| | 東夷列傳: |
王制云：「東方曰夷。」夷者，柢也，言仁而好生，萬物柢地而出。故天性柔順，易以道御，至有君子、不死之國焉。夷有九種，曰畎夷，于夷，方夷，黃夷，白夷，赤夷，玄夷，風夷，陽夷。故孔子欲居九夷也。 |
| | Wangzhi said: "The east is called Yi." Yi means di, meaning benevolent and fond of life; all things emerge from the earth. Therefore, by nature they are gentle and compliant, easily governed through the Dao, hence there exist a land of gentlemen and an immortal country. The Yi consist of nine kinds: Quanyi, Yuyi, Fangyi, Huangyi, Baiyi, Chiyi, Xueyi, Fengyi, and Yangyi. Therefore, Confucius wished to reside among the Nine Yi.
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昔堯命羲仲宅嵎夷，曰暘谷，蓋日之所出也。夏后氏太康失德，夷人始畔。自少康已後，世服王化，遂賓於王門，獻其樂舞。桀為暴虐，諸夷內侵，殷湯革命，伐而定之。至于仲丁，藍夷作寇。自是或服或畔，三百餘年。武乙衰敝，東夷寖盛，遂分遷淮、岱，漸居中土。 |
| | In ancient times, Yao appointed Xi Zhong to dwell in Yuyi, called Yanggu, which was where the sun rose. During the Xia Hou Shi period, Taikang lost virtue, and the Yi people began to rebel. Since Shaokang's time onward, they successively submitted to royal civilization, thus becoming guests at the king's court and presenting their music and dances. Jie was tyrannical and cruel; various Yi groups invaded internally, and Yin Tang initiated a revolution to attack and pacify them. By the time of Zhongding, Lanyi became bandits. Since then, they alternated between submission and rebellion for more than three hundred years. During the decline of Wu Yi, the Eastern Yi gradually grew stronger, and thus they began to migrate southward to Huai and Dai regions, gradually settling in central China.
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及武王滅紂，肅慎來獻石砮、楛矢。管、蔡畔周，乃招誘夷狄，周公征之，遂定東夷。康王之時，肅慎復至。後徐夷僭號，乃率九夷以伐宗周，西至河上。穆王畏其方熾，乃分東方諸侯，命徐偃王主之。偃王處潢池東，地方五百里，行仁義，陸地而朝者三十有六國。穆王後得驥騄之乘，乃使造父御以告楚，令伐徐，一日而至。於是楚文王大舉兵而滅之。偃王仁而無權，不忍鬥其人，故致於敗。乃北走彭城武原縣東山下，百姓隨之者以萬數，因名其山為徐山。厲王無道，淮夷入寇，王命虢仲征之，不克，宣王復命召公伐而平之。及幽王淫亂，四夷交侵，至齊桓修霸，攘而卻焉。及楚靈會申，亦來豫盟。後越遷琅邪，與共征戰，遂陵暴諸夏，侵滅小邦。 |
| | When King Wu destroyed Zhou, the Sushen came to present stone arrowheads and hu arrows as tributes. Guan and Cai rebelled against the Zhou, so they lured the Yi and Di; Duke of Zhou campaigned against them and thus pacified the Eastern Yi. During King Kang's reign, Sushen came again. Later, Xuyi usurped a title and led the Nine Yi to attack the royal Zhou dynasty, advancing westward as far as the Yellow River. King Mu feared their rising power and thus divided the eastern feudal lords, appointing Xu Yanwang to oversee them. Yanwang resided east of Huangchi, ruling a territory 500 li in area; he practiced benevolence and righteousness, and thirty-six states on land came to pay homage. After King Mu obtained the swift horses Jili, he ordered Cao Fu to drive them and report to Chu, ordering an attack on Xu; it took only one day to arrive. Thus, King Wen of Chu launched a large-scale military campaign and annihilated them. Yanwang was kind but lacked authority; he could not bear to make his people fight, so he ended up in defeat. He fled northward to the foot of the eastern mountain in Wuyuan Xian, Pengcheng; tens of thousands of common people followed him, and thus the mountain was named Xu Mountain. King Li was tyrannical; Huaiyi invaded, and the king ordered Guo Zhong to campaign against them, but failed. King Xuan again commissioned Zhao Gong to attack and pacified them. By the time of King You's licentiousness, all four Yi groups invaded concurrently; it was not until Duke Huan of Qi restored hegemony that he repelled them. When the State of Chu Ling convened Shen, they also came to participate in the Yu alliance. Later, Yue moved to Langya and fought together; thus they became violent toward the Central States, invading and annihilating small states.
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秦并六國，其淮、泗夷皆散為民戶。陳涉起兵，天下崩潰，燕人衛滿避地朝鮮，因王其國。百有餘歲，武帝滅之，於是東夷始通上京。王莽篡位，貊人寇邊。建武之初，復來朝貢。時遼東太守祭肜威讋北方，聲行海表，於是濊、貊、倭、韓萬里朝獻，故章、和已後，使聘流通。逮永初多難，始入寇鈔；桓、靈失政，漸滋曼焉。 |
| | When Qin unified the six states, its Huai and Si Yi all dispersed into common households. Chen She raised an army; the empire collapsed, and Yan native Wei Man fled to Joseon, where he then became king of his country. After more than a hundred years, Emperor Wu destroyed it; thus the Eastern Yi first established communication with the imperial court. Wang Mang usurped the throne, and Mo people raided the borders. In the early years of Jianwu, they again came to pay tribute and homage. At that time, the governor of Liaodong JI Rong 威慑 d the north with his authority; his reputation spread beyond the seas. Thus, Hui, Mo, Wa, and Han came from ten thousand li away to pay homage and tribute. Therefore, since the reigns of Zhangdi and Hedie, envoys and diplomatic missions flowed continuously. By the time Yongchu faced many difficulties, they began to raid and plunder; During Emperor Huan and Ling's reigns when governance was lost, their activities gradually increased.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
自中興之後，四夷來賓，雖時有乖畔，而使驛不絕，故國俗風土，可得略記。東夷率皆土著，憙飲酒歌舞，或冠弁衣錦，器用俎豆。所謂中國失禮，求之四夷者也。凡蠻、夷、戎、狄總名四夷者，猶公、侯、伯、子、男皆號諸侯云。 |
| | Since the reign of Zhongxing, four Yi groups came as guests; although there were occasional rebellions, envoys never ceased. Therefore, national customs and local conditions can be briefly recorded. The Eastern Yi are mostly native inhabitants; they enjoy drinking alcohol, singing, and dancing. Some wear ceremonial hats and silk robes, using ritual vessels like zu and dou. This is what is meant by "When China loses its rites, one must seek them among the four Yi." Generally, Man, Yi, Rong, and Di are collectively called the Four Yi; this is similar to how Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, and Nan are all titled as feudal lords.
