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韩遂[查看正文] [修改] [查看历史]ctext:63025
关系 | 对象 | 文献依据 |
---|---|---|
type | person | |
name | 韩遂 | |
born | 101 | |
died | 215 | |
authority-wikidata | Q701552 | |
link-wikipedia_zh | 韩遂 | |
link-wikipedia_en | Han_Sui |
显示更多...: 生平 早期 建安时期 家庭 部下 八健将 评价 艺术形象 相关作品 漫画 影视
生平
早期
中平元年(184年),羌人北宫伯玉叛,将时任凉州督军从事的边允和凉州从事韩约劫为人质,不予放还。韩约为免被杀,被迫加入叛军,与边允一起成为北宫伯玉叛军军师,之后成为叛军首领。攻杀护羌校尉伶徵、金城太守陈懿。地方悬赏万户侯捉拿边允、韩约,二人于是改名边章、韩遂。
朝廷以董卓为中郎将,副左车骑将军皇甫嵩征之。皇甫嵩以无功免归,而边章、韩遂等大盛。朝廷复以司空张温为车骑将军,假节,执金吾袁滂为副。拜董卓为破虏将军,与荡寇将军周慎并统于张温。并诸郡兵步骑合十馀万,屯美阳,以衞园陵。边章、韩遂亦进兵美阳。张温、董卓与战,辄不利。
十一月,夜有流星如火,光长十馀丈,照边章、韩遂营中,驴马尽鸣。贼以为不祥,欲归金城。董卓闻之喜,明日,乃与右扶风鲍鸿等并兵俱攻,大破之,斩首数千级。边章、韩遂败走榆中,张温乃遣周慎将三万人追讨之。张温参军事孙坚说周慎曰:「贼城中无谷,当外转粮食。孙坚愿得万人断其运道,将军以大兵继后,叛军必困乏而不敢战。若走入羌中,并力讨之,则凉州可定也。」周慎不从,引军围榆中城。而边章、韩遂分屯葵园狭,反断周慎运道。周慎惧,乃弃车重而退。
中平三年(186年)春,韩遂乃杀边章、北宫伯玉及李文侯。韩遂拥兵十馀万,进围陇西。
次年(187年),凉州刺史耿鄙讨金城贼韩遂,耿鄙兵大败,陇西郡太守李参反,与韩遂联合,共杀凉州刺史耿鄙。而耿鄙司马扶风马腾、汉阳人王国自号「合众将军」并叛,皆与韩遂合。共推王国为主,悉令领其众,寇掠三辅。五年,围陈仓。乃拜董卓前将军,与左将军皇甫嵩击破之。韩遂等复共废王国,而劫故信都令汉阳人阎忠,使督统诸部。阎忠耻为众所胁,感恚病死。韩遂等稍争权利,更相杀害,其诸部曲并各分乖。
初平三年,韩遂、马腾率众前往长安。汉朝以韩遂为镇西将军,遣还金城,马腾为征西将军,遣屯郿。
兴平元年三月,随马腾与郭汜、李傕使郭汜、樊稠战于长平观,韩遂、马腾败绩,斩首万馀级,左中郎将刘范、前益州刺史种劭战死。
韩遂与马腾自还凉州,更相战争,乃下陇据关中。曹操方事河北,虑其乘闲为乱。司隶校尉锺繇镇关中,移书韩遂、马腾,为陈祸福。马腾遣马超随锺繇讨郭援、高干于平阳,马超将庞德亲斩郭援首。后马腾与韩遂不和求还京畿徵为衞尉,以马超为偏将军,封都亭侯,领马腾部曲。
建安时期
建安七年(201年),乃拜马腾征南将军,韩遂征西将军,并开府。后徵段煨为大鸿胪,病卒。复徵马腾为衞尉,封槐里侯。马腾乃应召,而留子马超领其部曲。
十六年(211年),马超与韩遂举关中背叛曹操,曹操击破之,韩遂、马超败走,马腾坐夷三族。马超攻杀凉州刺史韦康,复据陇右。
十九年(214年),天水人杨阜破马超,马超奔汉中,投降刘备。
二十年(215年)三月,曹操西征张鲁,至陈仓,将自武都入氐;氐人塞道,先遣张合、朱灵等攻破之。夏四月,曹操自陈仓以出散关,至河池。氐王窦茂众万馀人,恃险不服,五月,曹操攻屠之。韩遂走金城羌中,投靠郭宪,为其帐下西平、金城诸将麴演、蒋石、阳逵、田乐等所杀并斩首送往曹操(一作病死后被砍头),享年七十馀岁。
韩遂作为人质的子孙都被曹操处死。
家庭
义兄弟
• 马腾,演义第十回中与马腾结为义兄弟,以种邵、马宇、刘范为内应,起兵十馀万攻向长安勤王。
子女
• 韩氏,韩遂之子。在阎行劝说下送到京师作人质,因最终韩遂反叛而被曹操诛杀。
• 韩氏,韩遂之女。为使阎行忠心于自己,韩遂强迫阎行娶自己女儿为妻,并放弃京中父母的生命。
部下
• 成公英,韩遂心腹。善弓术,常为韩遂分析利害,对韩遂绝对忠心。劝说失意中的韩遂打消投靠刘备念头,转投昔日有恩的羌族,以卷土重来。韩遂病死后,率众投降曹操。曹操向来敬重其人,拜他为军师。之后作为参军助张既平定胡人之乱。
• 阎行,韩遂部将。年轻时已有名声,作为小将跟随韩遂。在韩遂与马腾争权期间,阎行以矛战马超,几乎杀死马超。后担任使者会见曹操,认为应停止叛乱生涯,答应送父母到京师处,并劝韩遂应送儿子到京师作质向京师表达忠诚。后韩遂决心联合马超反叛,于是强迫阎行迎娶自己女儿,并要他放弃自己京中父母的性命,曹操亦因而开始怀疑阎行,阎行最终率兵夜袭韩遂,没能杀死韩遂,率众投靠曹操,被封为列侯。
八健将
正史中关中诸将侯选、程银、李堪、张横、梁兴、成宜、马玩、杨秋等与韩遂、马超联合起兵反对曹操。
• 侯选,正史中兵败渭南后,与程银、庞德随张鲁归降曹操,曹操恢复了侯选的官爵。
• 程银,正史中败于曹操后逃入汉中,最终随张鲁降曹,恢复了官爵。演义中与张横于渭水之战掉落陷马坑战死。
• 李堪,演义中跟随韩遂投靠曹操共讨马超,李堪领一军从桥下过,马超挺枪纵马之。李堪拖枪而走,恰好于禁从马超背后赶来,禁开弓射马超。超听得背后弦响,急闪过,却射中前面李堪,落马而死。
• 张横,演义中与程银于渭水之战掉落陷马坑战死。
• 梁兴,正史潼关之战次年,梁兴在夏侯渊和郑浑的讨伐下被斩杀。在演义中,梁兴在贾诩的反间计下,被马超所杀。
• 成宜,演义中随马超等人夜袭曹操军寨。他率领三十名骑兵前往哨探,侵入曹操中军却被伏兵包围。结果被夏侯渊杀死。
• 马玩,演义中马超中曹操离间之计,与韩遂火并,马玩等五将步战围攻马超,不能取胜。他和韩遂、侯选、李堪、梁兴、杨秋等一起参与密谋降曹,却被马超发现,与梁兴被马超砍死。
• 杨秋,正史中降曹后,随张合、郭淮等平定郑甘、卢水之乱,升为讨寇将军,封临泾侯。演义中为韩遂手下大将,后韩遂派杨秋为使前往曹营言割地求和之事,之后因遭中贾诩反间计的马超的攻击,不得已而降曹,被曹操封为列侯,守渭口。
评价
• 孙坚:「章、遂跋扈经年。」
• 曹操:「观文约所为,使人笑来。」
• 荀彧:「关中将帅以十数,莫能相一,唯韩遂、马超(腾)最强。」
