先世蜀王要求与雄王通婚遭拒，蜀国因此与文郎国结为世仇。在蜀国被秦国灭亡之后，蜀泮率军南下，到达现在广西和云南，随后辗转南下，进攻世仇文郎国。最后一代雄王自恃强勇，不为兵备，在蜀泮进攻的时候因酒醉坠井而死。于是蜀泮自立为王，称安阳王，改国号为瓯貉（现代学者认为「瓯貉」就是中国古籍中的「瓯骆」，「貉」又可以写作「雒」）。安阳王在越裳地区建立新都思龙城，因其盘旋如螺形，所以又称古螺城。

称王时期的传说

关于安阳王统治时期的事迹，越南史书中的记载甚少。越南历史学者则称安阳王是一位伟大的君主。在他在位期间，制造了灵弩，抵御了秦朝几次的进攻。

西元前210年，秦朝任嚣、赵佗率军入侵。赵佗在北江的仙游山与安阳王交战，安阳王用灵弩击退了赵佗。赵佗退守武宁山，遣使讲和。双方约定以平江为界，北为赵佗界，南为安阳王界。赵佗子赵仲始娶安阳王的女儿媚珠为妻，入赘安阳王家。仲始窃取了灵弩，用假弩将其掉包。仲始以省亲之名义北归，临行前对媚珠说：「夫妇恩情不可相忘，如两国失和，南北隔别，我来到此，如何得相见。」媚珠说：「妾有鵞毛锦褥常附于身，到处拔毛置岐路，以示之。」仲始回到北方后，将这番话告诉了赵佗。

西元前208年，任嚣病逝，临死前嘱令赵佗掌管岭南事务。赵佗在岭南发兵拒险，成为一路割据势力。赵佗发兵南下进攻安阳王。安阳王不知灵弩被窃，为赵佗所败，与女儿媚珠同乘一马逃跑。赵仲始认准鹅毛紧追不舍，安阳王逃至海滨，下马，在涌出海面的金龟的协助下，持七寸文犀走入海中。

安阳王在海滨下马之时，因金龟指称乘坐马后的人「是贼也，盖杀之」，于是挥剑斩杀了媚珠。媚珠的血流入海中，化为了明珠。仲始痛哭不已，将媚珠的尸体归葬螺城，其尸体化为玉石。后来因思念媚珠，投井而死。

中国古籍中的记载

中国古籍中最早所记安阳王相关事迹见于《史记索引》及《水经注》所引用的《广州记》及《交州外域记》。

《史记·南越传》《索引》引《广州记》曰：「交趾有骆田，仰潮水上下，人食其田，名为骆人，有骆王骆侯，诸仙自名为骆将，铜印青绶，即今之令长也。后蜀王子将兵讨骆侯，自称为安阳王，治封溪县，后南越王尉他攻破安阳王，令二使典主交趾、九真二郡人。」

《水经·叶榆水注》引《交州外域记》云：「交趾昔未有郡县之时，土地有骆田……」，与《广州记》略同。

近现代学术界对瓯雒国的阐释

关于瓯雒国的存在年代，及其与秦朝政府的关系，后代学者有不同说法。

法国汉学家鄂卢梭认为，蜀王子（蜀泮）在公元前210年秦始皇死时，乘中国内乱，夺取象郡地区（鄂卢梭认定象郡在越南，并指出该地虽为中国秦代领土，实为封建土酋所治。蜀王子套取该地后自号为安阳王。但不久被赵佗所反击，到公元前207年将之消灭。）

周振鹤对鄂卢梭的说法提出质疑，认为象郡既非鄂卢梭所认为的日南郡（鄂卢梭认为秦象郡即汉代之日南郡，周振鹤已斥其非），而以秦之强大，亦不至于为一蜀王子所败，且若安阳国仅存在三年（鄂卢梭认为是前210年至前207年），其事迹亦不可能成为传说流传后世千百年后。周氏认为，安阳国之存在时间绝不像鄂卢梭所认为的那样绝对，要之，根据《史记》，南越王赵佗灭安阳国并其地为交趾、九真二郡时间当在吕后、文帝间。