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夫餘國，在玄菟北千里。南與高句驪，東與挹婁，西與鮮卑接，北有弱水。地方二千里，本濊地也。 |
| | The State of Fuyu was located one thousand li north of Xuantu. To the south it bordered Goguryeo, to the east Yilou, to the west Xianbei, and to the north there was Ruoshui River. Its territory spanned two thousand li; originally it was Hui land.
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初，北夷索離國王出行，其侍兒於後妊身，王還，欲殺之。侍兒曰：「前見天上有氣，大如雞子，來降我，因以有身。」王囚之，後遂生男。王令置於豕牢，豕以口氣噓之，不死。復徙於馬蘭，馬亦如之。王以為神，乃聽母收養，名曰東明。東明長而善射，王忌其猛，復欲殺之。東明奔走，南至掩箫水，以弓擊水，魚鱉皆聚浮水上，東明乘之得度，因至夫餘而王之焉。於東夷之域，最為平敞，土宜五穀。出名馬、赤玉、貂豽，大珠如酸棗。以員柵為城，有宮室、倉庫、牢獄。其人麤大彊勇而謹厚，不為寇鈔。以弓矢刀矛為兵。以六畜名官，有馬加、牛加、狗加，其邑落皆主屬諸加。食飲用俎豆，會同拜爵洗爵，揖讓升降。以臘月祭天，大會連日，飲食歌舞，名曰「迎鼓」。是時斷刑獄，解囚徒。有軍事亦祭天，殺牛，以蹄占其吉凶。行人無晝夜，好歌吟，音聲不絕。其俗用刑嚴急，被誅者皆沒其家人為奴婢。盜一責十二。男女淫皆殺之，尤治惡妒婦，既殺，復尸於山上。兄死妻嫂。死則有槨無棺。殺人殉葬，多者以百數。其王葬用玉匣，漢朝常豫以玉匣付玄菟郡，王死則迎取以葬焉。 |
| | Initially, when the king of Beiyi Suoli State went on a journey, his female attendant became pregnant behind him. When the king returned, he wanted to kill her. The servant girl said: "Previously I saw a qi in the sky as big as an egg coming down to me, and because of that I became pregnant." The king imprisoned her, but later she gave birth to a boy. The king ordered him placed in the pigpen; pigs blew air on him with their mouths, and he did not die. They then moved him to a horse pen, and horses also treated him similarly. The king considered him divine and allowed his mother to raise him, naming him Dongming. When Dongming grew up and became good at archery, the king envied his prowess and again wanted to kill him. Dongming fled south to Yanshao Shui, struck the water with his bow, and fish and turtles gathered on the surface. Dongming rode them across and thus arrived at Fuyu, where he became its king. Among the Eastern Yi territories, it is most level and open; the soil is suitable for growing five grains. It produces famous horses, red jade, sables, and large pearls as big as sour jujubes. They built circular fences as cities, with palaces, granaries, storehouses, and prisons. Its people are tall, strong, brave, and cautious; they do not become raiders or plunderers. They used bows, arrows, swords, and spears as weapons. They named officials after the six domestic animals; there were Mjia, Niu jia, and Gou jia. All their villages and settlements belonged to these "Jia." They used ritual vessels for food and drink; during gatherings, they bowed while presenting and washing wine cups, performing bows of courtesy and ascending/descending in order. In the twelfth lunar month they sacrificed to heaven; grand gatherings lasted for days, with feasting, drinking, singing, and dancing, called "Yinggu." At that time, criminal cases were suspended, and prisoners were released. When there was military business, they also sacrificed to heaven, slaughtered a cow, and used the hooves to divine good or bad omens. Travelers moved without distinction between day and night; they loved singing, with melodies never ceasing. Their customs applied strict and harsh punishments; those executed had their families seized as slaves and concubines. For stealing one, twelve were held responsible. Those who committed adultery, whether male or female, were killed; they especially punished wicked and jealous wives. After killing them, their bodies were displayed on the mountains. When a brother died, his wife married his elder brother. Upon death, coffins were used but not outer wooden cases. They practiced human sacrifice for burial; the number of sacrificial victims could reach hundreds. The king was buried in a jade casket; the Han dynasty often prepared jade caskets in advance and delivered them to Xuantu commandery, which would retrieve them upon the king's death for burial.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
建武中，東夷諸國皆來獻見。二十五年，夫餘王遣使奉貢，光武厚荅報之，於是使命歲通。至安帝永初五年，夫餘王始將步騎七八千人寇鈔樂浪，殺傷吏民，後復歸附。永寧元年，乃遣嗣子尉仇台印闕貢獻，天子賜尉仇台印綬金綵。順帝永和元年，其王來朝京師，帝作黃門鼓吹、角抵戲以遣之。桓帝延熹四年，遣使朝賀貢獻。永康元年，王夫台將二萬餘人寇玄菟，玄菟太守公孫域擊破之，斬首千餘級。至靈帝熹平三年，復奉章貢獻。夫餘本屬玄菟，獻帝時，其王求屬遼東云。 |
| | During the Jianwu period, various Eastern Yi states all came to present tributes and pay homage. In the twenty-fifth year, King of Fuyu sent envoys to present tribute; Emperor Guangwu gave generous replies. Thus, diplomatic missions were exchanged annually. By Emperor An's Yongchu year five, the King of Fuyu first led seven or eight thousand infantry and cavalry to raid Lelang, killing and injuring officials and civilians; later he again submitted. In the first year of Yongning, he sent his successor, Weichoutai Yinque, to present tribute at court; the emperor bestowed on Weichoutai Yinque a sash, gold, and colored silk. In the first year of Yonghe during Emperor Shun's reign, its king came to pay homage at the capital; the emperor arranged yellow door drum music and jiao di performances to see him off. In the fourth year of Yanning during Emperor Huan's reign, envoys were sent to pay homage and present tribute. In the first year of Yongkang, King Futai led more than twenty thousand people to raid Xuantu; the governor of Xuantu, Gongsun Yu, defeated them and beheaded over a thousand. By the third year of Xiping during Emperor Ling's reign, they again submitted documents and presented tribute. Fuyu originally belonged to Xuantu; during the reign of Emperor Xian, its king requested to be affiliated with Liaodong.