• 卫觊:「西方诸将,皆竖夫屈起,无雄天下意,苟安乐目前而已。」
• 陈琳:「近者关中诸将,复相合聚,续为叛乱,阻二华,据河渭,驱率羌胡,齐锋东向,气高志远,似若无敌。」
• 《进魏公爵为魏王诏》「:韩遂、宋建,南结巴、蜀,群逆合从,图危社稷。」
• 常璩:「汉末大乱,雄桀并起。若董卓、吕布、二袁、韩、马、张杨、刘表之徒,兼州连郡,众逾万计,叱吒之间,皆自谓汉祖可踵,桓、文易迈。」
• 乞伏昙达:「昔伯圭凭险,卒有灭宗之祸;韩约肆暴,终受覆族之诛。」
• 杨侃:「昔魏武与韩遂、马超据潼关相拒,遂、超之才,非魏武敌也,然而胜负久不决者,扼其险要故也。」
• 赵蕤:「袁本初虎视河朔;刘景升鹊起荆州;马超、韩遂,雄据于关西;吕布、陈宫,窃命于东夏;辽河海岱,王公十数,皆阻兵百万、铁骑千群,合纵缔交,为一时之杰也。」
• 胡三省:「遂与樊稠交马语而得以毙稠,与曹操交马语乃以自毙,然后知遂之所以遇稠者,非用数也。」
• 郝经:「马超父子勇冠西州,与韩遂颉翥为寇,残灭三辅,垦伤汉室。」「韩遂、马腾跳踉河右,坌起始乱,聚散不常,梗踣关辅三十馀年,轶胜(陈胜)、广(吴广)矣。」
• 顾祖禹:「马超、韩遂挟羌胡之士而东,以曹操之用兵,几覆于潼关。幸而超、遂亦两相携贰,智计不立,卒以解散耳。终魏之世,关陇有事,必举国以争之。故以武侯、姜维之才智,而不获一逞也。」
• 《真诰》注:「遂乃骁雄,而未免寇难,乃得与刘备对仕,殊为不类。兼隶仙官,益复超显也。」
艺术形象
相关作品
• 《三国志通俗演义》,罗贯中。
:韩遂、马超被曹操打败后,部下杨秋、李堪等要求投降,他接纳,并派杨秋送降书,但被马超知道,被斩了左臂。投降后,被封为西凉候。之后,小说便没有韩遂的下落。
漫画
• 《苍天航路》(王欣太)
• 《火凤燎原》(陈某)
影视
• 中国中央电视台电视剧《三国演义》(1994年):王奕
• 中国电视剧《三国》(2010年):宁生
显示更多...: Life In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Life
With the backing of the Qiang people who populated much of Liang Province, Han Sui participated in the Liang Province Rebellion against the Han dynasty during the rule of Emperor Ling. He joined forces with others in the area, such as Bian Zhang, Beigong Yu (北宫玉) and Liwen Hou (李文侯). Despite suffering a defeat by government forces under Dong Zhuo, Han Sui maintained the support of the Qiang people and maintained his territory in Liang Province. Han Sui is thought to have preferred to remain somewhat behind the scenes, placing someone else in the position of leadership while holding real power himself. When Bian Zhang and the other leaders passed from the scene, he placed Wang Guo (王国) in power with the help of his ally Ma Teng, whom he pledged a pact of brotherhood with. The arrangement did not last long, however, and Wang Guo was removed from power after being defeated by the Han general Huangfu Song. It was at this point that Ma Teng and Han Sui declared themselves co-rulers of Liang Province, now mostly autonomous due to turmoil in the Han dynasty.
Early in 192, the two of them submitted to the Han central government, then under Dong Zhuo's control, but Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Lü Bu and Wang Yun in April. After Li Jue, Guo Si and other former followers of Dong Zhuo seized control of the Han central government later that year, Han Sui and Ma Teng allied themselves with Liu Yan and led their armies to attack the Han imperial capital, Chang'an. After suffering a major defeat 13 miles west of Chang'an, and running short on supplies, the warlords retreated back to Liang Province.