吕士朋认为，瓯雒国当于战国时代末期建国于红河下游的平原一带。秦军南下设象郡后，安阳王退据一隅，情况像部落酋长，依旧统治一小地区。吕士朋指出秦朝对象郡，终未能施行直接统治，而是间接统治，方式是把越人的统治权，委托给当地若干土酋手中。秦朝灭亡时，安阳王便卷土重来，在象郡扩张势力，成为当地较强大的领导者。直到赵佗来攻时才被消灭。

郭振铎、张笑梅则对古籍里「瓯雒国」的存在表示质疑，认为它本身具有传疑性质，可能并非现代意义的「真正国家」，只是初具政权组织的部落联盟。另外，又提出可以把「瓯雒」理解为「瓯」指「西瓯」（位于现时广西西南、越北的越族），而「雒」则指「雒越」（位于现时越南西北，属古百越族一支），而蜀泮则是西瓯及雒越各部落的领袖。然而因生产力尚属低下，在赵佗的入侵下遂将之平定。

相关传说

• 皐鲁：传说是安阳王时期的能工巧匠，为安阳王造灵弩。

• 李翁仲：传说中安阳王时期来自交趾 、获得秦始皇徵召出征匈奴的一位巨人。其后李翁仲退役，回乡归隐，秦始皇欲再召回翁仲，在越南古代小说《粤甸幽灵集》及《岭南摭怪》里，便有所描述。据中国学者戴可来指出，这则故事是取材自中国传说里曾威振匈奴的南海人阮翁仲事迹，后被搬到越南而成为「李翁仲」。

注释

参考书籍

• Taylor, Keith Weller. (1983). The Birth of Vietnam. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0

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Biography

Origin and foundation of Âu Lạc

Shu kingdom

According to traditional Vietnamese histories, An Dương Vương came from the Kingdom of Shu (in modern Sichuan), which was conquered by King Huiwen of Qin in 316 BCE. Many chronicles including Records of the Outer Territories of the Jiao province, the Đại Việt sử lược, and Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư state that he was a Shu prince (ms. "蜀王子", literal meaning: "son of the Shu king") or the king of Shu. Some historians doubt the authenticity of this origin. The kingdom of Shu was conquered by the Qin in 316 BCE, making An Dương Vương's position as either king or prince of Shu chronologically tenuous. However the connection between Proto-Vietnam and a region to their northwest may have some merit. There is solid archaeological evidence linking the culture of Yunnan in southwest China to the Proto-Vietnamese. According to Stephen O'Harrow, the exact origin of An Dương Vương might not have been Shu but somewhere else even further away. Due to the gap in time between the origin of the story and when it was recorded, the location could have been changed out of contemporary considerations, or simply mistaken due to an error in geographical knowledge. In the Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục, the writers expressed doubts about An Dương Vương's origin, claiming it was impossible for a Shu prince to cross thousands of miles, through forests, and many kingdoms to invade Văn Lang. However in the 1950s, historians Trần Văn Giáp and Đào Duy Anh argued that An Dương Vương's Shu origin was in fact true.

Nam Cương

In 1963, an oral tradition of Tày people in Cao Bằng titled "Nine Lords Vying for Kingship" was recorded. According to this account, at the end of Hồng Bàng dynasty, there was a kingdom called Nam Cương (lit. "southern border") in modern-day Cao Bằng and Guangxi. This was a confederation of 10 mườngs, in which the King resided in the central one (present-day Cao Bằng Province). The other nine regions were under the control of nine lords. When King An Dương's father ( 蜀制) died, he was still a child; yet, his intelligence enabled him to retain the throne and all the lords surrendered. Nam Cương became more and more powerful while Văn Lang became weak. Subsequently, he invaded Văn Lang and founded the state of Âu Lạc in approximately 257 BCE, proclaiming himself King An Dương (An Dương Vương).