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挹婁，古肅慎之國也。在夫餘東北千餘里，東濱大海，南與北沃沮接，不知其北所極。土地多山險。人形似夫餘，而言語各異。有五穀、麻布，出赤玉、好貂。無君長，其邑落各有大人。處於山林之閒，土氣極寒，常為穴居，以深為貴，大家至接九梯。好養豕，食其肉，衣其皮。冬以豕膏塗身，厚數分，以禦風寒。夏則裸袒，以尺布蔽其前後。其人臭穢不絜，作廁於中，圜之而居。自漢興已後，臣屬夫餘。種眾雖少，而多勇力，處山險，又善射，發能入人目。弓長四尺，力如弩。矢用楛，長一尺八寸，青石為鏃，鏃皆施毒，中人即死。便乘船，好寇盜，鄰國畏患，而卒不能服。東夷夫餘飲食類此皆用俎豆，唯挹婁獨無，法俗最無綱紀者也。 |
| | Yilou was an ancient Sushen state. It lay more than a thousand li northeast of Fuyu, with the eastern coast bordering the great sea; to the south it bordered Beiwuju. Its northern boundary was unknown. The land is mostly mountainous and perilous. Their appearance resembles that of Fuyu people, but their languages differ. They cultivated the five grains and produced hemp cloth; they also yielded red jade and fine sables. There was no monarch or ruler; each village had its own chieftain. They lived among the mountains and forests, where the climate was extremely cold; they often dwelled in caves, with deeper dwellings considered more prestigious. In large families, staircases could connect up to nine levels. They loved raising pigs and ate their meat as well as wore their hides. In winter, they applied pig fat on their bodies; several fen thick to resist the wind and cold. In summer, they went naked, covering only front and back with a piece of cloth about one chi long. They were dirty and unclean; they built latrines in the center of their dwellings, living around them in a circle. Since the Han dynasty's rise, they had submitted to Fuyu. Though their population was small, they were brave and strong; living in mountainous terrain, they also excelled at archery, with arrows capable of piercing a person's eye. Their bows measured four chi long, with power comparable to crossbows. Arrows were made of hu wood, one chi and eight cun long; arrowheads were made from blue stone. All arrowheads were coated with poison, and those struck by them died immediately. They were skilled at using boats; they loved raiding and stealing, neighboring states feared their attacks but ultimately could not subdue them. Among the Eastern Yi, Fuyu and others used ritual vessels for eating and drinking; only Yilou did not. They were the most lawless in customs and practices.
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高句驪，在遼東之東千里，南與朝鮮、濊貊，東與沃沮，北與夫餘接。地方二千里，多大山深谷，人隨而為居。少田業，力作不足以自資，故其俗節於飲食，而好修宮室。東夷相傳以為夫餘別種，故言語法則多同，而跪拜曳一腳，行步皆走。凡有五族，有消奴部，絕奴部，順奴部，灌奴部，桂婁部。本消奴部為王，稍微弱，後桂婁部代之。其置官，有相加、對盧、沛者、古鄒大加、主簿、優台、使者、帛衣先人。武帝滅朝鮮，以高句驪為縣，使屬玄菟，賜鼓吹伎人。其俗淫，皆絜淨自憙，暮夜輒男女群聚為倡樂。好祠鬼神、社稷、零星，以十月祭天大會，名曰「東盟」。其國東有大穴，號禭神，亦以十月迎而祭之。其公會衣服皆錦繡，金銀以自飾。大加、主簿皆著幘，如冠幘而無後；其小加著折風，形如弁。無牢獄，有罪，諸加評議便殺之，沒入妻子為奴婢。其昏姻皆就婦家，生子長大，然後將還，便稍營送終之具。金銀財幣盡於厚葬，積石為封，亦種松柏。其人性凶急，有氣力，習戰鬥，好寇鈔，沃沮、東濊皆屬焉。 |
| | Goguryeo was located one thousand li east of Liaodong, bordering Joseon and Huimo to the south, Wuju to the east, and Fuyu to the north. Its territory spanned two thousand square li; there were many large mountains and deep valleys, with people living wherever they could settle. They had little farmland; their efforts in farming were insufficient to support themselves, so their customs emphasized frugality in food and drink but favored the construction of palaces and houses. The Eastern Yi traditionally believed Goguryeo to be a branch of Fuyu; thus, their language and customs were largely similar. However, when kneeling in reverence, they dragged one foot, and when walking, they ran instead of walked. There were five tribes in total: Xiaonu Bu, Juenu Bu, Shunnu Bu, Guan Nu Bu, and Guilou Bu. Originally the Xiaonu tribe was the ruling clan; it gradually weakened, and later the Guilou tribe replaced them. Their official positions included Xiangjia, Duilu, Peizhe, Guzoudajia, Zhubu, Youtai, Shizi, and Bo Yi Xianren. Emperor Wu destroyed Joseon, established Goguryeo as a county, and placed it under Xuantu Commandery, bestowing gongs, flutes, and musicians upon them. Their customs were licentious; they all liked to be clean and take pleasure in themselves, gathering together in groups of men and women at dusk for singing and dancing. They loved to worship ghosts and gods, the land and grain deities, and minor spirits. In the tenth month they held a grand ceremony to sacrifice to heaven, called "Dongmeng." To the east of their country was a large cave known as Shishen; they also welcomed and worshipped it in the tenth month. During public gatherings, their clothing was embroidered with brocade, and they adorned themselves with gold and silver. The Dajia and Zhubu all wore zhe headpieces; these resembled the gongzhe but lacked a rear section. The Xiaojia wore zhefeng, which were shaped like bians. There were no prisons; when someone committed a crime, the various jia would deliberate and then execute them, taking their wives and children as slaves. Their marriage customs required the husband to live with the wife's family; only after their child was born and grew up would they return, at which time they gradually prepared funeral arrangements. All gold, silver, wealth, and valuables were spent on lavish burials; stones were piled to form burial mounds, and pines and cypresses were planted as well. Their people had fierce temperaments, were strong and physically powerful, skilled in battle, loved raiding, and both Wuju and Donghui belonged to them.
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句驪一名貊耳。有別種，依小水為居，因名曰小水貊。出好弓，所謂「貊弓」是也。 |
| | Goguryeo is also known as Moer. There was a separate branch that lived by the Xiao Shui River, and thus they were called Xiaoshui Mo. They produced fine bows; these are known as "Mo gong."