Not long afterward, however, Han Sui and Ma Teng's relationship soured and the two of them battled each other for control of Liang Province. Their battle escalated to the point where both were killing each other's wives and children. Cao Cao, having achieved victory at the Battle of Guandu in 200CE, sent Zhong Yao to broker a peace between the two sides and to place Liang Province under Cao Cao's authority. After the terms were agreed to, Han Sui and Ma Teng would give assistance to Cao Cao in the remainder of his battles against Yuan Shao. After this, Ma Teng was forcibly summoned to Ye and Han Sui placed Ma Teng's son Ma Chao in charge of Liang Province.
When Cao Cao began gathering armies with the intent of invading Hanzhong Commandery, then under the rule of Zhang Lu, Han Sui and Ma Chao suspected that it was they, and not Zhang Lu who would be attacked. The two of them gathered warlords from the western regions and went to war against Cao Cao. In the course of the conflict, however, Cao Cao managed to turn Ma Chao and Han Sui against each other. Han Sui realised that there was no hope for victory with the forces divided against each other in suspicion, and retreated once again to Liang Province. Cao Cao captured and killed Han Sui's children and grandchildren.
When Xiahou Yuan began his subjugation of Liang Province, Han Sui fought against this, but was ultimately defeated and forced to retreat. He discussed the idea of retreating to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), but his subordinate Cheng Gongying encouraged him to continue his fight against Cao Cao instead. At this point, he was either murdered by some of his own followers or died of illness. In either case, his head was brought to Cao Cao by Han Sui's subordinates as they all surrendered. He was believed to have been over 70 years old at the time of his death.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Han Sui is depicted as Ma Teng's sworn brother and subordinate, when historically he was actually a warlord of equal footing as Ma Teng. Han Sui's preference to remain out of the scenes may have been a reason for this depiction.
In the novel, during Ma Chao's battles against Cao Cao's forces, Han Sui has eight elite officers serving under him. After Cao Cao successfully used a scheme to turn Ma Chao and Han Sui against each other, Ma Chao grew suspicious of Han Sui and attacked him, cutting off his left arm in the process. Han Sui managed to escape and defect to Cao Cao, who accepted his surrender and allowed him to continue serving as a general in Liang Province alongside Xiahou Yuan.
文献资料 | 引用次数 |
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三国志 | 1 |
后汉书 | 4 |
御批历代通鉴辑览 | 2 |
文选 | 2 |
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