The story of An Dương Vương's origin in Nam Cương is considered suspect by some historians. The story was published in 1963 as a translation of a Tày story by Lã Văn Lô. In 1969 the Institute of Archaeology attempted to find the origin of this story in Cao Bằng but failed to identify any archaeological evidence for the tale. The investigation did find that the story was originally written down by Lê Đình Sự. Lê Đình Sự was Tày and collected various Tày stories and recorded them in prose. This was supposedly what Lã Văn Lô translated into Vietnamese but the investigation could not confirm whether or not this was true since the person who owned Lã Văn Lô's text had died. As such, some historians doubt the story's validity as a historical document. There is no extant copy of the original Tày version of the story. The title in Tày is Cẩu chủa chenh vùa but with the exception of "Cẩu"("nine" in Tai languages), the rest of the words are simply Vietnamese words with different tones or a minor difference in spelling.

Construction of Cổ Loa Citadel

Historical accounts claim, after purportedly taking power, Kinh An Dương ordered to construct a fortified settlement in Tây Vu known to history as Cổ Loa as his seat of power. It looked like a snail shell design (its name, Cổ Loa 古螺, means "old snail": according to Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư, the citadel is shaped like a snail).

The events associated with the construction of this spiral-shaped citadel are remembered in the legend of the golden turtle. According to this legend, when the citadel was being built, all the work done was mysteriously undone by a group of spirits led by thousand-year-old white chicken seeking to avenge the son of the previous king. In response to the king's plea, a giant golden turtle suddenly emerged from the water, and protected the King until the citadel's completion. The turtle gave the King one of his claws before leaving and instructed him to make a crossbow using it as a trigger, assuring him he would be invincible with it. A man called Cao Lỗ (or Cao Thông) was tasked to create that crossbow. It was then called "Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw" (灵光金爪神弩; SV: Linh Quang Kim Trảo Thần Nỏ); one shot could kill 300 men.

War with Nanyue

In 204 BCE, in Panyu (now Guangzhou), Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue. Taylor (1983) believed that when Nanyue and Âu Lạc co-existed, Âu Lạc temporarily acknowledged Nanyue to show their mutual anti-Han sentiment, and this did not imply that Nanyue exerted any real authority over Âu Lạc. Nanyue's influence over Âu Lạc waned after relationship with Han dynasty become normal. The army Zhao Tuo had created to oppose the Han was now available to deploy against the Âu Lạc.

Details of the campaign are not authentically recorded. Zhao Tuo's early setbacks and eventual victory against King An Dương were mentioned in Record of the Outer Territory of Jiao Region (交州外域记) and Records of the Taikang Era of the Jin (晋太康记). Records of the Grand Historian mentioned neither King An Duong nor Zhao Tuo's military conquest of Âu Lạc only that after Empress Lü's death (180 BCE), Zhao Tuo used his troops to menace and his wealth to bribe the Minyue, the Western Ou, and the Luo into submission. However, the campaign inspired a legend whose theme is the transfer of the turtle claw-triggered crossbow from King An Duong to Zhao Tuo. According to the myth, ownership of the crossbow conferred political power: "He who is able to hold this crossbow rules the realm; he who is not able to hold this crossbow will perish."

Unsuccessful on the battlefield, Zhao Tuo asked for a truce and sent his son Zhong Shi to submit to King An Dương and serve him. There, he and King An Duong's daughter, Mỵ Châu, fell in love and were married. A vestige of the matrilocal organization required the husband to live in the residence of his wife's family. As a result, they resided at An Duong's court until Zhong Shi discovered the secrets and strategies of King An Dương. Meanwhile, King An Duong mistreated Cao Lỗ, and he left.

Zhong Shi had Mỵ Châu showed him the crossbow, at which point he secretly changed its trigger, neutralizing its special powers and rendering it useless. He then asked to return to his father, who thereupon launched a new attack on Âu Lạc and this time defeated King An Dương. History records that, with his defeat, the King was told by the turtle about his daughter's betrayal and killed his daughter for her treachery before going into the watery realm.

Legacy

Vietnamese historians typically view the main events of the era as having roots in historical fact. However concordance of the history with Soviet doctrine of history was incomplete in the 1950s. The capital of King An Dương, Cổ Loa, was the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era. The site consists of two outer sets of ramparts and a citadel on the inside, of rectangular shape. The moats consist of a series of streams, including the Hoang Giang River and a network of lakes that provided Cổ Loa with protection and navigation. Kim estimated the population of Cổ Loa possibly ranged from 5,000 to around 10,000 inhabitants.

In popular culture

• The British video game Stronghold: Warlords.