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王莽初，發句驪兵以伐匈奴，其人不欲行，彊迫遣之，皆亡出塞為寇盜。遼西大尹田譚追擊，戰死。莽令其將嚴尤擊之，誘句驪侯騶入塞，斬之，傳首長安。莽大說，更名高句驪王為下句驪侯，於是貊人寇邊愈甚。建武八年，高句驪遣使朝貢，光武復其王號。二十三年冬，句驪蠶支落大加戴升等萬餘口詣樂浪內屬。二十五年春，句驪寇右北平、漁陽、上谷、太原，而遼東太守祭肜以恩信招之，皆復款塞。 |
| | At the beginning of Wang Mang's reign, Goguryeo troops were mobilized to attack the Xiongnu. The people did not want to go; they were forced to be sent and all fled beyond the frontier to become raiders and thieves. Dai Yin Tian Tan of Liaoxi pursued and attacked them, dying in battle. Wang Mang ordered his general Yan You to attack them; he lured Goguryeo Hou Zou into the frontier and beheaded him, sending his head to Chang'an for display. Wang Mang was greatly pleased; he renamed the King of Goguryeo as Xiaogoulv Hou. At this time, the Mo people's raids on the border became even more severe. In the eighth year of Jianwu, Goguryeo sent envoys to pay tribute; Emperor Guangwu restored their title as king. In the winter of the twenty-third year, more than ten thousand people from Canzhi Luoda Jia Daisheng et al. of Goguryeo submitted to Lelang Commandery. In the spring of the twenty-fifth year, Goguryeo raided Youbeiping, Yuyang, Shanggu, and Taiyuan. However, Liao Dong Taishou Jia Rong used kindness and trust to recruit them, and they all returned to submit at the frontier again.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
後句驪王宮生而開目能視，國人懷之，及長勇壯，數犯邊境。和帝元興元年春，復入遼東，寇略六縣，太守耿夔擊破之，斬其渠帥。安帝永初五年，宮遣使貢獻，求屬玄菟。元初五年，復與濊貊寇玄菟，攻華麗城。建光元年春，幽州刺史馮煥、玄菟太守姚光、遼東太守蔡諷等將兵出塞擊之，捕斬濊貊渠帥，獲兵馬財物。宮乃遣嗣子遂成將二千餘人逆光等，遣使詐降；光等信之，遂成因據險阨以遮大軍，而潛遣三千人攻玄菟、遼東，焚城郭，殺傷二千餘人。於是發廣陽、漁陽、右北平、涿郡屬國三千餘騎同救之，而貊人已去。夏，復與遼東鮮卑八千餘人攻遼隊，殺略吏人。蔡諷等追擊於新昌，戰歿，功曹耿耗、兵曹掾龍端、兵馬掾公孫酺以身扞諷，俱沒於陳，死者百餘人。秋，宮遂率馬韓、濊貊數千騎圍玄菟。夫餘王遣子尉仇台將二萬餘人，與州郡并力討破之，斬首五百餘級。 |
| | Later, King Gong of Goguryeo was born with open eyes and the ability to see; the people of his country cherished him. When he grew up, he became brave and strong, frequently violating the borders. In spring of the first year of Yuanxing during Emperor He's reign, they again entered Liao Dong and raided six counties. Taishou Geng Kui defeated them, beheading their leaders. In the fifth year of Yongchu during Emperor An's reign, King Gong sent envoys with tribute and requested to be placed under Xuantu Commandery. In the fifth year of Yuanchu, he again allied with Huimo to raid Xuantu and attacked Huali Cheng. In the first year of Jianguang, in spring, You Zhou Cishi Feng Huan, Xuantu Taishou Yao Guang, Liao Dong Taishou Cai Feng and others led troops beyond the frontier to attack them, capturing and beheading Huimo leaders, seizing weapons, horses, and property. King Gong then sent his heir Suicheng with more than two thousand men to oppose Yao Guang et al., while sending envoys pretending to surrender. Yao Guang et al. believed them, so Suicheng took advantage of the terrain to block their main force and secretly sent three thousand men to attack Xuantu and Liao Dong, burning cities and killing or wounding more than two thousand people. At this time, three thousand plus cavalry from Guangyang, Yuyang, Youbeiping, and Zhuo Jun Shugu Gu were mobilized to rescue them, but the Mo people had already left. In summer, they again allied with more than eight thousand Xianbei from Liao Dong to attack Liao Dui, killing and looting officials and civilians. Cai Feng et al. pursued and attacked them at Xinchang, where they died in battle. Gongcao Geng Hao, Bingcao Yuan Long Duan, and Bingma Yuan Gongsun Pu defended Cai Feng with their lives; all perished on the battlefield, along with more than one hundred others who were killed. In autumn, King Gong led several thousand cavalry from Mahan and Huimo to besiege Xuantu. King Fuyu sent his son Weichoutai with more than twenty thousand men, who joined forces with the state and commandery to defeat them, beheading over five hundred.
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是歲宮死，子遂成立。姚光上言欲因其喪發兵擊之，議者皆以為可許。尚書陳忠曰：「宮前桀黠，光不能討，死而擊之，非義也。宜遣弔問，因責讓前罪，赦不加誅，取其後善。」安帝從之。明年，遂成還漢生口，詣玄菟降。詔曰：「遂成等桀逆無狀，當斬斷葅醢，以示百姓，幸會赦令，乞罪請降。鮮卑、濊貊連年寇鈔，驅略小民，動以千數，而裁送數十百人，非向化之心也。自今已後，不與縣官戰鬥而自以親附送生口者，皆與贖直，縑人四十匹，小口半之。」 |
| | In this year King Gong died; his son Suicheng became ruler. Yao Guang submitted a proposal, wishing to take advantage of their mourning period and launch an attack; those who deliberated all believed it should be approved. Shangshu Chen Zhong said, "King Gong was previously fierce and cunning; General Guang could not subdue him. To attack them after his death is unjust." We should send envoys to express condolences and, at the same time, hold them accountable for their previous crimes. Granting forgiveness without punishment will encourage future good conduct." Emperor An followed this advice. The following year, Suicheng returned Han captives and submitted to Xuantu Commandery by surrendering. The imperial edict stated: "Suicheng et al. have been fierce and rebellious without cause; they should be executed, their bodies cut up into minced flesh to serve as a warning to the people. Fortunately, an amnesty has been issued; they beg for forgiveness and request to surrender." The Xianbei and Huimo have for years raided and looted the common people, taking hundreds at a time, yet they only send back dozens or so; this is not an indication of sincere submission. From now on, those who do not fight county officials and voluntarily submit captives to show their loyalty shall be allowed to redeem themselves; the redemption price is forty bolts of silk per adult, half that for children."
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遂成死，子伯固立。其後濊貊率服，東垂少事。順帝陽嘉元年，置玄菟郡屯田六部。質、桓之閒，復犯遼東西安平，殺帶方令，掠得樂浪太守妻子。建寧二年，玄菟太守耿臨討之，斬首數百級，伯固降服，乞屬玄菟云。 |
| | Suicheng died; his son Bogu became ruler. 邏 After that, the Huimo submitted and were pacified, bringing peace to the eastern frontier. In the first year of Yangjia during Emperor Shun's reign, six departments for military farming were established in Xuantu Commandery. Between the reigns of Emperor Zhi and Emperor Huan, they again violated Liao Dong Xianping, killing Daifang Ling and seizing the wife and children of Lelang Taishou. In the second year of Jianning, Xuantu Taishou Geng Lin attacked them, beheading hundreds. Bogu submitted and requested to belong under Xuantu Commandery as well.
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東沃沮在高句驪蓋馬大山之東，東濱大海；北與挹婁、夫餘，南與濊貊接。其地東西夾，南北長，可折方千里。土肥美，背山向海，宜五穀，善田種，有邑落長帥。人性質直彊勇，便持矛步戰。言語、食飲、居處、衣服有似句驪。其葬，作大木槨，長十餘丈，開一頭為戶，新死者先假埋之，令皮肉盡，乃取骨置槨中。家人皆共一槨，刻木如主，隨死者為數焉。 |
| | Dong Wuju was located east of the Gaemuldaesan mountain in Goguryeo, with its eastern coast bordering the great sea; its north bordered Yilou and Fuyu, while to the south it was contiguous with Huimo. Its territory was narrow from east to west but long from north to south, covering approximately two thousand square li in area. The land was fertile and beautiful, with mountains behind and the sea ahead; it was suitable for growing five grains. The people were skilled in farming and had village leaders and chieftains. Their people were honest, upright, strong, and brave; they were adept at holding spears and fighting on foot. Their language, food and drink, dwellings, and clothing resembled those of Goguryeo. Their burial custom involved making a large wooden coffin, more than ten zhang long. One end was left open as an entrance; the newly deceased were first temporarily buried there until their flesh and skin rotted away, after which their bones were placed inside the coffin. All family members were buried in one shared coffin; wooden figures resembling ancestors were carved and placed inside, with the number corresponding to the deceased.
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武帝滅朝鮮，以沃沮地為玄菟郡。後為夷貊所侵，徙郡於高句驪西北，更以沃沮為縣，屬樂浪東部都尉。至光武罷都尉官，後皆以封其渠帥，為沃沮侯。其土迫小，介於大國之閒，遂臣屬句驪。句驪復置其中大人遂為使者，以相監領，貴其租稅，貂布魚鹽，海中食物，發美女為婢妾焉。 |
| | Emperor Wu destroyed Joseon and established Xuantu Commandery over the territory of Wuju. Later, due to invasions by the Yi and Mo peoples, the commandery was moved to the northwest of Goguryeo; Wuju was then established as a county under Lelang Dongbu Duyi. By the time of Emperor Guangwu, the position of Duyi was abolished; afterward, these positions were all granted to local chieftains as Hou titles for Wuju. Their land was small and situated between powerful states, so they became vassals of Goguryeo. Goguryeo then appointed a central adult leader as an envoy to supervise them, collecting their taxes and tributes in valuable items such as sable furs, cloth, fish, salt, sea food, and taking beautiful women as concubines.
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又有北沃沮，一名置溝婁，去南沃沮八百餘里。其俗皆與南同。界南接挹婁。挹婁人憙乘船寇抄，北沃沮畏之，每夏輒臧於巖穴，至冬船道不通，乃下居邑落。其耆老言，嘗於海中得一布衣，其形如中人衣，而兩袖長三丈。又於岸際見一人乘破船，頂中復有面，與語不通，不食而死。又說海中有女國，無男人。或傳其國有神井，闚之輒生子云。 |
| | There was also a northern Wuju, also known as Zhigoulou, located more than eight hundred li north of the southern Wuju. Their customs were all similar to those in the south. To the south, their territory bordered Yilou. The Yilou people loved to raid by boat; the northern Wuju feared them and, every summer, would hide in caves. Only when winter arrived and the river routes were impassable did they descend to live in their villages. Elderly people said that once, while at sea, they found a piece of cloth clothing; its shape resembled the attire of an ordinary person but had sleeves three zhang long. Additionally, on the shore they saw a man in a broken boat; he had another face at the top of his head. They could not communicate with him, and he died without eating. They also said there was an island nation in the sea where no men existed. Some claimed that their country had a sacred well, and looking into it would result in giving birth to children.
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濊北與高句驪、沃沮，南與辰韓接，東窮大海，西至樂浪。濊及沃沮、句驪，本皆朝鮮之地也。昔武王封箕子於朝鮮，箕子教以禮義田蠶，又制八條之教。其人終不相盜，無門戶之閉。婦人貞信。飲食以籩豆。其後四十餘世，至朝鮮侯準，自稱王。漢初大亂，燕、齊、趙人往避地者數萬口，而燕人衛滿擊破準而自王朝鮮，傳國至孫右渠。元朔元年，濊君南閭等畔右渠，率二十八萬口詣遼東內屬，武帝以其地為蒼海郡，數年乃罷。至元封三年，滅朝鮮，分置樂浪、臨屯、玄菟、真番四部。至昭帝始元五年，罷臨屯、真番，以并樂浪、玄菟。玄菟復徙居句驪。自單單大領已東，沃沮、濊貊悉屬樂浪。後以境土廣遠，復分領東七縣，置樂浪東部都尉。自內屬已後，風俗稍薄，法禁亦浸多，至有六十餘條。建武六年，省都尉官，遂棄領東地，悉封其渠帥為縣侯，皆歲時朝賀。 |
| | To the north, Huimo bordered Goguryeo and Wuju; to the south it connected with Chonhan. To the east it reached the great sea, and to the west it extended as far as Lelang. Huimo, Wuju, and Goguryeo originally all belonged to Joseon's territory. In the past, King Wu enfeoffed Ji Zi in Joseon; Ji Zi taught them rites and morality, agriculture and sericulture, and also established an eight-point code of conduct. The people never stole from one another, and there were no locked doors or gates. Women were chaste and trustworthy. They used 笾 and dòu for eating and drinking. After more than forty generations, Joseon Hou Zhun declared himself king. At the beginning of the Han dynasty, during a time of great turmoil, tens of thousands of people from Yan, Qi, and Zhao fled there for refuge. The Yan man Wei Man defeated Zhun and established his own rule over Joseon, passing down power until his grandson Youqu. In the first year of Yuanshuo, Huimo Jun Nanlv et al. rebelled against Youqu, leading 280,000 people to submit to Liao Dong Commandery; Emperor Wu established Canghai Commandery over their territory, but it was abolished after several years. By the third year of Yuanfeng, Joseon was destroyed; four departments were established: Lelang, Linkun, Xuantu, and Zhenfan. In the fifth year of Shiyuan during Emperor Zhao's reign, Linkun and Zhenfan were abolished and merged into Lelang and Xuantu. Xuantu Commandery was relocated again to Goguryeo. From the Dandan Dalin to the east, all of Wuju and Huimo were under Lelang Commandery's jurisdiction. Later, due to its vast and distant territory, seven eastern counties were again established under separate administration, with the position of Lelang Dongbu Duyu set up. After submitting to Han rule, their customs gradually deteriorated; laws and prohibitions also increased significantly, reaching more than sixty articles. In the sixth year of Jianwu, the Duyi position was abolished; as a result, control over the eastern territory was abandoned. All local chieftains were enfeoffed as county Hou and paid tribute and congratulations on an annual basis.
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無大君長，其官有侯、邑君、三老。耆舊自謂與句驪同種，言語法俗大抵相類。其人性愚愨，少嗜欲，不請饨。男女皆衣曲領。其俗重山川，山川各有部界，不得妄相干涉。同姓不昏。多所忌諱，疾病死亡，輒捐棄舊宅，更造新居。知種麻，養蠶，作綿布。曉候星宿，豫知年歲豐約。常用十月祭天，晝夜飲酒歌舞，名之為「舞天」。又祠虎以為神。邑落有相侵犯者，輒相罰，責生口牛馬，名之為「責禍」。殺人者償死。少寇盜。能步戰，作矛長三丈，或數人共持之。樂浪檀弓出其地。又多文豹，有果下馬，海出班魚，使來皆獻之。 |
| | There was no great ruler; their officials included Hou, Yijun, and Sanlao. The elders claimed they were of the same lineage as Goguryeo; their language, customs, and laws were largely similar. Their people were simple-minded and honest, with few desires or appetites, and did not request delicacies. Both men and women wore clothes with curved collars. Their customs revered mountains and rivers, each of which had defined territorial boundaries that could not be arbitrarily interfered with. Marriage between people of the same surname was prohibited. They had many taboos; whenever illness or death occurred, they would immediately abandon their old homes and build new dwellings. They knew how to grow hemp, raise silkworms, and make cotton cloth. They understood the positions of stars and constellations, enabling them to predict whether a year would be bountiful or poor in harvest beforehand. They often held sacrifices to heaven in the tenth month, drinking and dancing day and night; this was called "Wutian." They also worshipped tigers as deities. If villages or settlements violated each other, they would impose penalties by demanding captives, cattle, and horses; this was called "Zehuo." Those who killed people were required to pay with their lives. There was little banditry or theft. They were capable of fighting on foot, making spears three zhang long; sometimes several people would hold one together. Tanguang bows from Lelang originated in this region. They also had many Wenbao leopards, Guxia horses; the sea produced Ban fish, and envoys would bring these as tributes.
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韓有三種：一曰馬韓，二曰辰韓，三曰弁辰。馬韓在西，有五十四國，其北與樂浪，南與倭接。辰韓在東，十有二國，其北與濊貊接。弁辰在辰韓之南，亦十有二國，其南亦與倭接。凡七十八國，伯濟是其一國焉。大者萬餘戶，小者數千家，各在山海閒，地合方四千餘里，東西以海為限，皆古之辰國也。馬韓最大，共立其種為辰王，都目支國，盡王三韓之地。其諸國王先皆是馬韓種人焉。 |
| | The Han had three groups: first was Mahan, second was Chonhan, third was Byeoncheong. Mahan lay to the west and consisted of fifty-four states; its northern border adjoined Lelang, while its southern border touched Wa. Chonhan lay to the east and consisted of twelve states; their northern border adjoined Huimo. Byeoncheong was located south of Chonhan and also consisted of twelve states, with its southern border touching Wa as well. In total there were seventy-eight states, one of which was Boji. The largest had more than ten thousand households, while the smallest had several thousand families; each was located among mountains and seas. The total area covered four thousand square li, with east-west boundaries defined by the sea; all were ancient Chen states. Mahan was the largest, and together they established one of their chieftains as the King of Chon, with his capital at Mujigu; he ruled over all three Han territories. The kings of these various states were originally people from Mahan.
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馬韓人知田蠶，作綿布。出大栗如梨。有長尾雞，尾長五尺。邑落雜居，亦無城郭。作土室，形如冢，開戶在上。不知跪拜。無長幼男女之別。不貴金寶錦罽，不知騎乘牛馬，唯重瓔珠，以綴衣為飾，及縣頸垂耳。大率皆魁頭露紒，布袍草履。其人壯勇，少年有築室作力者，輒以繩貫脊皮，縋以大木，嚾呼為健。常以五月田竟祭鬼神，晝夜酒會，群聚歌舞，舞輒數十人相隨蹋地為節。十月農功畢，亦復如之。諸國邑各以一人主祭天神，號為「天君」。又立蘇塗，建大木以縣鈴鼓，事鬼神。其南界近倭，亦有文身者。 |
| | Mahan people knew how to farm and raise silkworms, making cotton cloth. They produced large chestnuts the size of pears. They had long-tailed chickens, with tails measuring five chi in length. Villages and settlements were mixed together; there were also no walled cities or fortifications. They built earthen houses, shaped like mounds, with doors located at the top. They did not know how to kneel or bow. There was no distinction between elders and the young, nor between men and women. They did not value gold, jewels, or fine textiles; they were unfamiliar with riding horses and oxen. They only valued earrings and pearls, using them as decorations to adorn their clothes, hanging from the neck and ears. Generally speaking, they all wore large hats with loose hair buns, cloth robes, and grass sandals. Their people were strong and brave; when young men built houses or displayed strength, they would often pierce the skin on their backs with a rope, attach it to a large wooden beam, and shout loudly as a sign of vigor. They often held rituals to worship ghosts and gods in May after the fields were prepared for planting, gathering day and night for drinking parties. In groups, they danced and sang; when dancing, dozens of people would follow each other, stomping their feet in rhythm. In the tenth month, after farming was completed, they also held similar celebrations. Each state and village had one person in charge of sacrificing to heaven's deities; this individual was called a "Tianjun." They also erected Sutu, set up large wooden structures to hang bells and drums, and worshipped ghosts and gods. Those near the southern border close to Wa also had people with body tattoos.
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辰韓，耆老自言秦之亡人，避苦役，適韓國，馬韓割東界地與之。其名國為邦，弓為弧，賊為寇，行酒為行觴，相呼為徒，有似秦語，故或名之為秦韓。有城柵屋室。諸小別邑，各有渠帥，大者名臣智，次有儉側，次有樊秖，次有殺奚，次有邑借。土地肥美，宜五穀。知蠶桑，作縑布。乘駕牛馬。嫁娶以禮。行者讓路。國出鐵，濊、倭、馬韓並從巿之。凡諸貨易，皆以鐵為貨。俗憙歌舞飲酒鼓瑟。兒生欲令其頭扁，皆押之以石。 |
| | Chonhan elders claimed they were descendants of the Qin dynasty's fugitives who had fled to Han territory to avoid harsh labor, and Mahan had granted them land on its eastern border. They called their states "Bang," bows as "Hu," thieves as "Kou," serving wine as "Xingshang," and addressed each other as "Tu." These terms resembled Qin dynasty language, so they were sometimes referred to as Qinhans. They had walled cities, fences, and houses. Each small village or settlement had its own chieftain; the most prominent was named Chenzhi, followed by Jiance, then Fanzhi, then Shaxi, and finally Yijie. The land was fertile and suitable for growing the five grains. They knew how to raise silkworms and cultivate mulberry trees, making fine silk cloth. They rode horses and used oxen for transport. Marriages were conducted according to rites. Pedestrians yielded the way. The state produced iron, and Hui, Wa, and Mahan all purchased it from them. All trade transactions were conducted using iron as currency. Their customs favored dancing, singing, drinking wine, and playing the se (a type of zither). When a child was born, if they wished for their head to be flat, they would press it with stones.
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弁辰與辰韓雜居，城郭衣服皆同，言語風俗有異。其人形皆長大，美髮，衣服絜清。而刑法嚴峻。其國近倭，故頗有文身者。 |
| | Byeoncheong and Chonhan lived together in mixed settlements; their cities, clothing, and attire were the same, but their languages and customs differed. Their people had tall and robust figures, beautiful hair, and wore clean and neat clothes. However, their laws and punishments were severe. Their country was close to Wa, so many of them had body tattoos as well.
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初，朝鮮王準為衛滿所破，乃將其餘眾數千人走入海，攻馬韓，破之，自立為韓王。準後滅絕，馬韓人復自立為辰王。建武二十年，韓人廉斯人蘇馬諟等詣樂浪貢獻。光武封蘇馬諟為漢廉斯邑君，使屬樂浪郡，四時朝謁。靈帝末，韓、濊並盛，郡縣不能制，百姓苦亂，多流亡入韓者。 |
| | Initially, when the King of Chosŏn, Chun, was defeated by Wei Man, he led several thousand of his remaining followers to flee into the sea. They attacked Mahan, conquered it, and established himself as the King of Han. After Chun's line was extinguished, people from Mahan again declared one of their own as the King of Chŏn. In the twentieth year of Jianwu, Han people such as Liansiren Sumashi visited Lelang to present tributes. Emperor Guangwu enfeoffed Sumashi as the Yijun of Han Liansi, placing him under the jurisdiction of Lelang Commandery and requiring four seasonal visits for court appearances. By the end of Emperor Ling's reign, both Han and Hui had grown powerful; the commanderies and counties could no longer control them. The common people suffered from chaos, with many fleeing to Han.
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馬韓之西，海島上有州胡國。其人短小，髡頭，衣韋衣，有上無下。好養牛豕。乘船往來，貨市韓中。 |
| | To the west of Mahan, on an island in the sea, was the state of Zhouhu. Their people were short and small, shaved their heads, wore clothes made from animal hides, with upper garments but no lower ones. They liked to raise cattle and pigs. They traveled by boat, trading in the markets of Han.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
倭在韓東南大海中，依山島為居，凡百餘國。自武帝滅朝鮮，使驛通於漢者三十許國，國皆稱王，世世傳統。其大倭王居邪馬臺國。樂浪郡徼，去其國萬二千里，去其西北界拘邪韓國七千餘里。其地大較在會稽東冶之東，與朱崖、儋耳相近，故其法俗多同。 |
| | 略 Wa was located in a vast sea to the southeast of Han, with people living on islands and mountains; there were more than one hundred states in total. Since Emperor Wu destroyed Chosŏn, about thirty states maintained diplomatic relations with the Han dynasty through envoys; each state was ruled by a king, and their positions were passed down from generation to generation. The great Wa king resided in Yamatai Kingdom. Lelang Commandery was 12,000 li away from the Wa kingdom and more than 7,000 li distant from its northwestern border, the country of Juxiahan. Its general location was to the east of Dongye in Kuaiji, near Zhuya and Dang'er; therefore, many aspects of its laws and customs were similar.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
土宜禾稻、麻紵、蠶桑，知織績為縑布。出白珠、青玉。其山有丹土。氣溫鹏，冬夏生菜茹。無牛馬虎豹羊鵲。其兵有矛、楯、木弓，竹矢或以骨為鏃。男子皆黥面文身，以其文左右大小別尊卑之差。其男衣皆橫幅結束相連。女人被髮屈紒，衣如單被，貫頭而著之；並以丹朱坋身，如中國之用粉也。有城柵屋室。父母兄弟異處，唯會同男女無別。飲食以手，而用籩豆。俗皆徒跣，以蹲踞為恭敬。人性嗜酒。多壽考，至百餘歲者甚眾。國多女子，大人皆有四五妻，其餘或兩或三。女人不淫不妒。又俗不盜竊，少爭訟。犯法者沒其妻子，重者滅其門族。其死停喪十餘日，家人哭泣，不進酒食，而等類就歌舞為樂。灼骨以卜，用決吉凶。行來度海，令一人不櫛沐，不食肉，不近婦人，名曰「持衰」。若在塗吉利，則雇以財物；如病疾遭害，以為持衰不謹，便共殺之。 |
| | The land was suitable for growing millet, rice, hemp, ramie, mulberry trees, and silkworms; they knew how to weave and spin into fine silk cloth. They produced white pearls and green jade. Their mountains contained cinnabar soil. The climate was warm, with vegetables and herbs growing all year round in winter and summer. There were no cattle, horses, tigers, leopards, sheep, or magpies there. Their weapons included spears, shields, wooden bows, and bamboo arrows, some of which had bone arrowheads. All men were tattooed on their faces and bodies; the patterns' positions, sizes, and directions indicated differences in social rank. Their male clothing consisted of horizontal cloth panels sewn together end to end. Women let their hair hang loose and tied it in a bun; they wore clothes like single cloaks, putting them on by pulling the head through. They also used cinnabar to powder their bodies, similar to how people in China used face powder. They had walled cities and houses with fences. Parents and siblings lived separately, but when they gathered, men and women were not distinguished. They ate with their hands using bamboo or wooden trays and bowls. Their custom was to go barefoot, considering squatting as a sign of respect. The people were fond of alcohol. Many lived long lives, with a significant number reaching over one hundred years old. The country had many women; important people often had four or five wives, while others had two or three. Women were neither lustful nor jealous. Their customs also discouraged theft, and there were few disputes or lawsuits. Those who broke the law would lose their wives and children; in serious cases, entire families and clans were exterminated. When someone died, the body was kept for more than ten days; family members mourned and wept, abstaining from alcohol and food, while others gathered to dance and sing for entertainment. They burned bones to divine the future, using them to determine auspiciousness or misfortune. When traveling across the sea, they would appoint one person who did not comb their hair or bathe, did not eat meat, and avoided contact with women; this individual was known as a "Chichui." If the journey across the sea proved auspicious, they would reward Chichui with wealth and goods. If illness or misfortune occurred during the journey, it was believed that Chichui had failed in their duties, so they would be killed collectively.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
建武中元二年，倭奴國奉貢朝賀，使人自稱大夫，倭國之極南界也。光武賜以印綬。安帝永初元年，倭國王帥升等獻生口百六十人，願請見。 |
| | In the second year of Jianwu Zhongyuan (57 AD), the Wa Nu Guo state presented tribute and celebrated the new reign, sending envoys who referred to themselves as "Da Fu," indicating it was located at the southernmost boundary of the Wa Kingdom. Emperor Guangwu bestowed a seal and sash upon them. In the first year of Yongchu during Emperor An's reign, King Shuai Sheng of the Wa Kingdom and others presented 160 captives as tribute and expressed their wish to be received in audience.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
桓、靈閒，倭國大亂，更相攻伐，歷年無主。有一女子名曰卑彌呼，年長不嫁，事鬼神道，能以妖惑眾，於是共立為王。侍婢千人，少有見者，唯有男子一人給飲食，傳辭語。居處宮室樓觀城柵，皆持兵守衛。法俗嚴峻。 |
| | During the reigns of Emperors Huan and Ling, the Wa Kingdom fell into great turmoil, with factions waging wars against each other for many years without a central ruler. There was a woman named Bimihu, who remained unmarried into old age. She practiced shamanistic rituals and could deceive the people with her sorcery; thus, they collectively crowned her as queen. She had a thousand female attendants and few ever saw her in person; only one man was assigned to provide food and convey messages. Her palace, towers, city walls, and enclosures were all guarded by armed soldiers. The laws and customs were strict.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
自女王國東度海千餘里至拘奴國，雖皆倭種，而不屬女王。自女王國南四千餘里至朱儒國，人長三四尺。自朱儒東南行船一年，至裸國、黑齒國，使驛所傳，極於此矣。 |
| | To the east of the Queen's Kingdom, across more than a thousand li of sea, was the country of Junu. Although they were all Wa people, they did not belong to the Queen. To the south of the Queen's Kingdom for more than four thousand li was the country of Zhuru, where people were only three to four chi tall. Sailing southeast from the country of Zhuru for a year, one would reach the countries of Luoguo and Heichichigu. These were the furthest reaches recorded in the relayed accounts of envoys.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
會稽海外有東鯷人，分為二十餘國。又有夷洲及澶洲。傳言秦始皇遣方士徐福將童男女數千人入海，求蓬萊神仙不得，徐福畏誅不敢還，遂止此洲，世世相承，有數萬家。人民時至會稽市。會稽東冶縣人有入海行遭風，流移至澶洲者。所在絕遠，不可往來。 |
| | Beyond the sea from Kuaiji was the Dongyi people, divided into more than twenty states. There were also Yizhou and Chanzhou. It is said that Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent the alchemist Xu Fu with thousands of young men and women into the sea to seek the immortal beings of Penglai, but they failed. Fearing punishment, Xu Fu dared not return and so settled on this island; their descendants continued there for generations, forming a population of tens of thousands of households. The people occasionally came to the markets in Kuaiji. People from Dongye Xian, Kuaiji, who sailed into the sea and encountered a storm were carried by the wind to Chanzhou. These places are extremely remote and inaccessible for travel back and forth.
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| | 東夷列傳: |
論曰：昔箕子違衰殷之運，避地朝鮮。始其國俗未有聞也，及施八條之約，使人知禁，遂乃邑無淫盜，門不夜扃，回頑薄之俗，就寬略之法，行數百千年，故東夷通以柔謹為風，異乎三方者也。苟政之所暢，則道義存焉。仲尼懷憤，以為九夷可居。或疑其陋。子曰：「君子居之，何陋之有！」亦徒有以焉爾。其後遂通接商賈，漸交上國。而燕人衛滿擾雜其風，於是從而澆異焉。老子曰：「法令滋章，盜賊多有。」若箕子之省簡文條而用信義，其得聖賢作法之原矣！ |
| | Commentary: In the past, Ji Zi fled from the declining Yin dynasty and settled in Chaoxian. Initially, the customs of that country were unknown; after implementing the Eight Regulations, people learned to observe prohibitions. As a result, there was no adultery or theft in the towns, and doors remained unlocked at night. The crude and shallow customs gradually gave way to lenient laws. These practices endured for thousands of years, so the eastern Yi peoples generally developed a culture of gentleness and caution, differing from those of the three other regions. If governance is effective, then morality and righteousness will be preserved. Confucius was filled with indignation, believing that the nine Yi tribes were suitable for settlement. Some doubted their simplicity and rudeness. The Master said, "If a gentleman dwells there, how can it be considered crude!" It is merely an expression of intent. Later, they gradually established commercial ties and began to interact with the central states. However, the Yan people Wei Man disrupted their customs, leading them to become increasingly different from before. Laozi said: "The more elaborate the laws and decrees, the more thieves and robbers there will be." If Ji Zi had simplified regulations and emphasized trustworthiness and righteousness, he would have grasped the original intent of sage laws!
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| | 東夷列傳: |
贊曰：宅是嵎夷，曰乃暘谷。巢山潛海，厥區九族。嬴末紛亂，燕人違難。雜華澆本，遂通有漢。眇眇偏譯，或從或畔。 |
| | Eulogy: Dwelling in Yuyi, it is known as Yanggu. Nestled between mountains and hidden by the sea, its region comprises nine clans. Toward the end of the Qin dynasty, chaos prevailed; Yan people fled from hardship. Intertwined with Chinese culture and gradually influenced by its roots, they eventually established communication with the Han dynasty. Distant and isolated in translation, some followed while others defected.
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